Electric Automation 电气自动化
ELECTRIC AUTOMATION DEVICE AND METHOD FOR ADJUSTING THE FUNCTIONS OF THE ELECTRIC AUTOMATION DEVICE
The invention relates to an electric automation device comprising a control unit that is controlled by a computer. In order to create an automation device that can be set to predefined functions in a particularly flexible manner while requiring less testing, a computer hardware component (2) is provided with control software comprising a basic functional area which includes an operating system (3), a device driver (4), and communication modules (5) so as to form a basic automation device (1) while the basic automation device (1) is complemented with any application modules (7a, 7b, 7c, 8, 9) that can be connected to the basic functional area via a software interface (6) in order to obtain the automation device. The invention also relates to a method for producing or adjusting the functions of such an electric automation device.
电气自动化专业介绍
一、专业概况
随着高新技术的发展和生产自动化程度的提高，我国国民经济发展，正在和继续需要大批技术应用型实用人才。电气自动化技术是现代制造技术中不可缺少的重要技术门类，也是一个国家科技实力乃至综合竞争力的综合反映，在工业发展中具有前导地位。电气自动化技术，集机、电、计算机、信息处理等多学科于一体，是多学科相互交叉、渗透、结系淖酆涎Э疲?诠?窬?媒ㄉ柚姓加兄匾?牡匚弧R虼耍?梢运档缙?远??际跏嵌ヌ炝⒌氐氖乱担?枪?窬?梅⒄购腿嗣裆?钏?教岣叩奈镏侍跫?? ?br>
（一）、培养目标本专业培养德、智、体、美、劳全面发展，具有良好职业道德和综合业务素质，具备较强的创新意识和创业能力，掌握电气自动化技术、计算机控制技术的基础理论，能在生产、建设、管理、服务第一线从事常用电气自动化设备、常用电气设备、供配电系统和装置、计算机控制系统、PLC控制系统的安装、调试、运行和维护的实用型高技能专门人才。
（二）、培养要求及职业能力分析
1、培养要求：本专业主要学习电气自动化的专业技术知识，应具有较强的本专业技术应用能力。
2、职业能力分析
（1）具有良好的身体素质、职业道德和人文素质，较强的语言文字表达能力和一定的社会交往能力及继续学习能力。
（2）具有较强的用英语进行人际和人机交流能力，具有阅读和翻译本专业有关英文资料的能力。
（3）具有较强的在信息化社会中工作、学习、生活所必备的计算机应用能力；熟练使用电子电气CAD软件；掌握一门程序设计语言。
（4）具有分析和测试常见的电工电子线路，能设计一般电工电子应用线路，能熟练使用常规电工电子仪器、仪表，具有熟练的电工基本操作技能。
（5）熟悉常用低压电器的基本原理及使用；能熟练阅读电气控制线路的原理图与接线图；具有对常规电气设备、供配电设备等电气控制系统进行安装、调试、维护能力。
（6）具有正确选用、安装、调试、维护电力电子装置和典型交、直流调速系统的能力。
（7）具有熟练的可编程控制器应用能力。
（8）具有以嵌入式计算机数字控制技术为核心的新技术基本应用能力，对相应控制系统具有调试维护能力。
（9）具有对一般的机械零件图、产品装配图与机械、液压和气压传动系统回路的识读能力，了解常用机械设备的结构特点及工艺过程，了解常见的机械和电气的配合关系。
（10）了解企业管理的基本知识，具有一定的质量意识。
（三）、课程设置
课程设置共分五部分：公共必修课、专业必修课、专业限定选修课、专业选修课及公共选修课。
1、公共必修课包括：思想道德修养、法律基础、邓小平理论、马克思主义哲学、体育、英语、高等数学、计算机操作基础等。
2、专业必修课包括：电工基础、模拟电子技术、数字电子技术、电机及拖动基础、机械制图及公差、机械工程基础、嵌入式计算机原理及应用、C语言程序设计、自动检测与转换技术、现代电力电子技术、可编程序控制器应用、自动控制原理与系统、C语言、工厂电气控制技术、电子电气CAD、变配电技术、变频调速原理与应用、工业控制网络、DSP原理与应用及专业英语等。其中主干课程为：电工基础、模拟电子技术、数字电子技术、电机及拖动基础、嵌入式计算机原理及应用、自动检测与转换技术、现代电力电子技术、可编程序控制器应用、自动控制原理与系统等。
3、专业限选课包括：计算机控制技术、工业自动化仪表、控制电机、智能控制等。
4专业任选课包括：电工电子工艺、多媒体技术、楼宇自动化、计算机系统仿真、计算机维修、程序设计（VB）等。
5、公共选修课包括：包括两个能力模块：经济管理科学类和人文与社会科学类。
（四）、实践教学环节
1、专业主要实践教学包括：电工实验、模拟电子技术实验、数字电子技术实验、电机与电力拖动实验、可编程序控制器应用实验、嵌入式计算机原理实验、现代电力电子技术实验、电工基础课程设计、电子技术课程设计、嵌入式计算机原理课程设计、可编程序控制器应用课程设计、自控系统课程设计、综合系统实训、金工实习、电工电子实习、专业参观、综合生产实习、毕业设计等。
2、非专业实践教学包括：入学教育、军训、暑期社会实践、社团活动、体育活动、文艺活动等。
（五）、职业技能证书
本专业证书包含三个方面：
1、公共必修证书：PET、计算机一级证书。
2、专业必修证书：CAD初级、维修电工中级。
3、任选证书：CET四级证书、计算机三级证书(单片机方向）、CAD中级证书、维修电工高级证书、气液电控制技术。
（六）、本专业师资力量
学院拥有一支学术造诣高、教学经验丰富、实践能力强的师资队伍。电气自动化技术专业现有师资26人，其中副高职称以上有17人，“双师型”教师10人。能够满足公共基础课、专业基础课和专业课的理论及实践教学的需要。
二、职业前景
1、对口行业
电气自动化技术是传统而具有新内涵的专业，本专业培养拥护党的基本路线，德、智、体、美等全面发展，具备从事电气自动化技术所需要的理论知识和职业技术能力，主要在生产、建设、服务和管理等第一线工作的高级技术应用性专门人才。本专业的毕业生可就职于国防、航天、航空、航海、铁道、机械、轻工、化工、电子、电力、电信、钢铁、石油、矿山、煤炭、地质、勘测等广泛的工业、农业、科学研究领域，也可就职于现代物流及现代服务业。
2、就业前景
在上海市经济委员会的《上海制造业战略升级的行动纲要》中指出：加快推动制造业的战略升级是贯彻党的十六大精神，坚定地走新型工业化道路，实现向制造业强国转变的国家战略需要，也是上海建立新型产业体系，提高城市综合竞争力，坚持“四个中心”的客观要求。上海制造业战略升级的重点包括：高新技术产业重点发展电子信息和现代生物与现代医药制造业；交通运输设备制造业重点发展汽车、轨道交通、船舶、民用飞机；装备制造业重点发展大型成套设备、电站设备、新能源和新型环保设备制造业；原材料制造业重点发展石油化工和精细化工、精品钢材制造业；生产性服务业重点发展制造业物流、技术服务等产业；大力发展就业广、清洁型的都市型工业。根据电气自动化的内涵，上述产业无不包含电气自动化技术，同时也对电气自动化技术专业的人才提出了更高的要求。据上海市政府组织的《面向新世纪上海紧缺人才需求趋势与开发研究对策》的报告显示，复合型技术人才是紧缺的专业人才，而电气自动化技术专业是培养复合型技术人才的有效载体。可以预见在未来数年内，电气自动化专业毕业生就业前景良好。
办公自动化系统是人机信息系统，是办公自动化技术与管理科学、行为科学、组织理论等相融合，贯穿到办公活动的各个方面，并对这些方面产生一系列影响之后形成的系统，其目的是尽可能充分利用信息资源，提高办公质量和办公效率。
办公自动化系统是一种人机信息系统，具有一般信息系统的共性。同时，由于办公过程和办公活动具不有确定性，人在系统中应始终处于主导地位。办公的主体是办公人员，设备只是服务于人的技术手段。建立办公自动化系统后，人的办公活动和社会组织的办公过程已离不开设备的运行，而是与其结合在一起形成一个统一的系统。建立办公自动化系统的目的并不单纯是提高办公效率或减少办公人员，而首先是为了提高办公质量，在提高办公质量和办公效率的基础上，通过各种决策模型及时提供辅助决策的信息，以实现科学管理和科学决策。此外，办公自动化系统是一个开放式的系统。在设计和建立系统时，应充分考虑和社会环境的连接。
办公自动化系统的功能与办公室自动化的功能概念上存在差别。办公室自动化功能通常指办公室中配备具有自动化功能的设备，这些设备能使某些办公活动自动化或实现某个单位业务的自动化处理；而办公自动化系统则是在办公室自动化功能的基础上发展起来，以办公自动化技术为主体，同人、组织、制度、环境等相结合的完整的系统。
电气工程：
1
Electrical Engineering
My decision to pursue graduate study in the United States is underscored by my desire to be a part of the graduate program at your institution. Purdue University offers the flexibility needed for such a vast and rapidly changing field. The research facilities and the faculty at the university are par excellent.
Communications is an industry that has changed our lives. In a very short period it has changed the way we have looked at things since centuries. It is one industry that is going to shape our future for centuries to come. Hence my desire to do masters in electrical engineering with communications as my major.
My interest in electronics blossomed during my high school years. It was the time when technology had begun to make an impact on the lives of people in India. Hence engineering with electronics as my major was the first choice for my undergraduate studies. Right since the beginning of my undergraduate study electronics is a subject that has fascinated me with its power of applications. The subjects that I have studied include Linear Electronics, Digital Electronics. These laid the foundation for my courses in Electronic Communication & Communication Systems at a later stage. My undergraduate studies already focus on the communications aspect of electronics. A masters degree in electrical engineering with communications as major field is the next logical step.
For the past four months I have been working as a project trainee at the Indian Institute for Advanced Electronics. I am working on the design and development of a "PC Controlled Digital Serial Data Generator". This short stint has given me invaluable practical experience. It has given me the confidence to pursue a masters degree and also kindled a desire to do research.
During the course of my work at IIAE, I have come across several scientists. Most of them work in different areas of communications. Interactions with them have made me realize the vastness and the scope of communications. My discussions with them convinced me that specializing in communications will suit me very well.
The subject of research which interests me very much is spread spectrum communication systems. Coding theory and combinations is another research subject which arouses my curiosity. The subject Communication Theory which I am studying at present introduces these topics in theory. I am eager to find out more about the applications of coding theory to spread spectrum communication systems.
In addition I have been a student member of the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.) for the past three years. Through its workshops/seminars and publications like the 'The Spectrum' it has exposed me to a lot of emerging technologies in the field of communications.
It is a strong belief in my family that the American education system has the best to offer in the whole world. This belief arises out of the experience that my parents had when they did their Masters of Science in the University of Pennsylvania during the years 1967-69. If I can get an opportunity to be a part of that intellectually stimulating environment, I am sure my talents will be put to optimal use.
India is a developing country with an enormous potential in the information technology business. To serve the needs of this developing industry and more important its vast population, communications is going to become of utmost importance. Thus conditions here are very conducive to supplement my aspirations when I return after completing my graduate studies.
2
Electrical Engineering
As a graduate student, I will undertake research and coursework in Electrical Engineering to enhance my competencies in this field. I intend to complete my master's degree in order to pursue my doctorate. The research that I am most interested in pursuing at Northeastern University surrounds the optical properties of MEMS devices, and the development of substrate-based fast electro-optical interfaces. My interest in this area stems from my undergraduate study in MEMs development for tri-axial accelerometers.
Engineering has been a key interest of mine since childhood. While still in grade school I enjoyed listening to my father, an electrical engineer, teach me about advances in technology, and was always eager to hear more. I was introduced to my first computer at the age of five, and have loved interacting with them ever since. My decision to study engineering as a career was no surprise to those who knew me.
In college I found that I was always studying something I enjoyed. I believe it is because I enjoy my life and my work that I have been successful. Spending hours in the laboratory is not something that I dread, but instead I take pride in my work and its successful completion. One example of this that is still fresh in my mind is the successful design of a fully functional microprocessor in the Xilinx environment. All told, the project took over 150 hours of each design-team member's time. However, I did not look on it as a drain, but an experience for learning and a focus for my professional and technical development. When we finished the project we felt the sense of worth and pride in completion of a task that was once above our level of knowledge.
Pursuing a graduate degree in the research field I have chosen also feels like a challenge, and I know that study will frustrate me at times. However, I feel that my commitment to learning will not be swayed. I feel confident in my ability to be creative in my perspective, and to persevere. My ultimate goal is to be an innovator in the field I have chosen to study. Professionalism and creativity are my most valued strengths.
At the heart of my interest is the advancement of man in concert with his environment. My personal philosophy of life will matter greatly during my study and after its completion. That is why I devote time to reflection on my goals and their implications. Money has never been a motivator for my work, nor do I think it will be in the future. However, as a professional and a graduate, I realize that my earning potential will be significant. That is why I also commit myself to charity and fairness. In the past I have been a member of the Boy Scouts of America, and have achieved the rank of Eagle Scout. In the course of my experience in that organization, I learned respect and moral value. Now, as a member of the IEEE, I value my professional standing and its commensurate moral implications. Ethics in engineering is as important as technical skill, and as such I intend to uphold my own ethical obligations to the best of my ability.
As a Northeastern University student, I would commit all that I have to offer to my study. I intend to pursue research in MEMS technology. At Rowan University as an undergraduate student I have already conducted some research and development of MEMS sensors for military applications, resulting in publication. An article, written by myself and my project member David Bowen and edited by our advisor Dr. Robert Krchnavek, was published in the NAVSEA Intelligent Ships Symposium Proceedings of 2001. The paper was titled "Designing a 3-Axis, Monolithic, MEMS-Based Accelerometer" and was under review for endorsement by the US Navy's NAVSEA facility in Philadelphia during that year.
Building on my past success in MEMs design, I hope to advance my understanding. Through research at the graduate level, it is my hope to become familiar with, and innovate the design of MEMs Optics in hopes of creating a reliable and practical MEMs Electro-Optical Interface for use in consumer electronics. It is my hope, that through my research, optical waveguides for intradevice communication might be realized.
Finally, my intent to pursue graduate study is laid plain. Study of MEMs optics is my intended focus, and I am committed to my goal. In pursuing a doctoral degree, I have closely analyzed myself to determine the reasons for my previous successes and my goals for the future. I have found that I do and have always enjoyed engineering, and that I have a strong desire to pursue my study further. I am prepared to commit myself to that study, and achieve what I have set out to do.
3
I Wish to Pursue an MS Degree in Electrical Engineering
During my senior year at Purdue University, I made a decision that has impacted the entire course of my education. While my classmates were making definite decisions about their career paths, I chose to implement a five-year plan of development and growth for myself. I designed this plan in order to examine various careers that I thought might interest me, as well as to expand upon my abilities at the time. As I was attaining a BS degree in Electrical Engineering, I decided to focus primarily on fields related to the VLSI (Very Large-Scale Integrated) circuits area. My main goals were either to gain work experience or to further my education by pursuing an MS degree in Electrical Engineering (MSEE). I saw an opportunity to both work and learn through employment at Xilinx Inc. Operating as a product engineer at a successful, high-tech semiconductor company has enabled me to utilize my technical and interpersonal skills in new and challenging ways. The position has also allowed me to interact with a multitude of departments including marketing, integrated circuit (IC) design, software/CAD development, manufacturing, reliability, accounting, and sales. I thus have gained an array of experience that extended beyond the parameters of my own responsibilities. In the workplace, I rely heavily upon the interpersonal techniques I developed as a counselor in a Purdue residence hall, as well as the organizational skills I had acquired through holding various leadership positions in cultural and engineering societies. I have also cultivated an interest in high-technology marketing that has continued to grow throughout my career.
My experiences with Xilinx have heightened my hunger for knowledge in the VLSI field. Two months after joining the corporation, I applied to several part-time programs in the vicinity that would allow me to acquire an MSEE degree within two to three years. San Jose State seemed an ideal choice, for its evening MSEE courses would allow me to pursue two independent, full-time positions concurrently. The San Jose program has complimented my Xilinx duties well; both demand large levels of energy and enthusiasm while guiding me to my ultimate goal a high degree of education in VLSI sciences. The resources that I poured into both endeavors have reaped many gains. I have been promoted to a Product-Yield Engineering position within Xilinx's Coarse Grain Static Memory (CGSM) Product Engineering division. My extensive coursework plays a key role in my continued success at Xilinx. Relevant classes in advanced digital and analog VLSI design, as well as sub-micron ULSI technology, have allowed me to understand more completely the workings of Xilinx, a fab-less semiconductor company that also functions as a software and hardware design, testing, and marketing center. The gains in knowledge I have made through the combination of work experience and education have indeed been exponential.
The academic records of my senior year at Purdue, coupled with my MSEE coursework, are ample proof of my dedication to learning. I feel I have overcome through hard work and dedication the brief "dry phase" I underwent at Purdue during the close of my sophomore and the first semester of my junior years. My performance at that time is in no way indicative of my usual achievements; they are instead the result of urgent family difficulties that required much foreign travel and serious attention to resolve. In May, I shall graduate with an MSEE degree from San Jose well ahead of my original estimates. This early graduation with Dean's Honors is the result of my firm belief in the value of diligence, as well as my renewed determination to strive for perfection in both work and school.
I am now embarking on another five-year plan, during which I hope to fulfill several specific career goals. For instance, being part of a very dynamic and results-oriented Yield team at Xilinx calls for continuous development of computational and statistical techniques. The Yield team is divided to focus on specific process/fabrication issues and process (manufacturing) optimization. My own position is an integral part of the optimization group. Speed and cost issues continue to press high technology atmospheres towards optimization, probability and stochastic processes and systems, and rigorous simulations of mathematical models. The MS in EES&OR offered at your university will grant me the statistical knowledge that is crucial for process and production optimization in a fab-less environment. In addition, product engineering requires fundamental research on mathematical models for linear and non-linear programming, as well as the utilization of efficient computer software. I continuously employ the knowledge I gained at Purdue in Operations Research and advanced mathematics courses. Yet despite the value of these classes and my high performance in them, I now require further education to best fulfill my duties. An MS in the EES&OR field, will give me knowledge that is invaluable to a career in product development, project management and strategic planning. The program will allow me to improve decision-making skills in operations, strategy, and policy issues. I will strengthen my theory and application in countless areas:continuous, discrete, numerical optimization; probabilistic and stochastic processes; dynamic systems and simulation; economics, finance, and investment; decision analysis; dynamic programming and planning under uncertainty; operations and service; corporate and individual strategy; and private and public policy issues.Thus, the EES&OR program will not only help me to excel at Xilinx but will also further any future career. My commitment to work and education over the last three years proves that I will pursue this MS with enthusiasm and zeal.The technical edge that the MS would provide is incomparable.Since I will be working while attending Stanford, I shall mingle education with practical application, and bring to the table interesting problems from my experience and past education.
Technical challenges encountered through projects in the EES&OR program will provide motivation and opportunity for methodological innovation.The data collection, processing and presentation issues presented are integral to my future goals, and the management challenges raised will provide invaluable experience for professional practice. This will in turn build a solid foundation for a life-long career that can overcome any problem in decision-making. In addition, taking courses in economics, finance, and investment analysis will allow much growth of knowledge in investment issues in different industries. The EES&OR program thus appeals not only to my engineering, economics, science and mathematical background, but will compliment my technical abilities with the conceptual frameworks needed to analyze problems in operations, production, strategic planning, and marketing in the realm of emiconductor/IC/engineering systems. I feel that I am prepared to meet the challenges of the curriculum. My coursework in intermediate microeconomics and macroeconomics, international trade, operations research, linear algebra, and probabilistic methods, along with my extensive calculus background, will allow me to function well within the program.
My long-term career goals include a move into marketing and product management. I believe that attaining this MS degree is the cornerstone to achieving my goals. It will give me the academic background necessary to succeed in product development, project management, and strategic planning. It will improve decision-making skills necessary for optimizing performance. The integration of two excellent programs in Economics Systems and Operations Research thus suits my current position and ties in with future goals perfectly by improving decision making in operations, strategy and policy. At present I desire to continue at Xilinx; attending a program that provides the flexibility and convenience of the SITN, is therefore imperative. Hence, being at Stanford as an HCP student alsoattracts me. I believe that Stanford is the best environment for me to achieve my goals while gaining exposure to and experience with a diverse student body and faculty. It is my belief that one continues to learn throughout one's life, and the most effective method of learning is through interaction with others.Stanford's diversity offers an environment for learning, both inside and outside the classroom. I hope to share my varied knowledge with my classmates and to take from them a new understanding of topics that are foreign to me. I believe that no other school provides students with the combination of education and environment offered by Stanford. Its outstanding academic reputation, mingled with its diverse environment and thriving Bay Area location, creates an opportunity for growth that is second to none. I have many ambitions for myself as I embark on this stage of my life. I believe that an education from Stanford will provide invaluable experiences and skills that will allow me to become a successful and innovative business leader in the new millennium.
4
Research Department of Biomedical Engineering is designed to research on and solve the bio-electrical and biomagnetic engineering problems in the field of biology and medicine with the aid of engineering principles and methods. Its main task is to explain, from perspective view of engineering, the biological and pathologic processes of the living organisms, especially human beings, and research on and develop the related medical devices and life science devices. Its research directions mainly include the modeling and emulation of the biological system, testing and analysis of biomedical signals, the biomedical imaging and processing , the biological effects of electromagnetic field and the development of artificial organs and medical devices, etc.
Electromagnetic Bioengineering
With the development and integration of electromagnetism, biology and medicine, biological electromagnetism exercises more and more influence on human life and health, environment protection and biological engineering. The research on electromagnetic bioengineering is a new research direction for IEECAS, mainly including research on rules of mutual influence between electromagnetic field and life matter, biological electromagnetic effect and its application in biology, medicine and medical equipment. At present, the research team has set up labs such as biological electromagnetic environment lab, biological electromagnetic signals & electromagnetic property testing lab, electromagnetic biological effect testing lab and biological electromagnetic simulation lab. It is equipped with various electrical and magnetic fields for experiments of biological electromagnetic effects, simulation software and biochemical experiment equipment. With such equipments, it can do biological electromagnetic experiments on live animals and detached live cells, detect, analyze and process the very weak biological electromagnetic signals, analyze and test live organism or detached cell under electromagnetic interaction with biochemical quantitative methods. The recent research work focuses on the effects
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1主题内容与适用范围
1.1本导则适用于电压等级在35~220kV的国产油浸电力变压器、6kV及以上厂用变压器和同类设备，如消弧线圈、调压变压器、静补装置变压器、并(串)联电抗器等。
对国并进口的油浸电力变压器及同类设备可参照本导则并按制造厂的规定执行。
1.2本导则适用于变压器标准项目大、小修和临时检修。不包括更换绕组和铁芯等非标准项目的检修。
1.3变压器及同类设备需贯彻以预防为主，计划检修和诊断检修相结合的方针，做到应修必修、修必修好、讲究实效。
1.4有载分接开关检修，按部颁DL/T574-95《有载分接开关运行维修导则》执行。
1.5各网、省局可根据本导则要求，结合本地区具体情况作补充规定。
2引用标准
GB1094.1~1094.5-85电力变压器
GB6451.1~6451.5-86油浸式电力变压器技术参数和要求
GB7251-87变压器油中溶解气体分析和判断导则
GBJ148-90电气装置安装工程电力变压器、油浸电抗器、互感器施工及验收规范
GB7665-87变压器油
DL/T572-95电力变压器运行规程
DL/T574-95有载分接开关运行维修导则
3检修周期及检修项目
3.1检修周期
3.1.1大修周期
3.1.1.1一般在投入运行后的5年内和以后每间隔10年大修一次。
3.1.1.2箱沿焊接的全密封变压器或制造厂另有规定者，若经过试验与检查并结合运行情况，判定有内部故障或本体严重渗漏油时，才进行大修。
3.1.1.3在电力系统中运行的主变压器当承受出口短路后，经综合诊断分析，可考虑提前大修。
3.1.1.4运行中的变压器，当发现异常状碚或经试验判明有内部故障时，应提前进行大修；运行正常的变压器经综合诊断分析良好，总工程师批准，可适当延长大修周期。中华人民共和国电力工业部1995-06-29发布1995-11-01实施
3.1.2小修周期
3.1.2.1一般每年1次；
3.1.2.2安装在2~3级污秽地区的变压器，其小修周期应在现场规程中予以规定。
3.1.3附属装置的检修周期
3.1.3.1保护装置和测温装置的校验，应根据有关规程的规定进行。
3.1.3.2变压器油泵(以下简称油泵)的解体检修：2级泵1~2年进行一次，4级泵2~3年进行一次。
3.1.3.3变压器风扇(以下简称风扇)的解体检修，1~2年进行一次。
3.1.3.4净油器中吸附剂的更换，应根据油质化验结果而定；吸湿器中的吸附剂视失 程度随时更换。
3.1.3.5自动装置及控制回路的检验，一般每年进行一次。
3.1.3.6水冷却器的检修，1~2年进行一次。
3.1.3.7套管的检修随本体进行，套管的更换应根据试验结果确定。
3.2检修项目
3.2.1大修项目
3.2.1.1吊开钟罩检修器身，或吊出器身检修；
3.2.1.2绕组、引线及磁(电)屏蔽装置的检修；
3.2.1.3铁芯、铁芯紧固件(穿心螺杆、夹件、拉带、绑带等)、压钉、压板及接地片的检修；
3.2.1.4油箱及附件的检修，季括套管、吸湿器等；
3.2.1.5冷却器、油泵、水泵、风扇、阀门及管道等附属设备的检朔；
3.2.1.6安全保护装置的检修；
3.2.1.7油保护装置的检修；
3.2.1.8测温装置的校验；
3.2.1.9操作控制箱的检修和试验；
3.2.1.10无盛磁分接开关和有载分接开关的检修；
3.2.1.11全部密封胶垫的更和组件试漏；
3.2.1.12必要时对器身绝缘进行干燥处理；
3.2.1.13变压器油的处理或换油；
3.2.1.14清扫油箱并进行喷涂油漆；
3.2.1.15大修的试验和试运行。
3.2.2小修项目
3.2.2.1处理已发现的缺陷；
3.2.2.2放出储油柜积污器中的污油；
3.2.2.3检修油位计，调整油位；
3.2.2.4检朔冷却装置：季括油泵、风扇、油流继电器、差压继电器等，必要时吹扫冷却器管束；
3.2.2.5检修安全保持记装置：包括储油柜、压力释放阀(安全气道)、气体继电器、速动油压继电器等；
3.2.2.6检修油保护装置；
3.2.2.7检修测温装置：包括压力式温度计、电阻温度计(绕组温度计)、棒形温度计等；
3.2.2.8检修调压装置、测量装置及控制箱，并进行调试；
3.2.2.9检查接地系统；
3.2.2.10检修全部阀门和塞子，检查全部密封状态，处理渗漏油；
3.2.2.11清扫油箱和附件，必要时进行补漆；
3.2.2.12清扫并绝缘和检查导电接头(包括套管将军帽)；
3.2.2.13按有关规程规定进行测量和试验。
3.2.3临时检修项目
可视具体情况确定。
3.2.4对于老、旧变压器的大修，建议可参照下列项目进行改进
3.2.4.1油箱机械强度的加强；
3.2.4.2器身内部接地装置改为引并接地；
3.2.4.3安全气道改为压力释放阀；
3.2.4.4高速油泵改为低速油泵；
3.2.4.5油位计的改进；
3.2.4.6储油柜加装密封装置；
3.2.4.7气体继电器加装波纹管接头。
4检修前的准备工作
4.1查阅档案了解变压器的运行状况
4.1.1运行中所发现的缺陷和异常(事故)情况，出口短路的次数和情况；
4.1.2负载、温度和附属装置的运行情况；
4.1.3查阅上次大修总结报告和技术档案；
4.1.4查阅试验记录(包括油的化验和色谱分析)，了解绝缘状况；
4.1.5检查渗漏油部位并作出标记；
4.1.6进行大修前的试验，确定附加检修项目。
4.2编制大修工程技术、组织措施计划
其主要内容如下：
4.2.1人员组织及分工；
4.2.2施工项目及进度表；
4.2.3特殊项目的施工方案；
4.2.4确保施工安全、质量的技术措施和现场防火措施；
4.2.5主要施工工具、设备明细表，主要材料明细表；
4.2.6绘制必要的施工图。
4.3施工场地要求
4.3.1变压器的检修工作，如条件许可，应尽量安排在发电厂或变电所的检修间内进行；
4.3.2施工现场无检修间时，亦可在现场进行变压器的检修工作，但需作好防雨、防潮、防尘和消防措施，同时应注意与带电设备保持安全距离，准备充足的施工电源及照明，安排好储油容量、大型机具、拆卸附件的放置地点和消防器材的合理布置等。
5变压器的解体检修与组装
5.1解体检修
5.1.1办理工作票、停电，拆除变压器的外部电气连接引线和二次接线，进行检修前的检查和试验。
5.1.2部分排油后拆卸套管、升高座、储油柜、冷却器、气体继电器、净油器、压力释放阀(或安全气道)、联管、温度计等附属装置，并分别进行校验和检修，在储油柜放油时应检查油位计指示是否正确。
5.1.3排出全部油并进行处理。
5.1.4拆除无励磁分接开关操作杆；各类有载分接开关的拆卸方法参见《有载分接开关运行维修导则》；拆卸中腰法兰或大盖宫接螺栓后吊钟罩(或器身)。
5.1.5检查器身状况，进行各部件的紧固并测试绝缘。
5.1.6更换密封胶垫、检修全部阀门，清洗、检修铁芯、绕组及油箱。
5.2组装
5.2.1装回钟罩(或器身)紧固螺栓后按规定注油。
5.2.2适量排油后安装套管，并装好内部引线，进行二次注油。
5.2.3安装冷却器等附属装置。
5.2.4整体密封试验。
5.2.5注油至规定定的油位线。
5.2.6大修后进行电气和油的试验。
5.3解体检修和组装时的注意事项。
5.3.1拆卸的螺栓等零件应清洗干净分类妥善保管，如有损坏应检修或更换。
5.3.2拆卸时，首先拆小型仪表和套管，后拆大型组件，组装时顺序相反。
5.3.3冷却器、压力释放阀(或安全气道)、净油器及储油柜等中件拆下后，应用盖板密封、对带有电流互感器的升高座应注入合格的变压器油(或采取其它防潮密封施)。
5.3.4套管、油位计、温度计等易损部件拆下后应妥善保管，防止损坏和受潮；电容式套管应垂直放置。
5.3.5组装后要检查冷却器、净油器和气体继电器阀门，按照规定开启或关闭。
5.3.6对套管升高座、上部管道孔盖、冷却器和净油器等上部的放气孔应进行多次排气，直至排尽为止，并重新密封好擦净油迹。
5.3.7拆卸无盛磁分接开关操作杆时，应记录分接开关的位置，并作好标记；拆卸有载分接开关时，分接头应置于中间位置(或按制造厂的规定执行)。
5.3.8组装后的变压器各零部件应完整无损。
5.3.9认真做好现场记录工作。
5.4检修中的起重和搬运
5.4.1起重工作及注意事项
5.4.1.1起重 荼应分工明确，专人指挥，并有统一信号；
5.4.1.2根据变压器钟罩(或器身)的重要选择起重工具，包括起重机、钢丝绳、吊环、U型挂环、千斤顶、枕木等；
5.4.1.3起重前应先拆除影响起重工作的各种连接；
5.4.1.4如系吊器身，应先紧固器身有关螺栓；
5.4.1.5起吊变压器整体或钟罩(器身)时，钢丝绳应分别挂在专用起吊装置上，遇棱角处应放置衬垫；起吊100mm左右时应停留检查悬挂及捆绑情况，确认可靠后再继续起吊；
5.4.1.6起吊时钢丝绳的夹角不应大于60°，否则应采用专用吊具或调整钢丝绳套；
5.4.1.7起吊或落回钟罩(或器身)时，四角应系缆绳，由专人扶持，使其保持平稳；
5.4.1.8起吊或降落速度应均匀，掌握好重心，防止倾斜；
5.4.1.9起吊或落回钟罩(或器身)时，应使高、低压侧引线，分接开关支架与箱壁间保持一定的间隙，防止碰伤器身；
5.4.1.10当钟罩(或器身)因受条件限制，起吊后不能移动而需在空中停留时，应采取支撑等防止坠落措施；
5.4.1.11吊装套管时，其斜度应与套管升高座的斜度基本一致，并用缆绳绑扎好，防止倾倒损坏瓷件；
5.4.1.12采用汽车吊起重时，应检查支撑稳定性，注意起重臂伸张的角度、回转范围与临近带电设备的安全距离，并设专人监护。
5.4.2搬运工作及注意事项
5.4.2.1了解道路及沿途路基、桥梁、涵洞、地道等的结构及承重载荷情况，必要时予以加固，通过重要的铁路道口，应事先与当地铁路部门取得联系。
5.4.2.2了解沿途架空电力线路、通信线路和其它障碍物的高度，排除空中障碍，确保安全通过。
5.4.2.3变压器在厂(所)内搬运或较长距离搬运时，均应绑轧固定牢固，防止冲击震动、倾斜及碰坏零件；搬运倾斜角在长轴方向上不大于15°，在短轴方向上不大于10°；如用专用托板(木排)牵引搬运时，牵引速度不大于100m/h，如用变压器主体滚轮搬运时，牵引速度不大于200m/h(或按制造厂说明书的规定)。
5.4.2.4利用千斤顶升(或降)变压器时，应顶在油箱指定部位，以防变形；千斤顶应垂直放置；在千斤顶的顶部与油箱接触处应垫以木板防止滑倒。
5.4.2.5在使用千斤顶升(或降)变压器时，应随升(或降)随垫木方和木板，防止千斤顶失灵突然降落倾倒；如在变压器两侧使用千斤顶时，不能两侧同时升(或降)，应分别轮流工作，注意变压器两侧高度差不能太大，以防止变压器倾斜；荷重下的千斤顶不得长期负重，并应自始至终有专人照料。
5.4.2.6变压器利用滚杠搬运时，牵引的着力点应放在变压器的重心以下，变压器底部应放置专用托板。为增加搬运时的稳固性，专用托板的长度应超过变压器的长度，两端应制成楔形，以便于放置滚框；运搬大型变压器时，专用托板的下中应加设钢带保护，以增强其坚固性。
5.4.2.7采用专用托板、滚框搬运、装卸变压器时，通道要填平，枕木要交错放置；为便于滚杠的滚动，枕木的搭接处应沿变压器的前进方向，由一个接头稍高的枕木过渡到稍低的枕木上，变压器拐弯时，要利用滚框调整角度，防止滚杠弹出伤人。
5.4.2.8为保持枕木的平整，枕木的底部可适当加垫厚薄不同的木板。
5.4.2.9采用滑全国纪录组牵引变压器时，工作人员和需站在适当位置，防止钢丝绳松扣或拉断伤人。
5.4.2.10变压器在搬运和装卸前，应核对高、低压侧方向，避免安装就位时调换方向。
5.4.2.11充氮搬运的变压器，应装有压力监视表计和补氮瓶，确保变压器在搬运途中始终保持正压，氮气压力应保持0.01~0.03MPa，露点应在-35℃以下，并派专人监护押运，氮气纯度要求不低于99.99%。
(2005-06-25)
整体组装
6.2.1整体组装前的准备工作和要求
6.2.1.1组装前应彻底清理冷却器(散热器)，储油柜，压力释放阀(安全气道)，油管，升高座，套管及所有组、部件。用合格的变压器油冲洗与油直接接触的组、部件。
6.2.1.2所附属的油、水管路必须进行彻底的清理，管内不得有焊渣等杂物，并作好检查记录。
6.2.1.3油管路内不许加装金属网，以避免金属网冲入油箱内，一般采用尼龙网。
6.2.1.4安装上节油箱前，必须将油箱内部、器身和箱底内的异物、污物清理干净。
6.2.1.5有安装标志的零、部件，如气体继电器、分接开关、高压、中压套管或高座及压力释放阀(或安全气道)升高座等与油箱的相对位置和角度需按照安装标志组装。
6.2.1.6准备好全套密封胶垫和密封胶。
6.2.1.7准备好合格的变压器油。
6.2.1.8将注油设备、抽真空设备及管路清扫干净；新使用的油管亦应先冲洗干净，以去除油管内的脱模剂。
6.2.2组装
6.2.2.1装回钟罩(或器身)；
6.2.2.2安装组件时，应按制造厂的“发装使用说明书”规定进行；
6.2.2.3油箱顶部若有定位件，应按并形尺寸图及技术要求进行定位和密封；
6.2.2.4制造时无升高坡度的变压器，在基础上应使储油柜的气体继电器侧具有规定的升高坡度；
6.2.2.5变压器引线的根部不得受拉、扭及弯曲；
6.2.2.6对于高压引线，所包扎的绝缘锥部分必须进入套管的均压球内，防止扭曲；
6.2.2.7在装套管前必须检查无盛磁分接开关连杆是否已插入分接开关的拨叉内，调整至所需的分接位置上；
6.2.2.8各温度计座内应注以变压器油；
6.2.2.9按照变压器外形尺寸图(装配图)组装已拆卸的各组、部件，其中储油柜、吸湿器和压力释放阀(安全气道)可暂不装，联结法兰用盖板密封好；安装要求和注意事项按各组部件“安装使用说明书”进行。
6.3排油和注油
6.3.1排油和注油的一般规定
6.3.1.1检查清扫油罐、油桶、管路、滤油机、油泵等，应保持清洁干燥，无灰尘杂质和水分。
6.3.1.2排油时，必须将变压器和油罐的放气孔打开，放气孔宜接入干燥空气装置，以防潮气侵入。
6.3.1.3储油柜内油不需放出时，可将储油柜下面的阀门关闭。将油箱内的变压器油全部放出。
6.3.1.4有载调压变压器的有载分接开关油室内的油应分开抽出。
6.3.1.5强油水冷变压器，在注油前应将水冷却器上的差压继电器和净油器管路上的塞子关闭。
6.3.1.6可利用本体箱盖阀门或气体继电器联管处阀让安装抽空管，有载分接开关与本体应安连通管，以便与本体等压，同时抽空注油，注油后应予拆除恢复正常。
6.3.1.7向变压器油箱内注油时，应经压力式滤油机(220kV变压器宜用真空滤油机)。
图1真空注油连接示意图
1-油罐；2，4，9，10-阀门；3-压力滤油机或真空滤油机；5-变压器；6-真空计；7-逆止阀；8-真空泵
6.3.2真空注油
220kV变压器必须进行真空注油，其它奕坟器有条件时也应采用直空注油，真空注油应遵守制造厂规定，或按下述方法进行，其连接图见图1。
通过试抽真空检查油箱的强度，一般局部弹性变形不应超过箱壁厚度的2倍，并检查真空系统的严密性。
操作方法：
6.3.2.1以均匀的速度抽真空，达到指定真空度并保持2h后，开始向变压器油箱内注油(一般抽空时间=1/3~1/2暴露空气时间)，注油温度宜略高于器身温度；
6.3.2.2以3~5t/h的速度将油注入变压器距箱顶约200mm时停止，并继续抽夫空保持4h以上；
6.3.2.3变压器补油：变压器经真空注油后补油时，需经储油柜注油管注入，严禁以下部油门注入，注油时应使油流缓慢注入变压器至规定的油面为止，再静止12h。
6.3.3胶囊式储油柜的补油
6.3.3.1进行胶囊排气：打开储油柜上部排气孔，由注油管将油注满储油柜，直至排气孔出油，再关闭注油管和排气孔；
6.3.3.2从变压器下部油门排油，此时空气经吸湿器自然进入储油柜胶囊内部，至油位计指示正常油位为止。
6.3.4隔膜式储油柜的补油
6.3.4.1注油前应首先将磁力油位计调整至零位，然后打开隔膜上的放气塞，将隔膜内的气体排除再关闭放气塞；
6.3.4.2由注油管向隔膜内注油达到比指定油位稍高，再次打开放气塞充分排除隔膜内的气体，直到向外溢油为止，经反复调整达到指定油位；
6.3.4.3发现储油柜下部集气盒油标指示有空气时，应用排气阀进行排气；
6.3.4.4正常油位低时的补油，利用集气盒下部的注油管接至滤油机，向储油柜内注油，注油过中发现集气盒中有空气时应停止注油，打开排气管的阀门向外排气，如此反复进行，直至储油柜油位达到要求为止。
6.3.5油位计带有小胶带时储油柜的注油
6.3.5.1变压器大修后储油柜未加油前，先对油位计加油，此时需将油表呼吸塞及小胶囊室的塞子打开，用漏斗从油表呼吸塞座处徐徐加油，同时用手按动小胶带，以便将囊中空气全部排出；
6.3.5.2打开油表放油螺栓，放出油表内多余油量(看到油有内油位即可)，然后关上小胶囊室的塞子，注意油表呼吸塞不必拧得太紧，以保证油表内空气自由呼吸。
6.4整体密封试验
变压器安装完毕后，应进行整体密封性能的检查，具体规定如下：
6.4.1静油柱压力法：220kV变压器油柱高度3m，加压时间24h；35~110kV变压器油柱高度2m，加压时间24h；油柱高度从拱顶(或箱盖)算起。
6.4.2充油加压法：加油压0.035MPa时间12h，应无渗漏和损伤。
6.5变压器油处理
6.5.1一般要求
6.5.1.1大修后注入变压器内的变压器油，其质量应符合GB7665-87规定；
6.5.1.2注油后，应从变压器底部放油阀(塞)采取油样进行化验与色谱分析；
6.5.1.3根据地区最低温度，可以选用不同牌号的变压器油；
6.5.1.4注入套管内的变压器油亦应符合GB7665-87规定；
6.5.1.5补充不同牌号的变压器油时，应先做混油试验，合格后方可使用。
6.5.2压力滤油
6.5.2.1采用压力式滤油机过滤油中的水分和杂质；为提高滤油速度和质量，可将油加温至50~60℃。
6.5.2.2滤油机使用前应先检查电源情况，滤油机及滤网是否清洁，极板内是否装有经干燥的滤油纸，转动方向是否正确，外壳有无接地，压力表指示是否正确。
6.5.2.3启动员滤油机应先开出油阀门，后开进油阀门，停止时操作顺序相反；当装有加热器时，应先启动滤油机，当油流通过后，再投入加热器，停止时操作顺序相反。 滤油机压力一般为0.25~0.4MPa，最大不超过0.5MPa
