Funds are the lifeblood of our ability to operate normally， while the fund management has become the core content of corporate governance. Finance and Accounting is exclusively through certain technical means and methods of accounting for funds， and specifically for corporate governance， decision-making accounting information in a discipline.
As we all know， with the continuous development of the economy， financial accounting in the management， decision-making in an increasingly important role. Accordingly， the financial accounting of quality， a direct impact on the managers， operators， investors and the public interest， but also affect the company's economic， social image and social credibility， and therefore the process of socio-economic operations irreplaceable status.
Enterprise Management is designed to achieve maximum benefits in the enterprise， that is a great honor to bring to the enterprise， and the various enterprises will realize the healthy and sustainable development. Business operations and financial condition is through the balance sheet， income statement， cash flow statement and reflected.
The accounting department directly through the corporate accounting， business conditions and results for effective financial analysis， not only to promote enterprise managers can quickly understand how much of the current corporate profits and the level of debt capacity， but also can be found Enterprise The size of the risks， pros and cons of corporate capital structure， so that the operators use many aspects of the enterprise to make the right decisions， with minimal risk， the most healthy financial position to achieve the maximum profit the best.
At the same time， you can also find some essential issues， in order to improve management to provide the basis of some relevant.
What is the accounting?For many years the popular saying，accounting is accounting，scores and accounting.
Ancient China "accounting" arising out of the Western Zhou Dynasty，mainly referring to the activities of the income and expenditure records，inspection and supervision.In the Qing Dynasty scholar Jiao Xun "Mencius justice"，a book on the "will" and "dollars" for the general explained:"it is sporadic in terms of the total cost-effective it will，" it is necessary to carry out the accounting for the individual accounts，individual accounts should be integrated，comprehensive accounting system.
Accounting concept:Accounting is the currency as a major units of measurement，using a series of specialized method，the economic activities of enterprises continuous，systematic，comprehensive and integrated accounting and oversight and based on this analysis of economic activity，forecast and control to improve the economy the effectiveness of a management activities.
How to be a good accountant? In recent years accountant is such a boom that many people are eager to it. Then how to be a good accountant?
In the first place a good accountant must have strong technical skills which is the most important.In the second place a good accountant must be careful and have a strong sense of responsibility for his or her job. Besides a good accountant should develop wide relationship with some people who own abundant skil knowedge in order to widen your knowledge.
What's more a good accountant should own the ability learning new knowledge by yourself so that you can adapt the fluxion. The last but not the least a good accontant also should have good professional ethics which is indispensable.
Accounting ethics is primarily a field of applied ethics， the study of moral values and judgments as they apply to accountancy. It is an example of professional ethics. Accounting ethics were first introduced by Luca Pacioli， and later expanded by government groups， professional organizations， and independent companies. Ethics are taught in accounting courses at higher education institutions as well as by companies training accountants and auditors.
Due to the diverse range of accounting services and recent corporate collapses， attention has been drawn to ethical standards accepted within the accounting profession. These collapses have resulted in a widespread disregard for the reputation of the accounting profession. To combat the criticism and prevent fraudulent accounting， various accounting organizations and governments have developed regulations and remedies for improved ethics among the accounting profession.
The nature of the work carried out by accountants and auditors requires a high level of ethics. Shareholders， potential shareholders， and other users of the financial statements rely heavily on the yearly financial statements of a company as they can use this information to make an informed decision about investment. They rely on the opinion of the accountants who prepared the statements， as well as the auditors that verified it， to present a true and fair view of the company. Knowledge of ethics can help accountants and auditors to overcome ethical dilemmas， allowing for the right choice that， although it may not benefit the company， will benefit the public who relies on the accountant/auditor's reporting.
Accounting is an economic management. In the non-commodity economy accounting directly for property and materials management in commodity economy because of commodity production and exchange of commodities economic activity in the property and materials are a form of value performance accounting is used form of value the management of the property and materials. If accounting is an information system and mainly focused on corporate and external information users then that is an economic management accounting activities was mainly within the enterprises the. History and reality the accounting is social production develops to a certain stage of the product development and production is to meet the needs of the management especially with the development of the commodity economy and the emergence of competition in the market through demand management on the economy activities strict control and supervision.
At the same time the content and form of accounting constantly improve and change from a purely accounting scores mainly for accounting operations external submit accounting statements as in prior operating forecasts decision-making on the matter of economic activities control and supervision in hindsight check. Clearly accounting whether past present or future it is people's economic management activities.
i will introduce my major .my major is accounting in xxx university.and my major，which lays more stress on practical use， seems to be at the end of it.when both of them interact well enough，the discovries and theories in biology science can be soon turned into products in all of the modern industry.
four years’ university education gives me a lot of things to learn，a lot of chances to try，and a lot of practices to improve myself.it teaches me not only what to study and how to think，but also to see the importance of practical ability (such as doing expriment as much as possible). in the university life，i have made many good friends.they help me improve my study and research ability， do ererything just like a man，and often give me good example to follow.
I am XXX from the Hunan University with accounting as my major; I understood that your company advertised for the recruitment of talented individuals in the finance and accounting sectors. I feel this is extremely suitable to my specialty and the experiences I had. This is why I am responding to this call for recruitment.
My most important characteristics are my self-confidence, positive attitude, and the sense of responsibility. Simultaneously, I do not lack rigorous attitude and can work calmly and steadily. Through more than three years of studies, I accumulated specialized knowledge related to the financial inventory accounting system. My major grade point average is good. My weighted grade point average is 80 out of 100. I participated in the accountant training class and had taken the September Registered accountant and tax laws exams. I can skillfully use three accounting softwares like UF and have photoshop designed capacity to a certain extent. Since my entrance into the college, I have continuously worked in the student government, given the position of director. Due to my outstanding performance, strong organizational ability, in my sophomore year at Hunan University, I was appointed the chairman of the Association for Science and Technology. I have achieved success in organizing and planning a number of large scale activities, such as the Hunan "mock recruitment" in the talent exchange centers, "Shenzhou VI concept, see Heaven style" popular science lectures which prodeced good results. Throughout this year, I enhanced team spirit and built up my ability of communication. Since junior year, I have held the post of grade student association propaganda department minister, also the place of class and grade propaganda committee member. In junior year, I have a heavy workload regarding my studies. This year, my biggest gains are efficient organization of my time schedule, highly effective working ability; I have also established ability to facew trivial matters with confidence and patience when the pressure is up; and, I have also improved my ability to publicize activities.
Because a number of successful passt events show my interpersonal and communication skills in addition of my strong sense of responsibility and expertise, I believe I could be a valuable part of your company.
Your company is in the middle of vigorous development; it is on a great platform for expansion. My work ethic is of an steady, diligent, and cooperative nature.If you can give me the opportunity, I will work diligently. I definitely will not disappoint you and completely dedicate myself to the company's expansion
Accounting, the Environment and Sustainability（会计、环境与可持续发展）
Sustainability relates to both present and future generations. It is discuss that the needs of all peoples are met. Those needs are both social and environmental. The link between accounting and environmental degradation is well-established in the literature (see, for example, Eden, 1996; Gray et all 1993). The crucial point is that accounting which takes the business agenda as given should include much environmental and social accounting. Thus, central to any discussion of accounting and the environment is a basic, challenging, and deeply unsettling question: do we believe that the organizations which accounting serves and supports can deliver environmental security and sustainability?
At the same time as the technical implementation of social accounting and reporting has been developing the philosophical basis for such accounting has also been developed. Thus, Benston (1982, 1984) and Schreuder and Ramanathan (1984) consider the extent to which accountants should be involved in this accounting. Donaldson (1982) argues that such accounting can be justified by means of the social contract as benefiting society at large. Batley and Tozer (1990) and Geno (1995) have argued that “sustainability” is the “cornerstone” of environmental accounting.
6. Social and Environmental Reporting（社会与环境报告）
The questions of how business should report its social performance and how that performance should be assessed have been dominant themes in the social accounting literature (Gray et al, 1996) and the social issues in management literature (Wood 1991) over the past decade. We are now witnessing both a number of initiatives that seek to set guidelines or standards for social accounting, for example the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI).
If there is one area which accounting researchers have embraced with enthusiasm it is the phenomenal growth in environmental reporting by organizations. The research in this area has been dominated, initially at any rate, primarily by studies descriptive in orientation. Such studies typically employ some variant of content analysis (see, for example, Milne and Adler, 1999; Gray et all, 1995). Both country specific studies and comparative studies have recorded an upward trend in environmental disclosure both through the annual report and through stand-alone environmental reports. However, analyses of the phenomenon ( Hackston and Milne1996; Fekrat et al1996; Pava and Krause 1996 ; Adams et al 1998) confirm that such reporting is principally restricted to the very largest companies and is, to a degree at least, country and industry variant.
Research into environmental disclosure is developing rapidly with examinations of the impact of pressure groups (Tilt, 1994) and other external forces (Gray et all, 1995; Deegan and Gordon, 1996), exploration of user’s needs (Epstein and Freedman, 1994; Deegan and Rankin, 1997), focus on particular aspects of reporting such as environmental policies (Tilt, 1997), exploration of the truthfulness of environmental disclosure (Deegan and Rankin, 1996) and much needed theoretical development (see, for example, Patten, 1992; Roberts, 1992; Gray et al, 1995, Buhr, 1998; Adams et al, 1998; Brown and Deegan, 1998; Neu et all, 1998).
Environmental reporting takes place in a predominantly voluntary regime and with the continuing interest in voluntary guidelines for such reporting (see, for example, KPMG 1997), such survey of practice are crucial in keeping attention focused on the doubtful quality and, especially, the global paucity of such reporting. If environmental reporting is important (for social accountability reasons even if it is of dubious “financial user need” value) then the predominant view of business – that environmental reporting is adequate in voluntary regime – must be challenged. Whilst the early research into environmental disclosure appeared to be so delighted that any such disclosure was taking place, this acquiescence has given way to a more critical analysis of practice. This analysis, primarily informed by the “critical school” (Laughlin, 1999), comprises three main themes. The first two of these themes are, in essence, the same critique made of social accounting. First, accounts of any kind are necessarily partial and biased constructions of a complex world. Not only do such constructions, by making some things visible, make other things invisible (Broadbent, 1994) but they are most likely to limit and even destroy the essential nature of the thing accounted for. (See, for example, Maunders and Burritt, 1991; Maunders, 1996; Cooper, 1992; Johnson, 1998). Second, the critical theorist would argue that environmental reporting is voluntary activity it can only reflect those aspects of environmental performance which organizations are willing to release. It can, therefore, only be a legitimation device and not an accountability mechanism. Consequently, the critical theorist argue, environmental accounting- including environmental reporting- is almost certain to do more environmental harm than it does good. These two themes are now developing into an important – if, as yet, unresolved – theoretical debate which seeks to counter the inherent managerialism of most accounting (and environmental accounting) research.
The final theme in the critique of environmental disclosure develops the issue of the voluntary nature of environmental disclosure and brings a much-needed re-assessment of the importance and role of law in the construction of society. Specifically, Gallhofer and Haslam (1997) could be taken to use researchers’ views on the role of regulation in governing environmental reporting as an indicator of the researcher’s managerialist or alternative perspective.
In essence, a non-managerialist environmental reporting would have to challenge an organization’s legitimacy and, in particular, the legitimacy of the means by which it earned the reported profit and gained its growth. The critical challenges to environmental reporting are not ill-founded when they remark that too little environmental reporting research examines this question to any substantial degree.
One of the more inexplicable, although exceptionally welcome, consequences of the growing environmental agenda has been the re- emergence of a serious interest in social accounting. This is not the place to try and review, in any detail, the broad social accounting literature (see, for example, Gray et al 1996) – although a few general observations seems opposite. Social Accounting had its principal heyday in the 1970s but, although some researchers maintained an active interest in the field, it virtually disappeared from the popular consciousness of accounting academe during the 1980s and 1990s. Its re-emergence seems to be a response to a number of factors. One such factor seems to be the recognition that separation of environmental from social issues is difficult at best and pernicious at worst. As environmental issues are explored more carefully, the underlying implications for employment, communities, health and safety and even the organization’s very posture on ethics and social responsibility inevitably resurface.
Equally, corporate practice has re-discovered social accounting and when organizations as diverse as Ben and Jerry’s, the Body Shop and Shell commit to social accounting, the wider business community begins to take notice. Finally, as we shall see, the environmental debate leads us inexorably towards discussions of sustainability. Such discussions must, by definition, embrace social accounting matters.
The recent research literature on social accounting is still a little sparse but examples exist. The Adams/Roberts project has maintained a focus across both social and environmental disclosure (see, for example, Adams et al, 1998; Gray et al 1995; Hackston and Milne, 1996). Work by Roberts (1992), Pinkston and Carroll (1996), Patten (1995), Epstein and Freedman (1994), Mathews (1995) and Robertson & Nicholson (1996) continues to keep the social responsibility accounting debate moving forward whilst simultaneously, we are starting to see a re-emergence of normative work designed to guide how social accounting might be accomplished and what it might look like (See, Zadek et al, 1997; Gray et al, 1997; Gonella et al, 1998).
CONCLUSION
The Committee believes that calls for separate private company GAAP should be framed within the legal and institutional environment of each country. If public and private companies are subject to the same financial reporting requirements, as in many IASB countries, then the need for separate private company GAAP might be justified within an appropriate cost-benefit framework. In contrast, private companies in the U.S. are not required to comply with public company GAAP. Given this difference in the institutional environment, calls for private company GAAP in the U.S. must consider the demand for and supply of financial reporting information in the current private company marketplace.
Survey research in the U.S. indicates that private company users find public company GAAP financial statements to have significant decision usefulness, and to be cost-benefit effective. In addition, evidence suggests that when the cost-benefit calculus is not favorable, market forces lead to deviations from GAAP. While some assert that the needs of private company financial statement users differ from those of public company stakeholders, the Committee does not find clear evidence of differential user needs or a clear articulation of how differential needs would lead to a framework for GAAP that differs from the current public company financial reporting requirements in the U.S. Overall, if there is demand for separate private company GAAP, then market forces, rather than standard setters, may be better at meeting the differential information needs of variousprivatecompanystakeholders. The Committee does not see a persuasive argument for standard setters to create a separate private company GAAP in the U.S.
结论
该委员会认为要求独立的私人公司一般公认会计原则应裱在法律和制度环境的。如果公共和私人公司有相同的财务报告的要求,在许多国家,并在此基础上,需要IASB进行为独立的私人公司公认会计准则的称义在适当的财政框架。相比之下,私营企业在美国也不需要符合上市公司一般公认会计原则。鉴于此,分别在制度环境呼吁私人公司一般公认会计原则在美国必须考虑需求和供给的财务报告信息在当前的私人公司的市场。
调查研究表明,在美国上市公司,用户找到私人公司财务报表有显著的公认会计准则决策有用性、利益有效。此外,有证据表明,在财政微积分并非有利,市场力量导致偏离公认会计准则的前提下。虽然有些断言的需要,民营企业财务报表使用者不同利益相关者的上市公司,委员会不会发现明显的证据表明微分用户需求或一个清晰的清晰度的需求导致了差,不同于一般公认会计原则框架当前上市公司财务报告的要求,在美国的整体,如果有需求,独立的私人公司公认会计准则的前提下,市场力量,而非标准者,可以更好地满足需求. variousprivatecompanystakeholders微分信息该委员会也不觉得有说服力的论据为准则制定者去创造一个独立的私人公司一般公认会计原则在美国
ccounting is a very practical subject, after three and a half years of professional study, master some basic knowledge of accounting under the premise, in order to further consolidate the theoretical knowledge, will organically combine the theory with the practice, I in XX years from March 5th to April 15th in the financial department of Tianjin screen printing equipment supply and marketing company six week professional internship, here are some experience in the practice and experience. Through the practice, the various steps to be familiar with and master the accounting process and the concrete operation, including understanding of account of the content and basic structure, understand the account method of accounting rules, master opened and Registration accounts and prepare accounting entries operation, original vouchers to fill and audit operations and methods according to the original certificate to fill accounting documents. So I have more rational understanding of accounting and master the basic skills of accounting.
I will enter the work to lay a solid foundation, this is the purpose of the internship! Previously, I always thought that their accounting more solid theoretical knowledge, as all the work, the master of the law, copy it, through this practice, only to find, in fact more sophisticated accounting of its actual operational and practical. The book seems to be just empty talk. If these highly theoretical things onto the practice application, it is impossible to start. The internship, I do accounting, just started to really not used to, to do two days, felt that the human's rickety, mood naturally become irritable, but the biggest taboo accounting is tired and upset, so the first few days, it was full of mistakes!! Fortunately, the old accountant Yang Jie's guidance and teachings I is gradually entering the state.
A few days later I'm in speed and accuracy are improved a lot, for each account has a more profound and comprehensive understanding and for me to combine book knowledge and practice played a big role. The school textbooks of knowledge is the most basic knowledge, no matter how changes in reality, grasp the most basic can with changeless should. Nowadays many students would feel the classroom knowledge do not appear, frustration, but I think, if not the book knowledge, and which vary from minute to minute payable social. After the practice, although time is very short, but I learned is my one semester to learn at school. Than how to get along with colleagues, I believe that relationships are present, many students just taken a big social problem encountered, so in practice when I had intended to observe how the predecessors to get along with colleagues and superiors, and he also humbly ask for advice, make the two week internship more meaningful. The practice of our society, provides a rare opportunity to experience life, let us feel the life in the practical social activities, to understand the survival ability should have in society.
Use of this rare opportunity, I work hard, strict demands on themselves, with an open mind to financial personnel to consult, to seriously study the accounting theory, learning accounting laws, regulations and other related knowledge, knowledge and use their spare time to seriously study some textbook content outside, master some of the basic accounting skills, so as to realize that I should also learn what, added urgency to enter the society, the real show our talent, and lay the foundation on the job!
会计是一门实践性很强的学科，经过三年半的专业学习后，在掌握了一定的会计基础知识的前提下，为了进一步巩固理论知识，将理论与实践有机地结合起来，本人于XX年3月5日至4月15日在天津丝印器材供销公司财务部进行了为期六周的专业实习，以下是此次实习中的一些心得和体会。通过实习，熟悉并掌握会计流程的各个步骤及其具体操作--包括了解账户的内容和基本结构，了解借贷账户法的记账规则，掌握开设和登记账户以及编制会计分录的操作、原始凭证填制和审核的操作以及根据原始凭证判填制记账凭证的方法。使我对会计有更深的理性认识并掌握会计基本操作技能。
我将来步入工作打下坚实的基础，这是本次实习的目的！以前，我总以为自己的会计理论知识扎实较强，正如所有工作一样，掌握了规律，照葫芦画瓢准没错，经过这次实习，才发现，会计其实更讲究的是它的实际操作性和实践性。书本上似乎只是纸上谈兵。倘若将这些理论性极强的东西搬上实际上应用，那真的是无从下手。这次实习，我是做会计，刚开始还真不习惯，才做了两天，就感觉人都快散架了，心情自然就变得烦躁了，而会计最大的忌讳就是心烦气燥，所以刚开始做的几天，那真是错误百出啊！！幸好有老会计杨姐的指导和教诲才是我逐步进入状态。
几天过后我在速度和准确度上都提高了不少，对于各个会计科目有了更加深刻而全面的了解并且对于我把书本知识和实践的结合起到了很大的作用。课本上学的知识都是最基本的知识，不管现实情况怎样变化，抓住了最基本的就可以以不变应万变.如今有不少学生实习时都觉得课堂上学的知识用不上，出现挫折感，可我觉得，要是没有书本知识作铺垫，又哪应付瞬息万变的社会呢。经过这次实践，虽然时间很短，可我学到的却是我一个学期在学校难以了解的。就比如何与同事们相处，相信人际关系是现今不少大学生刚踏出社会遇到的一大难题，于是在实习时我便有意观察前辈们是如何和同事以及上级相处的，而自己也虚心求教，使得两周的实习更加有意义。此次的实习为我们深入社会，体验生活提供了难得的机会，让我们在实际的社会活动中感受生活，了解在社会中生存所应该具备的各种能力。
利用此次难得的机会，我努力工作，严格要求自己，虚心向财务人员请教，认真学习会计理论，学习会计法律，法规等知识，利用空余时间认真学习一些课本内容以外的相关知识，掌握了一些基本的会计技能，从而意识到我以后还应该多学些什么，加剧了紧迫感，为真正跨入社会施展我们的才华，走上工作岗位打下了基础！
