一、 内容及要求
（一） 题目
毕业论文题目应该明确、精练、有概括性。题目的字数一般在25字以内，必要时可加副标题。
（二） 摘要与关键词
1、 摘要
摘要应概括的反映出毕业论文的目的、内容、方法、成果和结论。中文摘要以200-300字为宜。
2、 关键词
关键词一般为3-5个，按词条的外延层次排列，外延大的排在前面。
（三） 目录
目录中标题要与正文中标题一致，要求标题层次清晰。
（四） 正文
正文是毕业论文的核心部分，一般应包括绪论，主体及结论等部分。
1、 绪论（前言，引言）
绪论（前言、引言）一般作为第一部分，是毕业论文主体的开端。包括毕业论文的背景及目的、国内外研究状况和相关的研究成果、本课题的意义、采用方法、理论依据和具备的条件、毕业论文构成及主要内容等。
2、 主体
主体是毕业论文的主要部分，应该结构合理、层次清楚、重点突出、文字简练通顺。主体包括的内容由英语系根据旅游英语专业特点制定，要求按照内容分章节论述论点。对论文中出现的引文等内容要求应在原文中明确指出出处。
3、 结论
结论是毕业论文的总结，是整个论文的归宿。要求精练、准确地阐述自己的创造性工作或新的见解及其意义和作用，还可以进一步提出需要讨论的问题和建议。
（五） 参考文献
毕业论文的撰写应本着严谨求实的科学态度，凡有引用他人成果之处，均应按其所出现的先后次序列于参考文献中。
（六） 附录
对于一些不便放入正文中，但作为毕业论文又是不可缺少的部分，或有重要参考价值的内容，可编入毕业论文的附录中。
二、 书写规范与打印要求
（一） 文字
用汉语或英文规范文字书写，字数在3000字以上。
（二） 书写
毕业论文版面不分栏，一律由本人在计算机上用word输入、编排并打印在A4幅面白纸上，行间距为1.5倍行距。一式三份。
（三） 字体和字号
正 文： 小4号宋体
数字和字母： Times New Roman 体
（四） 页面设置
上边距：40mm； 下边距：15mm; 左边距：15mm；右边距：8.5mm。论文一定要加页码，封面不加。
（五） 提纲页
提纲可以用句子式提纲或题目式提纲。
英文提纲排序号首先用拉丁数字，然后用英文大写字母,其次用阿拉伯数字。如ⅠA.1.2.3 B.1.2.3 C.1.2.3 D.1.2.3 Ⅱ ABCD ⅢABCD。
中文提纲先用中文一、二、三，然后用阿拉伯数字1、2、3，如果再分用1.1，1.2，如一、1、2 二、1、2 、2.1、2.2、2.3 三、四。
三、 印刷与装订
（一） 首先为论文封面，采用系里统一格式，包括毕业生姓名、所属系、专业、指导老师、毕业论文结稿日期。（本页不标页码）
（二） 第一页为论文提纲页。（从本页起开始标页码）
（三） 后面为论文正文页，包括论文题目、论文概要（250字左右）和关键词（3-5个），然后是正文。正文内容一般包括前言、论文主体、结论和参考书目（一般应不少于4本），参考书目应详细列明作者、书名或文章名、出版地点、出版社和出版日期。
（四） 毕业论文单面印刷，左侧装订两个钉。
四、毕业论文的撰写要求
（一）思想内容健康，观点明确。一般按科研论文体例撰写。
（二）论据充实，数据可靠，对所论述的问题有归纳总结，有分析批评，有个人观点和见解。
（三）行文条理清楚，重点突出，语言准确、简练、流畅，字迹工整，电脑打印。
（四）论文由学生自己独立撰写，不得抄袭，一经发现严肃处理，并不予及格。
技巧三：要按照问题来组织文献综述。看过一些文献以后，我们有很强烈的愿望要把自己看到的东西都陈述出来，像“竹筒倒豆子”一样，洋洋洒洒，蔚为壮观。仿佛一定要向读者证明自己劳苦功高。我写过十多万字的文献综述，后来发觉真正有意义的不过数千字。文献综述就像是在文献的丛林中开辟道路，这条道路本来就是要指向我们所要解决的问题，当然是直线距离最短、最省事，但是一路上风景颇多，迷恋风景的人便往往绕行于迤逦的丛林中，反面“乱花渐欲迷人眼”，“曲径通幽”不知所终了。因此，在做文献综述时，头脑时刻要清醒：我要解决什么问题，人家是怎么解决问题的，说的有没有道理，就行了。
论文开题报告怎么写三、如何撰写开题报告
问题清楚了，文献综述也做过了，开题报告便呼之欲出。事实也是如此，一个清晰的问题，往往已经隐含着论文的基本结论;对现有文献的缺点的评论，也基本暗含着改进的方向。开题报告就是要把这些暗含的结论、论证结论的逻辑推理，清楚地展现出来。
写开题报告的目的，是要请老师和专家帮我们判断一下：这个问题有没有研究价值、这个研究方法有没有可能奏效、这个论证逻辑有没有明显缺陷。因此，开题报告的主要内容，就要按照“研究目的和意义”、“文献综述和理论空间”、“基本论点和研究方法”、“资料收集方法和工作步骤”这样几个方面。其中，“基本论点和研究方法”是重点，许多人往往花费大量笔墨铺陈文献综述，但一谈到自己的研究方法时但寥寥数语、一掠而过。这样的话，评审老师怎么能判断出你的研究前景呢?又怎么能对你的研究方法给予切实的指导和建议呢?
对于不同的选题，研究方法有很大的差异。一个严谨规范的学术研究，必须以严谨规范的方法为支撑。在博士生课程的日常教学中，有些老师致力于传授研究方法;有的则突出讨论方法论的问题。这都有利于我们每一个人提高自己对研究方法的认识、理解、选择与应用，并具体实施于自己的论文工作中。
开题报告(文体形式)
课题名称：
姓 名： 年 级： 班 级：
成果形式： 完成时间： 指导老师：
一、研究的目的及其意义
二、研究的主要内容
1、 2、 3、 4、 5、
三、研究的主要方法和手段
1、2、3、4、
四、实施的步骤
1、2、3、4、5、6、7、
表1—1 开题报告 (表格形式)
主题：
课题题目：
导师：
课题组成员：
组长：
班组：
简要背景说明(课题是如何提出来的)：
课题的目的与意义：
活动计划：
1)任务分工：
实地调查：
上网：
查书面资料：
总结论文：
发倡议：
2)阶段步骤： 分阶段实施
阶段 时间(周)主要任务 阶段目标
一 周
二 周
三 周
3)计划访问的专家：校内 老师等
英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文
以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文，供大家参考!
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
1.I have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
2.I have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
3.I have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
4.I have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
5.I have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
6.My instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
