第一篇Not long ago, many people believed that babies only wanted food and to be kept warm and dry. Some people thought babies were not able to learn things until they were five or six months old.Yet doctors in the United States say babies begin learning on their first day of life. The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development is a federal government agency. Its goal is to identify which experiences can influence healthy development in human beings.Research scientists at the institute note that babies are strongly influenced by their environment. They say a baby will smile if her mother does something the baby likes. A baby learns to get the best care possible by smiling to please her mother or other caregiver. This is how babies learn to connect and communicate with other human beings.
第二篇Not long ago, many people believed that babies only wanted food and to be kept warm and dry. Some people thought babies were not able to learn things until they were five or six months old.Yet doctors in the United States say babies begin learning on their first day of life. The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development is a federal government agency. Its goal is to identify which experiences can influence healthy development in human beings.Research scientists at the institute note that babies are strongly influenced by their environment. They say a baby will smile if her mother does something the baby likes. A baby learns to get the best care possible by smiling to please her mother or other caregiver. This is how babies learn to connect and communicate with other human beings.
第三篇The authors develop and test a multiclassifier-based near-real-time face detection system based on the premise that a three-part strategy is necessary for designing real-time face detection systems that provide high detection rates. The critical factors for real-time face detection are based on a framework of multiple classification functions: (1) a skin classification function is used as the preliminary stage in order to prune the search, localize the computation, and therefore improve performance time; (2) subsequently, three coarse-to-fine statistical model based classifiers are used to scan the windows and discard most non-face windows; and (3) finally, faces and non-faces are verified from images. The bagging ensemble algorithm (bootstrap aggregating) is also applied to improve the performance of detection rates.
第四篇Want a glance of the future of health care? Take a look at the way the various networks of people about patient care are being connected to one another, and how this new connectivity is being exploited to deliver medicine to the patient —no matter where he or she may be.
Online doctors offering advice based on normal symptoms(症状) are the most obvious example. Increasingly, however, remote diagnosis(远程诊断) will be based on real physiological data(生理数据) from the actual patient. A group from the University of Kentucky has shown that by using personal data assistance plus a mobile phone, it is perfectly practical to send a patient’s important signs over the telephone. With this kind of equipment, the cry asking whether there was a doctor in the house could well be a thing of the past.
Other medical technology groups are working on applying telemedicine to rural(countryside) care. And at least one team wants to use telemedicine as a tool for disaster need—especially after earthquakes. On the whole, the trend is towards providing global access to medical data and experts’ opinions.
But there is one problem. Bandwidth(宽带) is the limiting factor for sending complex(复杂的) medical pictures around the world — CT photos being one of the biggest bandwidth users. Communication satellites may be able to deal with the short-term needs during disasters such as earthquakes or wars. But medicine is looking towards both the second-generation Internet and third-generation mobile phones for the future of remote medical service.
Doctors have met to discuss computer-based tools for medical diagnosis, training and telemedicine. With the falling price of broadband communications, the new technologies should start a new time when telemedicine and the sharing of medical information, experts’ opinions and diagnosis are common.（这片有点长）
第五篇High-Tech Expo will be quietly into the footsteps of our campus, the annual "scientific and technological Month" activities started! We look forward to the most interesting is the High-Tech Expo will be it! Day after day passed, and finally to Saturdays! It is with emotion sitting in their seats, Hao teacher "order", we will quickly pick up the experimental equipment in high spirits to start the experiment. "We have to do is this group of 'interesting siphon' welcome to visit!" I cried loudly, Sun Xuhui only curiosity left over, we looked suspicious, I did not miss a good opportunity for each, said: " , Take a look at our test! "You do not want to see the glass reversed, changing the water will be able to go to it? "I like the" bombard "like to introduce a non-stop," Oh, look carefully! First of all, the pipe filled with water, followed after a glass of water, access to water 1 cup on the table, the empty 2 cup lightly boosting, and low point, "Bai Baishou I let Yan Kai-day 2 cups hold air at the same time Fanlianniejin the end of the tube, I gently hose and hold the other end, went on to say: "I have to do a good job of this process, and then look! Now, we were put on both ends of the glass are No. 1 and No. 2 empty cup, there have been wonderful scene, 1 cup of water flow on a 2 cup. Gradually, you will find that 1 cup of the air, on the contrary, the 2 cups filled with 1 cup of water. You want to know why? "Sun Xuhui see Huale Yan, Siyousiwu nodded, as if a child's desire for knowledge, taking advantage of this time, I had to step up the" attack ":" The principle is to siphon hose in the liquid, and the two ends are Niejin So Guanzi have a negative pressure, and then put them into two cups, to promote access to the water hose, which is siphon! "I nod after presentation, Sun Xuhui nodded, satisfied to leave our team. High-Tech Expo will, "visit" the group more and more people, this could be really popular science projects ah! High-Tech Expo will be the end, I think wistfully: Qin minds, our life is full of interesting, original, primary and secondary school students which we can hold our own, "Cobo" Yes!
请稍等！！
Taking above into account, we have proposed two efficient techniques for the design of 1-D and 2-D variable filters, which are based on the decomposition of the given 1-D and 2-D variable magnitude specifications [3, 4].
请考虑一下，我们假设用两种有效的方法来设计线形（1－D）的和平面（2－D）可变滤波器，这是根据给定的1－D与2－D可变幅度技术条件[3, 4]分解的。
The techniques are very computationally efficient because they solely need designing a set of 1-D constant filters and approximating several 1-D polynomials.
由于完全依赖设计一套1－D常量滤波器以及近似于数个1－D多项式，本技术是很有计算效率的。
In particular, the techniques can always guarantee the stability of the resulting variable filters.
特别是，本技术始终能够保证可变滤波器结果稳定性。
However, in the 2-D case, the variable filters designed by such a technique are constrained to only have quadrantally symmetrical magnitude characteristics.
然而，在平面条件下，用该技术设计的可变滤波器受到约束，仅仅只有象限幅度对称性。
That is to say, assume that is the given 2-D variable magnitude specification, where and are the normalized frequencies, and is a real valued vector whose elements are spectral parameters.
也就是说，设： 为给定的2－D可变技术条件，式中 与 为标准化的频率，并且为值实向量，其要素为光谱参数。
The technique [4] can only approximate the given 2-D variable magnitude specification in the case.
本技术[4]仅在这种情况下能够近似算出给定的2－D可变滤波器技术条件 。
= (1)
To circumvent this difficulty, this paper proposes a new method for designing 2-D variable digital filters with arbitrary magnitude characteristics.
围绕这一难题，本文提出了一项新方法，用于设计2－D可变数字滤波器，带有任意幅度性能。
In other words, the technique can approximate 2-D variable magnitude specifications even though
换言之，虽然 ≠ (2)，本技术能够近似计算出2－D可变幅度滤波器。
The technique is based on the decomposition of the given 2-D variable magnitude specifications, which is different from the one proposed in [4], and it only requires the normal 2-D constant filter designs and 1-D polynomial approximations.
本技术根据给定的1－D与2－D可变幅度技术条件分解的，但不同于[4]中提出技术方法，并且只需要公称2－D常量滤波器结构以及1－D多项式近似法。
Since 2-D constant filters are relatively easy to design by applying the existing design techniques and 1-D polynomials can be easily approximated by solving simultaneous linear equations, the technique significantly simplifies the original 2-D variable filter design problem.
由于，2－D常量滤波器用现有的设计技术以及1－D多项式也可用求出同步线形方程而相对简单，所以本技术相当地简化了原有的2－D可变滤波器设计的难题。
In particular, it should be emphasized that this technique can guarantee the stability of the resulting 2-D variable filters so long as the 2-D constant filters are designed to be stable. An example is given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed technique.
特别应当提出的是，本技术能够只要在2－D常量滤波器设计得稳定的话，就能保证取得的2－D可变滤波器结果的稳定性。文中详细说明了所提出的技术的效力。
2. Design problem formulation
2．设计问题的说明
In this section, we formulate the problem of designing 2-D variable digital filters with arbitrary magnitude responses based on the newly proposed outer product expansion of the given 2-D variable magnitude specifications.
在本节中，根据给定2－D可变幅度技术条件提出的外围设备，我们阐述了任意幅度反应2－D可变数字滤波器的设计。
Below, we first define an outer product expansion, then relate it with the 2-D variable filter design problem.
下面，我们首次对外围设备做了定义，然后将其同2－D可变滤波器
Agriculture
Technologies
900 Million Farmers in China
The history of reform and opening up has witnessed three calls for the development of rural markets. 900 million farmers constitute the world's largest group of consumers and have created the biggest business opportunity in China.
In the face of the dual competitive pressure posed to China by the hi-tech advantage of the developed countries and the price advantage resulted from the currency devaluation in surrounding countries, China has clearly indicated: From the long-term point of view, while actively exploring international markets, it is essential to actively develop the domestic market, particularly the rural market. This is a strategic choice in conformity with China's national conditions.
The rural market is the most dynamic, practical pivotal point in expanding domestic demands and boosting economic growth. Inadequate effective demand has become the greatest hindrance to China's current economic development. In the series of macro-control measures to be adopted in the second half of this year, exploring the rural market is regarded as "a rope for capturing the tiger". Experts' estimation indicates: Every 100 billion yuan worth of final consumption realized in rural areas will generate 235.6 billion yuan worth of consumption demand for the entire national economy.
It is also a brand-new starting-point in the readjustment of economic structure and the readjustment of product mix. Today, the buyer's market has penetrated to every corner of China's economy. Of the 900-odd important industrial products, the utilization rate of over half of the production capacity is less than 50 percent, structural readjustment is thus imminent.
In the effort to successfully open up the rural market, industrial enterprises must produce commodities geared to rural demands; and commercial enterprises must skillfully build smooth and swift marketing channels.
There are many difficulties confronting the effort to explore rural markets. Reasons for this are many. For example, some local governments have inadequate understanding of the importance and urgency of exploring rural markets, fear difficulty and lack confidence in accomplishing this task; quite a number of industrial and commercial enterprises still harbor the concept of "valuing cities while belittling the countryside", this is manifested in the fact that the product mix is incompatible with the rural market demand, the variety of commodities on sale is single and farmers find it inconvenient to buy.
In fact, the rural market has enormous potential and there are many favorable conditions for developing the rural market. So long as industrial and commercial enterprises really attach importance to the rural market, carefully study farmers' demands, exert great efforts to do a good job in the work of exploring the rural market well, they can definitely achieve the anticipated results.
Industrial enterprises stress production of commodities geared to market needs, while commercial enterprises emphasize smooth and fast marketing channels.
Efforts should be made to develop new sales methods, such as chain-store, agency and distribution center and to establish various forms of sales networks wherein industry and commerce, commerce and commerce, town and country, state-owned commerce and individually-run and privately-run commerce join hands. Chinese business people will have ample scope for their abilities in rural markets.
The key to success in exploring rural markets lies in increasing farmers' income. It is necessary to open up the rural consumer goods market to allow farmers to buy things; and it is also necessary to first open up the rural agricultural produce market, so that farmers' purses will be bulging
Farmers' income is stepping into the period of a new round of growth at reduced rate.
Slow increase in farmers' income is the greatest factor thwarting efforts to explore rural markets. When farmers' purses are not so bulging, increase in actual consumption demand will be slow. To increase farmers' income is, in essence, to enhance the rural economy's adaptability to the socialist market economy. In the opinions of authoritative persons, it is essential to get hold of two links: one is "what to grow". Farmers have to grow farm crops easy to yield added value.
To do so, it is necessary to readjust and optimize the agricultural structure, develop high-efficiency and high-value-added characteristic agriculture. Second is "how to sell the produce". To increase farmers' income, it is essential to solve the problem concerning ties between the farmer and the market, farmers should be enabled to smoothly enter the big, ever-changing market. This requires development of industrial management of agriculture, and cultivation of a wholesale market system, intermediary service system and information service system.
Cultivating a wholesale trading market system by making use of the advantages of tradition, regional location, resources and industry is an important aspect in invigorating the flow of agricultural produce and industrial products. This has been proved by the experience of many localities.
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China May Hold Future of Food Technology
By Dennis Avery
Senior fellow and Director, Center for Global Food Issues at the Hudson Institute
Is it possible the First World will give China a virtual monopoly in agricultural biotechnology, destined to be one of the most valuable technologies of the 21st century?
Have the United States and Europe thrown away billions of dollars in agriculture-related biotech earnings and hundreds of thousands of clean, high-tech research and support jobs?
The United States and Europe have spent billions of dollars doing basic research in genetically modified crops and animals to make foods that are better-tasting, more nutritious and kinder to the environment.
Will China now step in and charge the United States and Europe steep royalties for the right to grow the new organisms that result from this research?
Those are all strong possibilities, in the wake of the environmental group Greenpeace's stunningly swift and successful campaign to ban genetically modified foods and crops.
First World investors were afraid to be caught in another controversy like tobacco, or another set of baseless class-action lawsuits like the controversy over silicone breast implants.
They've bailed out on agricultural biotechnology long before governments dared act. To duck the controversy, Monsanto's orphaned agricultural biotech unit will be dumped into a hostile stock market along with its multibillion-dollar laboratories and patents.
Ditto for the big agricultural biotech units of Europe's Novartis and Zeneca. Look for layoffs from all three. And don't expect the laid-off scientists to land jobs at public research institutions.
The publicly funded research labs will be even more gun-shy of agricultural biotechnology now than the private sector. The erstwhile scientists will have to lay aside their doctorates and start new careers.
A lucky few may find jobs in human medical biotech, which the environmental movement has not attacked yet. This has nothing to do with risks to people or the environment. Despite media hype, no real dangers related to biotech foods have ever been documented.
But Greenpeace seems to want a smaller, poorer human population, so they're willing to frighten the world back into the scientific Dark Ages. The one thing certain is genetic engineering in food production will not disappear.
When the astronomer Galileo published his proofs in 1632 that the Earth revolved around the sun, the Catholic Church put him under house arrest. The church had declared the Earth the center of the universe. But people could never look at the sun in quite the same way again. They had new knowledge.
The First World may be so comfortable it can afford to pass up biotech foods. But the Third World is still struggling to provide adequate diets for its growing population.
For the developing world, the choices are stark. The can either use biotechnology to raise yields, grow more low-yield crops by clearing tropical forests or import food from the West. Given those choices, biotech foods look awfully attractive.
Most Third World countries are too small or poor to advance agricultural biotechnology on their own. Countries like Brazil and Argentina could assemble the scientific resources but they're afraid of losing their export sales to nervous European and Japanese consumers.
India might like to develop high-yielding biotech crops to ease its cropland shortage, but its own prickly activists are still arguing over hybrid seeds. They're likely to hamstring Indian biotech into the near foreseeable future.
China is the one country in the world with the scientific power to carry biotechnology forward in agriculture, the urgent need for massive amounts of additional food and feed and no need to allow unfounded food scares to be published in its newspapers.
China already has over 1 million farmers growing genetically modified cotton, corn and soybeans because of lower costs. Anyone who doubts China's ability to carry forward good science is ignoring the country's fabulous history and its recent ballistic missile tests.
"Golden rice" by itself may be enough to secure genetically engineered foods' reputation among Chinese consumers. Asian women are at high risk of birth complications because of iron deficiency due to the phytate in the rice they eat.
Golden rice counteracts the phytate and provides ample dietary iron. It also contains plenty of Vitamin A, also lacking in many rice-culture diets.
The International Rice Research Institute is already breeding golden rice genes into popular rice varieties for the people of Asia and Africa. Is Greenpeace callous enough to try to frighten poor rice-culture consumers away from golden rice and back to childhood blindness?
Using biotechnology, China should be able to produce highly attractive foods, such as healthier fats for cooking, allergy-free nuts, more tender steaks and, at last, a tasty off-season tomato.
Every vitamin and mineral needed by the human body could be engineered into our foods, saving consumers billions of dollars in food supplements.
When First World consumers find out about such goodies, China can export them or charge farmers in other countries a fee to grow them.
The biotech crops will also feature sharply higher yields, especially on marginal farmlands where drought and acid soils currently limit production. Greenpeace should cheer this, since it will directly help save Asian tropical forests.
First World farmers will lose a significant part of their export potential, of course, if Third World farmers can produce higher yields and more desirable specialty foods through biotechnology. At the moment, that seems to be the price they pay for farming in a rich, overfed country.
科技英语翻译技巧之浅见
科技文体崇尚严谨周密，概念准确，逻辑性强，行文简练，重点突出，句式严整，少有变化，常用前置性陈述，即在句中将主要信息尽量前置，通过主语传递主要信息。科技文章文体的特点是：清晰、准确、精练、严密。那末，科技文章的语言结构特色在翻译过程中如何处理，这是进行英汉科技翻译时需要探讨的问题。现分述如下：
一、大量使用名词化结构
《当代英语语法》（A Grammar of Contemporary）在论述科技英语时提出，大量使用名词化结构（Nominalization）是科技英语的特点之一。因为科技文体要求行文简洁、表达客观、内容确切、信息量大、强调存在的事实。而非某一行为。
Archimedes first discovered the principle of displacement of water by solid bodies.
阿基米德最先发展固体潘�脑�怼?lt;BR>句中of displacement of water by solid bodies 系名词化结构，一方面简化了同位语从句，另一方强调displacement 这一事实。
The rotation of the earth on its own axis causes the change from day to night.
地球绕轴自转，引起昼夜的变化。
名词化结构the rotation of the earth on its own axis 使复合句简化成简单句，而且使表达的概念更加确切严密。
If you use firebricks round the walls of the boiler, the heat loss, can be considerably reduced.
炉壁采用耐火砖可大大降低热耗。
科技英语所表述的是客观规律，因之要尽量避免使用第一、二人称；此外，要使主要的信息置于句首。
Television is the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves.
电视通过无线电波发射和接受活动物体的图象。
名词化结构the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves 强调客观事实，而"谓语动词则着重其发射和接受的能力。
二、广泛使用被动语句
根据英国利兹大学John Swales 的统计，科技英语中的谓语至少三分之一是被动态。这是因为科技文章侧重叙事推理，强调客观准确。第一、二人称使用过多，会造成主观臆断的印象。因此尽量使用第三人称叙述，采用被动语态，例如：Attention must be paid to the working temperature of the machine.应当注意机器的工作温度。而很少说：You must pay attention to the working temperature of the machine .你们必须注意机器的工作温度。此外，如前所述，科技文章将主要信息前置，放在主语部份。这也是广泛使用被动态的主要原因。试观察并比较下列两段短文的主语。
We can store electrical energy in two metal plates separated by an insulating medium. We call such a device a capacitor, or a condenser, and its ability to store electrical energy capacitance .It is measured in farads.
电能可储存在由一绝缘介质隔开的两块金属极板内。这样的装置称之为电容器，其储存电能的能力称为电容。电容的测量单位是法拉。
这一段短文中各句的主语分别为：
Electrical energy
Such a device
Its ability to store electrical energy
It (Capacitance )
它们都包含了较多的信息，并且处于句首的位置，非常醒目。四个主语完全不同，避免了单调重复，前后连贯，自然流畅。足见被动结构可收简洁客观之效。
三、非限定动词。
如前所述，科技文章要求行文简练，结构紧凑，为此，往往使用分词短语代替定语从句或状语从句；使用分词独立结构代替状语从句或并列分句；使用不定式短语代替各种从句；介词十动名词短语代替定语从句或状语从句。这样可缩短句子，又比较醒目。试比较下列各组句子。
A direct current is a current flowing always in the same direction.
直流电是一种总是沿同一方向流动的电流。
Radiating from the earth, heat causes air currents to rise.
热量由地球辐射出来时，使得气流上升。
A body can more uniformly and in a straight line,there being no cause to change that motion.
如果没有改变物体运动的原因，那么物体将作匀速直线运动。
Vibrating objects produce sound waves ,each vibration producing one sound wave.
振动着的物体产生声波，每一次振动产生一个声波。
In communications, the problem of electronics is how to convey information from one place to another.
在通讯系统中，电子学要解决的问题是如何把信息从一个地方传递到另一个地方。
Materials to be used for structural purposes are chosen so as to behave elastically in the environmental conditions.
结构材料的选择应使其在外界条件中保持其弹性。
There are different ways of changing energy from one form into another.
将能量从一种形式转变成另一种形式有各种不同的方法。
In making the radio waves correspond to each sound in turn, messages are carried from a broadcasting station to a receiving set.
使无线电波依次对每一个声音作出相应变化时，信息就由广播电台传递到接收机。
四、后置定语
大量使用后置定语也是科技文章的特点之一。常见的结构不以下五种：
1、介词短语
The forces due to friction are called frictional forces.
由于摩擦而产生的力称之为摩擦力。
A call for paper is now being issued .
征集论文的通知现正陆续发出。
2、形容词及形容词短语。
In this factory the only fuel available is coal.
该厂唯一可用的燃料是煤。
In radiation, thermal energy is transformed into radiant energy ,similar in nature to light.
热能在辐射时，转换成性质与光相似的辐射能。
3、副词
The air outside pressed the side in .
外面的空气将桶壁压得凹进去了。
The force upward equals the force downward so that the balloon stays at the level.
向上的力与向下的力相等，所以气球就保持在这一高度。
4、单个分词，但仍保持校强的动词意义。
The results obtained must be cheeked .
获得的结果必须加以校核
The heat produced is equal to the electrical energy wasted.
产生的热量等于浪费了的电能。
5、定语从句
During construction, problems often arise which require design changes.
在施工过程中，常会出现需要改变设计的问题。
The molecules exert forces upon each other, which depend upon the distance between them.
分子相互间都存在着力的作用，该力的大小取决于它们之间的距离。
Very wonderful changes in matter take place before our eyes every day to which we pay little attention.
(定语从句to which we pay little attention 修饰的是changes,这是一种分隔定语从句。)
我们几乎没有注意的很奇异的物质变化每天都在眼前发生。
To make an atomic bomb we have to use uranium 235, in which all the atoms are available for fission.
制造原子弹，我们必须用铀235，因为轴的所有原子都会裂变。
五、常用句型
科技文章中经常使用若干特定的句型，从而形成科技文体区别于其他文体的标志。例如It---that---结构句型；被动态结构句型；结构句型，分词短语结构句型，省略句结构句型等。举例如下：
It is evident that a well lubricated bearing turns more easily than a dry one.
显然，润滑好的轴承，比不润滑的轴承容易转动。
It seems that these two branches of science are mutually dependent and interacting.
看来这两个科学分支是相互依存，相互作用的。
It has been proved that induced voltage causes a current to flow in opposition to the force producing it.
已经证明，感应电压使电流的方向与产生电流的磁场力方向相反。
It was not until the 19th century that heat was considered as a form of energy.
直到十九世纪人们才认识到热是能量的一种形式。
Computers may be classified as analog and digital.
计算机可分为模拟计算机和数字计算机两种。
The switching time of the new-type transistor is shortened three times.
新型晶体管的开关时间缩短了三分之二。（或---缩短为三分之一。）
This steel alloy is believed to be the best available here .
人们认为这种合金钢是这里能提供的最好的合金钢。
Electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed as light.
电磁波传送的速度和光速相同。
Microcomputers are very small in size ,as is shown in Fig.5.
如图5所示，微型计算机体积很小。
In water sound travels nearly five times as fast as in air.
声音在水中的传播速度几乎是在空气中传播速度的五倍。
Compared with hydrogen, oxygen is nearly 16 times as heavy.
氧与氢比较，重量大约是它的十六倍。
The resistance being very high, the current in the circuit was low.
由于电阻很大，电路中通过的电流就小。
Ice keeps the same temperature while melting.
冰在溶化时，其温度保持不变。
An object, once in motion, will keep on moving because of its inertia.
物体一旦运动，就会因惯性而持续运动。
All substances, whether gaseous, liquid or solid ,are made of atoms .
一切物质，不论是气态、液态，还是固态，都由原子组成。
六、长句
为了表述一个复杂概念，使之逻辑严密，结构紧凑，科技文章中往往出现许多长句。有的长句多达七八个词，以下即是一例。
The efforts that have been made to explain optical phenomena by means of the hypothesis of a medium having the same physical character as an elastic solid body led, in the first instance, to the understanding of a concrete example of a medium which can transmit transverse vibrations, and at a later stage to the definite conclusion that there is no luminiferous medium having the physical character assumed in the hypothesis.
为了解释光学现象，人们曾试图假定有一种具有与弹性固体相同的物理性质的介质。这种子尝试的结果，最初曾使人们了解到一种能传输横向振动的具有上述假定所以认为的那种物理性质的发光介质。
七、复合词与缩略词
大量使用复合词与缩略词是科技文章的特点之一，复合词从过去的双词组合发展到多词组合；缩略词趋向于任意构词，例如某一篇论文的作者可以就仅在该文中使用的术语组成缩略词，这给翻译工作带来一定的困难。例如：
full-enclosed 全封闭的（双词合成形容词）
feed-back反馈（双词合成名词）
work-harden 加工硬化（双词合成词）
criss-cross交*着（双词合成副词）
on-and-off-the-road路面越野两用的（多词合成形容词）
anti-armoured-fighting-vehicle-missile反装甲车导弹（多词合成名词）
radiophotography无线电传真（无连字符复合词）
colorimeter色度计（无连字符复合词）
maths (mathematics)数学（裁减式缩略词）
lab (laboratory)实验室
ft (foot/feet)英尺
cpd (compound)化合物
FM(frequency modulation)调频（用首字母组成的缩略词）
P.S.I. (pounds per square inch)磅/英寸
SCR(silicon controlled rectifier )可控硅整流器
TELESAT(telecommunications satellite )通信卫星（混成法构成的缩略词）
根据上述的科技文章的物占，在翻译过程中就要注意各种不同的翻译技巧与方法。例如被动态的译法、长句的处理方法、倍数的译法等等。
一、 首先要拥有一本好的科技词典
学习普通英语几年以后，你大约掌握几千个单词的词汇量，这时你就会发现英语拥有极其丰富多彩的词汇，但在科技文章中，又会对大量的专业词汇和术语而头疼。有些词晦涩难懂，大而长，看起来吓人，如posttention（后张拉力），prefabricate（预制），意义比较简单，只要查一下词典就行。有些词在文章中起着举足轻重的作用。光凭上下文含义猜测其中的含义是行不通的。另外有许多词比如negotiate这比较常见的是“谈判”的意思，但是当它出现在“negotiate a bad turn”这个词组中，译成“谈判”就不合适，查查词典就知道是“顺利通过”的意思，所以翻译时选择在具体语言环境中最恰当。一本好的科技词典可以成为你的良师益友，为此笔者推荐《英汉道路词典》《汉英科技大词典》两本较好的词典。
二、 科技英语中大量使用被动语态
被动语态在普通英语中是最基本的语法，简单易学。科技英语中大量使用被动语态，不是为了追求文章语言的艺术美，而是为了讲求叙述文章的客观，语言简洁，结构严谨，和普通英语文章有着显著不同，加深读者对所叙述事物的深刻印象，屏弃不必要的东西。例如：
1. Most primary highways are built and cared for by state governments.
大部分主要的公路都是由联邦政府建造和管理。
这里…are built and cared for 就是被动语态
2. The proportion of the various ingredients which go into concrete , the way it is mixed , and even the water which is used are very important to the finished material.
制作混凝土所用的各种配料的比例，搅拌的方法，乃至所用的水，对成品材料来说都是十分重要的。
此句有两处是被动语态。
三、 名词化结构在各类科技文章中的大量使用
科技英语，在科技文体中随着科学技术发展形成一种实用正式的文体，它的名词化倾向越来越突出。翻译时可以看出它是由及物动词加-ment , -tion , -sion , -ence等后缀派生的名词。这样的表达可以语言简洁、行文自然、造句灵活、叙述准确、表达客观，符合科技文体的要求。例如：
The construction of such bridges has now been realized ;its realization being supported with all the achieuements of modern science .
这种桥梁的结构现在已经实现，它的实现是现代科学的伟大成就。
这里construction和realization都是名词化结构
四、 翻译遵循简洁准确，避免误译的原则
英语是一种极富表现力的语言，汉语不仅有其发展的悠久历史，也是蕴含信息量非常丰富的语言，同样非常有利于思维。而且英汉对照翻译的学问很深，当然是“八仙过海，各显神通”。汉语具有概括性强，内涵丰富的特点，在科技文章中尤其体现的明显。我在翻译预应力混凝土这篇文章中“What does reinforced concrete mean for highway?”最初将其译成“钢筋混凝土对公路意味着什么？”后来仔细考虑还是译成“钢筋混凝土的意义”为好。翻译的时候要使译文精练，我们可以把原文中一些功能词或重复词译成较短的单词，更符合我们汉语的习惯。如：The Role and Function of Bituminous 中的The Role and Function只需译成“作用”即可。这点说明为什么大多数英汉对照本书籍必须把英文字体印得很小才能做到和汉语同步。
五、 在翻译时应注意词义引申
翻译时，有时会碰到某些词在词典上找不到适当的词义，如任意硬套或逐词死译，译文则会生硬晦涩，难以确切表达愿意，甚至造成误解。所以，应根据上下文和逻辑关系，从其基本含义出发，进一步加以引申，选择适当的词来表达。
例：The choice of material in construction of bridges is basically between steel or concrete, and main trouble with concrete is that its tensile strength is very small .
桥梁建筑材料基本上仍在钢材和混凝土之间选择，而混凝土的主要缺点是抗拉强度低。
六、在翻译时采用增词法和重复法
增词法就是在翻译时根据句法上，意义上或修辞上的需要增加一些词，以便能更加忠实通顺地表达原文的思想内容。当然，增词不是随意的，而是基于英汉两种语言表达方式的差异，增加原文中虽无其词但内含其意的一些词，以使译文忠信流畅，这种情况在科技英语文献翻译时比较常见。
1.根据句法上的需要:由于英汉两种语言表达方式存在差别，在英语中需要省略的成分而在汉语中需要补出才能符合汉语的习惯。
2根据意义上的需要:(1)英语复数名词的增译：复数名词前后增译“许多”、“一些”等，使其复数意义更明确；（2）英语中表示动作名词的增译：翻译时可根据上下文语境，补充一些表示动作意义的名词：“作用”、“现象”、“方案”等；（3）在英语名词或动名词前后增译汉语动词：（4）增译解说性词：英语中常因惯用法或上下文关系。省去了不影响理解全句意义的词句。为了使译文清晰起见，翻译时必须增译一些词。
3.根据修辞上的需要：英译汉时，有时需要在译文中增加一些起连贯作用的词，主要是连词、副词和代词，以达到使句子连贯、行文流畅的修辞目的。
重复法实际上也是一种增词法，只不过所增添的词是上文出现过的词。重复法是指译文中重复原文中重要的或关键的词，以期达到两个目的；一是清楚，二是强调。从而使译文生动有力，清晰流畅。
七、借助于电脑中的各种翻译软件，结合上下文语境来翻译科技英语能达到事半功倍的效果
我们一般都用中英文词典来查询生词，这样不但需要经常把词典带在身边，而且在查询翻译生词的时候也会花费很多的时间。现在随着计算机技术迅速发展，网络技术的广泛普及，很多英文翻译软件可以在网络上轻松找到。而我们利用便利的网络资源很快就可以获取我们要查询翻译的英文单词，当然我们查询词汇的时候会得到很多不同的翻译结果，这时就需要我们结合上下文的语境来联系的翻译我们的文章，最终得到准确的翻译结果。
我现在使用的查询软件是金山词霸2007，我在遇到很多生僻的专业词汇时就使用这些相关的翻译软件来帮我排忧解难。通过使用英文翻译软件可以使我们轻松的找到自己想查询的英文单词，使我们方便快捷的翻译出那些让我们以前花很大力气才能翻译出来的专业英语词汇，使我们的英文翻译工作达到事半功倍的效果。
科技小报 technology newspaper
是不是这个阿?↑↑ ......
1. It leaves the complication of life and living objects to biology, and is only too happy to yield to chemistry the exploration of the myriad ways atoms interact with one another.
物理学把生命的复杂和活的事物留给了生物学，又十分恰当的把研究微粒间许多相互作用的规律留给了化学。
2. Surely objects cut into such shapes must have especially significant place in a subject profession to deal with simple things.
当然物体切割成这种形状是因为它在同类中相对于那些简单的事物有其特别重要的地位。
3. It looks the same from all directions and it can be handled, thrown, swung or rolled to investigate all the laws of mechanics.
它从各个方位看都是一样的，它也能从触摸、投掷、摇摆、滚动等方面来研究所有的力学规律。
4. That being so, we idealize the surface away by pure imagination – infinitely sharp, perfectly smooth, absolutely featureless.
那之所以会这样，是因为我们把它的表面完全凭想象将它理想化了——绝对清晰、完全光滑、绝对无个性。
5. All we can hope to do is classify into groups and study behavior which we believed to be common to all members of the groups, and this means abstracting the general from the particular.
所有我们所希望做的是将事物分成组，然后研究该组成员中所有事物的共性，也就是说从个性中选出抽象的共性。
6. Although one may point to the enormous importance of the arrangement rather than the chemical nature of atoms in a crystal with regard to its properties, and quote with glee the case of carbon atoms which from the hardest substance known when ordered in a diamond lattice, and one of the softest, as its use in pencils testifies, when ordered in a graphite lattice (figure 2), it is obviously essential that individual atomic characteristics be ultimately built into whatever model is developed.
Words
1. polygon 多边形 polyhedron多面体
2. tetragon 四边形 tetrahedron 四面体
3． pentagon 五边形 pentahedron 五面体
4. hexagon 六边形 hexahedron 六面体
5. heptagon 七边形 heptahedron 七面体
6. octagon 八边形 octahedron 八面体
7. enneagon 九边形 enneahedron 九面体
8. decagon 十边形 decahedron 十面体
9. dodecagon十二边形 dodecahedron 十二面体
10. icosagon 二十边形 icosahedron 二十面体
0ne sometimes hears the Internet characterized as the world's library for the digital age. This description does not stand up under even casual examination. The Internet-and particularly its collection of multimedia resources known as the World Wide Web- was not designed to support the organized publication and retrieval of information, as libraries are. It has evolved into what might be thought of as a chaotic repository for the collective output of the world's digital "printing presses." This storehouse of information contains not only books and papers but raw scientific data, menus， meeting minutes，advertisement, video and audio recordings, and transcripts of interactive conversations. The ephemeral mixes everywhere with works of lasting importance.
In short，the Net is not a digital library. But if it is to continue to grow and thrive as a new means of communication, something very much like traditional library services will be needed to organize, access and preserve networked information. Even then, the Net will not resemble a traditional library, because its contents are more widely dispersed than a standard collection. Consequently, the librarian's classification and selection skills must be complemented by the computer scientist's ability to automate the task of indexing and storing information. Only a synthesis of the differing perspectives brought by both professions will allow this new medium to remain viable.
At the moment, computer technology bears most of the responsibility for organizing information on the Internet. In theory，software that classifies and indexes collections of digital data can address the glut of information on the Net-and the inability of human indexers bibliographers to cope with it. Automating information access has the advantage of directly exploiting the rapidly dropping costs of computers and avoiding the expense and delays of human indexing.
But, as anyone who has ever sought information on the Web knows, these automated tools Categorize information differently than people do. In one sense, the job performed by the various indexing and cataloguing tools known as search engines is highly democratic. Machine-based approaches provide uniform and equal access to all the information on the Net. In practice, this electronic egalitarianism can prove a mixed blessing. Web "surfers" who type in a search request are often overwhelmed by thousands of responses. The search results frequently contain references to irrelevant Web sites while leaving out others that hold important material.
Crawling the Web
The nature of electronic indexing can be understood by examining the way Web search engines, such as Lycos or Digital Equipment Corporation's Alra Vista, construct indexes and find information requested by a user. Periodically，they dispatch programs (sometimes referred to as Web crawlers, spiders or indexing robots) to every site they can identify on the Web—each site being a set of documents, called pages, that can be accessed over the network. The Web crawlers download and then examine these pages and extract indexing information that can be used to describe them. This process---details of which vary among search engines－may include simply locating most of the words that appear in Web pages or performing sophisticated analyses to identify key words and phrases. These data are then stored in the search engine's database, along with an address, termed a uniform resource locator (URL) , that represents where the file resides. A user then deploys a browser, such as the familiar Netscape, to submit queries to the search engine's database. The query produces a list of Web resources, the URLs that can be clicked to connect to the sites identified by the search.
Existing search engines service millions of queries a day. Yet it has become clear that they are less than ideal for retrieving an ever growing body of information on the Web. In contrast to human indexers, automated programs have difficulty identifying characteristics of a document such as its overall theme or its genre-whether it is a poem or a play, or even an advertisement.
The Web, moreover, still lacks standards that would facilitate automated indexing. As a result, documents on the Web are not structured so that programs can reliably extract the routine information that a human indexer might find through a cursory inspection: author, dare of publication, length of text and subject matter. (This information is known as metadata.) A Web crawler might turn up the desired article authored by Jane Doe. But it might also find thousands of other articles in which such a common name is mentioned in the text or in a bibliographic reference.
Publishers sometimes abuse the indiscriminate character of automated indexing. A Web site can bias the selection process to attract attention to 'itself by 'repeating within a document a word, such as "sex," that is known to be queried often. The reason: a search engine will display first the URLs for the documents that mention a search term most frequently. In contrast, humans can easily, see around simpleminded tricks.
The professional indexer can describe the components of individual pages of all sorts (from text to video) and can clarify how those parts fit together into a database of information. Civil War photographs, for example, might form part of a collection that also includes period music and soldier diaries. A human indexer can describe a site's rules for the collection and retention of programs in, say, an archive that stores Macintosh software. Analyses of a site's purpose, history and policies are beyond the capabilities of a crawler program.
Another drawback of automated indexing is that most search engines recognize text only. The intense interest in the Web, though, has come about because of the medium's ability to display images, whether graphics or video clips. Some research has moved forward toward finding color, or patterns within images [see box on next two pages]. But no program can deduce the underlying meaning and cultural significance of an image (for example, that a group of men dining represents the Last Supper).
At the same time, the way information is structured on the Web is changing so that it often can not be examined by Web crawlers. Many Web pages are no longer static files that can be analyzed and indexed by such programs. In many cases, the information displayed in a document is computed by the Web site during a search in response to the user's request. The site might assemble a map, and a text document from different areas of its database, a disparate collection of information that conforms the user's query. A newspaper Web site, for instance, might allow a reader to specify, that only stories on the oil-equipment business be displayed in a personalized version of the paper. The database of stories from which this document is put together could not be searched by a Web crawler that visits the site.
A growing body of research has attempted to address some of the problems involved with automated classification methods. One approach seeks to attach metadata to files so that indexing systems can collect this information. The most advanced effort is the Dublin Core Metadata program and an affiliated endeavor the Warwick Framework the first named after a workshop in Dublin Ohio, the other for a colloquy in Warwick, England. The workshops have defined a set of metadata elements that are simpler than those in traditional library cataloguing and have also created methods for incorporating them within pages on the Web.
Categorization of metadata might range from title or author to type of document (text or video, for instance). Either automated indexing software or humans may, derive the metadata, which can then be attached to a Web page for retrieval by a crawler. Precise and de tailed human annotations can provide a more in-depth characterization of a page than can an automated indexing program alone.
Where costs can be justified, human indexers have begun the laborious task of compiling bibliographies of some Web sites. The Yahoo database, a commercial venture, classifies sites by broad subject area. And a research project at the University of Michigan is one of……
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In case where information is furnished without charge or is advertiser supported, low-cost computer-based indexing will most likely dominate—the same unstructured environment that characterizes much of contemporary Internet.
