In the 20th century, bridge construction technology evolved and was fueled by the
Industrial Revolution. At the turn of the century, steel bridges were riveted together, not
bolted; concrete bridges were cast in place, not precast; and large bridge members were
built from lacing bars and smaller sections, not rolled in one piece. Plastic had not yet been
invented. Construction techniques such as post-tensioning, slurry walls, soil freezing, and
reinforced earth walls had not yet been conceived. Surveying was performed mechanically
since infrared, optical technology was still 75 years away.
Bridge construction is changing as the new millennium begins. New construction
techniques and new materials are emerging. There are also new issues facing the bridge
building industry relative to the research needs associated with these new techniques and
materials.
LONG-SPAN BRIDGES
Suspension Bridges
While suspension bridge building was conducted at a modest pace throughout the 20th
century, an unprecedented number of spans of remarkable record lengths were built in the
Far East and Denmark. Both the Akashi Kaikyo Bridge in Japan and the Great Belt Bridge
in Denmark were completed in 1998. The Akashi Kaikyo Bridge is the largest suspension
bridge in the world, with a span of 1991 m, and the Great Belt Bridge is the second largest,
with a span of 1624 m.
While spans lengths have increased nearly fivefold during the course of this century,
they may have reached their physical limits with today’s materials. Research will be
necessary to develop the new, ultra-high-strength steel wire or carbon fiber wire required to
build the longer main suspension cables that will make it possible to increase span lengths to
beyond 2000 m.
As we enter the new millennium, rehabilitation and ongoing maintenance of the existing
suspension bridges must continue as well. Recent rehabilitation measures for the main
cables and suspension systems of these bridges have uncovered degradation through
corrosion and hydrogen embrittlement. Research is needed to determine the remaining
useful service life of suspension bridge cables and what measures can be taken to slow or
halt the degradation process.
Transportation in the New Millennium 2
Other components of long-span bridges, existing and new, are being revolutionized as
technology moves forward. Advances in deck technology are producing stronger, lighter
decks. Orthotropic and exodermic decks are becoming increasingly popular on long-span
structures as a means of reducing dead load. Bearings, joint systems, and seismic retrofitting
components are becoming increasingly efficient as more large-scale testing facilities are
built.
在20世纪,桥梁施工技术,是由进化而来的
工业革命。随着新世纪的到来,钢桥受到铆接在一起,而不是
螺栓、混凝土桥梁被扔在的地方,不是预制、大型桥梁成员
从系酒吧和小的部分,不卷在一块。塑料尚未
发明了。制作等施工工艺、浆墙、土壤冻结,
加筋土墙尚未怀了孕。测量进行机械
自从红外、光学技术仍然是75年。
大桥建设是新千年开始转变。新建筑
技术和新材料正在浮出水面。也有新的解决面临的桥
建筑行业的相关研究的需要,这些新技术
材料。
大跨度桥梁
悬挂的桥梁
虽然悬索桥建设进行了整个20速度不快
世纪,前所未有的跨越了卓越的长度是建在记录
远东和丹麦。双方在日本明石海峡大桥正式通车,伟大的带桥
在丹麦是在一九九八年完成。这个明石海峡大桥正式通车是世界上最大的悬架
在这个世界上,与桥梁的m,1991年是中国的第二大带桥,
用一段1624)。
虽然已经增加了近5倍长度的跨世纪的过程中,
他们已经达到了他们的物理极限与今天的材料。研究将
必须发展新的、ultra-high-strength钢丝、碳纤维丝要求
建立了悬索,将不再主要可能增加到跨度的长度
超出2000米。
当我们进入新千年、康复和持续的维护现有的
悬索桥必须继续。最近的戒毒措施为主要
电缆悬架系统与这些桥梁发现退化
氢脆腐蚀,。研究还剩下的
寿命悬索桥电缆和什么措施可以减缓或
停止退化的过程。
在新千年的运输
其他组件的大跨度桥梁,现有的和新的,正在发生了革命性的变化
技术的进步。提出了在甲板上技术生产强的,更轻的
甲板。正交各向异性和exodermic牌是大跨度越来越受欢迎
作为一种手段,降低结构自重荷载。轴承、联合系统和抗震能力
越来越多的有效成分是更大规模的测试设备
建造。
50分！！~~谢谢
参考资料：我的大脑
Summary of the study on construction project management methodology: is the largest number of construction projects, the most typical "projects", construction project management practice is one of the important sources of project management theory with integrated project management system of project management theory and practical experience provide theories for construction project management tools, making increasingly systematic and scientific management of construction projects. Tags: 1, raised issues of project management and overview of project management is becoming a modern social address "one-off questions" effective tools that a kind of professional qualification, wide application in the process of social, economic and rapid development is that it provides a new way. Modern social economic total constantly increased, economic globalization, and information trend increasingly enhanced, development speed speed up, process complex, new of industry, and field constantly appears, products development cycle shortened, led increasingly more of "one-time", and no precedent can through of task of appears, especially enterprise and management social public affairs of Government, more faced was increasingly complex of from market and at home and abroad Affairs of various problem, involves of factors, and interests main increasingly more, these problem General of management approach difficult to solution or successfully solution, and from construction project and the military, and space exploration, field of project management method by upgrade for project management theory and thought, provides has solution social economic development non-General problem of means. You can think, lies in its development and application of project management method. Widely promoted popular project management in China in recent years, the ascendant, and we introduce, universal focus, should not be a complicated theories, concepts, procedures, and should be concise, applicable and effective way. Regardless of the economic structure changes, construction remains the main carrier of China's economic development. In comprehensively building a comfortably well-off society and development in China under the background of the Northwest, Northeast, become important means for economic revitalization in many parts of the project. Some cities even proposed "project will flourish cities" slogan. Rely mainly on the application of new scientific and technological achievements in economic progress, relying on the content-type extension, depend on the situation of knowledge innovation, rely on an extensive project is not a suitable means of revitalizing the economy, has been in China for failure to pay the investment decision of enormous cost, so using the scientific method on engineering construction project management, including assessment of argumentation, is the important condition of the building can achieve the desired purpose of the project. Project management methods are not only specific methods, including thought. Party of 16 session third plenary made people, and can continued of science development view, "people", and "can continued" of a basic content is science and technology, and economic, and environment, and social of coordination development, project construction do for development economic of important means, not only cost huge, and on around environment has larger effect, so must meet can continued, and coordination development requirements, this is project management of important guiding ideology one. Methodology is the study of methods. Comprehensively building a comfortably well-off society and development in Northwest and northeast of real background might set off a new round of upsurge of construction, sustainable and coordinated development of scientific concept of development put certain constraints on the construction of macro-control, this method should be implemented in construction project management. Project management is not only for the purposes of achieving specific objectives (duration, quality and cost), should also do project construction and coordination of environmental, social or risk repeating previous errors, mistake, got out of the investment mistakes. This is also a project management method to rise to "methodology" meaning one. Project management of theory so far has can said is is complete of, this not only performance in rich diverse of theory results as various project management books (including translation) of launched, more performance in this area has has own of "knowledge system", as United States Project Management Association (PMI) Yu 1987 made and by 1996, and 2000 amendment of "project management knowledge system", international project management Association 1997 launched has "project management personnel ability benchmark", China double method society for the project management Research Committee also Yu 2001 launched China project management knowledge system under. Each of these knowledge systems project management body of knowledge is divided into a number of areas, elements, modules, China knowledge system "methods and tools" concept, other systems do not have on the topic independent of the method, but throughout all stages of project management, processes, fields. Various project management works also focus on content, stage of project management, program, organization of expositions devoted to rare. Of course, this does not mean to ignore, perfection but summary, concentrate on methods of research and contribute to the popularization and application of project management project management role into full play.
建设工程项目管理的方法论研究
摘要：建设工程项目是数量最多、最典型的“项目”，建设工程项目管理的实践是项目管理理论的重要渊源之一，融合了项目管理实践经验的系统的项目管理理论又为建设工程项目管理提供了理论工具，使得建设工程项目管理日益系统化、科学化。
关键词：项目管理 工程
1、问题的提出及现状综述
项目管理之所以成为一种现代社会解决“一次性问题”的有效工具以至于一种职业资格，在社会事务、经济过程中广泛应用并且迅速发展，就在于它提供了一种新的方法。现代社会经济总量不断增加，经济全球化、信息化趋势日益增强，发展速度加快，过程复杂，新的行业、领域不断出现，产品开发周期缩短，导致越来越多的“一次性”、无先例可循的任务的出现，尤其是企业和管理社会公共事务的政府，更面临着日趋复杂的来自市场和国内外事务的各种问题，涉及到的因素、利益主体越来越多，这些问题常规的管理办法难以解决或圆满解决，而来自建设工程项目及军事、空间探索等领域的项目管理方法经提升为项目管理理论和思想，提供了解决社会经济发展中非常规问题的手段。可以认为，项目管理的发展与应用在于它的方法。项目管理在中国广泛推广普及是近几年的事，方兴未艾，而我们引进、普及的重点，不应是繁琐的理论、概念、程序，而应该是简明、适用、有效的方法。
不论经济结构如何变化，工程项目建设仍是我国经济发展的主要载体。在我国目前全面建设小康社会、开发西北、振兴东北的背景下，项目建设成为许多地区经济振兴的重要手段。有的城市甚至提出“项目兴市”的口号。在经济进步主要依靠新科技成果应用、依靠内涵式扩展、依靠知识创新的形势下，靠粗放式项目建设并不是合适的振兴经济的手段，我国也一直在为投资决策的失误付出巨大代价，所以利用科学方法对工程建设项目进行管理，包括评估论证，将是项目建设能否达到预期目的的重要条件。
工程项目管理方法不仅是具体方法，也包括思想。党的十六届三中全会提出以人为本、可持续的科学发展观，“以人为本”、“可持续”的一个基本内容就是科学技术、经济、环境、社会的协调发展，工程项目建设做为发展经济的重要手段，不仅耗资巨大，而且对周围环境有较大影响，所以必须满足可持续、协调发展要求，这也是工程项目管理的重要指导思想之一。方法论是对方法的研究。全面建设小康社会、开发西北、振兴东北的现实背景可能掀起新一轮工程建设热潮，可持续、协调发展科学发展观对工程项目建设提出了一定制约的宏观控制，这一点要落实到建设项目管理的方法上。工程项目管理的目的不仅是实现具体的目标（工期、质量、费用），也应做到项目建设与环境、社会的协调，否则可能重蹈以前投资失误、失策、失控的覆辙。这也是工程项目管理方法上升到“方法论”的意义之一。
项目管理的理论至今已可以说是很完备的，这不仅表现在丰富多样的理论成果如各种项目管理书籍（包括翻译）的面世，更表现在这个领域有了自己的“知识体系”，如美国项目管理协会（PMI）于1987年提出并经1996、2000年修订的“项目管理知识体系”，国际项目管理协会1997年推出了“项目管理人员能力基准”，中国双法研究会项目管理研究委员会也于2001年推出《中国项目管理知识体系》。上述各知识体系将项目管理知识划分为若干领域、要素、模块，中国的知识体系有“方法与工具”概念，其他体系未有关于方法的独立专题，而是贯穿于项目管理的各个阶段、过程、领域。各种项目管理著作也多侧重于对项目管理内容、阶段、程序、组织等的论述，对于方法的专门论述不多见。当然这并不意味着对方法的忽略，但对方法的总结、集中研究与完善有助于项目管理的推广应用的项目管理作用的充分发挥。
