当今,由于人类社会的发展,生活节奏的加快,对于中年人群体老年疾病提前到来。中年人由于疾病的缠身,生活质量的下降等原因,给家庭和社会带来了很大的负面影响。下面是我带来的医学类英语 文章 ，欢迎阅读!
医学类英语文章1
指甲油、发胶或增加糖尿病风险
Chemicals commonly found in beauty products such as nail polishes, hair sprays andperfumesmay increase risk of diabetes for some women, new research suggests.
Chemicals commonly found in beauty products such as nail polishes, hair sprays andperfumesmay increase risk of diabetes for some women, new research suggests.
Researchers analyzed urine samples from 2,350 women who participated in the long-runningNational Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a nationally representative sampleof Americanwomen. They were looking for concentrations of chemicals known as phthalates,which are oftenfound in personal care products and in adhesives, electronics, products used tomanufacture cars, toys, packaging and even some coatings for medications.
Phthalates are considered "endocrine-disrupting" because they can alter normal regulationofcertain mechanisms in the body, including hormone regulation, and have been tied inpreviousresearch to diabetes and obesity risk, Dr. Kenneth Spaeth, director of theOccupational andEnvironmental Medicine Center's department of population health at NorthShore UniversityHospital in Manhasset, N.Y., told HealthPop. He was not involved in the study.
The researchers found that women with the highest concentrations of two types of phthalates -mono-benzyl phthalate and mono-isobutyl phthalate - were nearly two times more likely tohavediabetes compared to women with the least amounts of these chemicals. Women withmoderatelyhigh levels of the phthalates mono-n-butyl phthalate and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalatewere 70 percent more likely to have diabetes compared to their counterparts.
The findings were published in Environmental Health Perspectives, a journal published bythegovernment's National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences.
"This is an important first step in exploring the connection between phthalates and diabetes,"saidDr. Tamara James-Todd, a researcher in women's health at Brigham and Women's HospitalinBoston, said in a press release. The researchers could not prove that phthalates causeddiabetes orhaving diabetes increased concentrations of the chemicals in a person's body.
"We know that in addition to being present in personal care products, phthalates also existincertain types of medical devices and medication that is used to treat diabetes and this couldalsoexplain the higher level of phthalates in diabetic women," she added. "So overall, moreresearch isneeded."
One of the problems is that chemicals like phthalates are practically unavoidable, accordingtoSpaeth.
"These chemicals are unfortunately ubiquitous," Spaeth explained. "It's pretty clear fromstudiesthat we're exposed all day long to these various household or personal care products."
Spaeth says it's a real challenge to reduce phthalate exposure because sometimes thechemical is ametabolic byproduct of another ingredient or a product label may not say itcontains phthalatesonly for phthalates to be found in the packaging the product came in, whichdoes not need to bementioned on a product label.
"It's really hard to make informed decisions about these kinds of things," he said. "Maybe we'llgetto a point when the health effects are more widely recognized, that there will be incentivetochange how products are made and packaged."
However Spaeth did say research has shown phthalates can find their way into householddustand people sometimes ingest them that way, so simple steps like frequent vaccuming anddusting, or washing your hands regularly before eating may decrease risk.
医学类英语文章2
西方快餐与亚洲人患心脏病风险存在联系
Even relatively clean-living Singaporeans who regularly eat burgers, fries and other staplesof U.S.-style fast food are at a raised risk of diabetes and more likely than their peers to die ofheart disease, according to an international study.
at a raised risk of diabetes：提高患糖尿病的风险
But Asian fast foods, such as noodles or dumplings, did not bear the same risk, the studypublished in the journal Circulation said.
bear the same risk：承受同样的风险
the journal Circulation：《循环》杂志
With globalization, U.S.-style fast food has become commonplacein East and SoutheastAsia. The study looked at more than 60,000 Singaporeans of Chinese descent.
"Many cultures welcome (Western fast food) because it's a sign they're developing theireconomics," said Andrew Odegaard, from the University of Minnesota School of Public Health,who led the study.
the University of Minnesota School of Public Health：明尼苏达大学的公共卫生学院
"But while it may be desirable from a cultural standpoint, from a health perspective theremay be a cost," he told Reuters Health.
a cultural standpoint： 文化 角度
The study participants were interviewed in the 1990s, then followed for about a decade.
Participants were between 45 and 74 years old at the outset. During the study period, 1,397 died of cardiac causes and 2,252 developed type 2 diabetes.
died of cardiaccauses：死于心脏病
Those who ate fast food two or more times a week had 27 percent greater odds ofdiabetes and 56 percent higher risk of cardiac death than those who ate little or no fast food,the researchers found.
greater odds of：更大的几率
Among 811 subjects who ate Western-style fast food four or more times a week, the riskof cardiac death rose by 80 percent.
Western-style fast food：西式快餐
The findings held even after the researchers adjusted for other factors that could influencehealth, including age, sex, weight, smoking status and education level.
In fact, the Singaporeans who ate Western fast food often were more likely to be younger,educated and physically active, and were less likely to smoke, than those who stuck to a moretraditional diet.
physically active：体力活动
Odegaard's team found that Eastern fast foods, such as dim sum, noodles and dumplings,were not associated with more cases of type 2 diabetes and cardiac deaths.
dim sum：中式点心
be not associated with:与……无关
"It wasn't their own snacks that was putting them at increased risk, but American-style fastfood," he said.
The profile of the fast food eaters differs markedly from that of the average fast foodconsumer in the United States, he added, with eating fast food in countries like Singapore astatus symbol and a way of "participating in American culture".
a status symbol：身份象征
The findings hold serious implications for recently developed and emerging countries, saidSara Bleich, an assistant professor of health policy at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of PublicHealth in Baltimore.
hold serious implications for：对……有严重影响
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health：约翰霍普金斯大学彭博公共卫生学院
"The big multinational fast food companies are increasingly looking to maximize profitoutside the United States, and they're looking to emerging economies like Singapore to dothat," she said. "So at the global level, the health implications are very strong."
maximize profit：追求利润最大化
emerging economies：新兴市场国家
医学类英语文章3
胖子的 记忆力 思考力下降快
Fatter people are more likely to lose their memories and brain power quicker than thosewho are thinner, according to British research.
据英国某一研究，相比瘦子，胖子的记忆力和脑力下降得更快。
Those who are obese, and have other health problems such as high blood pressure andhigh cholesterol, lose their memory and thinking skills almost a quarter faster, foundresearchers at University College London.
英国伦敦大学学院的一份研究表明，那些患有如高血压高胆固醇等健康问题的胖子和那些一般的胖子，比起瘦子来说，他们的记忆力和脑力下降速度要快四分之一。
Their study was based on almost 6,500 Whitehall civil servants, whose health wasmonitored between the ages of 50 and 60.
这份研究以将近6,500名年龄在50岁到60岁之间的白厅(英国)公务员的健康状况为研究对象。
They were weighed and measured, their blood pressure and cholesterol levels were taken,and they were also asked what medication they were taking.
研究人员对他们称了体重，做了测量，记录了他们的血压和胆固醇含量，同时还了解了他们目前在做哪些药物治疗。
In addition, they were asked to perform mental tests three times during the decade,which were used to assess memory and other cognitiveskills.
此外，研究对象在这十年时间里还要参加三次智力测验，这些测验结果将作为评估记忆和 其它 认知技能的依据。
Of the 6,401 civil servants in the study, nine per cent (582) were obese. Of those, 350 werealso classed as “metabolicallyabnormal”- meaning they had two additional risk factors such ashigh blood pressure, high cholesterol, were taking medication for either condition, or werediabetic.
在参与这项研究的6,401名国家公务员中，9%(即582人)是胖子。有350人的新陈代谢存在异常现象，这也意味着他们将面临双重危险，高血压和高胆固醇。他们需要服用治疗高血压和高胆固醇的药物。除此以外还有糖尿病患者。
The researchers found the obese tended to lose their mental powers faster than theirthinner colleagues, while those who also had additional conditions lost their memory andthinking skills fastest of all.
研究人员发现胖子比起他们的瘦子同事更容易失去大脑思考能力，而这个人群中最容易失忆和失去思考能力的是这些还有其它健康问题的胖子。
The latter group experienced a 22.5 percent faster decline on their cognitive test scoresover the decade than those who were healthy.
比起健康的胖子，后一组研究对象(指还有其它健康问题的胖子)在过去的十年时间里在认知测试中得分下降高达22.5%。
Archana Singh-Manoux, of the Paris research institute Inserm, who contributed to thestudy, said their results indicated the idea that people could be obese but still healthy wasflawed.
巴黎研究机构Inserm的辛格-曼诺(Archana Singh-Manoux)负责这项研究。他说，他们的研究结果表明胖子是健康的这一看法是站不脚的。
Shirley Cramer, chief executive of Alzheimer’s Research UK, said: “We do not yet know whyobesity and metabolic abnormality are linked to poorer brain performance, but with obesitylevels on the rise, it will be important to delvea little deeper into this association.
英国老年痴呆症研究所的主管雪莉·克莱默(Shirley Cramer)说：“目前我们还不知道为什么肥胖与新陈代谢异常这两方面会和脑力衰弱有联系。但是随着肥胖程度的增加，进一步深入探究它们之间的关联将变得很重要。”
“While the study itself focuses on cognitive decline, previous research suggests that ahealthy diet, regular exercise, not smoking and controlling blood pressure and cholesterol inmidlife can also help stave off dementia."
“虽然这项研究本身关注的是认知能力的减弱，但先前的研究表明在中年时期，健康的饮食、定期锻炼、不吸烟、控制血压和胆固醇等有助于减缓痴呆症的产生。”
【关键词】 医学英语论文； 标题写作； 修辞原则； 策略
Abstract：As an important component part of a medical research paper，the English title plays a crucial role in promoting international academic exchanges. Its main functions are to summarize and reveal the subject, guide reading, and to be used for storage and retrieval. This paper mainly investigates the strategies of title writing for medical English research paper and presents four principles：focuse on subject，be accurate，be concise，be appropriate.
Key words： Medical English research paper; Title writing; Rhetorical principle; Strategy人们读书看报，首先要看的是标题，题目常常能概括地反应文章的内容。题目取得好，简练又吸引人，才会引起读者的兴趣。标题“居文之首，句文之要”，被人们比喻为文章的眼睛。标题在学术论文中同样起着至关重要的作用。随着经济全球化的发展，医学界国际交流活动日趋频繁，在交流活动中起主导作用的学术期刊更加“规范化、标准化”，国内越来越多刊物须附英文标题和摘要。因此，学术论文的标题英译也越来越重要。医学论文题名具有高度概括集中反映文献主题的功能，指导读者查找文献资料的导读功能和信息储存提供编制文献检索的功能［1］。本文主要探讨医学论文英文标题写作中应遵循的主要修辞原则及表达策略，以期更好地发挥学术论文标题的功能，促进学术交流。
1 突出主题原则及修辞策略 题名是论文最重要的、浓缩的信息点，是读者最先得到的直接信息，即文章的主要观点和主要论点。因此，标题应简明扼要、重点突出、反映论文主题。根据国际医学期刊编辑委员会制定的《生物医学期刊投稿的统一要求》中对文题的要求：简练和反映论文主题，英文标题应切题准确，反映文章的中心内容，便于索引，利于论文广泛流通。 好的标题不仅能起到“画龙点睛”的作用，还可以提高论文索引的利用价值。通常读者总是先浏览期刊的文章标题，在对其感兴趣后才会通读全文。因此，在标题英译时，应从以下两个方面注意修辞策略： 在信息传递上，要充分反映论文的创新内容，重要内容前置，突出中心；准确使用题名的必要结构要素来完整表达医学文献主题，在医学论文中最常见的结构类型是由研究对象、研究目的和研究方法三要素组成的题名。在表达方式上，多用名词、名词词组、动名词来表达。文字安排应结构合理、选词准确、详略得当，重要的词放在文题的起始，如association, application, determination，effect，detection，establishment等词所引导的短语都是研究的中心内容。
2 准确规范原则及修辞策略 准确是修辞的基本原则，也是翻译必须遵循的原则。科技文体写作更应遵循这一原则，因为学术研究特别强调准确，不能模糊不清、模棱两可。措辞准确、表达客观、逻辑严密、行文简洁、词义明确、含义固定是科技文体所共有的文体特征［2］。医学英语除了具备以上特征外，它还有大量的专业词汇、术语以及特定的词汇结构体系、语法规则和语篇结构。因此，在医学论文题名写作时语言表达要合乎医学论文写作的规范标准。论文标题英译要在正确理解原文的基础上进行，必须忠实地传达原文的内容，保持原文的风格。具体可采取以下方法： 首先，格式要求规范。标题译文可采用首字母大写，其余的用小写（首字母缩略词全大写，专有名词的首字母大写）；也可采用标题首字母大写，其余实词首字母大写，虚词小写(4个字母以上的介词或连词的首字母大写)；排列时可根据具体学术期刊的规范分别采用居中排与左对齐的方式；书名应用斜体表示。 其次，选词应强调专业化。与其它学科的英语术语相比，医学英语术语特征相对明显，专业化是医学英语的一大特色。因此，熟知医学英语术语，选择专业词汇，避免使用通俗语是医学工作者治学严谨的表现。例如，“先天性皮肤并指畸形” 应译为“syndactyly of fingers”而不是“congenital skin webbed fingers”；“大黄”“丹参”分别为“Rhubarb”和 “Salvia miltiorrhiza”，而不是“Da Hunag” 和“Dan Shen”。另一方面，科技英语用词强调词义单一、准确，忌用多义词。根据科技英语的这一修辞特点，在英译时应用词义明确单一的词来代替词义较多的词，如用to transmit, to convert, to obtain, to insert, to consume, to absorb, application, sufficient, superior来替代常用的to send, to change, to get, to put in, to use up, to take in, use, enough, better。 此外，用词要准确。注意不使用非标准化的缩略语，应使用公认的缩略词语、代号、符号、公式等。国际上《核心医学期刊文摘》中，对缩写词的使用非常谨慎，对非公认的缩略词语，第一次出现必须先写全名，缩写附后加括号。如丙型肝炎病人：hepatitis C virus (HCV)，维甲酸：all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)。 语言的习惯搭配也是医学论文英语标题写作特征的一种重要表现形式。在英语中，有相当数量的动词、名词、形容词都有其固定的介词搭配，在使用此类词语时一定要多加注意，以避免错误。医学英语标题多采用逻辑动宾关系的名词性组合形式，常见的搭配如：patients with, cases of, operation on, cure for, response to, effect on, research in/into/on, approach to, observation(s) of/on/in, treatment of等等。下面的标题译文很好地说明了正确使用介词搭配能有助于准确明了地反映论文的主题。 例： The acupuncture effect on left ventricular function in patients with coronary heart disease and angina pectoris （针疗对冠心病心绞痛患者左心功能状态的影响） “影响”为中心词，但它在文中的意思为“疗效”，因为“针疗”是一种治疗疾病的方法，“针疗的疗效”可译为“acupuncture effect (on)”。“左心功能状态”是表类属的定语，应紧跟“影响”。“患者patients (with)”修饰“左心功能状态”，“冠心病心绞痛”修饰“患者”。层层修饰关系在译文中均以介词表示，译文准确而明晰。［3］ 3 简明有效原则及修辞策略 好的标题应是高度概括、言简意赅、便于检索。在完整、准确地概括全文内容的基础上，用尽量少的文字恰当反映所研究的范围和深度，不可夸大其词，以偏概全，也不可缩小研究范围，以偏代全。做到简明有效主要从以下两个方面着手： 在信息处理上，遵循科技写作中语言运用的最小信息差原则以谋求语言运用的最大信息量的输出和最佳交际效果，即“作者应该写的都能写出来，读者对作者所表达的意思都能读明白”［4］。 在选词用语上，文题力求语言精炼，中心词突出，一般在10个单词以内，通常不超过16个单词。标题起始处的冠词“A”“The”可以省略，但文题中间的“the”不能省。采用短语翻译题名，医学论文英语标题采取的主要短语结构有：名词+动词不定式；名词或名词短语+过去分词；现在分词短语；介词短语结构；名词或名词短语+介词短语；以动词形式开始的短语结构等。以短语形式来表达一个句子,结构言简意赅,内部组织严密,而且可以把更多的信息融于一体,使彼此的逻辑关系更明确,表达更细密,更有利于达到交际目的。 由于医学英语要求客观和精确，一些旨在加强语言感染力和宣传效果的修辞格不常见。但是，医学英语强调注重有效的语法和词汇修辞，如英语讲求结构平行对称。论文标题中并列的内容，应注意到语法结构上的对称，即名词与名词并列，动名词与动名词并列，不要混杂使用。例如：The Role of Arthroscopy in Diagnosing and the Treatment of Joint Diseases in Children（关节镜在儿童关节疾病诊治中的作用）宜改为：The Role of Arthroscopy in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Joint Diseases in Children。修改后两个动名词并列，既简化了文字，符合修辞原则，而且还更为醒目。平行结构的使用可以增强修辞效果，不仅使主题更加突出，而且还富有美感，引起读者兴趣。请看下面两个例子：
例1：“Clinical, physiological, and radiological study of a new purpose-designed artificial bowel sphincter”
例2：“Socioeconomic status，standard of living，and neurotic disorder”
例1中3个形容词平行排列加强了语音的节奏感，也明确了与中心词的修饰关系，既美观又醒目；例2中的3个并列名词短语排列有序、结构工整、逻辑关系明确，读者能很快抓住论文的中心。
4 得体原则及修辞策略 一个修辞行为的有效性，还取决于它是否合乎语体的规范，是否符合言语交际环境的规定，是否符合社会交往的礼仪，是否符合文化的习俗，是否符合双方的审美倾向。［5］如用戏曲语体撰写科技论文是不得体的。科技论文的行文要符合科技文体的特点，保持文体的严肃性，是为得体。医学论文的英语题名写作与翻译要求标题与论文的内容协调一致，包括风格的一致，语言表达应符合英语习惯。因此，在医学论文标题英译时，要考虑其语法、修辞特点，尽可能体现出英语的固有风格，避免中式英语的弊病。下面介绍几种表达得体的主要修辞策略。 英文标题的写作可以不拘一格，但应突出主题，服从英语的表达习惯，避免使用中国式的英语表达形式。比如，汉语医学论文标题中常常出现“初探”、“探讨”、“经验”、“体会”等词以示谦逊，而在国外的医学刊物中使用带有“浅谈”“初探”这类句式的题名会被认为所论述的内容没有多大参考价值，缺乏严肃性。这是因为欧美人认为科技论文应立足于事实材料，不必谦虚客套。 汉语论文主标题与副标题之间一般用破折号，而英文的主标题与副标题之间通常用冒号表示。病例数在汉语中一般放在正标题中，在英语中大多放在副标题中，如：Post transfusion hepatitis: A report of 60 cases （输血后肝炎60例报告）。 由于受汉语语法的限制和语言习惯的影响，在中文标题中常含有“……的研究”和“……的观察”等词语，题名英译时应省略“Regarding …”、“Observation(s) of …”、“Investigation of …”、“Studies on …”、“Research(es) on …”、“Some thoughts on …”、“Introduction to …”等冗余套语，使之更简洁且符合英语的表达习惯。 名词化结构较多地使用抽象名词表达动作和状态，这也是英语表达和汉语表达上的主要差别之一。在汉语中用行为动词表达的意思在英语中多转换为名词。英汉语的用词顺序有很大的不同。在汉语中，定语置于中心词之前，而在英语中，“中心词+后置定语”的结构应用非常广泛。例如：葡萄糖在体外和体内对神经细胞瘤的疗效：Effect of Glucose on Neuroblastoma in Vitro and in Vivo；心脏病患者肌酐激酶同功酶的测定：Detection of Creatine Kinase Isoenzymes Inheart Disease；严重脑外伤患者大断面骨折接骨时间选择：Timing of Osteosynthesis of Major Fracture in Patients with Severe Brain Injury。 总之，标题在论文中起着至关重要的作用。论文的标题应能准确地概括论文的内容，提纲挈领、点明主题、吸引读者、便于检索。要写好译好英文标题，作者不仅要有严谨的治学态度，还要掌握专业英语知识，熟悉医学英语文体的写作特点，熟记常用的句式结构及英语习惯表达方法，在正确理解论文主旨的基础上，力求重点突出，行文准确、规范、简洁、得体。
朋友,我任务,望采纳！
MSCT combined with Dental software in jaw bone tumor or tumor lesions imaging studies
The first purpose.
This study applies PHILIPS offerings 64 Dental layer spiral CT reconstruction functions such as Planning software combined with MPR, VR in our hospital 98 cases of oral maxillofacial tumors and tumor lesions of MSCT image post-processing to observe, classify their imaging characteristics statistics and summary analysis, aims to reveal the characteristics of pathological changes and identify key points, to provide reference for the diagnosis and treatment of jaw bone tumors or tumor lesions.
the second,method:
1, select a February 2013 in July 2008 in our hospital hospitalization jaw tumors and tumor lesions in patients 98 cases as the research object, benign lesions 70 cases including tooth source sex Angle of cystic tumors 20 cases, 14 cases of ameloblastoma, tooth source sex cysts in 11 cases (including teeth cyst in 4 cases, 7 cases of periapical cyst), tooth tumor in 2 cases, cementoblast tumor, of source sex fibroma and myxoma in 2 cases, 9 cases of simple bone cyst, 4 cases were abnormal bone fibre hyperplasia with shaofu zhuyu tang, ossifying fibroma, 2 cases, vascular malformation and eosinophilic granuloma in 1 case; 28 cases of malignant lesions including 2 cases of malignant ameloblastoma, oral maxillofacial squamous cell carcinoma (3 cases), gum source 10 cases of malignant tumors, malignant tumors involving the maxilla, 9 cases of maxillary DouYuan sex, multiple myeloma and plasma cell tumor in 2 cases. Preoperative MSCT scan, in which 43 underwent enhanced scanning, the original volume to 1 mm thin layer scanning data reconstruction, using workstation Dental Planning to post-processing, and volumetric representation technology (VR) and multi-plane reorganization method comparative analysis (MPR) images, and the lesions imaging features were analyzed.
2.Image data analysis
In our hospital 98 cases of oral maxillofacial tumors and tumor lesions imaging data for system review, combined with the tooth source sex tumour of the WHO classification (2005) new, all lesions imaging characteristic classification statistics and summary analysis, mainly from the following several aspects are analyzed: lesion location, the expansion of the jaw, lesions within the density and the presence of high density zones within the lesion, lesions with shine dentition, adjacent root involvement, the integrity of the bone cortex around, adjacent soft tissue involvement, mandible lesions observed mandibular canal compression damage situation, summarize the main points the diseased image characteristics and its identification.
手工输入，人工翻译。
