Assembly line组装线
Layout布置图
Conveyer流水线物料板
Rivet table拉钉机
Rivet gun拉钉枪
Screw driver起子
Electric screw driver电动起子
Pneumatic screw driver气动起子
worktable 工作桌
OOBA开箱检查 Out of Box Audit
fit together组装在一起
fasten锁紧(螺丝)
fixture 夹具(治具)
pallet栈板
barcode条码
barcode scanner条码扫描器
fuse together熔合
fuse machine热熔机
repair修理
operator作业员
QC品管
supervisor 课长
ME制造工程师
MT制造生技
cosmetic inspect外观检查
inner parts inspect内部检查
thumb screw大头螺丝
lbs. inch镑、英寸
EMI gasket导电条
front plate前板
rear plate后板
chassis 基座
bezel panel面板
power button电源按键
reset button重置键
Hi-pot test of SPS高源高压测试
Voltage switch of SPS
电源电压接拉键
sheet metal parts 冲件
plastic parts塑胶件
SOP制造作业程序
material check list物料检查表
work cell工作间
trolley台车
carton纸箱
sub-line支线
left fork叉车
personnel resource department 人力资源部
production department生产部门
planning department企划部
QC Section品管科
stamping factory冲压厂
painting factory烤漆厂
molding factory成型厂
common equipment常用设备
uncoiler and straightener整平机
punching machine 冲床
robot机械手
hydraulic machine油压机
lathe车床
|刨床planer |'plein
miller铣床
grinder磨床
driller钻床
linear cutting线切割
electrical sparkle电火花
welder电焊机
staker=reviting machine铆合机
position职务
president董事长
general manager总经理
special assistant manager特助
factory director厂长
department director部长
deputy manager | =vice manager副理
section supervisor课长
deputy section supervisor =vice section supervisor副课长
group leader/supervisor组长
line supervisor线长
assistant manager助理
to move, to carry, to handle搬运
be put in storage入库
pack packing包装
to apply oil擦油
to file burr 锉毛刺
final inspection终检
to connect material接料
to reverse material 翻料
wet station沾湿台
Tiana天那水
cleaning cloth抹布
to load material上料
to unload material卸料
to return material/stock to退料
scraped |'skræpid|报废
scrape ..v.刮;削
deficient purchase来料不良
manufacture procedure制程
deficient manufacturing procedure制程不良
n|氧化oxidation |' ksi'dei
scratch刮伤
dents压痕
defective upsiding down抽芽不良
defective to staking铆合不良
embedded lump镶块
feeding is not in place送料不到位
stamping-missing漏冲
production capacity生产力
education and training教育与训练
proposal improvement提案改善
spare parts=buffer备件
forklift叉车
trailer=long vehicle拖板车
compound die合模
die locker锁模器
pressure plate=plate pinch压板
bolt螺栓
name of a department部门名称
administration/general affairs dept总务部
automatic screwdriver电动启子
thickness gauge厚薄规
gauge(or jig)治具
power wire电源线
buzzle蜂鸣器
defective product label不良标签
identifying sheet list标示单
screwdriver holder起子插座
pedal踩踏板
stopper阻挡器
flow board流水板
hydraulic handjack油压板车
forklift叉车
pallet栈板
glove(s)手套
glove(s) with exposed fingers割手套
thumb大拇指
forefinger食指
midfinger中指
ring finger无名指
little finger小指
band-aid创可贴
iudustrial alcohol工业酒精
alcohol container沾湿台
head of screwdriver起子头
sweeper扫把
mop拖把
vaccum cleaner吸尘器
rag 抹布
garbage container灰箕
garbage can垃圾箱
garbage bag垃圾袋
chain链条
jack升降机
production line流水线
chain链条槽
magnetizer加磁器
lamp holder灯架
to mop the floor拖地
to clean the floor扫地
to clean a table擦桌子
air pipe 气管
packaging tool打包机
packaging打包
missing part漏件
wrong part错件
excessive defects过多的缺陷
critical defect极严重缺陷
major defect主要缺陷
minor defect次要缺陷
not up to standard不合规格
dimension/size is a little bigger尺寸偏大(小)
cosmetic defect外观不良
slipped screwhead/slippery screw head螺丝滑头
slipped screwhead/shippery screw thread滑手
speckle斑点
mildewed=moldy=mouldy发霉
rust生锈
deformation变形
burr(金属)flash(塑件)毛边
poor staking铆合不良
excesssive gap间隙过大
grease/oil stains油污
inclusion杂质
painting peel off脏污
shrinking/shrinkage缩水
mixed color杂色
scratch划伤
poor processing 制程不良
poor incoming part事件不良
fold of packaging belt打包带折皱
painting make-up补漆
discoloration羿色
water spots水渍
polishing/surface processing表面处理
exposed metal/bare metal金属裸露
lack of painting烤漆不到位
safety安全
quality品质
delivery deadline交货期
cost成本
engineering工程
die repair模修
enterprise plan = enterprise expansion projects企划
QC品管
die worker模工
production, to produce生产
equipment设备
to start a press开机
stop/switch off a press关机
classification整理
regulation整顿
cleanness清扫
conservation清洁
culture教养
qualified products, up-to-grade products良品
defective products, not up-to-grade products不良品
waste废料
board看板
feeder送料机
sliding rack滑料架
defective product box不良品箱
die change 换模
to fix a die装模
to take apart a die拆模
to repair a die修模
packing material包材
basket蝴蝶竺
plastic basket胶筐
isolating plate baffle plate; barricade隔板
carton box纸箱
to pull and stretch拉深
to put material in place, to cut material, to input落料
to impose lines压线
to compress, compressing压缩
character die字模
to feed, feeding送料
transportation运输
(be)qualfied, up to grade合格
not up to grade, not qualified不合格
material change, stock change材料变更
feature change 特性变更
evaluation评估
prepare for, make preparations for 准备
parameters参数
rotating speed, revolution转速
manufacture management制造管理
abnormal handling异常处理
production unit生产单位
lots of production生产批量
steel plate钢板
roll material卷料
manufacture procedure制程
operation procedure作业流程
to revise, modify修订
to switch over to, switch---to throw--over switching over切换
engineering, project difficulty 工程瓶颈
stage die工程模
automation自动化
to stake, staking, reviting铆合
add lubricating oil加润滑油
shut die架模
shut height of a die架模高度
analog-mode device类模器
die lifter举模器
argon welding氩焊
vocabulary for stamping
模具专业英语[分享]
模具述语
一、入水：gate
进入位： gate location
水口形式：gate type
大水口：edge gate
细水口： pin-point gate
水口大小：gate size
转水口： switching runner/gate
唧嘴口径： sprue diameter
二、流道: runner
热流道： hot runner,hot manifold
热嘴冷流道: hot sprue/cold runner
唧嘴直流: direct sprue gate
圆形流道：round(full/half runner
流道电脑分析：mold flow analysis
流道平衡:runner balance
热嘴： hot sprue
热流道板：hot manifold
发热管：cartridge heater
探针: thermocouples
插头： connector plug
插座： connector socket
密封/封料： seal
三、运水：water line
喉塞：line lpug
喉管：tube
塑胶管：plastic tube
快速接头：jiffy quick connector plug/socker
四、模具零件： mold components
三板模：3-plate mold
二板模：2-plate mold
边钉/导边：leader pin/guide pin
边司/导套：bushing/guide bushing
中托司：shoulder guide bushing
中托边L：guide pin
顶针板：ejector retainner plate
托板： support plate
螺丝： screw
管钉：dowel pin
开模槽：ply bar scot
内模管位：core/cavity inter-lock
顶针： ejector pin
司筒：ejector sleeve
司筒针：ejector pin
推板：stripper plate
缩呵：movable core,return core core puller
扣机（尼龙拉勾）：nylon latch lock
斜顶：lifter
模胚（架）： mold base
上内模：cavity insert
下内模：core insert
行位（滑块）： slide
镶件：insert
压座/斜鸡：wedge
耐磨板/油板：wedge wear plate
压条：plate
撑头: support pillar
唧嘴： sprue bushing
挡板：stop plate
定位圈：locating ring
锁扣：latch
扣鸡：parting lock set
推杆：push bar
栓打螺丝：S.H.S.B
顶板：eracuretun
活动臂：lever arm
分流锥：spure sperader
水口司:bush
垃圾钉：stop pin
隔片：buffle
弹弓柱：spring rod
弹弓:die spring
中托司：ejector guide bush
中托边：ejector guide pin
镶针：pin
销子：dowel pin
波子弹弓：ball catch
喉塞: pipe plug
锁模块：lock plate
斜顶：angle from pin
斜顶杆：angle ejector rod
尼龙拉勾：parting locks
活动臂：lever arm
复位键、提前回杆：early return bar
气阀：valves
斜导边：angle pin
术语：terms
承压平面平衡：parting surface support balance
模排气：parting line venting
回针碰料位：return pin and cavity interference
模总高超出啤机规格：mold base shut hight
顶针碰运水：water line interferes withejector pin
料位出上/下模：part from cavith (core) side
模胚原身出料位：cavity direct cut on A-plate,core direct cut on B-plate.
不准用镶件： Do not use (core/cavity) insert
用铍铜做镶件： use beryllium copper insert
初步（正式）模图设计：preliinary (final) mold design
反呵：reverse core
弹弓压缩量：spring compressed length
稳定性好：good stability,stable
强度不够：insufficient rigidity
均匀冷却：even cooling
扣模：sticking
热膨胀：thero expansion
公差：tolorance
铜公(电极）：copper electrod
基于UG的模块化机械设计方法研究
摘 要]本文采用模块化设计思想和UG二次开发技术,解决了用UG软件进行机械设计时,许多常用件需要多次重
新设计的问题。常用件模块以菜单的方式结合在UG软件中,这具有良好的可扩充性和可移植性。
[关键词]模块化设计 机械设计 UG二次开发
Unigraphics(简称UG)是美国EDS公司推出的CAD/
CAM/CAE一体化软件。它的内容涉及到平面工程制图、三维
造型、装配、制造加工、逆向工程、工业造型设计、注塑模具设计、
钣金设计、机构运动分析、数控模拟、渲染和动化仿真、工业标准
交互传输、有限元分析等十几个模块。近年来UG发展迅速,已
广泛应用于多个领域,更是进行机械设计的常用软件。虽然UG
功能非常强大,但在进行机械产品设计的时候经常会遇到一些
标准件以外的常用件,若每次对它们均从头开始设计,则要做大
量的重复性工作。为了提高劳动生产率,降低设计成本,将已经
广泛应用于电子、计算机、建筑等领域的模块化设计思想引用到
机械设计中,形成基于UG的模块化机械设计。
1模块化机械设计
1.1模块及模块化的概念
模块是一组具有同一功能和结合要素(指联接部位的形状、
尺寸、连接件间的配合或啮合等),但性能、规格或结构不同却能
互换的单元。模块化则是指在对产品进行市场预测、功能分析的
基础上划分并设计出一系列通用的功能模块,然后根据用户的
要求,对模块进行选择和组合,以构成不同功能或功能相同但性
能不同、规格不同的产品。
1.2模块化机械设计相关性
模块化设计所依赖的是模块的组合,即结合面,又称为接
口。为了保证不同功能模块的组合和相同功能模块的互换,模块
应具有可组合性和可互换性两个特征。这两个特征主要体现在
接口上,必须提高模块标准化、通用化、规格化的程度。对于模块
化机械设计,可见其关键是怎样划分模块,这里主要通过综合考
虑零部件在功能、几何、物理上存在的相关性来划分模块。
(1)功能相关性零部件之间的功能相关性是指在模块划分
时,将那些为实现同一功能的零部件聚在一起构成模块,这有助
于提高模块的功能独立性。
(2)几何相关性零部件之间的几何相关性是指零部件之间
的空间、几何关系上的物理联接、紧固、尺寸、垂直度、平等度和
同轴度等几何关系。
(3)物理相关性零部件之间的物理相关性是指零部件之间
存在着能量流、信息流或物料流的传递物理关系。
1.3模块化机械设计的优点
模块化机械设计在技术上和经济上都具有明显的优点,经
理论分析和实践证明,其优越性主要体现在下述几方面:
(1)可使现在机械工业得到振兴,并向高科技产业发展;
(2)减轻机械产品设计、制造及装配专业技术人员的劳动强
度;
(3)模块化机械产品质量高、成本低,并且妥善解决了多品
种小批量加工所带来的制造方面的问题;
(4)有利于企业根据市场变化,采用先进技术改造产品、开
发新产品;
(5)缩短机械产品的设计、制造和供货期限,以赢得用户;
(6)模块化机械产品互换性强,便于维修。
2模块化机械设计在UG中的实现
2.1总体构思
在用UG进行机械设计时,为了将常用件模块化,首先要把
常用件的三维模型表达出来。对于系列产品,可按照成组技术的
原理进行分类,一组相似的常用件建立一个三维模型,即所谓的
三维模型样板。根据UG参数化设计思想,一个三维模型样板可
认为是一组尺寸不同、结构相似的系列化零部件的基本模型。把
众多的三维模型样板按类分开,每一类放在一个集合里,这样每
类都形成了一个三维模型样板的模块库。为了使模块库与UG
的集成环境有机地结合在一起,把每个模块库都以图标的方式
放在用户菜单上,以方便调用。为了实现这一总体构思,综合运
用了UG/Open MenuScript、UG/Open Ulstyler、UG/Open
API、Visual C++等UG二次开发技术,其程序流程图如图1
2.2模块库菜单设计
为了与UG菜单交互界面风格保持一致,模块库采用了分
级式下拉菜单,下拉菜单通过UG/Open MenuScript模块开发
实现。即利用MenuScript提供的UG菜单脚本语言,编写成扩
展名为“.men”的文本文件,将其放在用户目录下的/startup目
录内,通过设定UG的环境变量,UG在启动时会自动加载用户
菜单文件。为了方便用户调用时快速检索到所要的常用件三维
模型样板,将下拉菜单的最大深度设计为3级,且每一条下拉菜
单最多不超过15个按钮。末级菜单上每一个按钮对应一个常用
件三维模型样板名称,点击末级菜单按钮即调出创建相应产品
的三维模型样板对话框。
2.3三维模型样板对话框设计
利用UG/Open Ulstyle制作UG风格的对话框,按照模型
样板的参数生成包含数据输入框、文本框、按钮、图片等控件的
对话框。在对话框上部显示零配件图片,在对话框左上角显示对
话框标题,在UG系统窗口左下角显示操作提示信息,这样可以
使用户很方便地设计或选用常用件三维模型,三维模型样板对
话框设计完成后,生成扩展名为“.dlg”文件。所有对话框都有6
种基本同调函数,分别是Apply按钮的回调函数,Back按钮的
回调函数、Cancel按钮的回调函数、OK按钮的回调函数、对话
框构造函数和对话框析构函数。其中对话框构造函数在UG构
建对话框完成之后、用户应用程序执行之前调用,将常用件三维
模型的常用规格及技术要求显示到信息窗口,供用户创建产品
时作参考。对话框析构函数在UG用户对话框关闭时调用,程序
编写时利用它进行关闭、清除信息窗口以及释放申请的内存空
间等操作。
2.4应用程序动态链接库(*.dll)创建
UG/Open API应用程序是用C/C++语言编写的,它除了
能够在UG的环境下对UG进行功能调用外,还能在程序中实
现软件的文件管理、流程控制、数据传输、窗口调用、数值计算等
C/C++语言支持的全部功能,使用非常灵活。UG/Open API
应用程序牵涉到UG提供的头文件(*.h)、库文件(*.dll)及
以C/C++语言编程环境,需要对Visual C++编译环境进行
设置,下面给出了Visual C++6.0编译环境设置方法及动态
链接库的创建过程:
(1)建立一个空的动态链接库工程。
(2)配置程序头文件(*.h)、库文件(*.dll)的目录路径。
其中头文件包括UG头文件,Visual C++6.0库文件。
(3)将对话框生成的C语言源文件模板文件*.template.c
添加到Project中。
(4)编制应用程序。进入对话框回调函数内部进行程序编
制,定义变量及UG对象,运用C/C++语言和UG/Open API
函数进行参数化建模设计。
(5)生成动态链接库(*.dll)文件。UG启动时会自动加载
动态链接库文件,供用户菜单调用。
3结束语
随着装备制造业的飞速发展,产品种类急剧增多且结构日
趋复杂,只有产品设计周期不断缩短,才能够满足企业激烈竞争
的需要。用UG软件进行模块化机械设计符合机械产品快速设
计的理念,符合装备制造业的发展需要,是机械设计的发展方向
之一,具有较高的实用价值和经济价值。
参考文献
[1]袁峰UG机械设计工程范例教程[M]北京机械工业出
版社2006
[2]王志张进生于丰业王鹏任秀华基于模块化的机械产
品快速设计[J]机械设计2004,21,8
[3]滕晓艳张家泰产品模块化设计方法的研究[J]应用科
技2006,33,2
[4]董正卫田立中付宜利UG/Open API编程基础[M]北
京清华大学出版社,2002 你自己用有道翻译吧！
Advanced Manufacturing: Robotic Technology and Automation
Summary
At present a Car Company manufacture a part of an automobile suspension assembly known as a Crosstube. They are considering moving from manual to robotic production in either a single cell/single robot or line/multi robot layout. The following report recommends the use of the Fanuc Arc Mate robot, which is a compact, six axis, modular-built, electric servo-driven robot which is controlled by the a R-J3 controller with ArcTool application software. All ancillary equipment options are considered.
The two layouts are considered and all health and safety implications are detailed. The report concludes with a discussion on the validity of each layout. For low volume manufacture it is recommended that a single-cell layout is utilised. For economic production of high volumes a line layout would be the primary choice.
Contents
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Robot Specification
2.1 Mechanical Characteristics
2.2 Performance Specifications
2.3 Programming & Control Methods
3.0 Specification Of Ancillary Equipment
3.1 Welding Tool
3.2 Gripper
4.0 Robotic Assembly
4.1 Cell Layout
4.1 Line Layout
5.0 Health and Safety
5.1 Cell Layout
6.2 Line Layout
6.0 Discussion
7.0 References
8.0 Appendix
1.0 Introduction
BL Cars Ltd manufactures a part of an automobile suspension assembly. It is known as a Crosstube. The complete part consists of four thin sheets of steel presswork. Two parts are identical and are positioned either end of the larger cross brace, which has been formed from two larger pieces of sheet steel..
Presently the two parts making up the cross brace are secured using specific jigs. Once secure they are spot welded along the flange edges. The next step is to secure the two mounting plates to the presswork. The process is completed by arc welding the component to add extra strength to the spot welds and secure the mounting plates. N.B. When the parts are pressed from the sheet steel locating points are incorporated. This ensures each part is located in the correct position in the jig.
The use of industrial robots is ever increasing. The robot usually does a secondary machinery operation after a primary shaping operation. When performed manually, this secondary operation often requires the operator to work in an unpleasant environment, to carry out a repetitive and tiring task with bulky tools.
BL Cars Ltd is considering using robots to automate the Crosstube assembly process. The robots will be used for material handling, spot and arc welding in one of two contrasting layouts:
1. Single-cell, single robot -- low volumes
2. Line-layout, multi-robot -- high volumes
Compared to manual welds, robot welds provide the following benefits:
· A higher quality weld
· Greater consistency
· Increase arc on time as a proportion of total time
· Increased operator safety
· Automatic weld quality monitoring.
Compared to manual handling, robots handling provides the following benefits:
· Greater consistency
· Greater accuracy
· Increased repeatability
· Low running costs
2.0 Robot Specification
BL Cars Ltd have decided to use the Fanuc Arc Mate 50il. This robot is a compact, six axis, modular-built, electric servo-driven robot which is controlled by the R-J3 controller with ArcTool application software. The robot has been designed to maximise throughput and use of floor space by providing a compact, high speed design in a proven and reliable mechanical unit.
Fanuc Arc Mate 50il
· Price: Single robot £30,000
Mechanical Characteristics
· The robot has six axes of movement. The diagram below illustrates axis movement:
· The diagram below illustrates the floor space required for mounting:
· Physical dimensions
Performance Specifications
Programming & Control Methods
The majority of MIG welding jobs are conducted manually. It is relatively recently that machines have come on to the market with sufficient positional repeatability to automate the process reliably and flexibly. Arc welding using MIG is a complex multi-variable control task. Therefore is imperative that an effective controller is chosen.
The controller BL Cars LTD has chosen to use is the R-J3 shown below:
FANUC Robotics' SYSTEM R-J3 Controller uses advanced technology packaged in a proven, reliable third generation controller design. Process capability and open architecture features improve application and motion performance while simplifying system integration.
SYSTEM R-J3 incorporates FANUC Robotics' unique "plug-in-options" concept which allows the flexibility for applications specific configurations while maintaining a commonality for all users of the system.
Features:
· 32-bit main CPU with dual processor architecture permits fast calculations, reduces program execution times and increases path accuracy
· Provides extensive line of compact I/O modules for both digital and analogue signals
· Allows for fast power-up and program execution with auto resume after cycle start
· High-speed, precision control of up to 6 axes of motion
· Auxiliary axes options can support up to three separate motion groups, each with its own control program and simple kinematic models
· Advanced communications and networking capabilities include built-in Ethernet and PCMCIA interface
· AccuPath provides enhanced path tracking during linear and circular motion while minimizing speed variations
· Collision detection minimizes potential damage to the robot or end-of-arm tooling
· Collision detection minimizes potential damage to the robot or end-of-arm tooling
· Use of surface mounting and 3-D packaging reduces components and increases reliability
· Quick change servo amplifier reduces maintenance time
· Distributed I/O options reduce cabling costs and simplify troubleshooting
· Increased use of fiber optics simplifies connections and enables faster communications
· Increased use of fibre optics simplifies connections and enables faster communications
· Multi-tasking operating system allows execution of several concurrent user programs
· Instant trigger response (*4 ms) increases repeatability and improves process control.
Benefits:
· Reduces capital expenses: -Modular package allows rotator to be added only if needed -Eliminates expensive tools typically required to trim parts -Reduces number of robots required to achieve a target throughput
· Increases throughput and quality up to 35% over competitive robotic tracking systems and manual welding
· Adaptive well bias optimises weld wire positioning to fill lap joint gaps without reducing travel speeds (100 inches per minute)
· Root Pass Memorization (RPM) allows users to perform multi-pass welds without retracking.
3.0 Specification Of Ancillary Equipment
Welding Tool
BL Cars have two options:
1. Use senseless robots and relatively precise tooling, better jigs, and more efficient transportation. This method reduces dimensional variation.
2. Use a robot and sensor system to locate the start and end points of each weld. This method also traces the seam steering the weld torch, and as a result reduces the error.
Precise tooling is very expense. Taking into account capital and recurrent costs BL Cars will utilise robots with sensors.
Seam Tracking Sensor
'The MIG EYE seam tracking sensor equips FANUC Robotics' welding systems with a laser-based tracking sensor. Designed specifically for arc welding sheet metal stampings, MIG EYE locates weld seams and provides real time control of the robot's path to maintain proper alignment between weld wire and joints.' The aim of this equipment is to maximise the quality and the speed of the weld.
Assuming BL Cars Ltd choose to integrate this tool with an ARC Mate robot and Arc Tool software, MIG EYE reduces total programming time, enhances uptime and increases throughput for a wide variety of welding systems.
The illustration below shows a tool which incorporates a sensor and MIG welder.
Figure 2 torch/sensor package (57mm Diameter)
Handling Tool
To automate the line layout a handling tool is required. The tool will be used to hold the job whilst it is welded. It is necessary to consider the shape, orientation, weight, and the centre of gravity of the part. Once these variable have been determined an appropriate gripper can be selected.
For photograph of chosen tool, and further information on handling tool application software please refer to appendix 1.
4.0 Robotic Assembly
A robotic assembly cell is an independent unit consisting of one or more robots and associated peripheral equipment, by means of which a complete product can be assembled as far as possible.
Cells are characterised by:
· Relatively long cycle times
· Relatively large number of various parts assembled per robot
In the automotive industry the ratio of assembly cells to assembly lines is approximately 2:1.
Cell Layout
The diagram below illustrates a simple cell layout.
Robotic Assembly Line
A line layout comprises two robotic stations which are installed in series. The cycle times are relatively short, and also a limited number of parts per station and product transport between stations.
Line Layout
The diagram below illustrates possible line layout:
Financial Considerations
Set-up costs are greater in a line layout since there are two robots and extra ancillary equipment. However all line layout is capable of significantly higher throughput levels. Therefore if high volume manufacture is required a line layout will be the most economic option, providing a lower overhead cost/unit.
5.0 Health and Safety
When implementing any form of system within a manufacturing environment it is imperative that all health and safety implications are taken into account and the appropriate precautions are incorporated.
The majority of accidents involving robots have occurred:
1. Whilst an operator is programming
2. Whilst conducting experimental robot sequences
3. Whilst an operator is adjusting and/or maintaining peripheral devices
4. As a result of poor provision or installation of safety equipment
From the above information it is apparent that when setting up a robotic cell it is important to consider
1. Operator safety whilst programming and/or maintaining the robotic system
2. Equipment protection.
With robot systems, the type of robot, its use and its relationship to other plant will all influence the design and selection of safeguards. Any safeguard chosen must permit the required operations to be conducted and where necessary, teaching, programming, setting, maintenance and trouble-shooting operations to be carried out.
Prior to safeguard design all hazards and injury risks must be identified. In this case a single robot cell will require a different level of safeguarding to a multi robot line layout.
Perimeter fencing will be used to protect all members of staff from the equipment line. The fencing will consist of a hollow section steel framework in filled with mesh. All sections will be 2m high and securely fastened to the framework
Where there is a danger of molten metal and welding flash infringing regulations, the filling between the framework will be manufactured from sheet steel. A sliding access gate will be located either side of the line to allow for regular access. A presence sensing device will be linked to the control system to instantly cut power to all machinery within the restricted area.
Cell Layout Specific
An operator will be working with the robot within the cell. Therefore it is important that suffient safety devices are incorporated within the cell to ensure operator safety.
Four emergency stop buttons will be strategically positioned in and around the cell to allow emergency shut down in the event of a problem.
An escape path and guidelines will be displayed outside the cell to highlight to the operator the action that should be taken if the robot goes out of control.
Pressure mats will be placed around the robot. When pressure is applied to the mat the system is shut down. An alarm system will also be incorporated within the system to indicate human presence.
The operator within the cell will always have ultimate control over robot activity.
Infra-red curtains are flexible and reliable and make an excellent method of operator protection.
Line Layout Specific
Whilst operating under normal conditions its is unlikely that a robot will require manual human input.
In addition to the general safety precautions, it is necessary to consider the possibility of the two robots damaging themselves and other equipment. This will be achieved by using positive stops which limit the movement of the robot to part of its envelope. Trip devices will be utilised to stop the robot if it comes into contact with people or other equipment
A trapped key exchange will be used to secure all gates. This system will positively isolate the power supply to all parts of the robot installation. There is a lock on all perimeter gates and a lock on an isolator controlling the robot actuators. The key cannot be removed from the lock to open the gate unless the system is in a safe state.
7.0 Discussion
The crosstube is mass produced, i.e. high volumes are required. The most cost effective layout choice would be the line-layout. Although higher set-up costs are involved initially the cost of implementing cells with an equivalent rate of throughput would be greater.
However it is likely that this product will move into decline and the number of these products demanded will fall. When this occurs the line layout could be abandoned, the space utilised for a part in growth, and a single cell could be established for dedicated production of the cross tube.
BL Cars Ltd must consider using robots cell for the economic manufacture of prototype and growth products. As growth slows and a product is nearing maturity a line-layout can be considered (volume determined)This method of assembly would be partially useful in the decline period of the products life cycle, as the cell would be capable of producing other similar parts or parts within the product family.
8.0 References
·
· Rooks. B., Rover 75 Sets New Standard In Body In White Assembly. International Journal, Vol. 26, Is 5, 1999
· Bromley. J. S.E., Davey. P.G., Vidler. A. R., Clocksin. W. F., Morgan. C. G.. An Implementation of Model Based Visual Feedback for Robot Arc Welding of Thin Sheet Steel. International Journal of Robotics Research Vol. 4 No. 1 1985
· Asfahl. R. C. 1992. Robots and Manufacturing Automation. John Wiley
· Rampersad. H.K. 1994. Intergrated and Simultaneous Design for Assembly. John Wiley
这里有个电子杂志，是有关机械制造的：
论文：
简介：
