Published in 1847, WUTHERING HEIGHTS was not well received by the reading public, many of whom condemned it as sordid, vulgar, and unnatural--and author Emily Bronte went to her grave in 1848 believing that her only novel was a failure. It was not until 1850, when WUTHERING HEIGHTS received a second printing with an introduction by Emily's sister Charlotte, that it attracted a wide readership. And from that point the reputation of the book has never looked back. Today it is widely recognized as one of the great novels of English literature.
Even so, WUTHERING HEIGHTS continues to divide readers. It is not a pretty love story; rather, it is swirling tale of largely unlikeable people caught up in obsessive love that turns to dark madness. It is cruel, violent, dark and brooding, and many people find it extremely unpleasant. And yet--it possesses a grandeur of language and design, a sense of tremendous pity and great loss that sets it apart from virtually every other novel written.
The novel is told in the form of an extended flashback. After a visit to his strange landlord, a newcomer to the area desires to know the history of the family--which he receives from Nelly Deans, a servant who introduces us to the Earnshaw family who once resided in the house known as Wuthering Heights. It was once a cheerful place, but Old Earnshaw adopted a "Gipsy" child who he named Heathcliff. And Catherine, daughter of the house, found in him the perfect companion: wild, rude, and as proud and cruel as she. But although Catherine loves him, even recognizes him as her soulmate, she cannot lower herself to marry so far below her social station. She instead marries another, and in so doing sets in motion an obsession that will destroy them all.
WUTHERING HEIGHTS is a bit difficult to "get into;" the opening chapters are so dark in their portrait of the end result of this obsessive love that they are somewhat off-putting. But they feed into the flow of the work in a remarkable way, setting the stage for one of the most remarkable structures in all of literature, a story that circles upon itself in a series of repetitions as it plays out across two generations. Catherine and Heathcliff are equally remarkable, both vicious and cruel, and yet never able to shed their impossible love no matter how brutally one may wound the other.
As the novel coils further into alcoholism, seduction, and one of the most elaborately imagined plans of revenge it gathers into a ghostly tone: Heathcliff, driven to madness by a woman who is not there but who seems reflected in every part of his world--dragging her corpse from the grave, hearing her calling to him from the moors, escalating his brutality not for the sake of brutality but so that her memory will never fade, so that she may never leave his mind until death itself. Yes, this is madness, insanity, and there is no peace this side of the grave or even beyond.
Many people in the world are trying to find a perfect companion.Some of these may marry and not know what their new husband or wife is like.This kind of situation often leads to separation or hostility. Other situations may develop between two friends that stem from jealousy, desire for revenge, uncaring parents, etc. Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights displays several characteristics of destructive relationships. Three of these are uncaring parents, marriage without knowing the person, and jealousy.
Uncaring or unsympathizing parents are shown throughout this story to be an element of destructive relationships. Because Heathcliff gained all the attention from Mr. Earnshaw, Hindley became disassociated from his father. This separation continued until after Mr. Earnshaw had died.Another example is between Hindley and Hareton. Hindley became such a drunk and a gambler that he could not properly care for young Hareton. This led to a separation between Hareton and his father as well. One primary example of an uncaring parent is shown between Heathcliff and his son Linton.Heathcliff did not even want his son for anything except enacting a part of his revenge. This is shown by Linton's fear of Heathcliff and Heathcliff's enmity toward his son. Linton even says "... my father threatened me, and I dread him - I dread him!"(244) to express his feeling about Heathcliff.The hostility and separation between father and son in this book shows that uncaring parents can cause serious damage in relationships with their children.
This element of destructive behavior may stem from an unhappy marriage in which the husbands or wives don't know each other. This had happened between Isabella and Heathcliff. Isabella did not really know Heathcliff when she married him, but after she had married him she saw that Heathcliff was not a gentleman at all. To declare her feelings she wrote "Is Heathcliff a man? If so, is he mad? And if not, is he a devil? I shan't tell my reasons for making this inquiry; but I beseech you to explain, if you can, what I have married ..."(125). Another example of this is when Catherine married Edgar Linton. Although she had been happy at the beginning of the marriage, she thought having parties all the time was going to be fun. Yet, after a while, she became bored. She also realized that she loved Heathcliff more than Edgar and would always love Heathcliff.This enlightenment created separation between Edgar and Catherine during the final hours of Cathy's life. An additional marriage which was made that was doomed was the one between Catherine and Linton. Because this was a forced marriage, Cathy had not yet learned all she could about Linton.Because she did not know until after the marriage that Linton was selfish and inconsiderate, she became distressed and grew isolated in the house.These three failed marriages described in this novel show that knowing the person you will marry is very important.While these marriages took place, jealousy also took a hold in some relationships. One example of this is when Mr. Earnshaw starts to favor Heathcliff over his own son, Hindley. Because of this, Hindley becomes jealous of young Heathcliff and sets out to make Heathcliff's life a nightmare. Hindley's jealousy becomes evident when he says ,"... be damned you beggarly interloper! and wheedle my father out of all he has; only afterwards show him what you are, imp of Satan."(35). Jealousy was also found very notably in the relationship between Heathcliff and Edgar Linton.
The jealousy between them is expressed when Heathcliff and Edgar start a hostile conversation after Cathy's homecoming at Christmas near the beginning of the book. As the story progresses these two become bitter enemies who will not speak to one another. Another relationship which jealousy ruined is the one between Hareton and Linton. These two become jealous of each other over Cathy's affections. This relationship ends as Hareton and Linton hating each other. These relationships show that jealousy can ruin a relationship very quickly.
The housekeeper Ellen Dean, or we can call her Nelly, tells most of the story. She witnesses the life of the three-generations in the two families. She is a good storyteller but we mustn’t believe all of what she said. She always thinks and considers things in a simple way. She couldn’t understand the deep love between Catherine and Heathcliff. She thinks it is a kind of madness. She is a limited narrator. In a certain way, this helps readers to understand Heathcliff better because he has no chance to defend himself. An outsider will see the whole thing more clearly. However, we should pay more attention not to be affect by her opinions and try to find the truth between the lines.
As a main character Catherine is a paradox. She is attracted by Linton but doesn’t love him. She knows that clearly but she marries Linton without listening to the call of her heart. Many critics believe that what makes her marry Linton is only his high social status and wealth. I think this comment is unfair. In fact, she folly thinks to marry Linton will help Heathcliff “to rise and place him out of my brother’s power.” Her decision ruins herself, Heathcliff and the two families. She has to endure serious suffering because she knows clearly she love Heathcliff whole-heartedly but can’t become his wife. She confesses to Nelly her own thoughts: “…I am Heathcliff—he’s always, always in my mind—not as a pleasure, any more than I am always a pleasure to myself—but as my own being…” She loves Heathcliff because he is more like her than herself. His existence is natural to her for they are the same in nature. They could understand each other without obstacles.
Talking about Heathcliff, he is an evil person but I admire him because his love and hate is straight. Everyone has a devil in his heart. The one in Heathcliff’s heart is especially strong. In spite of this, I believe and can read between the lines that Amily Bronte also has her favor to Heathcliff. She wants to tell us evil and love are deeply planted in everyone’s heart and it is human nature.
The economic and social benefits of sports as a mutual ties, their relationship status is not static. but with different areas of study have different meanings
On the micro level, in the operation and development of the sports industry, should give top priority to economic efficiency and takes into account the social benefits of sport. Here is the microeconomic efficiency of the economic benefits of sports, sports that the economic benefits of individual business units. Enterprises with the same economic benefits as their operation should be the starting point and destination of the profits as its life. This is not decided by the individual's subjective will, but under the conditions of a market economy, the inevitable result of the operation of the law of value.
For the development of sports as an industry, and take their own decisions, independent accounting, self-financing enterprise road This shows that the market value of sports products. In a market economy under the conditions of production, exchange, distribution and consumption, they must abide by the law of economy, the benefits of leverage, through fair competition, exchange of equal value and the survival of the fittest, to ultimately achieve the optimum allocation of resources in sports. the sports industry to ensure high-speed operation. Therefore, the sports business units will find ways to minimize labor share in the consumption and labor conditions, seek to maximize profits. With suitable; Managers must also balance the social benefits of sports, service demand, the additional colors. improve service quality and grades, and physical education to meet the varied needs of the people, the only way to get more. more long-term economic benefits.
At present, China is the most representative from Sino-foreign joint ventures, wholly foreign-owned and domestic companies, Some individuals invest in commercial clubs, tennis hall, a golf course, Sports Entertainment Center and other sports. Is a common feature of these investors own responsibility for profits and losses, the independent accounting of business entities. The purpose of the operation of sports motivation is obvious. In order to obtain more profits, market shares, Some investors do not seem to instant success, but with foresight in improving the social aspects of sports. recruit foreign players like, their outstanding athlete and train two, three-lane formation. Of course, it is cost-effective service.
Some people believe that sports is not the same labor and other products that are spiritual products, with good, Even some of the market access are also insisting on social and economic interests, with the main social benefits. Yes, the spirit of sport is a product of domestic labor is good, but sports products so they can enter the market as commodities, certain angle, it is precisely because the public welfare. A wide range of social, rights, justice, labor makes sports products with a value of the exchange
Looking at the modern sports, a high level of athletic competition has become a glittering commodity. Some businessmen, companies and Chung and another, been spending a lot of money competing. Their purpose and motivation is not, of course, to the nonprofit sports, but good sports. can be used as a means of social, through modern media, sports serve as excellent advertising carriers reap excess profits. Every year 30 million mark for the sport into Ben relaxation of the company's credo is : more money into the sports sector, The profits more.
It can be said that sports is because of the labor to create products such broad social, welfare, only businesses vying input led to the broad market demand, the market will open up in the sports and prosperity. Sports also makes commodity price rises. Take the television broadcasting rights to the Olympics, the 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games at 278 million U.S. dollars. for 400 million U.S. dollars in 1988 Seoul Olympic Games, 1996 Atlanta Olympic Games is 700 million U.S. dollars. The high value is astounding.
Use the issuance of sports lotteries, the issuing of sports lottery tickets in many countries today regarded as a pillar industry supporting the development of sport. It quickly in a very short time to raise huge sums of money, and relies on the value of sports goods. its value with a wide range of social, welfare, and therefore very popular, and bring huge financial benefits to the sport. China "since March 1994, the deadline to the end of 1996, has successfully issued 2.2 billion yuan of sports lottery tickets, In addition to direct 50% return Award. A total of 660 million yuan to raise funds for the implementation of the main Olympic glory and national fitness program. achieved good economic and social benefits.
【摘 要】兴趣是最好的老师。对学生来说，兴趣能推动他们去探究事物研究问题，充分发挥学习的主动性，克服各种困难，取得最佳的效果。中学英语教学的关键就是要使学生有兴趣,兴趣的培养就是教师能用各种各样生动活泼的教学法吸引学生的兴趣,调动他们的学习积极性、主动性，激发他们的求知欲，最终提高英语学习效率。 【关键词】中学生；英语教学；学习兴趣 How to cultivate the students’ English learning interest in high schools Luo Jian-jun 【Abstract】Interest is the best teacher. To the students, interest can promote them to explore things and research into problems. It can also develop the students’ initiative of learning adequately, help them overcome all difficulties. Therefore, the students would achieve the best effect. The key to ELT in high schools is to foster and train the students’ English learning interest. In order to arouse their learning initiative and stimulate their motivation, the teacher must use a variety of vivid and lively teaching methods to attract students’ attention to English. Finally, the students will improve their English learning efficiency. 【Key words】High school students；English Language Teaching；Learning interest 俄国文学家托尔斯泰说：“成功的教学所需的不是强制，而是激发学生的学习兴趣。”在学习过程中，许多学生不愿学英语，只是为了考试而学习，毫无兴趣可言，这使英语教学面临很大的阻力。目前，中学英语教学改革取得了巨大的成绩，但应试教育的现象还是比较严重，教学中以教师讲授为主，忽视了启发学生积极思维和培养学生运用语言的能力，结果呈现低效教学。那么，在英语教学中，怎样才能调动学生的学习兴趣，使每一个学生都能从英语课中充分感受到学习的乐趣呢? 本文将尝试探讨激发中学生学习英语的兴趣的看法。 1．注重学生对学习英语的重要性的认识 英语已成为国际性的语言，这已是不争的事实。在我国，英语作为国际语言的作用日益显现。一方面，在教学中，我们要让学生理解国家把英语学科作为三大主科之一的原因，明确英语的主要性和学好英语的必要性。21世纪是一个社会生活信息化与经济体系全球化的新时代。英语在社会生活和国际交往中成为不可或缺的重要工具。从某种意义上说，掌握了英语实际就意味着把握了参与和发展的机会；另一方面，瑞典心理学家皮亚杰说：“我们之所以对一个对象发生兴趣，是由于它能满足我们的需要。”作为教师要让学生觉得学好英语，对自己以后的择业，事业生活等方面都大有益处。 只有思想认识深刻，才能让学生对英语产生很大的求知欲，从而对英语感兴趣。 2．帮助学生树立正确的学习观，培养学生的自信心 2．1 教师应该从一开始就重视培养学生正确的学习心态，树立正确的学习观。这一环节，可以从分析国际国内形势着手，也可以从个人前途切题，培养学生“首先为自己而学”的心态；回报父母和国家的心态；谦虚的心态；成功的心态；“每天进步百分之一”的积累的心态，激发学生“做学习的主人翁”意识，使他们产生“我能学好英语”的信心，从而坚定他们学好英语的信念和克服困难的意志，使他们在学习过程中能够排除万难，奋勇拼搏。 2．2 多表扬赞美。对每个学生来说均很重要，要特别注重给学生成功感，因为“成功越大，兴趣越大，动力越大”。尤其对后进生更应如此，凡是他们有一点进步，即使他们的成功只不过写对了一个句子，教师均以不失时机地表扬，以鼓励他们学英语的信心。调查发现：当学生在某一方面获得了一次成功后，也会像完成了一个重大使命一样感到高兴，继而对英语产生亲切之感，此时必反馈出巨大的内驱力，驱使他们向着第二次、第三次……的成功迈进，从而形成稳定而持续的兴趣。总之，教师在英语教学过程中要重视学生自信心的培养，对于学生的成绩、优点以及思维中的合理因素要尽力给予肯定和赞赏。 3．建立新型的师生关系，培养学习兴趣 在英语教学中，轻松、愉快、和谐的课堂氛围能使学生以愉快的心情去接受新知识。现代教学研究证明，建立融洽的师生关系是顺利开展教学的必要条件，是调动学生学习兴趣的重要前提。为此，教师要努力做到以下两点。 首先，教师要努力营造良好的课堂生态氛围。教学是师生双方感情和思想交流的过程，即情感互动。要较好地实现情感互动，需要教师创设宽松的课堂气氛，融洽的师生关系，所谓“亲其师而信其道”。大量事实表明：如果学生对某个老师喜欢，他们便对这位老师的课感兴趣并分外重视，兴趣就随之提高，成绩也就大有进步。如果师生不能产生情感互动，学生容易产生逆反心理，甚至放弃学习，这样的例子是屡见不鲜的。英语作为一门外来语言，学生在学习时肯定会遇到困难。因此，作为教师，在教学中应以鼓励为主，全力肯定学生的努力，激励他们的创造欲，增强他们的成就感。以不同的标准评价不同层次的学生，如：“Very good! You are so clever! You are excellent!”等，让学生感受到教师对他们的关爱，让他们体会到成功的喜悦，树立参与英语课堂活动的信心。如此一来，便激活了全班每一位学生，轻松愉快的课堂气氛也就建立起来了。 其次，教师要主动建立情感沟通的正常渠道。中学生正处于心理发展的过度期，他们学习时不但选择学习内容，而且选择师生感情。针对这一心理特点，教师应关心学生的生活，多参加学生的集体活动。比如，教师要经常深入到学生中去，了解他们的兴趣、爱好和情绪变化，为他们解答学习和生活中一切难题，有的放矢地帮助学生。使学生认识到老师的一切努力都是为使他们更快更好掌握英语这门未来实际不可缺少的语言艺术。思想上的共识，必然强化师生之间的相互兴趣与信任，创造良好的师生关系和积极主动的双向配合教学关系相互促进的良性循环局面。 4．利用多媒体现代化设备进行教学 录音机是常用的电化设备。21世纪的今天，作为视听媒体与电脑组合的多媒体教学相对于传统教学而言，它具有图文并茂、有声有色的特色，生动逼真的教学环境，使得枯燥乏味的学习变得趣味横生，使复杂抽象的知识变得形象易懂。它改变了以教师讲授为主的单一模式，既突出了学生的中心作用，又强化了教师的主导作用，在教学中用途比较广泛。这样做能有效吸引学生的注意力，提高学生参与课堂的积极性。同时，也可以节约时间，增加学生的实践量，扩大学生的视野，有力促进语言知识的巩固，提高课堂效率，增强学生的兴趣。 5．尽量使用英语来组织课堂教学，激发学生的学习兴趣 英语教学的目的是培养学生运用英语的能力。这种能力只有在大量接触英语，并沉浸到使用当中去，才能较快地培养起来。目前，课堂仍是我国学生接触外语的主要场所。平时我们坚持用英语组织教学，从最简单的日常用语开始，并伴以适当的体态动作、表情等以加深理解。如：Good morning，everyone! What day is it today? What’s the weather like today? Are you ready? Read after me. 学习语言最好在一定的语境和气氛下进行，在课堂上用规范、简洁、流利的口语组织教学，可以烘托课堂气氛。同时，尽量多组织合作、交流性语言训练活动，以此来训练学生分析、概括和表达语言信息的能力，从而激发兴趣，激活思维，提高语言感悟和输出的能力。 6．注重中西文化的渗透，以差异求兴趣 由于不同的民族所处物质、社会及宗教等环境不同，因而产生和发展了根深蒂固的具有民族特色的文化。教师在适当的时候要有意识地把西方国家的社会文化、风土人情、风俗习惯等知识渗透到课堂教学中来，这样既培养了学生的跨文化交际的意识和能力，又满足了学生的好奇心理与求知欲望。事实上，许多学生正是由于对外国文化背景缺乏了解，从而体会不到英文故事的幽默感。讲英语的国家一些习俗与文化往往跟我们的差异很大，所以当老师在授课过程中，注重中国文化和英语国家文化的比较，学生心理往往充满了乐趣，并带着喜悦的心情接受了新的东西，兴趣也就是在这样的氛围中应运而生。 教学实践证明，教师要培养学生的积极的自我观念，合理地选择教学策略和方法，给学生创设一定的语言环境，在教学中让学生在多样化的活动语境中学习语言。学生每节课都能在融洽、轻松的气氛中获取知识，感到学习英语是一种乐趣，同时也能提高教学效率。
