工程监理与工程项目管理关系分析
【摘要】工程监理作为工程项目建设业务中的一个组成部分,如何在与国内外同行的竞争中立于不败之地,并得到长足发展,已成为我国监理企业面临的严峻挑战。如果没有危机感,不提前思考我们的业务转型、发展战略和项目管理模式的创新,监理企业的发展前途不可想象。
【关键词】工程监理 项目管理 关系 分析
工程监理作为工程项目建设业务中的一个组成部分,如何在与国内外同行的竞争中立于不败之地,并得到长足发展,已成为我国监理企业面临的严峻挑战。由于我国监理起步较迟、定位较低,管理水平低,缺乏国际监理经验,缺少健全有效的体制和先进的管理技术,且对这种新兴业务还缺乏比较深刻的认识,同时我国工程建设市场仍然有着诸多不规范的地方。目前,监理行业尚可维持,入世之后,外资企业的进入和勘察、设计、施工企业的改制,都会对我们监理企业造成极大的冲击。如果没有危机感,不提前思考我们的业务转型、发展战略和项目管理模式的创新,监理企业的发展前途不可想象。
一、工程项目管理内涵
1、工程项目计划管理。一个大型工程项目的管理工作千头万绪,工作过程中千变万化,没有一个完整的工作计划和综合协调是无法满足业主要求和期望的。其主要过程是:收集各方面信息,汇总并制定一份连贯、一致的计划书,在项目实施过程中,要根据现场变化情况,及时、有效地调整计划,加强控制,以确保计划目标的实现。
2、工程项目各阶段任务划分及目标确定。为保证总体目标实现,必须将工程项目所涉及的全部工作细化,分解到各相关单位、部门或人。确定工作范围、工作目标、工作标准。对各项任务的完成情况由综合管理部门收集信息,分析、调整、控制,以各子项目的目标实现保证总体目标实现。
3、工程项目进度管理及过程控制。工程项目从项目建议书批准之日起就应抓进度管理,确定各种项目可完成时间,分析各活动之间依赖关系,确认过程所需时间、制定进度计划,调整和控制进度的变化,控制项目进度计划特别是复杂大型的工业建设项目,绝不能仅控制承包商的施工进度,而应控制影响工程项目的全部进度。如设计,对外谈判签约,设备、材料采购,能介质供应,生产人员、技术、物资准备等等。
4、投资控制及费用管理。投资控制的目的,是确保在批准的预算内完成工程项目诸过程。根据资源需用计划及价格测算所需资金,编制资金使用计划,并分配到各单项工程和各项工作之中。从工程项目设计开始就应严格控制,限额设计,并通过控制设计变更减少承包商的索赔,达到投资控制的目标。
5、质量管理。确定工程项目质量标准,技术要求,定期评价总体项目进展情况,以提高各相关单位、人员满足质量标准的信心,跟据实际情况分析与质量目标的符合性,制定相应措施,消除导致不满意情况发生的因素。
6、人力资源管理。有效地使用各种人力资源,发挥相关各方面人员的积极性。通过组织确定分析角色、责任和相互关系。及时补充急需人员,裁减冗员,开发个人或组织的进取心和技能。
7、沟通信息。确保及时正确地产生、收集、发布、储存和最终处理项目信息,是工程项目所必须的联络方式,任何一个信息疏漏或沟通不及时都会影响整个工程项目进展。要建立信息编码体系、信息沟通计划及执行情况检查制度。
8、采购管理。工程项目所需物资、设备采购品种多,数量大,处理不当都会影响整个工程项目目标的实现,必须对采购工作加强管理和控制。首先要决定何时购何物,确定潜在来源,然后询价、招标、签订合同,督促按时、按质、按量及时供应到位。
9、项目风险管理。工程项目管理机构要懂得如何识别风险,分析和应对风险,及时调整对策,使正面事件影响扩大,把负面事件影响减到最小。
二、工程项目管理公司的特点
要承担大型工程项目管理任务,项目管理公司要全满足业主的明示和潜在的需求。因为工程项目是一种固定产品,各个项目均有不同特点和要求。该产品的形成过程是一种特别复杂的过程,所以要有一批有实践经验的人管理、协调、监督该生产过程,从而使产品达到优质,满足用户需求。(1)独立性。工程项目管理单位虽然是非投资方,不负责筹借资金,但所有建设过程均应按一定规律、国家法规去运作,一切从实际出发,独立执行,为客户服务,不受其他因素干扰和干预,认真细致地履行职责,运用科学分析的方法和手段,做出符合实际的结论,使工程项目经得起历史检验,取得最佳经济效益和社会效益。
(2)灵活性。一个工程项目受各种条件制约和影响,必须有灵活机动的思维方式,面对实际,及时处理,任何定式思维都无法适应项目的千变万化的需要。
(3)系统性。工程项目从立项到建成使用,都是一个庞大的系统工程,涉及面广,要能运用系统工程理论,随时平衡各种条件,调整各方关系,不因一个小的变更而影响整体工程的进展。真正的项目管理公司要形成自己独特的管理体系和模式,使项目管理单位企业化,服务社会化,管理结果商品化。
三、当前工程监理与项目管理的差距及原因
推行工程监理制,其本意就是推行工程项目管理,也就是对业主委托的项目进行全过程、全方位的策划、管理、监督工作。
虽有部分监理企业承担了些工程项目管理业务,也是不全面,不系统的。大多数监理企业距工程项目管理企业相差很远。为什么工程监理企业与原始构思相差甚远呢?有如下几点原因:
(1)监理企业定位及政策不符合推行监理制度的初衷。监理制度的推行本意是改革原有建设管理模式,推行现代化的管理项目理制,在计划经济影响仍十分顽固的情况下,项目业主不肯将投资、进度、合同管理放权。
(2)目前监理企业良莠不齐,形式各异。有挂靠的,有出资质的,有低价抢业务的,也有视监理工程为儿戏的,等等,在社会上形成不良影响。因而,相当一部分业主对监理公司承担全过程管理不放心。凡大型工业项目,业主方都要织一套班子来控制工程进度和投资,从而形成恶性循环,智能人才进监理公司无法发挥作用。长此以往,除少数有利的监理公司外,都将被社会所淘汰。
(3)尽管有些监理企业承担了部分工程项目管理业务,也基本上局限于施工队伍的“三控,二管,一协调”,大都不承担前期科研和采购工作,与真正意义上的项目管理有差距。
(4)多数监理企业人员素质普遍较低,缺乏适合项目管理的人才,尤其是经济、商务、管理、法律等方面的知识和能力不足。缺乏项目经理,双语人才,市场调研人才,方案设计和审查专家,经济评价和投资估算人才,融资管理和企业管理人才。复合型人才和熟悉国际惯的能从事国际工程项目管理的人才。
(5)由于对监理企业定位的影响和企业间不公平竞争,不仅人员素质低,结构不合理,考核激励机制不健全,培训费用少,人员调动困难,很难形成具有核心竞争力的项目管理企业。
四、监理公司走向项目管理公司的几个问题
(1)高水平的建设监理公司应积极创造条件发展成为项目管理公司。建设部在2003年2月以建令[2003]30号文发布了《关于培育发展工程总承包和工程项目管理企业的指导意见》,文中指出:积极推行工程总承包和工程项目管理,是深化我国工程建设组织实施方式变革,提高工程建设管理水平,保证工程质量和投资效益以及规范市场管理的需要,是有关企业调整经营结构,加快和国际接轨的需要,是贯彻“走出去”发展战略,积极开拓国际市场的需要。我国的建设监理公司本身的定位就应该是为业主方服务的项目管理公司。
(2)关于项目管理公司的业务范围。对于工程项目管理这几个字,可以从两个角度理解:一个是工程项目的全过程管理,即由项目策划,可行性研究,一直到项目完成和进行项目后评价,另一个指工程实施过程中某一方的项目管理,如业主方的项目管理和承包商方的项目管理,在国外一般说到“项目管理”(Project Management)均指业主方的项目管理。
(3)建设监理公司必须努力提高自身水平才能发展成为项目管理公司。虽然目前我国的建筑市场上业主方将工程项目的全部或大部分管理交由项目管理公司的可能性不大,但是由上述对项目管理公司的业务范围的讨论可以看出,项目管理公司是我国比较有实力的建设监理公司的发展方向。每一个项目都是互相联系的,它们之间是会互相影响的。每一个项目的领导者必须要注意他的项目是如何同其他的项目产生相互联系并注意相互协调的。只有定位准确,抓住机遇,研究一些中国国情下的特殊的问题,逐步形成中国特色,结合我国蓬勃发展的建筑市场,监理企业才会进一步壮大,最终将发展成为有能力参与国际竞争的工程项目管理公司。
参考文献:
[1]全国监理工程师培训教材[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2005.
[2]姚兵.施工项目管理概论[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1995.
[3]成虎.建筑工程合同管理与索赔[M].南京:东南大学出版社,1996.
Construction projects related to all aspects of the state and society, and only through the scientific advice, well-designed, excellent construction, to build a quality project, to achieve the expectations of investors.
(A) a long time, we generally ignore the preparatory work for the construction phase of the project quality management, and to focus on the construction phase. It is necessary, but we must also see that when the project to the construction phase, the building programs, technical programs and design drawings have been identified, if the design is not optimal, it is difficult to ensure the project's overall investment returns. Some owners of one-sided as to the feasibility study report can be approved to pay the consultation fee is far below the original provisions of the State Development Planning Commission criteria for the charges. Committed to the preparation of feasibility study report of the advisory unit, very few in-depth market research and technology programs, equipment selection, such as multi-program selection. At the design stage and because of some owners to pay one-sided design of low cost, the impact of the design staff in the enthusiasm of well-designed, this problem has seriously affected the quality of the construction project.
(B) pre-project work, mainly refers to project proposals, feasibility study report, the Advisory assessments of the quality of the preliminary work is the key to the project. The scale of the project, building the content, products, market analysis, technical analysis, risk analysis, financial, economic and social benefits, such as whether the depth and comprehensive, the data are in line with the reality of the project directly determine the future and destiny of .
1, the establishment of project quality management accountability.
Project manager is the project solely responsible for the quality of people, we must take personal charge of the quality of work. Large-scale projects can also be the quality manager for the project. Quality Manager is responsible for: Responsible for the preparation of project quality plan and organize the implementation; in accordance with the provisions of quality plan, supervise, inspect the implementation of project quality plan, particularly the major points of quality control verification, inspection and assessment activities; to find the management of major or technical aspects of the quality problems, organizational solutions to the project team is responsible for report; the quality of the preparation of project reports, reported a higher level of quality inspection departments and project managers. Project Quality Manager for quality supervision and inspection of the project can not replace the duties of other positions in the quality of the project the various managers, professional people in charge of ministries room, all professionals should be completed by each of the quality of its due responsibility in order to ensure project quality.
2, the development of project quality plan. training.mypm.net
Understanding and knowledge of the characteristics of the project, clearly the quality of the outcome of the consultation objectives and quality standards; familiar with the consulting firm's quality management system documents, in accordance with the characteristics of the organizational structure of the project, decide how the application of quality management system of enterprises. If it is independent of the project team, we deal with enterprise quality management system appropriate adjustments, the objectives and requirements to the quality of decomposition levels, according to the quality of the planning and implementation of steps to implement the layers have been implemented in the individual. Each level of responsibility, authority, resource allocation and quality assurance measures to be clear. Quality management plans to concise, easy to operate.
3, the results of the consultation exercise to establish the quality of evaluation system.
The establishment of evaluation system is to ensure and improve the quality of the consultation results an important means of validation, to learn more knowledge and wisdom of experts, you can identify problems and optimize the outcome of the consultation. After the completion of the project advisory, project manager of the project staff to organize the consultation results of the project self-assessment, and then to conduct an internal review. Internal review is completed, the results submitted to the Advisory owners, the experts may be invited to the outcome of consultation, assessment and refinement in order to improve returns on investment.
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(C) generally in accordance with the preliminary engineering design, construction design in two phases. Technically complex industrial traffic may be the initial project design, technical design and construction design conducted in three stages. Two-stage design and three-stage design, engineering design industry in China's long-established basic working model, the results of the various stages of design including design notes, technical documents (drawings) and economic documents (over budget), and its aim is to design the depth of the different stages of control to ensure quality of design.
1, the design phase of the quality control methods. Project Manager blog
In order to effectively design quality control, it is necessary to track the quality of design, periodic review of design documents. During the design process and the completion of stage design, the design of the tender documents (including book design, geological survey reports, etc.), design contracts, consulting contracts, the government approval, the technical specifications, weather, regional and other natural conditions and related information based on the design documents to conduct in-depth and detailed review. During the review process, with particular attention to over-design and inadequate design of the two extreme cases. Over-design, resulting in poor economy; inadequate design or function to reduce the existence of hidden dangers.
2, the establishment of design quality manager responsibility system.
Design Manager in the Project Manager, under the leadership of the design process management, supervision and inspection of the implementation of the professional design company quality system documentation to ensure that products and services designed to meet the quality requirements stipulated in the contract; organizational design planning, and planning the results of the design plan for ; in accordance with project plan, project quality plan and design program, to control the design process; responsibility between the various professional; design professionals responsible for organizing a comprehensive technical program review and coordination, to ensure that the comprehensive technical program rationality; responsible for the organization or the design of supervision and inspection at various stages of design review and design verification; responsible for design change control, change control procedures designed to control the discretionary provisions; the design of critical control points on the check, in person or check the quality of design have a major impact on the activities of and design documents.
3, clearly the quality of the design departments and functions rooms.
Design projects are generally designed for the Department to implement a professional project team rooms and a combination of matrix management, design room and the Department of the professional design team has a quality management and control responsibility for the direction and supervision of the project team to participate in professional production activities in the implementation of the company's quality system documents, and to take measures on the professional design process of the implementation of effective control; for the project meets the eligibility requirements to send professional personnel responsible for the design and at all levels to ensure that the project has sufficient quality and quantity of human resources to ensure quality of design; is responsible for determining the design used in professional and technical programs, professional and technical programs for the design of advanced, reliable, responsible and reasonable; organized or participated in the design of the various stages of design input, output, product assessment or verification; responsible for the design and the professional designers at all levels should strictly implement the operating instructions.
(D) construction project is the formation of entities in the process of determining the quality of the final product of a critical stage, it is necessary to improve the quality of the project, it is necessary to pay close attention to the quality control of the construction phase. Construction projects involve a wide range, is an extremely complex process, affecting the quality of a number of factors, small differences in the use of materials, operation of small changes, small fluctuations in the environment, mechanical equipment of the normal wear and tear, will have a quality of variability, resulting in the quality of the accident . After the completion of engineering projects, such as quality problems found can not, as some industrial products, as the demolition of the dissolution, replacement parts, but also can not "shifting" or "refund" and therefore the process of project construction quality control, it becomes extremely important.
1, pre-construction phase of quality management. Project Management Training
Strict implementation of the bidding system and the construction supervision system, entrusted to the supervision units are eligible for the successful qualification of the construction unit to carry out verification, so that the quality level of construction projects with contract requirements are consistent, the quality of personnel on the construction of the structure and personnel monitoring, personnel involved in the technical level of construction and engineering technology requirements; on organizational design and quality construction plan review; of entry of raw materials, and equipment to monitor构配件; on the choice of construction machinery and equipment, construction machinery should take into account the technical performance, work efficiency, work quality and ease of maintenance, energy consumption, as well as security, flexibility in terms of the impact of construction quality assurance; organization design and construction units to participate in the design and design joint hearing交底meetings; to check whether or not construction units to build and sound quality management system.
2, the construction process of quality control. Circle project manager
Commissioned by the project construction supervision units of quality management system to monitor the status of implementation; the supervision and inspection of the construction process in the process of construction personnel, construction machinery equipment, construction method, process or operation is in good condition, does it comply with the requirements of quality assurance; do better control of design changes; do a good job in the construction process of check and acceptance work; do a good job in the quality of the project and the quality of the handling of the accident, when a failed product, the construction unit should be required to take measures to reform and follow-up inspection, until the qualified so far; when the quality of the construction site, unusual circumstances arise, but also failed to take effective measures, covert operations, without inspection and authorization closed without consent alter design drawings, the use of substandard materials or构配件should stop work orders issued to correct after the resumption of work orders issued; to the engineering materials, concrete block, reinforced by the power system, such as the implementation of sampling inspection; measurement operation involved in the technological level of the operator to review the operating results of its evaluation of the measurement and recognition.
(E) quality control of projects, and technical factors are closely related. Technical factors in addition to the technical quality of staff, but also include equipment, information, inspection and testing technology. To the quality of the project, should pay attention to new technologies and new techniques of advanced nature, applicability. In the whole process of project management, it is necessary to meet the technical requirements for the establishment of processes, quality standards, procedures, establish a strict examination system, and continuously improve and enhance the technical and technological level of the project at various stages of quality control and assurance.
"Management is also the productive forces", the management of the factors important in quality control. Construction projects should be established strict quality assurance system and quality of accountability, clear the respective responsibilities. All aspects of the construction process should be strictly controlled, the division of sub-projects are in place to manage the full implementation.
In the implementation of quality plans and key measures to strengthen quality inspection on the inspection results to quantitative analysis, reach a conclusion. Quality control quality control objective is to achieve the results expected, and should reach the extent and level of quality control in the management of the implementation of the objectives of quality control personnel can stimulate the enthusiasm, initiative, so that key issues are quickly resolved
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