这篇文章有几个非常有意思的句子和表达，我贴出来，大家一起赏析一下：
佳句篇：
Sentence 1.
He helped popularise the idea that some diseases not previously thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which ruffled many scientific feathers when it was first suggested.
解析：
Ruffle弄皱的意思
Ruffle one’s feathers惹怒（想想逆毛流撸猫）
The idea that ...用的是同位语从句，不太多，常用搭配是the evidence that，the concept that 等。That后从句解释idea, concept或evidence等。
Which的指代问题。Which指代的不是上文任何一个出现的单词或词组，而是Dr. Cochran的这波操作。
Sentence 2.
Ashkenazim generally do well in IQ tests, scoring 12-15 points above the mean value of 100, and have contributed disproportionately to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the careers of Freud, Einstein and Mahler, pictured above, affirm.
disproportionately不成比例地
主干and复合句+非谓语动词scoring+as引导的从句（插入后置定语）
每个部分都不难，集合到一起就对理解产生障碍了。
Sentence 3.
But in the Middle Ages, success in Christian society tended to be violently aristocratic (warfare and land), rather than peacefully meritocratic (banking and trade).
这个句子不难，为什么拿出来是因为这个violently的用法。简单来讲，这一个单词乍一看是作aristocratic的副词，实则在翻译（以及理解）当中，我们必须单独翻译成一个实意的成分，而且作副词处理。
Aristocratic贵族统治
Meritocratic德治
Sentence 4.
That small, reproductively isolated groups of people are susceptible to genetic disease is well known.
主语从句，注意that.
Sentence 5.
Most of the dozen or so disease genes that are common in them belong to one of two types: they are involved either in the storage in nerve cells of special fats called sphingolipids, which form part of the insulating outer sheaths that allow nerve cells to transmit electrical signals, or in DNA repair.
典型长句，如何解析？
Most of the dozen or so disease genes that are common in them belong to one of two types:
Or so大约
斜体作的是disease genes
they are involved either in the storage in nerve cells of special fats called sphingolipids, which form part of the insulating outer sheaths that allow nerve cells to transmit electrical signals, or in DNA repair.
either or后面是两个in...
第一个in后面的which form part of the insulating outer sheaths解释的是Sphingolipids
that allow nerve cells to transmit electrical signals解释的是sheaths。
也就是说，（非限制性）定语从句后面紧接另一个定语从句。
第二个in后面很简单，但！！！文章最后一段有解释，对于 文章结构 至关重要。
Sentence 6&7.
Thus, the theory goes, the pressure to keep the sickle-cell gene in the population because of its malaria-protective effects balances the pressure to drive it out because of its anaemia-causing effects.
It therefore persists without becoming ubiquitous.
两句话放一起。
主干已加黑。很有意思的句子，工整、对仗，而又解释非常清楚。
下一句，persist和ubiquitous用词极其精准，整句话像外科手术般，精准简练。作者还是怕读者一下子没读懂，用简单而又高效的句子总结下。写作手法很老练高超，字字玑珠，像极了宝马M3。
Sentence 8.
Genes that promote intelligence in an individual when present as a single copy create disease when present as a double copy.
乍一看没什么稀奇，再一看，把一个comparison分别放在了主语和谓语的修饰成分中，可谓老辣。
作何解？
That promote intelligence对genes做了一个限定，指的是genes的其中一种特征，然后用when说明了适用情况。
Create谓语的主语也是genes，但这时候是没有限定的genes。Create disease做的是限定，其实对应的是promote intelligence。后面同样用一个when来说明范围。
简单来讲，genes的含义做了一个缩小和限定，又在create的时候恢复了genes的双重功能含义。
Promote intelligence和create diseases一个对应，尽管成分差别很大。
两个when的对比。
可谓神句。
Sentence 9.
An Israeli clinic devoted to treating people with Gaucher's has vastly more engineers, scientists, accountants and lawyers on its books than would be expected by chance.
Than (what) would be expected by chance.
省略了what。。。你能理解吗？
还有这个books，这个同语境关联强烈。
好的表达：
1. ruffle one’s feather
2. Tremble at the thought
3. Affirm作不及物动词（Ashkenazim generally do well in IQ tests, scoring 12-15 points above the mean value of 100, and have contributed disproportionately to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the careers of Freud, Einstein and Mahler, pictured above, affirm. ）
4. aristocratic v.s. meritocratic
5. Exact a price类似用法 exert influence
附原文及翻译：
Natural genius? 天生我才？
The high intelligence of Ashkenazi Jews may be a result of their persecuted past
德系犹太人的高智商或许是因为曾经遭受迫害的后果
THE idea that some ethnic groups may, on average, be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran, a noted scientific iconoclast, is prepared to say it anyway. He is that rare bird, a scientist who works independently of any institution. He helped popularise the idea that some diseases not previously thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which ruffled many scientific feathers when it was first suggested. And more controversially still, he has suggested that homosexuality is caused by an infection.
某些少数民族的平均智商高于其他民族这一说法，是很多不敢公开的假设之一。不过著名的科学狂人Gregory Cochran 决意要做第一个吃螃蟹的人。他很特别，总是独立工作而不属于任何机构。某些曾被诊断并非病菌引起的疾病，其实病源来自传染病。这一观点因他的推动受到了关注。此观点一经提出，就受到了许多科学家的反对。这还不算，更具争议的是，他认为同性恋也是由传染病引起的。
Even he, however, might tremble at the thought of what he is about to do. Together with Jason Hardy and Henry Harpending, of the University of Utah, he is publishing, in a forthcoming edition of the Journal of Biosocial Science, a paper which not only suggests that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. The group in question are Ashkenazi Jews. The process is natural selection.
然而就算是Cochran，也为自己接下来要做的事捏了一把汗。他准备同Utah大学的Jason Hardy与Henry Harpending一同，在最新一期的《生物社会科学杂志》发表一篇论文，文中不仅提出了某一少数民族比其他民族更聪明这一观点，还解释了这一结果产生的过程。文中两大主角就是德系犹太人和自然选择。
History before science
不管是否科学，先来看看历史
Ashkenazim generally do well in IQ tests, scoring 12-15 points above the mean value of 100, and have contributed disproportionately to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the careers of Freud, Einstein and Mahler, pictured above, affirm. They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as Tay-Sachs and breast cancer. These facts, however, have previously been thought unrelated. The former has been put down to social effects, such as a strong tradition of valuing education. The latter was seen as a consequence of genetic isolation. Even now, Ashkenazim tend to marry among themselves. In the past they did so almost exclusively.
德系犹太人不仅在IQ测试上表现不俗，正常人一般在100分左右，而他们大多都能得个112-115分，而且虽然人数不多，但他们在欧洲知识、文化生活中的地位却举足轻重。想想弗洛伊德、爱因斯坦、马勒，我们就会点头称是了。但同时，他们中患有如泰-萨克斯病、乳腺癌这类严重的遗传疾病的比率明显高于其他种族。这些事实，最初被人们认为是毫无联系的。前者被说成是社会原因引起的，如浓烈的价值观教育的传统；后者则被说成是基因隔离的结果，不过即使是现在，德系犹太人还是愿意同本族人结婚，在过去，就更是如此了。
Dr Cochran, however, suspects that the intelligence and the diseases are intimately linked. His argument is that the unusual history of the Ashkenazim has subjected them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this paradoxical state of affairs.
但Cochran博士对以上两点表示质疑，并认为德系犹太人的天赋异禀与痛病缠身联系密切。他认为正是异常的历史环境强加给了德系犹太人独有的进化压力，才导致了这些看似奇怪的现象。
Ashkenazi history begins with the Jewish rebellion against Roman rule in the first century AD. When this was crushed, Jewish refugees fled in all directions. The descendants of those who fled to Europe became known as Ashkenazim.
德系犹太人的历史源于公元1世纪。犹太人在反对罗马人的统治失败后，犹太难民四散而逃，逃亡欧洲的犹太后裔就是如今的德系犹太人。
In the Middle Ages, European Jews were subjected to legal discrimination, one effect of which was to drive them into money-related professions such as banking and tax farming which were often disdained by, or forbidden to, Christians. This, along with the low level of intermarriage with their gentile neighbours (which modern genetic analysis confirms was the case), is Dr Cochran's starting point.
在中世纪，欧洲的犹太人在法律上地位很不平等，结果之一就是他们不得不从事与金钱相关的职业，如被人看不起或不准基督徒涉足的银行或征税工作，此外，他们只能与邻居中社会地位较低的非犹太人通婚（这种状况通过现代基因学分析得到了证实）。上述就是Cochran 博士论文的起点。
He argues that the professions occupied by European Jews were all ones that put a premium on intelligence. Of course, it is hard to prove that this intelligence premium existed in the Middle Ages, but it is certainly true that it exists in the modern versions of those occupations. Several studies have shown that intelligence, as measured by IQ tests, is highly correlated with income in jobs such as banking.
他认为欧洲犹太人从事的职业都是些需要一定智商的职业，虽不能证明这些职业在中世纪时就是这样了，但在当代它们确实如此。一些研究表明，智力水平（按智力测试的标准来算）与工资水平（如那些从事银行工作的人）联系密切。
What can, however, be shown from the historical records is that European Jews at the top of their professions in the Middle Ages raised more children to adulthood than those at the bottom. Of course, that was true of successful gentiles as well. But in the Middle Ages, success in Christian society tended to be violently aristocratic (warfare and land), rather than peacefully meritocratic (banking and trade).
这些历史记录证明了，那些在欧洲工作地位较高的犹太家庭子女存活率要高于那些地位较低的犹太家庭。情况对于那些其他种族的也是一样的。但在中世纪，基督教社会中所谓的成功多是贵族通过战争与土地强争豪取，而非通过量才而用（如从事银行或贸易工作）和平地获得。
Put these two things together—a correlation of intelligence and success, and a correlation of success and fecundity—and you have circumstances that favour the spread of genes that enhance intelligence. The questions are, do such genes exist, and what are they if they do? Dr Cochran thinks they do exist, and that they are exactly the genes that cause the inherited diseases which afflict Ashkenazi society.
把智力与成功的关联以及成功与生殖力的关系合二为一，你就具备了有利于智商提高的基因传播的条件。问题是这种智商基因确实存在吗？假如它果真存在的话，那究竟是什么呢？科克伦博士认为它们的确存在，而且正是那种引起折磨德系犹太人遗传疾病的基因。
That small, reproductively isolated groups of people are susceptible to genetic disease is well known. Constant mating with even distant relatives reduces genetic diversity, and some disease genes will thus, randomly, become more common. But the very randomness of this process means there should be no discernible pattern about which disease genes increase in frequency. In the case of Ashkenazim, Dr Cochran argues, this is not the case. Most of the dozen or so disease genes that are common in them belong to one of two types: they are involved either in the storage in nerve cells of special fats called sphingolipids, which form part of the insulating outer sheaths that allow nerve cells to transmit electrical signals, or in DNA repair. The former genes cause neurological diseases, such as Tay- Sachs, Gaucher's and Niemann-Pick. The latter cause cancer.
众所周知，越是人口稀少并且生育范围狭小的种族就越易患遗传疾病。总是于同族人通婚，就算不是近亲，也会较少遗传的多样性，同时也会使某些致病基因没有规律地在该种族内部泛滥起来。而这种无规律性意味着人们不知道何类致病基因会被大量传播。但对德系犹太人来说，Cochran 医生指出，情况却并非如此。他们当中最常见的十几种疾病基因基本上可以归结于两类：一类参与神经细胞中鞘脂类特殊脂肪）的储存。鞘脂组成一部分绝缘外层鞘，允许神经细胞发射电子信号。另一类参与DNA 的修复。前者基因会引发神经性疾病，如泰萨二氏病、脑苷脂沉积病和神经鞘磷脂沉积病；而后者会导致癌症。
That does not look random. And what is even less random is that in several cases the genes for particular diseases come in different varieties, each the result of an independent original mutation. This really does suggest the mutated genes are being preserved by natural selection. But it does not answer the question of how evolution can favour genetic diseases. However, in certain circumstances, evolution can.
上述看起来并非毫无规律。而且更趋于规律的表现就是，在一些病例中，特殊疾病的致病基因来自于不同的变体，而每个变体都是独立的原基因变异的结果。这就印证了变异基因是自然选择保留下来的结果，可它却不能回答自然选择为什么会成了遗传疾病的帮凶，但在一些特殊的条件下，进化能够产生这样的结果。
West Africans, and people of West African descent, are susceptible to a disease called sickle-cell anaemia that is virtually unknown elsewhere. The anaemia develops in those whose red blood cells contain a particular type of haemoglobin, the protein that carries oxygen. But the disease occurs only in those who have two copies of the gene for the disease-causing haemoglobin (one copy from each parent). Those who have only one copy have no symptoms. They are, however, protected against malaria, one of the biggest killers in that part of the world. Thus, the theory goes, the pressure to keep the sickle-cell gene in the population because of its malaria-protective effects balances the pressure to drive it out because of its anaemia-causing effects. It therefore persists without becoming ubiquitous.
如西非人以及他们的后代易患一种叫做镰状细胞性贫血的疾病，这种病在西非之外几乎都没人听说过。贫血症发于那些红血球中含有一种特殊的血红蛋白，其蛋白质中含有氧气的人。但这种镰状细胞性贫血症只会发生在同时有两组这种致病的血红蛋白（父母都有这种血红蛋白）的人身上。而那些只有一组的人不但不会患这种贫血症，也不会患疟疾，该病被称为非洲的头号杀手。因此，我们可以这样说，抵御疟疾的特性使得镰状细胞在得以人体中存活下来，同时这种细胞导致贫血症的特性也会被人体排斥，只有在为保持这两种状态而产生的压力达到平衡时，才不会有任何一个特性占据上风。
Dr Cochran argues that something similar happened to the Ashkenazim. Genes that promote intelligence in an individual when present as a single copy create disease when present as a double copy. His thesis is not as strong as the sickle-cell/malaria theory, because he has not proved that any of his disease genes do actually affect intelligence. But the area of operation of some of them suggests that they might.
Cochran博士认为，德系犹太人也面临着同样的情况，他们的某些基因如果以单组出现就可以提高智力，一旦以双组出现就会引起疾病。显然，该理论并不如他的镰状细胞/疟疾理论那样具有说服力，因为他尚未证明任何一种致病基因确实能够影响智力，但是某些基因的活动区域显示它们或许真能影响智力。
The sphingolipid-storage diseases, Tay-Sachs, Gaucher's and Niemann-Pick, all involve extra growth and branching of the protuberances that connect nerve cells together. Too much of this (as caused in those with double copies) is clearly pathological. But it may be that those with single copies experience a more limited, but still enhanced, protuberance growth. That would yield better linkage between brain cells, and might thus lead to increased intelligence. Indeed, in the case of Gaucher's disease, the only one of the three in which people routinely live to adulthood, there is evidence that those with full symptoms are more intelligent than the average. An Israeli clinic devoted to treating people with Gaucher's has vastly more engineers, scientists, accountants and lawyers on its books than would be expected by chance.
鞘脂储存类疾病，如泰萨二氏病、脑苷脂沉积病和神经鞘磷脂沉积病，都涉及到连接神经细胞的凸起的多余生长和分叉。显然，这种生长和分叉太多的话就会引起疾病。但是，也有可能，仅有单份致病基因的人会出现比较有限的、但仍然加强了的凸起生长。这将有助于加强脑细胞之间的连接，或许因此导致智力提高。实际上，在脑苷脂沉积病的例子中，在三分之一能够活到成年的患者中，确实有证据表明完全发病的人拥有高于平均值的智商。根据一家专门治疗脑苷脂沉积病的以色列诊所的医疗记录，患者中的工程师、科学家、会计和律师的比例多于常人。
Why a failure of the DNA-repair system should boost intelligence is unclear—and is, perhaps, the weakest part of the thesis, although evidence is emerging that one of the genes in question is involved in regulating the early growth of the brain. But the thesis also has a strong point: it makes a clear and testable prediction. This is that people with a single copy of the gene for Tay-Sachs, or that for Gaucher's, or that for Niemann-Pick should be more intelligent than average. Dr Cochran and his colleagues predict they will be so by about five IQ points. If that turns out to be the case, it will strengthen the idea that, albeit unwillingly, Ashkenazi Jews have been part of an accidental experiment in eugenics. It has brought them some advantages. But, like the deliberate eugenics experiments of the 20th century, it has also exacted a terrible price.
为什么基因修复系统失灵会提高智力，现在还不清楚原因何在。虽然，陆续有证据表明产生问题的基因之一参与了调节大脑的早期发育，但是这仍是该论题最薄弱的环节。不过，该理论也有令人信服的地方：它对于拥有单份泰萨二氏病或脑苷脂沉积病或神经鞘磷脂沉积病基因的人会比普通人更聪明做出了明确而可检验的预测。Cochran 博士和他的同事认为，这些人的智商因此会比平均水平高出5 个点。尽管有人不愿接受，假如确实如此的话，它将有力地证明，德系犹太人在不经意间经历了优生实验，而这为他们带来了智商上的优势。但是，如同发生在20 世纪的人为的优生实验一样，它同样让他们付出了可怕的代价。
《经济学人》是一份由伦敦经济学人报纸有限公司出版的杂志，创办于1843年9月，创办人詹姆士·威尔逊。杂志的大多数文章写得机智，幽默，有力度，严肃又不失诙谐，并且注重于如何在最小的篇幅内告诉读者最多的信息。该杂志又以发明巨无霸指数闻名，是社会精英必不可少的读物。该杂志英文电子版可通过移动App、网站或者有声版阅读每周完整内容。
杂志主要关注政治和商业方面的新闻，但是每期也有一两篇针对科技和艺术的报导，以及一些书评。杂志中所有文章都不署名，而且往往带有鲜明的立场，但又处处用事实说话。主编们认为：写出了什么东西，比出自谁的手笔更重要。从2012年1月28日的那一期杂志开始《经济学人》杂志开辟了中国专栏，为有关中国的文章提供更多的版面。2018年12月，世界品牌实验室发布《2018世界品牌500强》榜单，经济学人排名第381。
《经济学人》中有这样一句话：
Yet the idea of sector-by-sector membership is problematic. The EU has made plain its dislike of cherry-picking.
其中，...has made plain its dislike of... 就是一个值得模仿的表达，它的含义是“……已经表明不喜欢……”。可以造几个句子：
a) Many CEOs in top American companies made plain their dislike of Donald Trump before the presidential election, and that has put them in a dilemma as Trump makes his way to the White House.
b) In preserving natural resources, most ecologists have made plain their dislike of disposable products.
c) China has made plain its dislike of a trade war with America, for it will damage the interests of both countries.
通过这样的形式进行思维发散，加深对所学表达的理解和记忆。在接下来的几个例子里面我也会演示如何造句：
1.dangling
下面的句子出自经济学人关于日本和俄罗斯领导人会谈的报道：Two men in a tub
Among the possible enticements for Russia is the revival of a mothballed proposal to build a $5.3bn gas pipeline between Russia’s Sakhalin Island and Tokyo. Japan is also dangling billions in soft loans for the development of Russia’s impoverished Far East, as well as a boost to private investment.
日本与俄罗斯（苏联）在二战后出现了北方四岛争端（目前北方四岛被俄罗斯占领）。最近日本首相安倍晋三邀请普京访问日本，其中一个重要议题就是解决领土争端问题。作为交换，日本可能会提供给俄罗斯经济利益，包括天然气管道合约以及贷款等。作者在写日本给俄罗斯提供好处时用了一个词：dangle.
这个词用得很形象，放在句子中给人的感觉是日本像财大气粗的土豪，手里挥舞着巨额钞票引诱俄罗斯接受。dangling 一词也与前面的 enticements 形成呼应。
在实际写作中，我们可以使用 dangle 来表达“（为了吸引某人而）提供（优厚条件）”的含义，例如：
a) Many parents have tried dangling all sorts of offers such as pocket money, toys and opportunities to go to amusement parks in front of their children in an attempt to get them study harder.
b) Plenty of IT startups in China are dangling a handsome pay package before prospective employees to lure the best talent.
2.railway
下面的段落节选来自文章 Changing track: Britain’s wheezing railways are set for a shake-up, 文章的背景是应该英国政府希望给予铁路公司更多自主权，能让他们帮忙维护和升级英国的铁路系统。
Since privatisation, the distance travelled by passengers has doubled, but the amount of track has remained the same (see chart). That means that builders updating Victorian tracks and stations to 21st-century standards have to do so alongside crowds of passengers. Doing essential work while the network continues in full operation is like performing “open heart surgery on a marathon runner”, as one rail minister put it.
英国的铁路系统在私营化之后，旅客流量大增，但旧有的铁路系统逐渐力不从心。在升级维多利亚时代铁路系统的同时还要保证旅客能正常出行，这无疑是一件很困难的事情，对此文中出现了一个很精妙的比喻：open heart surgery on a marathon runner, 在跑马拉松的人身上同时进行心脏手术——一项几乎不可能完成的任务。由此让人直观感受到升级铁路系统的难度之大。
3.rabbit
下面的段落选自文章 Rent extraction: The end of the £75 pet-licence, 文章的背景是英国政府在酝酿法案禁止房屋中介向租客收取费用。
Philip Hammond pulled no rabbits from his fiscal hat when he delivered his Autumn Statement on November 23rd. But he did offer up a carrot, when he recycled an old Labour proposal to ban the fees that property-letting agents can charge tenants.
菲利普·哈蒙德在11月23日的秋季预算报告中没有提出什么令人惊喜的方案，但他重提了一项旨在禁止房屋租赁中介向租客收取费用的旧工党议案，这的确是一个诱惑。
文章开头的两个句子写得很有意思，短短一个句子里面用了两处习语，一处是 pulled no rabbits from his fiscal hat, 另一处是 carrot.
pulled no rabbits from his fiscal hat 来自习语 pull a rabbit out of a hat, 就像魔术师从帽子中变出小白兔一样，它的含义是“突然提出解决方法；突施妙计”。
carrot 则来自短语 carrot and stick, 即我们常说的“胡萝卜加大棒（把承诺的奖赏与威胁性的惩罚结合在一起的软硬兼施的做法）”，carrot 在语境中的含义是“诱惑，奖励”。
4.sniff
下面的段落来自文章 Out of the doghouse, 文章介绍了目前随着共享经济而兴起的为宠物狗提供犬舍的共享服务。文中很多地方用词很有特色，例如：
Now a pack of startups has sniffed a fresh opportunity. Much as Airbnb has offered travellers an alternative to staying in a hotel, two firms, Rover and DogVacay, want to give pet owners an alternative to kennels when away from home.
创业公司嗅到了为外出的宠物狗提供犬舍服务的商机，这里不是写 find/get/seize/grasp a fresh opportunity, 而是使用了一个与文章主题非常贴切的词 sniff（如同宠物狗一般嗅到了机会）, 这样用词无疑更加具有感染力。
在文末也可以找到另外一个例子：
Despite having anticipated the trend early, such firms may never achieve the same scale as an Airbnb. But then no one ever said it was easy to be top dog.
文末用 top dog 来指代这些创业公司中的佼佼者，这也与文章主题形成呼应。
5.problem-solving
在写问题解决类话题时我们经常会碰到这样的表达：……导致了……问题，对于这类情形，可以参考下面两个句式：
Two long-standing structural problems are largely to blame: understaffing and overcrowding.
句式基本结构为：...are largely to blame...，例如在关于健康的话题里面，我们可以写：
As to rising obesity rate, two factors are to blame: too much exposure to fast food and sedentary lifestyles. The proliferation of fast-food chains offers a great variety of quick meals that are high in salt and calories, and having such foods contributes to people's bulging waistline. Desk-bound work also does its bit. As office workers spend long hours sitting in front of computer screens and are constantly stressed by deadlines and work challenges, they seldom have time for physical exercise, and this could lead to the accumulation of fatty substances in blood vessels.
这里还有另外一个句型：
The obvious culprit for rising prices is the 15% drop in sterling since June. Britain imports nearly all of its clothes, and month-on-month inflation in clothing now exceeds 5%.
句式的基本结构是：The obvious culprit for...is... 其中 culprit 是一个很好用的词，它的本义是“过失者，责任人”，可以引申为“问题的起因”。举个例子，关于犯罪与法律的话题可以说：
The obvious culprit for rising crime rate in large cities is economic recession. As economic climate deteriorates, many companies have to scale down their workforce to save costs, and it is young people who bear the brunt of unemployment. In the face of this, some youngsters may turn to crime such as burglary, kidnapping and drug trafficking, the effects of which could destabilize the economy further.
Aerospace
Down in flames
A tragedy casts doubt on Russia’s civil-aviation renaissance
航空工业
火中坠落
一场悲剧令俄罗斯民航业的复兴蒙上阴影
了解时事的童鞋都知道，俄罗斯本月初发生了一场重大航空事故，造成41人遇难。此篇文章即为经济学人就该事件对俄罗斯飞机制造业发展所进行的梳理。
前两段说到，俄罗斯在UAC身上倾注了很大的期望，但一场事故彻底打破了这种希望。那么在事故之前，UAC有着什么样的目标呢？而它的实际情况又是否能支撑它达成那样的目标？
① Before the accident UAC was aiming to increase its share of global revenues from civilian aircraft, from 17% in 2017 to 40% by 2025. ②The target now looks unreachable. ③Yet even beforehand Sukhoi had been making only slow progress towards it. ④The company has grabbed 20% of the global market for regional jets and secured a similar number of orders as rival aircraft from Bombardier of Canada and Embraer of Brazil, the two firms which have historically dominated the sector. ⑤But although the SuperJet is cheaper to buy, even Russian airlines were already falling out of love with it, says Tom Chruszcz of Fitch, a rating agency. ⑥The lack of a global maintenance network made servicing Sukhois more expensive, and the amount of time not in the air longer, than for the Canadian and Brazilian jets. ⑦Sanctions on Russia have crimped the availability of spare parts outside of Russia. ⑧Alexei Navalny, a former member ofAeroflot’s board turned vocal critic of Mr Putin, has previously deridedSuperJets as “always standing idle” and generating losses for the flag carrier.
第①句给出了UAC在事故之前给自己定下的目标。
本句语言点：
Aim 此处是用作动词: I] to try or intend to achieve something力求达到;
Share : [singular,单数] the part of something that you own or
are responsible for〔某人拥有或应负担的〕一份; 此处即为UAC在全球营收中的所占份额；
Revenue ：N-UNCOUNT Revenue is money that a company,
organization, or government receives from people. (公司、组织或政府的) 收入；
civilian aircraft 顾名思义是“民用飞机”，相对应的“军用飞机”则为military aircraft;
本句语法结构：
Before the accident（时间状语） UAC（主语） was aiming（谓语） to increase its share of global revenues from civilian aircraft, from 17% in 2017 to 40% by 2025（状语）.
主干则为：
UAC was aiming toincrease its share.
第②句比较简单，一针见血地指出，该目标现在看来是遥不可及了。
The target now looks unreachable.
第③句进一步指出，UAC在某些方面还是做的不错的。
本句语言点：
Beforehand : ADV If you do something beforehand, you do it earlier than a particular event. 事先; 预先; 表达“事情的进展”用 make progress, 常见搭配有：
Slow/steady/rapid/good/significant/littleprogress
本句语法结构
Yet（表示转折） even beforehand（状语） Sukhoi （主语）had been making （谓语）only slow progress（宾语）towards it.
主干即为：
Sukhoi had beenmaking only slow progress.
第④句紧接第三句，具体描述UAC在此前怎么就进展缓慢了。
本句语言点：
Grab 抓取，这里的取义也是相关的：
[ VN ] to take sth for yourself, especially in a selfish or greedy way （尤指自私、贪婪地）捞取，赚取，抢占；从释义可以看出，如果采用该词，则后面的市场份额、数额、金额、占比都应该是相对较大的，此处UAC占有全球20%的支线客机市场，是个不小的份额；
regional jet : 支线客机（此处建议与前文的civil aircraft统一记忆）；
支线客机：支线客机(regional aircraft)通常是指100座以下的小型客机，一般设计座位为35～100座；
干线客机 (trunk-liner)：在客流量大的城市之间的干线上飞行的民航客机叫干线客机。我国一般把100座以下航程在3000千米以内的飞机划分为支线客机，而100座以上的飞机算做干线客机。
secure 此处不是安全，而是一个动词，常常与orders搭配：
~ sth (for sb/sth)~ sb sth ( formal ) to obtain or achieve sth, especially when this means
using a lot of effort （尤指经过努力）获得，取得，实现, 除了与orders搭配，还常常与deal/contract搭配，表示“订立合同、达成协议”，当然也可以有其它的用法：
He secured a place for himself at law school. 他在法学院取得了学籍。
Rival 此处是名词，表示“对手”，但也可以作为修饰成分，比如：
a rival bid/claim/offer 竞争投标
rival groups 竞争团体；
rival gang 敌对团伙；
Dominate : to control or have a lot of influence over sb/sth, especially in an unpleasant way 支配；控制；左右；影响;
Sector 代表一个行业：a part of an area of activity, especially of business, trade etc〔尤指商业、贸易等领域的〕部门；行业；
本句语法结构：
The company（主语） has grabbed（谓语1） 20% of the global market（宾语1） for regional jets（介词短语做后置定语） and secured（谓语2） a similar number of orders（宾语2） as rival aircraft from Bombardier of Canada and Embraer of Brazil（此处省略了have secured）, the two firms（前面2家公司的同位语） which（定从，修饰firms） have historically dominated（定从谓语） the sector（定从宾语）.
主干很简单：
The company hasgrabbed 20% of the global market and secured a similar number of orders.
第⑤句来了个转折，表示Superjet这个项目发展并不好。
本句语言点：
Fall in love with…爱上…
“不爱了”就是这里的 fall out of love with…
Rating agency 在读外刊的时候会经常碰到，指“评级机构”；
本句语法结构：
But although the SuperJet is cheaper to buy（转折状语从句）, even Russian airlines（主句主语） were already falling out of love （主句谓语）with it, says Tom Chruszcz of Fitch, a
rating agency（Fitch的同位语）.
主干:
Russian airlineswere already falling out of love with it.
第⑥句紧跟第五句，阐述为什么Superjet会发展受阻。
本句语言点：
Maintenance : ~ (of sth) the act of keeping sth in good condition by checking or repairing it regularly 维护；保养;
Service 此处也是“维修、维护”的意思：
[ usually passive] to examine a vehicle or machine and repair it if necessary so that it continues to work correctly 检修；维护；维修；保养，比如：
We need to have the car serviced. 我们得把车送去检修一下了。
这句话主要难点在它的结构：
The lack of a global maintenance network（主语） made （谓语）servicing Sukhois （宾语1）more expensive（宾语补足语）, and the amount of time not in the air（宾语2） longer（宾语补足语）, than（此处省略the amount of time not in the air） for the Canadian and Brazilian jets（比较状语）.
than for the Canadian and Brazilian jets，此处省略了the amount of time not in the air，即比较的对象是“不在空中的时间”；
除了第六句提到的维修网络问题，第⑦句指出还有美国对俄罗斯的制裁也是原因之一。
本句语言点：
Sanctions : [ Cusually pl. ] ~ (against sb) an official order that limits trade, contact, etc. with a particular country, in order to make it do sth, such as obeying international law 制裁;
Crimp ：( NAmE informal ) to restrict the growth or development of sth 妨碍（或阻止）…的发展，比如：
The dollar'srecent strength is crimping overseas sales and profits.
美元最近的坚挺削减了海外的销售和利润。
spare part 指“零部件”；
本句语法结构：
Sanctions on Russia（主语） have crimped（谓语） the availability of spare parts（宾语） outside of Russia（地点状语）.
要阐述观点，总要找点权威人士说过的话，第⑧句就引用了Alexei Navalny的言论。
本句语言点：
Board此处指“董事会”；
Vocal 跟声音有关：telling people your opinions or protesting
about sth loudly and with confidence 大声表达的；直言不讳的，比如：
Foley has beenparticularly vocal in his criticism of the government.
福利批评政府时尤其直言不讳。
Critic “批评者”；
Deride : [ VNV speech ] ~ sb/sth (as sth) ( formal
) to treat sb/sth as ridiculous and not worth considering seriously 嘲笑；愚弄；揶揄;
Idle : ( of machines, factories, etc. 机器、工厂等 ) not in use 闲置的, 常见搭配有：
to lie/stand/remain idle 闲置着；
flag 有“国旗”的意思，此处代表俄罗斯；
本句语法结构：
Alexei Navalny（主语）, a former member of Aeroflot’s board（同位语） turned vocal critic of Mr Putin（过去分词短语后置修饰member）, has previously derided（谓语） SuperJets（宾语）as “always standing idle” and generatinglosses for the flag carrier.
主干：
Alexei Navalny has previously derided SuperJets.
本段中文：
此次空难发生前，UAC的目标是到2025年将其民用飞机在全球收入中的份额从2017年的17%提高到40%。现在看来这一目标是遥不可及了。然而，即便在这之前，苏霍伊公司朝此目标迈进的速度也很缓慢。苏霍伊公司已经占据了全球支线客机20%的市场份额，并获得了与加拿大庞巴迪公司（Bombardier）和巴西航空工业公司（Embraer）生产的竞争机型差不多数量的订单。后两家公司长期以来处于该领域主导地位。但评级机构惠誉（Fitch）的汤姆·赫鲁什奇（Tom Chruszcz）表示，尽管SuperJet的价格更便宜，但是就连俄罗斯自己的航空公司也已经不再青睐它。由于缺乏全球性的维修网络，SuperJet的维修费用高于加拿大和巴西的客机，维修停飞的时间也更长。对俄罗斯的制裁影响了俄罗斯以外地区的零部件供应。俄航前董事、后来常公开批评普京的阿列克谢·纳瓦尔尼（Alexei Navalny）此前就曾嘲讽SuperJet“永远闲着”，导致这家国家航空公司亏钱。
本段有不少长句子，只要仔细剖析一下，主干支干都很清晰，所以对长句子不可有畏难情绪哦
