Karl Heinrich Marx was born on May 5th, 1818 in the city of Trier, Germany to a comfortable middle-class, Jewish family. His father, a lawyer and ardent supporter of Enlightenment liberalism, converted to Lutheranism when Marx was only a boy in order to save the family from the discrimination that Prussian Jews endured at the time. Marx enjoyed a broad, secular education under his father, and found an intellectual mentor in Freiherr Ludwig von Westphalen, a Prussian nobleman with whom Marx discussed the great literary and philosophical figures of his day. Notably, it was Westphalen who introduced the young Marx to the ideas of the early French socialist Saint-Simon.
As a student in Bonn and Berlin, Marx was greatly influenced by the philosophy of Hegel. While Marx was impressed with the Hegelian professors under whom he studied, he ultimately found himself attracted to a group of students known as the "Young Hegelians." This group of young iconoclasts, including David Strauss, Bruno Bauer, and Max Stirner, were inspired by Hegel but were determined to champion the more radical aspects of the old master's system. In particular, these Left Hegelians called into question the conservatism they saw in Hegel's avowed political and religious philosophies. Although Marx desired a career as an academic at the time, his political sympathies prevented him from receiving an position in the state-controlled university system. Instead, Marx turned to journalism where his radical politics attracted the attention of Prussian censors. The publication for which he worked was shut down for its politically incorrect commentary, and the frustrated Marx traveled to Paris.
Paris in 1843 was an international center of social, political, and artistic activity and the gathering place of radicals and revolutionaries from all over Europe. In Paris Marx became involved with socialists and revolutionaries such as Proudhon and Bakunin. Most significantly, though, it was in Paris that Marx met Friedrich Engels, the son of a wealthy textile manufacturer in England who had become a socialist after observing the deplorable condition of workers in his father's factories. Together, Marx and Engels began to develop the ideas which became Revoultionary Proletarian Socialism, or, as it is better known, Communism. Eventually, Marx was exiled from France in 1845 at the behest of the Prussian government for antiroyalist writings.
After leaving Paris, Marx traveled to Belgium where he became involved with a group of artisans calling themselves the Communist League. In 1847 the Communist League commissioned Marx and Engels to pen a statement of their beliefs and aims. This statement became the Communist Manifesto, which Marx zealously composed in anticipation the revolutions of 1848. When revolution did begin in Germany in 1848, Marx traveled to the Rhineland to encourage its progress. When the revolution failed, Marx returned to Paris but soon left for London where he would remain for the rest of his life.
Marx waited in London for the fires of revolution to ignite again. In preparation for this, he spent his time in correspondence with revolutionary leaders on the Continent, ignoring the English Chartists and Trade Unionists whom he thought simpleminded and ineffectual. Eventually, Marx realized that the revolution was not imminent, and he withdrew from his associations, burying himself in the British Museum to research the history of class conflict. The fruit of this research was Marx's great Das Kapital, the first volume of which was published in 1867.
Things began to turn around for Marx in 1863 when French workers traveled to England in order to establish a federation of working men pledged to overthrow the economic status quo. Although Marx disagreed with many of the ideological factions in the group, he recognized the significance of this event and left his self-imposed exile to join them. Marx successfully insinuated himself into the leadership of the group, now known as the International, and delivered his famous Inaugural Address to the First International as a triumphant proclamation of his principles. At last Marx had what he had desired since 1847; he had provided the intellectual foundation for a socialist movement over which he exercised full organizational control
Marx's satisfaction soon ended, however, as the Paris Commune of 1871, the first true instance of workers achieving power for themselves, turned into a bloody disaster. The more pacifistic English workers became frightened and the French movement fell to infighting. The anarchist supporters of Bakunin tried to wrest control of the International from Marx, and the struggle between Marx and the anarchists finally lead to the dissolution of the group in 1876.
In the few remaining years of his life, Marx wrote almost no significant works. His stature as the former leader of the International, though, did make him a sought after resource for new revolutionary groups throughout Europe and, in particular, in Russia. Although Marx helped these new leaders as he could, he did not take on any leadership roles in any movement again. Marx died in London in 1883, still awaiting the inevitable revolution which he had predicted.
About the Communist Manifesto
In 1846 Karl Marx was exiled from Paris on account of his radical politics. He moved to Belgium where he attempted to assemble a ragtag group of exiled German artisans into an unified political organization, the German Working Men's Association. Marx, aware of the presence of similar organizations in England, called these groups together for a meeting in the winter of 1847. Under Marx's influence this assemblage of working-class parties took the name "The Communist League," discussing their grievances with capitalism and potential methods of response. While most of the delegates to this conference advocated universal brotherhood as a solution to their economic problems, Marx preached the fiery rhetoric of class warfare, explaining to the mesmerized workers that revolution was not only the sole answer to their difficulties but was indeed inevitable. The League, completely taken with Marx, commissioned him to write a statement of their collective principles, a statement which became The Communist Manifesto.
After the conference, Marx returned to Brussels, carrying with him a declaration of socialism penned by two delegates, the lone copy of The Communist Journal, the publication of the London branch of the Communist League, and a statement of principles written by Engels. Although Marx followed Engel's principles very closely, the Manifesto is entirely of his own hand. Marx wrote furiously, but just barely made the deadline the League had set for him. The Manifesto was published in February 1848 and quickly published so as to fan the flames of revolution which smoldered on the Continent. When revolution broke out in Germany in March 1848, Marx traveled to the Rhineland to put his theory into practice. When this revolution was suppressed, Marx fled to London and the Communist League disbanded, the Manifesto its only legacy to the world.
The Manifesto has lived a long and illustrious life. While it was hardly noticed amongst the crowded field of pamphlets and treatises published in 1848, it has had a more profound effect on the intellectual and political history of the world than any single work in the past 150 years. It has inspired the communist political systems which ruled nearly half the world's population at its height and defined the chief ideological conflict of the second half of the twentieth century, altering even those countries which stood firmly against communism, e.g. Western European and American Welfare States. Intellectually, Marx's work has profoundly influenced nearly every field of study from the humanities to the social sciences to the natural sciences. It is hard to imagine an area of serious human inquiry which Marxism has not touched.
But even in the enormous body of work related to Marxism, The Manifesto is undoubtedly unique. Even at its short length (only 23 pages at its first printing), it is the only full exposition of his program that Marx wrote. And while Marx developed his views throughout his career, he never departed far from the original principles outlined therein. The Manifesto is, without a doubt, Marx's most enduring literary legacy, setting in motion a movement which has, although not in exactly the way Marx predicted, radically changed the world. As Marx famously asserted in his Theses on Feuerbach, "The philosophers have interpreted the world in many ways. What matters is changing it." No one has epitomized this as much as he.
在平平淡淡的学习、工作、生活中，许多人都写过作文吧，作文根据体裁的不同可以分为记叙文、说明文、应用文、议论文。那么问题来了，到底应如何写一篇优秀的作文呢？以下是我整理的七年级英语作文8篇，欢迎大家分享。
There are some photos on the wall. They’re very beautiful.
In the middle of the room, there is my bed. It’s not so big, but it’s very
comfortable. Every night, I lay on the bed and have a good dream. On the right of the bed, there is my desk and chair. They’re in front of the window. My computer is on the desk. There is a lamp on the desk, too. I can do my homework here and play computer games.
My bookshelf is on the left of the bed. There are a lot of storybooks and picture books in the shelf. I like them very much.
Not everyone has a bedroom. I’m very lucky, because I have a very beautiful bedroom. I’ll try my best to keep it clean and tidy.
1. Our School
Our school is in the west of the city. It is very big with a tall teaching building. There are thirty classrooms, a modern library, a dinning hall and a gym. There is a big playground where we often have sports. There are lots of trees and flowers beside the playground. There are more than five hundred students and teachers in our school and we all work hard. Our school is so beautiful that we all like it very much.
2. How did you spend your summer vacation
I had a busy and interesting summer vacation. I did my homework every day so I finished doing my homework ten days before the new term. I also played table tennis and basketball with my friends every day. I sometimes went
movies and went to the parks with my friends. I surfed the internet, read books and watched TV every evening. I visited my grandparents and helped them with the housework, too. I helped my parents clean the room and cook meals. The most important was that my parents and I went to Hannan Island and spent a week there.
3.. A happy Day
It was sunny and very hot today. I got up early and helped my parents cook breakfast. Then I washed the dishes and cleaned the room. After a short rest I did my homework in the morning. In the afternoon I went swimming in the
nearest swimming pool with my friends. It was really cool to swim in such a hot day. I surfed the internet and read a storybook in the evening. I really had a busy and happy day. 今天天气晴朗比较热。 我起得很早，帮父母做早饭。然后我洗碗打扫屋子。休息一会后我上午做作业。 下午我和朋友去我家最近的游泳池游泳。 在如此炎热的夏天游泳的确很棒。 晚上我上网、看故事书。我今天很忙过得很快乐。
4.给笔友的一封信
Dear Lucy
I am very glad to hear from you. Now let me introduce myself to you. My name is Li Lei. I am eleven years old. I am tall with a pair of glasses. Now I am
studying at Yuying Primary School. I am in Class One，Grade 5. I like singing and playing the piano very much. I am good at English and Chinese. 很高兴收到你的来信。现在让我介绍我自己。我叫李雷。11岁。我高个子、带眼镜。 我在育英小学。我在五年级一班。我非常喜欢唱歌和弹钢琴。我数学和语文学得都很好。
6。暑假打算
I will have a busy summer vacation. I am going to do my homework every day . I am going to the library to borrow some books and go to the shops to buy some books.I am going to do sports such as playing table tennis, swimming and so on. I am going to visit my grandparents and stay there for a week. I am going to help my parents do some housework. 我暑假会很忙。 我每天要写作业。 我打算去图书馆去借书、去商店买书。我要做运动，如：打乒乓球、游泳等。我要去看爷爷奶奶并在那住一周。我要帮父母做家务。
7.自我介绍
Hello, everyone. My name is Kelly. I am friendly and honest.I am good at English and maths. I like surfing the internet,playing computer games, watching TV and traveling. I also like playing table tennis and I am good at it ,too. I often play table tennis with my friends on weekends. And I want to be a famous table tennis player when I grow up. What I like most is to see the
seagulls flying freely in the sky so I often go to the sea in summer. My favourite colour is white because I think white is symbolize purity. 大家好 我的名字叫KELLY .我很友好、诚实。我擅长英语和数学。 我爱上网、玩电脑网络游戏、看电视 和旅游。我也喜欢打乒乓球。我经常和朋友们在周末打乒乓球，长大了我想当一个乒乓球运动员。最喜欢在海边看着海鸥自由自在的飞翔，因此在夏天我经常去海边。白色是我的最爱。因为我觉得白色是纯洁的象征。
8.海南之旅
went to Hainan Island with my parents for a holidy and we stayed there for a week. It took us only more than three hours to get to Haikou airport. We enjoyed the warm sunshine and the softwind. We walked on the beach and picked up the beautiful shells. We also sufed on the waves and it was really exciting. We played ball games on the beach as well. I believed Hainan was really an attractive city with famous beach and mountains. We really enjoyed the beautiful scenery of Hainan.
9. A nice Sunday
It is Sunday and it is a fine day today. We come to the People Park with our English teacher who came from Canada. Look ! Tom and other five boys are playing football. Cina and some girl students are flying kites. Alice and I are taking photos near the park. Alice and we are very happy. Alice helps us a lot with our English.
今天是星期天，天气晴朗。我们和来自Canada的英语老师Alice来到人民公园。 瞧，Tom和五个男同学在踢球；Cina和一些女同学在放风筝；我和Alice正在公园附近拍照。Alice和我们都非常高兴。Alice在英语方面帮助了我们很多。
10.This morning,I woke up with a start: my clock was alarming. Unwillingly opened my eyes, I found it was 6:30 already.Nevertheless, the room was very gloomy, for it was raining outside. What a cold day! How comfortable it would be if I could stay in bed for the whole day, reading a favourite book in the
sound of rain. But, I did have to go to work. Though it was a rush hour, on the way, there were fewer people than usual. Many people arduously held an umbrella which was always blown down by a blast of wind.Fortunately , I was dressed in a raincoat. Several yards away, a policeman was guiding the traffic in the rain. I was filled with deep esteem for his seriousness.I kept thinking of today's plan for a short while and,then,I was in my office. A busy day is beginning ….。
我有一个朋友叫**，她的秀发乌黑浓密的像条黑色的瀑布。皮肤雪白雪白的，眼睛又大又亮，是个很漂亮的小姑娘，她不光人长的美，成绩也很优秀，学习态度非常认真。
I have a friend called * *, her thick black hair like a black waterfall. Skin white as snow, big and bright eyes, is a very beautiful girl, she not only looks beautiful, performance is also very good, very serious learning attitude.
记得有一次我到她家写作业，她一拿出作业本就认真地写作业，我想和她说说话，我一连叫了她几声都没听见，我只好拿手在她眼前晃了晃，她才反应过来，我对她说：“你写到哪了?我刚才叫你你都没听见。”她说：“对不起，我没听见，我开始写第三个作业了。”我看看自己第一个作业还没写完呢!不由地脸红了，连忙静下心，认真地写起作业来。
I remember one time I write my homework at home, she took a serious homework, I want to talk with her, I had called her several times did not hear, I had to do in her eyes flashing, she just the reaction come over, I said to her: "you write.? I told you you didn't hear. " She said: "I'm sorry, I didn't hear, I began to write third homework." I have a look your first job not finished! The blush, and quickly calm down, carefully write operation.
今后我一定要向**多多学习，像她一样认真。
The future I will learn a lot from * *, like her carefully.
my dream When I was a little girl, I had a dream to be a famous writer. I remembered that I made a big decision to realize my dream that I started my first writing of a novel. I was a skinny little school-girl with glasses who dreamt up characters with qualities I longed to embody – they were pretty and powerful and lived lives full of intrigue and drama. After I finished high school, although that story like most of my writings ended up unfinished and stayed in the bottom of my desk drawers, I enjoyed and made fun of my writings when I read them later. Now I am a college student majored in engineering who studies science and math everyday. In the mean time, I am trying to bring my first book to an end. I have been always thinking why we couldn’t take our dreams into our own hands. I would encourage everybody to find ways to live their dreams, whether on a small scale – like my writing of a novel – or a bigger scale, like going after a job we have always wanted. I am living with part of my little passion, in my own way.
我的梦想,当我还是个小女孩的时候,我有一个梦想成为一个著名作家写的。我记得,我犯了一个重大决定实现我的梦想,我开始我的第一个写的小说。我是一个瘦小的女生戴眼镜与品质我渴望梦想的人物体现——他们是漂亮的和强大的,生活充满了阴谋和戏剧。我高中毕业后,虽然这个故事最喜欢我的作品最终完成的,住在我抽屉的底部,我喜欢和取笑我的作品以后当我读它们。现在我是一个大学生主修工程每天研究科学和数学。同时,我想结束我的第一本书。我总是思考为什么我们不能把我们的梦想在我们自己的手中。我鼓励大家想办法住自己的梦想,是否在小范围内——就像我写的小说——或者更大的规模,就像在我们一直想要的工作。我生活的一部分,我的小的激情,在我自己的方式。
My name is ***.I have a happy family.There are three people in my family.They are my father,my mother,and I.They love me,and I love them,too.
I like having any food.My favourite food is potatoes.They are very delicious.I usually have it for my lunch.
And I'm a basketball player.I like basketball very much.
I have a dog called ***.He only eats meat.I often play with it.And he always runs around me.We are good friends.
That's me.Let us be friends.
What Am I Going to Do What Am I Going to Do in the Summer Holiday
The new summer holiday is coming. As we know, summer is a beautiful season. During the coming summer holiday, I am going to study English. Then I am going to borrow some science books from
the library and discuss problems with my classmates, I’ll help my parents do some housework in my house, and I’ll water the flowers and trees our garden. I am going to play basketball, volleyball and
badminton with my neighbours in the afternoon. At the same time, if my father has time, he’ll teach me to swim. I’ll have fun.
在你成长的过程中父母和老师对你帮助很大。根据表中的内容，写短文。
注意
1、从所给的`两个题目中任选一个。
2、短文中要包括表格中的内容，适当举例，并谈谈自己的感受。
3、词数：80~100
4、文中不能出现真实姓名及校名。
范文
in my study and life, there are many people helped me a lot, especially my parents.they are kind and easygoing.no matter what i do something, they are my backbone and instructor.take case of my life,they have a very good influence on me.they teach me how to do housework and teach me how to live up to our life.when i am down,they will always behind my back.they encourge me and cheer me up.and in the end,i can get rid of the blue mood quickly with their help.i love and appreciate them。
I'm a tall and lively boy. I like playing basketball very much because it's interesting. I like NBA, too. There are many famous stars in it.
Such as Alan, Iveson, Tim, Donken, Jordan, Kobe, O'Neal and so on. Yao Ming is in the NBA, too. He's Chinese.
He plays basketball well. He's a center forward. He's our pride.
All the ball stars can jump, shoot and pour in the basket. So each game of the NBA is wonderful. Sometimes the players can perform miracles, I think.
This year's champion is Spur Team. It’s one of the strongest contenders.
I like NBA. I love basketball.
转眼间，我已经在新的学校，新的环境学习了一个月，那一张张陌生的脸，在我的记忆里也渐渐成为了熟悉的面孔。
上学第一天，认识英语课的老师是冼老师。她胖胖的，矮矮的，脸色红润，有着一头乌黑发亮的短头发，就像一顶黑黑的帽子戴在她的头上一样。她唯一的缺点就是胖。可经历了下面几件事后，我改变了对她的看法，她成为了我心中最美的老师……
“轰隆隆”，巨大的雷声响彻天际，吓得我忍不住打了个寒颤。外面下着倾盆大雨，天就像被涂了墨水一样黑。而我却因为没有带伞而被迫留在学校。我正望着外面黑乎乎的天空发呆，心里想着：该怎么回家啊？正当我在发愁的时候，冼老师看见了我，走过来关切地问：“怎么了？还不回家呀？”“我没带伞，回不去。‘’说完只见冼老师犹豫了一下，也不知道她在想什么。她突然说道：“你撑我的伞回去吧，我自己有办法回去。”于是，她把伞递给了我。此时，我的心头涌上一股暖流。我说：“谢谢您，老师！”“不用谢。快去吧！”于是，我撑着老师的伞，消失在了雨幕之中。
冼老师不仅关心同学，还对同学非常温柔，有一次，我上课开了小差，被冼老师发现了，她说道：“梁俊轩，下课来找我。”我愣了一下，心里想：死定了，怎么办！下课铃如期到来，我去办公室找到了冼老师。但她不仅没有批评我，而且还把上课的内容给我补了回来。我的心中突然对她起了敬佩之情。
看，这就是我心中的最美老师！
