IntroductionMachining aims to generate the shape of work-piece form a solid body,or to improve the tolerances and surface finish of a previously formed work-piece,by removing excess materials in the form of chips. Machining is capable of creating geometric configurations,tolerances, and surface finishes often unobtainable by any other technique.However, machining removes materials, which has already been paid for, in the form of relatively small particles that are more difficult to recycle and are in greater danger of becoming mixed. Therefore,developments often aim at reducing or-if at all possible-eliminating machining, especially in mass production.For these reasons, machining has lost some important markets, yet, at the same time, it has also been developing and especially having captured new markets with the application of numerical control.Some feel for the important of machining may be gained from the observation that in 1983 there were about 2 million metal-cutting machine tools in the unite states ( of which some 5% were numerically controlled ) and that labor and overhead costs amounted to $125 billion, or 3% of the GNP.
车削机床
机床工具被广泛用于工业，以生产各类机械零件。有些是一般用途的机器，和其他人用来执行高度专业化的操作。使用最广泛的机床是普通车床，它提供了一个旋转轴的主要原则的议案，同时适当传授饲料动议的工具。的工件，必须牢牢掌握，经常在一个夹头。酒吧也可举行collets ，其中包含一个分裂套管推或拉对锥面。工件形状的尴尬往往是由螺栓的面板。
包含的启闭机制的驱动器，通常将改变齿轮和变速驱动器。长期工件支持他们最后提出了中心举行尾座。这个工具本身是一个工具举行后，允许设置工具的角度（横向和纵向） 。该工具后是安装在一个马车，而这反过来又获得支持的方式加工的床，确保刚性和免受震动。悬垂部分，停机坪的运输，可从事与饲料棒给予连续进给运动，或与丝杠切割的线程。很长工件的担保反对过度偏转的两个手指中心稳步休息休息或螺栓的车床床;后续其余贴近马车。
有时工具后坐在复合刀架其中包括幻灯片，可以设置在任何角度，因此，圆锥表面可以通过手喂养工具。参观双向工具后可旋转约竖井，并允许快速变化的工具，在预设的立场，从而加快连续行动
示踪剂或重复车床的设计制造形状不规则零件自动。基本操作这一车床如下。模板的任何一个单位或三维形状是放置在一个时段。阿导或指针然后继续沿着这条形状和其运动控制的切削刀具。重复可能包括方形或锥形，肩膀，半径，沟槽，蜡烛，和轮廓，工作，如电机轴，主轴，价值茎，活塞，杆，汽车车轴，涡轮轴，以及各种其他的物体也可以打开使用这种类型的车床。转塔车床的生产车床是用来制造任何数量的相同件。
螺杆机类似的建设炮塔车床，但他们的头上旨在保持和饲料长期酒吧的股票。否则，没有什么区别。
有些地方不太通顺，自己修改一下就OK了。
The thermodynamic calculation is the basis of the compressor calculation. With the help of the compressor-aided design system, the ordinary compressor is able to speed up its progress in calculation, which in turn reasonablizes the design; while the thermodynamic calculation of non-oil lubrication compressor caused errors or inaccuracy when pictures are retrieved by hand and figures are not best chosen. It is towards this problem that the compressor-aided design system for the thermodynamic calculation of non-oil lubrication compressor is made by digitalizing all the pictures and figures. This system will simplize the calculating process of the thermodynamic non-oil lubrication compressor, enable to select data on line, retrieve pictures and figures intelligently, output, save and print them and improve the accuracy and reliability of the calculating parameters as well.
Key words：compressor , thermodynamic calculation, aided design system, non-oil
在上次的基础上做了对应的调整和适当的修改。望分析体会，以求能有所收获！
Abstract
The
article
is
entitled
as
Process
Tooling
Design
and
CAD/CAM
of
the
Rocker
Axle
Base
from
Chao
Yang
Diesel
Co.,Ltd..
The
design
aims
to
complete
the
module
design
of
195
diesel
rocker
axle
base,
the
draw
up
of
its
processing
line
and
procedure
card
and
the
design
of
manufacturing
special
fixture,
etc.
Model-designed
by
the
3D
shaping
software
Pro/E,
the
content
consists
of
the
following:
solid
mold
which
spares
and
blanks
are
built
by
the
spare
mold,
design
for
the
investment
casting
molds
involving
the
analysis,
calculation
and
design
of
mouldjoint,
gating
system,
ejecting
machine,
punch-cum-blanking
die
and
the
die
base,etc.
Then
complete
the
final
assembling
drawing
according
to
the
engineering
module
and
the
CAXA
electronic
drawing
board.
Establish
the
spares
processing
techinical
procedure,including
the
select
of
the
processing
method,
the
sketch
out
of
the
processing
line
and
the
definition
of
the
maching
allowance.
Then
calculate
the
techinical
parameter
and
establish
corresponding
process
card
in
light
of
the
technical
schedule.
Design
two
sets
of
special
milling
machines
and
one
set
of
special
drilling
machine.
After
the
analysis,
select
and
design,
finally
accomplish
the
engineering
drawing
by
use
of
CAXA
electonic
sketch
board.
The
design
difficulty
is
the
jigs
and
the
moulds.
After
refering
to
plenty
of
documents,
settle
down
these
problems
and
round
off
the
design
under
the
guide
of
teachers.
Key
Words:
solid
model,
module,
jig,
procedure
管道支吊架 Pipe Supports and Hangers
6.1 管架零部件 Attachment of Support
管托 shoe
管卡 clamp
U形夹（卡） clevis
锻制U形夹 forged steel clevis
支耳；吊耳 lug; ear
耳轴 trunnion
止动挡块 shear lug
托座 stool
托架 cradle
带状卡 strap clamp
夹板，导向板 cleat
可调夹板 adjustable cleat
角板；连接板 gusset
筋；肋 rib
支承环 ring
加强板 stiffiener
底板 base plate
顶板 top plate
翅片式导向板 fin
预埋件 embedded part; inserted plate
垫板（安装垫平用） shim
锚固件；生根件 clip
预焊件(设备上) clip (on equipment)
聚四氟乙烯滑动板 PTFE sliding plate
连接板 tie plate
连接杆 tie rod
限制杆 limit rod
带环头拉杆 eye rod
连接杆 connecting rod
杠杆 lever
支撑杆 strut
定位块 preset pieces
间隔管（片、块） spacer
滑动吊板（吊架顶部用） sliding traveler(for hanger)
滑轮组 tackle-block
钢索，电缆 cable
木块 wood block
鞍座 saddle
裙座 skirt
软管卷盘（简） hose reel
管部附着件 pipe attachment
6.2 管支架型式 Type of Pipe Support
支承架 resting support
滑动架 sliding support
固定架 anchor
导向架 guide
限制性支架；约束 restraint
限位架 stop
限位器 stopper
定值限位架 limit stop
二维限位架 two-axis stop
往复定值限位架 double-acting limit stop
定向限位架 directional stop
吊架 hanger
弹簧架 spring support
弹簧托架 resting type spring support
弹簧吊架 spring hanger
恒力吊架 constant hanger
重锤式吊架 counter weight hanger
弹簧恒力吊架 spring constant hanger
弹簧恒力托架 resting type spring constant support
滚动支架 rolling support
弹簧支撑架 spring bracing
减振器 snubber
液压减振器 hydraulic snubber
减振装置 damping device
缓冲简（器） dash pot
刚性吊架 rigid hanger
6.3 标准及通用型支架
标准管架 standard pipe support
通用管架 typical pipe support
悬臂架 cantilever support
三角架 triangular support’
支腿 leg
Ⅱ形管架 Ⅱ-type support
L形管架 L-type support
柱式管架 pole type support
墙架 support on wall
可调支架 adjustable support
管墩，低管架 sleeper
特殊管架 special support
管道支吊架图 piping support drawing
6.4 管架安装
背至背 back to back
钻孔 drill
长孔 slot; slot hole
放气孔；通气孔 vent hole
灌浆；水泥砂浆填平 grouting
组装；装配 assembly
攻螺孔 tapped.tapping
自由滑动 free to slide
跨度 span
对中心；找正 alignment
切割使适合 cut to suit
修饰使适合 trim to suit
伸出长度（指预埋螺栓） extrusion
液压试验中，对试验液体要求是：试验液体一般采用水，需要时也可采用不会导致发生危险的其它液体。试验时液体的温度应低于其闪点或沸点。奥氏体不锈钢制容器用水进行液压试验后应将水渍去除干净。当无法达到这一要求时，应控制水的氯离子含量不超过25mmg/L.
试验温度：
1． 碳素钢、16MnR和正火15MnVR钢制压力容器液压试验时，液体温度不得低于5℃，其它低合金钢制容器液压试验时液体温度不得低于15℃。如果由于板厚等原因造成材料延性转变温度升高，则需相应提高试验液体温度。
2． 其它钢种制容器液压试验温度按图样规定。
