利用GPS(RTK)进行工程放样、界址点测量及其精度分析
这个题目的可以？
论文关键词：GPS(RTK) 工程放样 点放样 曲线放样 地籍测量 界址点
论文摘要：本论文主要介绍GPS(RTK)的基本原理、系统组成、技术特点、误差来源和使用方法及操作步骤，并利用GPS(RTK)在工程测量中进行点放样、曲线放样以及在地籍测量中进行界址点测量，对测量结果进行精度分析。通过对放样点和界址点测量结果的精度分析，得出了GPS(RTK)的测量精度是可以达到工程放样和界址点测量的精度要求的结论，并且通过工程实例说明了GPS(RTK)具有工作效率高、定位精度高、全天候作业、数据处理能力强和操作简单易于使用等特点。通过本文的论述我们了解了如何使用GPS(RTK)进行工程放样和界址点测量，并为GPS(RTK)在工程放样和界址点测量的可行性进行了论证，拓展了GPS(RTK)在测量领域的应用范围，增强了使用GPS(RTK)的实际操作能力，为以后承担更多的测量工作奠定了基础。
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GPS
1. Space
The space is part of GPS satellite by 24 work [1], it is located above the surface of the 20 200km, evenly distributed in six track surface (4) each track surface, orbit for 55 ° Angle. In addition, there are four star orbiting satellites active backup. The distribution of satellite in global anywhere at any time can be observed in 4 above, and can keep good satellite positioning accuracy of geometrical image solution. This provides a continuous on time in the global navigation skills. GPS satellite produces two groups, one group called Morse code (C/A Coarse/Acquisition Code11023MHz), A group called the P (Procise Code 10123MHz), P Code for higher frequency, not suffer interference, high precision, so by the U.S. military control, and the password, generally, mainly for folk cannot U.S. military service. C/A code for measures to lower accuracy, and deliberately used mainly open to folk.
2. The ground control
The ground control station by a master, five global stations and 3 ground control station. There are equipped with precision of the station clock and continuous measuring cesium visible satellites to accept machine. The satellite observation stations will obtain data, including the ionosphere and meteorological data, after initial treatment, to master station. Master station from various stations, satellite tracking data calculated the orbit and clock parameters, then will result to 3 ground control station. The ground control station in each satellite run over to the navigation, master station instructions and data into a satellite. The injection of each star GPS satellite, and in every time inject stood range from satellite before finally injection. If a ground fault, so in the satellite navigation of stored information can also be used for a period of time, but the navigation precision will gradually decrease.
3. User equipment parts
User equipment parts namely GPS signal receiver. Its main function is to capture by certain Angle of satellite deadline to choose to follow these satellites and satellite, the operation. When the receiver to capture the satellite tracking, after receiving antenna can be measured and satellite pseudo distance and the distance change, satellite orbits parameters, such as the demodulation data. Based on these data, the receiver can handle the computer by positioning solution method and computing the user's position in the longitude and altitude geographical position, speed, time, etc. The hardware and software receivers in GPS data post-processing software package and form a complete GPS user equipment. GPS receiver unit and receiving antenna structure is divided into two parts of the unit. Receiver generally USES machine and together two kinds of dc power supply. Setting machine aims to replace the power supply without interruption continuous observation. In use within the time machine power battery charging automatically. After shutdown, machine battery power for the RAM, memory, in order to prevent the loss of data. At present various types of accept machine, weight and small volume and light, facilitate the field observation.
The Ground control system (by now), the Station so the control Station (Master), so now the Antenna (Ground), the Antenna control Station, colo springfield, Colorado (are). The ground control station is responsible for collecting information by satellite, and alex, relative to star satellite data from the atmosphere correction. Secondly, the existing users receiver for two and two, double-frequency due to price factor, general user buys more for single-rate receiver.
Aiming at the application of GPS road engineering
The application of GPS in road construction, is mainly used to establish various road engineering control network and determination of the control points electricity, etc. Along with the rapid development of the highway to survey technology, puts forward a higher request, due to long, known points less, therefore, with the conventional measure method not only, and the net difficulties are hard to meet the requirement of high precision. At present, China has gradually establish lines using GPS technology, then head high precision control network layont wires with conventional methods. Practice has proved, in a few tens of kilometers within the scope of the point error only 2 centimeters, reached the conventional method to realize the accuracy, but also greatly ahead of time. GPS technology also applied to the control measure of large bridge. Since it is unnecessary to tong, can form strong nets, improve accuracy of inspection, via conventional measure fulcrum is effective. GPS technology in the measurement of the tunnel has broad prospect of application, GPS, reduced need through conventional method, the intermediate links, therefore, high speed, high accuracy, significant economic and social benefits.
A GPS navigation and traffic management in automotive applications
Three-dimensional navigation is the primary function, GPS, ships, aircraft and ground vehicles pacers can use GPS navigation device for navigation. Car navigation system is in the global positioning system (GPS developed on the basis of a new technology. Car navigation system by GPS navigation, self-discipline, navigation and microprocessor, speed sensor, gyro sensor and cd-rom drives, LCD display. GPS navigation systems and electronic map, radio communication network, computer vehicle management information system, combining can achieve vehicle tracking and traffic management and many other functions.
A GPS in long-distance passenger vehicle management application (for example),
In the first set of professional long-haul GPS vehicle management system, and long-distance communication GPS intelligent management system, for example, it is combined with the satellite positioning technology, GPRS/CDMA communications business, GIS, image collection technology, computer network technology, and database in the company to build a passenger control (C/S structure and B/S structure combining), and the other for points, the public security bureau and control YunGuan departments and departments of the control system, established by the control center system, wireless communication system platform (GPRS/CDMA), global positioning system (GPS), four parts and trackside equipment all-weather, a full range of driver and vehicle tracking management platform, System can be registered vehicle dynamic tracking and monitoring implementation, pictures, driving record, management, data analysis and so on the function, monitoring vehicles in electronic map, and display of vehicles running track data, Operating terminal optional internal network or the Internet server to visit and through the center to provide online IE browser integrated passenger management data analysis of the control system (B/S structure), And the capacity of the system software available according to the center of the hardware configuration and operating terminal server, the most greatly expanded, net vehicles 500,000 can not only is long, can the passenger vehicles such social vehicles. And the system still can use group management, different types of vehicles into different groups, facilitate the operation management.
GPS technology application examples in the navigator
GPS navigators international leading brand: Ahada YiHang (of) -- from silicon valley, now login China!
The core products function:
1) map query
A penny saved is a penny gained in operation on a terminal search your destination location.
A penny saved is a penny gained can record you always want to place, and retain information, also can be Shared with others and the location information.
A penny saved is a penny gained fuzzy query your attachment or a location near the station, hotel, such as ATM.
2) route planning
A penny saved is a penny gained GPS navigation system will be set according to the starting point and destination, automatic programming line.
A penny saved is a penny gained planning routes whether can be set to pass some ways.
A penny saved is a penny gained planning routes whether can avoid high-speed etc. Function.
3) automatic navigation
A penny saved is a penny gained speech navigation:
To provide drivers advance in speech, navigation condition intersection traffic information, such as a way to understand the wizard tells you how to drive to the destination. Navigation in one of the most important function, make you need, through watching operation terminal voice prompt can safe destination.
A penny saved is a penny gained picture navigation:
In the end, will display operate maps and position of the car now, driving speed, the destination of the route, planning, crossing the road to tip.
A penny saved is a penny gained redesign line:
When you have the line planning, or go wrong when crossing, GPS navigation system according to your present position, for you to plan a new route to the destination.
GPS principle
GPS navigation system is the basic principle of measuring the satellite to known position of the distance between the user receiver, and then integrated satellite data can know the location of the receiver. To achieve this objective, the position of the satellite can according to record the clock time on satellite star found in a calendar.
Visible GPS navigation system is part of the satellite launch navigation ceaselessly. However, due to the use of the user to accept machine with satellite space-borne clock clock synchronization, may not always except user 3d coordinate x, y, z, will also introduce a Δ t is the difference between the satellite and the receiver as unknown, then use four equations will these four unknown. So if you want to know, the receiver's place at least four satellites can receive the signal.
GPS receiver can receive the GPS clock can be used to accurately on the two levels of second time information, Used to forecast the next few months in the general position of satellite prediction star alex, Can be used to calculate the location for the satellite radio star alex, the coordinates for a few meters to dozens of accuracy of each different, rice (change) satellite, And the GPS system information, such as satellite.
GPS receiver to code measurement can get satellite receiver, because of the distance to the clock contains receiver satellite transmission error, error and the atmosphere is called pseudorange. 0A yards of measured pseudorange called UA yards pseudorange and accuracy for about 20 meters of P yards, measured pseudorange called P yards pseudorange and accuracy for about 2 meters.
GPS receiver of received signal, decoding technology, or other information on the carrier modulation in removed, can restore carrier. Strictly speaking, the carrier phase should be called the carrier frequency phase, it is patted the received by doppler frequency influence of satellite signal receiver carrier phase and machine generated signal phase difference oscillations. General bell in the epoch receiver determined to keep time measurement, satellite signal, it can track record of phase change, but start when the value of the receiver and satellite observations of the oscillator is not know the initial phase of the epoch, also don't know phase integers, namely the fuzzy degrees, only in data processing as parameters. Phase observations of high precision and mm, but the premise is a whole week, so only in fuzzy relative positioning, and a continuous observation can use phase observations, and to achieve superior level meters positioning accuracy of also only using phase observations.
According to the localization way, GPS positioning and relative into single point positioning (difference). According to a single point positioning receiver is the observation data to determine the position of the receiver, it only USES pseudorange observation, can be used as a compendium of navigation and positioning vehicles. Relative location (difference) is based on the observation data of two above receiver to determine the relative position between the observation methods, it can be adopted pseudorange observation may adopt phase observation and geodesy or engineering measurement shall be made phase observation value relative positioning.
In the GPS observation satellite and the receiver is contained in the clock, atmospheric propagation delay, the multipath effect etc, in the positioning error when calculating by satellite radio star alex, the influence of error in relative positioning error when most public offset or weakened by positioning accuracy, so will greatly improve, double-frequency receiver can according to the observation of two frequency offset the atmosphere, the main part of the error of the ionosphere, high accuracy in the distance between the receiver when significant difference (air), should choose double-frequency receiver.
相信我们许多人都有过这样的经历：来到一个陌生的城市需要到达一个特定的目的地。只要用手机点击几下导航应用程序就会显示出定制的路线以此来避开高峰路段、收费甚至斜坡。然而在安全抵达之后估计没有多少人还记得自己是如何抵达到目的地的，如果没有手机相信无法回到原地。在此就引发了一个问题：智能手机的导航功能是否让我们成为了更加糟糕的领航者？--研究表明答案是肯定的。
找路技能变得更糟
多年来说，地理学家、心理学家、人类学家和神经学家都在研究人如何从一个地点导航到另外一个地点。1975年，心理学家Alexander Siegel和Sheldon White在一篇具有里程碑意义的文章中指出，人们是通过对地标的认识展开导航，通过将熟悉的地标和新的地标连接起来进而发现新的路线。例如因纽特人在面对雪地的时候会注意雪堆的形状、风向等细微线索。
研究证实，移动导航设备比如说嵌入智能手机中的GPS会让人们不那么熟练地找到方向。与物理移动或静态地图相比，移动界面使用户的空间定向更少。手持导航设备被认为跟较低的空间认知能力、较差的寻路技能和较低的环境意识有关。
当人们使用导航时，他们不太可能记住一条路线。没有他们的设备，普通的GPS用户需要更长的时间来协商路线、加长寻找的时间并且还会犯下更大的导航错误。
虽然物理导航和静态地图需要与物理环境进行交互，但导航却可以跟实现分离。
拓展新视野
然而这并不意味着移动导航就一无是处。纵观历史，技术进步将人类从劳动和痛苦中解放出来。
另外人们的许多体验也都是通过技术来实现的，像司机驾驶用汽车、猎人使用枪支、日常生活中经常使用的智能手机等等。简而言之，就像社会学家Claudio Aporta和生态学家Eric Higgs说的那样--“技术已经成为我们日常生活中发生的许多事情的背景。”
地理学家Robert Downs则在他1997年发表的一篇开创性文章中指出，空间技术不需要取代地理思维而应该充当一个假肢以此来补充人们的空间意识。
虽然研究表明使用手持导航设备会引起较低的空间知识，但这未必是设备的错误。那些最有可能使用导航设备的人已经对自己的导航能力没有信心了；导航设备的进一步使用导致了一个负反馈循环，在这个循环中，人们变得更加依赖他们的设备，空间意识也变得更弱。
更重要的是，对于某些群体来说，这些设备却在起着重要作用，比如手持式导航装置现在可以让视力受损的人独立寻路。
一、GPS系统概念
Global Positioning System）全球定位系统(GPS)是20世纪70年代由美国陆海空三军联合研制的新一代空间卫星导航定位系统 。其主要目的是为陆、海、空三大领域提供实时、 全天候和全球性的导航服务，并用于情报收集、核爆监测和应急通讯等一些军事目的，是美国独霸全球战略的重要组成。经过20余年的研究实验，耗资300亿美元，到1994年3月，全球覆盖率高达98%的24颗GPS卫星星座己布设完成。
全球定位系统由三部分构成：(1)地面控制部分，由主控站(负责管理、协调整个地面控制系统的 工作)、地面天线(在主控站的控制下，向卫星注入寻电文)、监测站(数据自动收集中心)和通讯辅助系统(数据传输)组成；(2)空间部分，由24颗卫星组成，分布在6个道平面上；(3)用户装置部分， 主要由GPS接收机和卫星天线组成。
全球定位系统的主要特点：(1)全天候；(2) 全球覆盖；(3)三维定速定时高精度；(4)快速省时高效率：(5)应用广泛多功能。
全球定位系统的主要用途：(1)陆地应用，主要包括车辆导航、应急反应、大气物理观测、地球物理资源勘探、工程测量、变形监测、地壳运动监测、 市政规划控制等；(2)海洋应用，包括远洋船最佳航程航线测定、船只实时调度与导航、海洋救援、海洋探宝、水文地质测量以及海洋平台定位、海平面升降监测等；(3)航空航天应用，包括飞机导航、航空遥 感姿态控制、低轨卫星定轨、导弹制导、航空救援和载人航天器防护探测等。
GPS卫星接收机种类很多，根据型号分为测地型、全站型、定时型、手持型、集成型；根据用途分为车载式、船载式、机载式、星载式、弹载式。
经过20余年的实践证明，GPS系统是一个高精度、全天候和全球性的无线电导航、定位和定时的多功能系统。 GPS技术已经发展成为多领域、多模式、多用途、多机型的国际性高新技术产业。
GPS原理
24颗GPS卫星在离地面1万2千公里的高空上，以12小时的周期环绕地球运行，使得在任意时刻，在地面上的任意一点都可以同时观测到4颗以上的卫星。
由于卫星的位置精确可知，在GPS观测中，我们可得到卫星到接收机的距离，利用三维坐标中的距离公式，利用3颗卫星，就可以组成3个方程式，解出观测点的位置(X,Y,Z)。考虑到卫星的时钟与接收机时钟之间的误差，实际上有4个未知数，X、Y、Z和钟差，因而需要引入第4颗卫星，形成4个方程式进行求解，从而得到观测点的经纬度和高程。
事实上，接收机往往可以锁住4颗以上的卫星，这时，接收机可按卫星的星座分布分成若干组，每组4颗，然后通过算法挑选出误差最小的一组用作定位，从而提高精度。
由于卫星运行轨道、卫星时钟存在误差，大气对流层、电离层对信号的影响，以及人为的SA保护政策，使得民用GPS的定位精度只有100米。为提高定位精度，普遍采用差分GPS(DGPS)技术，建立基准站(差分台)进行GPS观测，利用已知的基准站精确坐标，与观测值进行比较，从而得出一修正数，并对外发布。接收机收到该修正数后，与自身的观测值进行比较，消去大部分误差，得到一个比较准确的位置。实验表明，利用差分GPS，定位精度可提高到5米。
GPS前景
由于GPS技术所具有的全天候、高精度和自动测量的特点，作为先进的测量手段和新的生产力，已经融入了国民经济建设、国防建设和社会发展的各个应用领域。
随着冷战结束和全球经济的蓬勃发展，美国政府宣布2000年至2006期间，在保证美国国家安全不受威胁的前提下，取消SA政策，GPS民用信号精度在全球范围内得到改善，利用C/A码进行单点定位的精度由100米提高到20米，这将进一步推动GPS技术的应用，提高生产力、作业效率、科学水平以及人们的生活质量，刺激GPS市场的增长。据有关专家预测，在美国，单单是汽车GPS导航系统，2000年后的市场将达到30亿美元，而在我国，汽车导航的市场也将达到50亿元人民币。可见，GPS技术市场的应用前景非常可观。
二、GPS作用
1、 全天候全球卫星定位
调度监控中心根据需要可随时了解所有车辆的实时位置，并能在中心的电子地图上准确地显示车辆当时的状态（如速度，运行方向等信息）。本系统的电子地图采用矢量方式，对任意指定区域的车辆进行查询；可任意放大、缩小、移动电子地图；可进行同屏多窗口显示监控，或将目标锁定在某窗口，自动跟踪等；监控车辆的参数主要为：车辆位置（精确到15米）、运行速度（精确到1公里/小时）、运动方向（精确到1度）及时间信息（精确到1秒）；
2、紧急报警
调度监控中心收到车载终端发来的报警信号(如主动紧急报警、非法破坏报警、非法入侵报警、非法移动报警)，系统进行自动分类处理，以声音的方式提示监控人员，同时报警的车辆在地图上以醒目方式显示报警状态和报警地点，并将报警目标的监视级别提升，同时自动记录轨迹。监控人员可根据报警情况及时进行指挥调度和警情处理。
3、 信息查询
中心控制系统具备丰富的、全面的数据信息，可应客户要求，确认客户密码后提供下列服务：
l 车辆信息查询：提供车辆的相关信息查询，例如车辆位置及运动状态、车牌号、
车型、驾驶员名称、所属单位及通讯联系方式等；
l 地理信息查询：提供地图信息、位置标定、道路检索、信息查询，例如沿途主要建筑物、加油站、酒店、火车站、飞机场、公安局、居民区等； 4、防劫（防盗）、远程断油断电控制功能
该功能突出的特点之一是能最大程度地保护驾驶员的生命财产安全。当车辆被盗抢时，驾驶员可避免与劫匪正面发生冲突，只要悄悄按下报警开关，或脱险下车后用电话向中心报警，十秒钟左右中心就能收到报警信号（车辆被盗即移动50米时，调度管理中心即可收到报警信号），管理系统根据车辆档案库，显示出报警车辆的各种数据（如编号、车型、车牌、颜色、驾驶员姓名、年龄、性别等），同时，中心的电子地图上能立即显示出报警车辆的位置、速度、运行方向等信息，使车辆和罪犯无处遁形。
调度监控中心经授权后可随时对车辆进行实时监听（需sim卡开通语音功能）和控制（遥控熄火），锁定车辆位置，配合警方快速出动警力，跟踪捕捉罪犯，解救遇险司机，缴回被盗抢的车辆。
4、 历史数据记录、分析、回放
系统自动记录各车辆的运行轨迹、请求服务的次数及具体时间、紧急报警的次数及具体时间、失窃报警的次数及具体时间，根据所保存的历史数据，可在电子地图上回放所选车辆的实际行车过程，也可在电子地图上快速再现所选车辆的行车路线轨迹及时间，为事后处理乘客投诉、路上事故、被盗被抢等事件提供有力证据。
5、实时调度功能
安装本系统后，网内所有车辆的分布位置和实时运行状况，调度中心能一目了然，尽收眼底，随时可由调度中心采取有效措施，对网内车辆进行合理调度。本系统的管理功能还能为车辆管理部门加强行业管理提供方便、有效的帮助。
6、越界报警功能
对于按一定路线（区域）运行的车辆，调度管理中心可以设定车辆的运行界限，当车辆超出界限时，车载设备将自动向调度管理中心发出车辆越界报警，中心将自动打开实时跟踪程序进车辆进行监控，监控人员可用短消息（发指令）或以语音形式通知司机到相关的监控站点进行登记或行驶回正确的运行道路上。
7、超速报警功能
调度管理中心可对各种不同的车辆设定速度限制，当司机行车速度超过此限制值时，车载系统将自动向调度中心报警，控制中心可通过调度系统提醒司机减速行驶。
8、偏离路线报警
划定一条路线，车辆偏离此路线达到一定值则中心显示偏离报警。
9、掉电报警
车辆遇到强制断电或电压不稳时显示报警信息。
10、电子围栏
设置电子围栏的最大/最小经纬度，形成一个方形的电子围栏，以便系统监控报警。车辆进入或则离开电子围栏生成报警状态。
11、分级管理
本系统可实现分级管理功能，如在济南建立一个监控中心，可在青岛、烟台等多个地方建立分监控中心，实现分级管理。
12、远程维护
可对监控中心软件进行远程维护、检测、安装等功能；可对车载终端进行远程更改IP地址，更新车机程序。
13、油量损耗
可对车辆油箱内的油量进行检测，将油箱内的油量值实时的传输到监控中心，使管理员对车辆的耗油量进行实时检测，当油箱内的油量突然发生变化时监控中心会收到报警信息。
