摘要：近些年来,建筑给排水的最大热点是新型管材的广泛应用。传统的镀锌钢管和普通排水铸铁管由于易锈蚀、自重大、运输施工不便等原因被取而代之。目前, 建筑给排水常用管材主要有塑料管,金属管和复合管三种。现在就常用管材的一些特性,优缺点,使用范围做一简要论述。
关键词：建筑给排水 管材 塑料管 金属管 复合管
1.塑料管
塑料管是合成树脂加添加剂经熔融成型加工而成的制品。添加剂有增塑剂,稳定剂,填充剂,润滑剂,着色剂,紫外线吸收剂,改性剂等。
常用塑料管有:硬聚氯乙烯管(PVC-U),高密度聚乙烯管(PE-HD), 交联聚乙烯管(PE-X),无规共聚聚丙烯管(PP-R),聚丁烯管(PB),工程塑料丙烯晴-丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物(ABS)等。
塑料管的原料组成决定了塑料管的特性。塑料管的主要优点:
(1).化学稳定性好,不受环境因素和管道内介质组分的影响,耐腐蚀性好。
(2)．导热系数小,热传导率低,绝热保温,节能效果好。
(3).水力性能好,管道内壁光滑,阻力系数小,不易积垢,管内流通面积不随时间发生变化,管道阻塞机率小。
(4)．相对于金属管材,密度小,材质轻,运输,安装方便,灵活,简捷,维修容易。
(5)．可自然弯曲或具有冷弯性能,可采用盘管供货方式,减少管接头数量。
其主要缺点:
(1).力学性能差,抗冲击性不佳,刚性差,平直性也差,因而管卡及吊架设置密度高。
(2).阻燃性差,大多数塑料制品可燃,且燃烧时热分解,会释放出有毒气体和烟雾。
(3).热膨胀系数大,伸缩补偿必须十分强调。
所以,在推广塑料管的同时,还需要发展技术克服其缺点。
1.1 塑料管性能
1.1.1 物理性能：
塑料管的物理性能和铝塑复合管,钢管,铜管比较见表1:表1
物理性能 单位 PVC-U PE PE-X PP PB ABS 钢 铜 密度 g/cm 1.50 0.95 0.95 0.90 0.93 1.02 7.85 8.89 导热系数 w/mk 0.16 0.48 0.40 0.24 0.22 0.26 50 400 热膨胀系数 mm/m°C 0.07 0.22 0.15 0.16 0.13 0.11 0.012 0.018 弹性模量 MPa 3000 600 600 210000 110000 拉伸强度 MPa 40 25 >25 28 17 40 700 150 硬度 R 120 70 100 60 230HB 使用温度 °C 0-60 -60-60 -60-95 -20-95 -20-95 -20-80
塑料管的物理性能影响管道的方式,用途,补偿措施和管道保温等方面。如:
(1).PVC-U、PP、ABS的力学性能相对较高, 被视为“刚性管”,明装较好。反之,PE、PE-X、PB作为“柔性管”适合暗敷。
(2).塑料管的使用温度及耐热性能决定了PVC-U,PE,ABS仅能用于冷水管,而PE-X,PP, PB则可作为热水管。当建筑物有热水供应系统且冷热水采用统一管材时耐热性能成为主要指标。
(3).塑料管因热膨胀系数高,在塑料管路中尤其是作为热水管,采用柔性接口，伸缩节或各种弯位等热补偿措施较多。其中以PE,PP等聚烯烃类为最。施工安装时如果对此没有足够重视,并采取相应技术措施,极易发生接口处因伸缩节而拉脱的问题。
(4).由于导热系数低,塑料管的绝热保温性能优良进而可减少保温层的厚度甚至无需保温。当不同塑料管之间绝热性的比较除导热系数外,还同它们各自的管壁厚度有关。
1.1.2 承压性能:
承压性能所涉及的内容是在一定条件下塑料管材能够承受的内压力和恒压下的破坏时间。从而确定与之有关的设计参数以及对管材的质量进行评价和监控。一般进行两项试验:液压试验和长期高温液压试验。 各种管材的承压性能见表2
表2
管 材 工作压力/MPa 试样试验压力/MPa 接头密封试验/MPa 爆破压力/MPa UPVC 1.6 42/h De≤90，4．2PNDe＞90，3．36PN PEX 1.0/95℃1.6/常温 1.22.5 3.55.6 ABS 1.0 3.8/h 4～8 PB 1．6～2．5／冷水1.0/热水 PP-RPP-C 2.0/常温0.6/75℃ 20℃，11h，16MPa80℃，48h，4.8MPa80℃，170h，4.2MPa HDPE 1.0/热水1.6/冷水
1.1.3 卫生性能:
理化卫生指标。其中PE,PE-X,PP,PB和ABS易达标。而PVC-U管材在生产时应使用无毒PVC树脂和卫生及稳定剂才能满足卫生性能的要求。
1.2 给水塑料管的应用
结构形式单一,材料品种众多且性能各异.常用给水塑料管的特点列表如下:
表3
品种 优 点 缺 点 连接方式 PVC-U 抗腐蚀力强，易于粘合，价廉，质地坚硬 有UPVC单体和添加剂渗出，不适用于热水输送；接头粘合技术要求高，固化时间较长 粘合、螺纹 HDPE 韧性好，较好的疲劳强度，耐温度性能较好；质轻，可挠性和抗冲性能好 熔接需要电力；机械连接，连接件大 挤压夹紧、热熔合、电熔合 PEX 耐温性能好，抗蠕变性能好 只能用金属件连接；不能回收重复利用 挤压夹紧 PB 耐温性能好，良好的抗拉、压强度，耐冲击，低蠕变，高柔韧性 国内还没有PB 树脂原料，依赖进口，价高 挤压夹紧、热熔合、电熔合 PP-R 耐温性好 在同等压力和介质温度的条件下，管壁最厚 热熔合 ABS 强度大，耐冲击 耐紫外线差，粘接固化时间较长 粘合、螺纹、电熔合
一般情况聚氯乙烯管由于价格低廉,在不考虑水质影响,在冷水供水系统属于首选管材,而当温度较高时,可选用聚乙烯管或交联聚乙烯管、聚丙烯管、聚丁烯管。
1.3 排水塑料管的应用
材质单一:硬聚氯乙烯
结构形式多样:芯层发泡管,空壁管,螺旋管,芯层发泡螺旋管,空壁螺旋管。
其存在的一些问题:
(1).热膨胀系数大,需设置伸缩补偿装置来解决。
(2).刚度小,平直性差,需加密管卡、支架、吊架来解决。
(3).耐热性差,软化温度低,需限制排水温度,限制使用场所和控制与热源的距离来解决。
(4).阻燃性差,在穿越楼板、上人屋面的屋面板、防火墙、管道井井壁处需设置阻火圈和防火套管来解决。
(5)抗机械冲击性差,需强化施工技术,精心施工来解决。
(6)隔声性差,塑料管的噪声大于铸铁管,管道明装且管道位置靠近卧室时,问题尤为突出。降噪的方式,提高管道材质的隔声效果,芯层发泡管空壁管是基于这一思路而开发的；降噪的另一方式是改变水流条件,螺旋管是基于这一思路而开发的。将两种方式结合起来的思路是芯层发泡螺旋管和空壁螺旋管的开发。
相同条件下,不同结构形式的排水塑料管,其噪声测定结果:
普通管>芯层发泡管>空壁管>螺旋管
排水塑料管的应用是在取代普通排水铸铁管的工作上进行的。目前,排水塑料管已可在建筑高度为100m以下的建筑物内使用,但各地区的进展很不平衡。当建筑高度大于、等于100m的高层建筑和不适宜采用排水塑料管的场合,可采用柔性抗震排水铸铁管。
[next] 2.金属管
2.1 镀锌钢管
镀锌钢管的被取代既不意味金属管被取代,也不意味镀锌钢管在整个建筑给水领域被取代。
镀锌钢管由于价格低廉、性能优越,防火性能好,使用寿命长等优点,还将在消防给水系统,尤其是自动喷水灭火系统中应用.而塑料管(承压小)则不应在消防给水系统和生活-消防,生产-消防共有系统中应用。
2.2 铜管
金属管中最具优势的是铜管,铜管应用较久,优点较多,管材和管件齐全,接口方式多样,较多的应用在热水管路中,目前存在的主要问题在于铜的折出量容易超标。
2.3 铸铁管
给水铸铁管与钢管相比有不易腐蚀、造价低、耐久性好等优点，适合于埋地敷设。缺点是质脆、重量大、长度小等。连接方式一般采用承插连接。
卡箍式铸铁排水管是一种新型的建筑用排水管材，60年代开始进入国际市场，经过几十年的推广和应用，这种管材已得到国际上的普遍认可。这种管材与传统的承插式铸铁排水管道相比有许多优点，是一种更新换代产品，但由于这种管材及配件价格相对较贵，所以在国内一直未能得到普及推广。
2.4 其它:
不锈钢管也受到工程技术人员的青睐,有关方面正从减少壁厚,降低价格方面着手,以利于推广。
铝合金管是铝厂向给排水行业推出的新品种。
镀镍钢管是和镀锌钢管性质最近,而耐腐蚀性能远远超过镀锌钢管的新颖管材,在解决了降低镀层费用和管材断口处施工现场上镍工艺后,有望在一定范围内得到采用。
涂塑钢管则是在金属管材中前景看好的一种管材,且管道布置和敷设、接口方式和施工安装均与镀锌钢管相同,是这种管材最容易被接受。由于其涂层薄、价格低,也最容易被推广。
3.复合管:
复合管包括衬铅管、衬胶管、玻璃钢管。复合管大多是由工作层(要求耐水腐蚀)、支承层、保护层(要求耐腐蚀)组成。
复合管一般以金属作支撑材料，内衬以环氧树脂和水泥为主， 它的特点是重量轻、内壁光滑、阻力小、耐腐性能好；也有以高强软金属作支撑,而非金属管在内外两侧,如铝塑复合管，它的特点是管道内壁不会腐蚀结垢，保证水质；也有金属管在内侧,而非金属管在外侧,如塑覆铜管,这是利用塑料的导热性差起绝热保温和保护作用。
根据金属的材料可分为:
(1).钢塑复合管
(2).不锈钢-塑复合管,塑覆不锈钢管
(3).塑覆铜管
(4).铝塑复合管，交联铝塑复合管
(5)衬塑铝合金管
应该说复合管材是管径≥300mm以上给排水管道最理想的管材。它兼有金属管材强度大,刚性好和非金属管材耐腐蚀的优点。但它又是目前发展较缓慢的一种管材。这是因为：（1）.两种管材组合在一起比单一管材价格偏高。(2).两种材质热膨胀系数相差较大,如粘合不牢固而环境温度和介质温度变化又较剧烈,容易脱开,而导致质量下降。
复合管的连接宜采用冷加工方式,热加工方式容易造成内衬塑料的伸缩、变形乃至熔化。一般有螺纹、卡套、卡箍等连接方式。
由于复合管尚属新型管材，我国还未有统一的设计、施工及验收规范。设计及施工人员往往套用镀锌管的工艺来进行设计与施工，故在此不作一一赘述。
MECHANICAL PRELIMINARY DESIGN REPORT
STADIUM
1.给排水设计
饮用水和污水
1.Sanitary Design
Water and sewage water
.设计基础
- 甲方提供的设计任务书和市政管网综合图
- 建筑专业提供的条件图
- 国家现行的设计规范及有关规定设计简章
.Design bases
Design Brief and Municipal integrated network drawing offered by the client.
Condition drawings from architectural discipline.
Current national design codes and related stipulations
2. 给水系统
通过一根DN200的进水管将水引入.水表安装在进水管上,离红线1米处.供水管在红线内连成环路管网,并接到供应楼的消防水池和给排水水池.由环路管网向必需的室外消火栓和绿化带的喷淋器供水.
2. Water supply system
For water supply of this project, DN200 water intake pipes are led in. Water meters are installed on the intake pipes 1.0 m away from the red line. The water supply pipes are connected into loop networks in the red line and then led to the fire pool and sanitary water pool in the supply buildings respectively. Necessary number of outdoor hydrants and sprinklers for green area will be provided on the loop networks.
设计范围
包括红线内的饮用水,污水,雨水,建筑消防.
Design scope
Design scope of this project includes water, sewage water, rainwater, fire-protection in the building, and water and sewage water within the red line.
给排水水池与消防水池分开,容量为100m3 .体操馆供水管埋地敷设.
Sanitary water pool is separated from fire water pool, volume of sanitary water pool is 100m3. Water supply pipes for the stadium will be laid in the earth.
3.用水量标准
- 体育馆: 15升/顾客·日 K=2.0
- 宾馆: 150升/人·日 K=2.0
- 餐厅: 50升/顾客·日 K=2.0
- 工作人员: 25升/人·日 K=2.0
- 地面冲洗用水: 3升/m2日
- 冷却塔补水量:按用水量的2%计
- 未预见水量: 按日用水量20%计
- 消防用水:
消火栓:室内40升/秒,室外30升/秒,火灾延续时间为3小时;
自动喷洒按22升/秒,火灾延续时间为1小时
卷帘水幕用水0.5升/秒·米,火灾延续时间为3小时;
Water consumption standard
- Stadium: 15L/visitor·day K=2.0
- Hotel: 150L/visitor·day K=2.0
- Restaurant: 50L/customer·day K=2.0
- Staff 25L/person·day K=2.0
- Floor cleaning: 3L/m2·day
Make-up water for cooling tower: 2% of the
actual cold water consumption.
Unforeseen water consumption: 20% of the daily
water consumption.
Water for fire protection
Hydrant: 40L/s indoor, 30L/s outdoor, fire
duration time is 3h;
Sprinkler: 22L/s, fire duration time is 1h;
Drencher for rolling shutter: 0.5L/s·m, fire duration time is 3h;
在适当的位置设置饮用水机,在主进口为残障人设置两个饮用水机.为此饮用水系统安装循环泵.机房 设在地下室的水除了机房.当饮用水机不被使用时,应排空,以免水质腐败.
在客房和餐厅内设置电热水器,同时亦为热水供应设置循环泵.
在更衣间旁设置电热水器,为淋浴和洗盥供应热水.
为楼板清洁安装一定数量的水龙头.
Some suitable places are supplied with portable water drinking units, two drinking units for disable people are provided at main entrances, for this portable water system, circulating pumps are adopted, the equipment room is located in water treatment center in the basement. When there is no use, portable water will be drained completely to avoid deterioration.
Electric water heaters are installed in guest rooms and restaurant, also hot water circulating pumps will be provided for supplying hot water.
Electric water heaters are installed near the changing and clothing rooms for supplying hot water for shower and washing.
Certain number of water taps are installed for floor-cleaning.
4.用水量
最大日用水量:2.200m3/日
最大时用水量:220m3/时
Water consumption demand
Maximum daily water consumption: 2.200m3/day
Maximum hourly water consumption: 220m3/hour
却循环系统
冷却水循环系统采用机械循环系统.总冷却水用量为460m3/h.在供应楼顶设置三台超低噪音冷却塔(230 m3/h, 2x 115 m3/h).进水温度37Co,出水温度32Co .补充水量
9,6 m3/h.补充水由市政供水网直接提供.
Cooling water circulation system
There are cooling water circulation system in this project, cooling water for the refrigerators adopts mechanical circulation system. Total water consumption of cooling towers is 460m3/h. On roof of the supply building there are 3 ultra-low noise cooling towers (230 m3/h, 2x 115 m3/h), inlet temperature of 37Co, outlet temperature of 32Co, with make-up water of 9,6 m3/h. Make-up water of the cooling towers will be supplied directly by the municipal network.
在消防泵房内有消火栓泵(一个运行,一个备用),喷淋泵(一个运行,一个备用),卷帘雨淋泵(一个运行,一个备用).用于地下车库的泡沫喷淋设备,如报警阀,泡沫压缩罐,化学药剂泵安装在消防设备中心.30.0m3 消防水箱和消防稳压装置分别安装在车库的四面墙.
In the fire water pump room, there are hydrant pumps (one operation, one standby), sprinkler pumps (one operation, one standby) and rolling shutter drencher pumps (one operation, one standby).
Fire equipment, which are used for the foam sprinkler system in underground garage, such as fire alarm valves, foam concentrated tank and chemical dosing pump, etc. are provided in fire equipment centers. Four 30.0m3 fire water tanks and fire protection stabilized pressure devices are respectively located at four sides next to the garages.
消防用水
消火栓:室内按40升/秒,室外按30升/秒,火灾延续时间按3个小时计
自动喷洒按22升/秒,火灾延续时间按1小时计
卷帘水幕用水量 0.5升/秒·米,火灾延续时间按3个小时计
消火栓:室内,室外用水量皆为756m3;
自动喷洒用水量为79.2 m3;
卷帘水幕用水量为 270m3;
一次火灾用水量为1.861,2;
Water for fire protection
Water consumption standard for fire protection
Hydrant: 40L/s indoor, 30L/s outdoor, fire duration is 3h
Sprinkler: 22L/s, fire duration is 1h
Drencher for rolling shutter: 0.5L/s·m, fire duration is 3h
Water consumption for fire protection
Hydrant: indoor and outdoor water consumptions are 756m3 respectively
Sprinkler: 79.2 m3
Drencher for rolling shutter: 270m3
Water consumption for one fire: 1.105,2 m3
消火栓的布置
在整个建筑物内沿墙,沿柱,沿走廊,风塔上及楼梯附近设有必要数量的室内消火栓,消火栓间距小于30米.消火栓管网水平,竖向皆成环状布置,消火栓箱内配有DN65消火栓一支,25米衬胶水龙带一条,φ19毫米喷咀水枪一支,并配消防卷盘(DN25消火栓一支,30米胶管,φ9毫米喷咀水枪一支)且设有可直接启动消火栓泵的按钮;在室内消火栓箱下设有磷酸铵盐手提式灭火器箱.室内消火栓系统在室外设有三组水泵接合器.
Hydrant arrangement
Necessary number of hydrants are installed indoors along the wall, columns, corridors, and staircases, at intervals of less than 30m. Hydrant networks are connected as a loop both horizontally and vertically. Inside each hydrant box, a DN65 hydrant, a 25m long rubber lined hose, a water nozzle of φ19mm, hose reel (a DN25 hydrant, a 30m long rubber lined hose and a water nozzle ofφ9mm), and a direct starting button for the hydrant pump are provided.
Under each indoor hydrant box, a portable ammonium phosphate powder extinguisher box is installed. There are three sets of pump adopters being installed outdoors for the indoor hydrant system.
消防系统
防水泵房及消防水池
供水管DN200在红线内连成环路管网,管网上安装 一定数量的消火栓.两根DN200供水管分别引入供应楼内两个消防泵房内的消防水池.消防水池总容量不应小于4000m3, 每个为2.000m3.
Fire protection system
Water pump room and water pool for fire protection
The lead-in pipes (DN200) are connected as a loop inside the red line, on the loop, certain number of hydrants are installed.Two water supply pipes (DN200) are led into the fire water pools at each fire water pump room in supplybuilding. In consideration of the importance of the project, the volume of the fire water pools should be not less than 4000m3, each is 2.000m3.
自动喷淋系统
自动喷淋系统安装在全建筑范围,除了室外和高于10 米的房间.喷淋泵安装在地下的消防泵房内.报警阀设置在地下的消防泵房内和中间的消防设备中心内,水流显示器设在每个防火分区内.
Sprinkler system
Sprinkler systems will be provided inside the whole building except outside areas and roomshigher than 10m, with sprinkler pumps installed in the underground fire water pump rooms. Alarming valves installed in underground fire water pump rooms and four fire equipment centers in the middle, water flow indicators are installed by fire compartments.
除了安装一个封闭喷淋系统,将为地下车库设置一个泡沫喷淋系统.餐厅内安装93oC启动的自动喷淋头,但在其它房间,仅安装93oC启动的普通和快速反应自动喷淋头.三组泵接合器安装在室外.
Besides an enclosed sprinkler system, a foam sprinkler system composed of a proportioning mixer and a foam concentrated tank is provided for the underground garage. Sprinkler actuated at 93oC are provided in the restaurants, but in other rooms, only ordinary sprinklers and fast response sprinklers actuated at 68oC are provided.
Three sets of pump adaptors for this system will be installed outdoors.
排水系统
为排水系统设置污水主立管和特别垂直排气管.排气管与污水管在每层连接,污水排出体操馆.餐厅的污水首先在油脂分离池中处理,然后排入室外排水网.给排水污水将被在化粪池收集和处理,然后排入市政排水管网.化粪池在输送区旁.最大天排水量为870m3/天.
9. Drainage system
Main vertical sewage pipes and special vertical vent pipes are provided for the drainage system. The vent pipes are connected with sewage pipe at each floor; sewage water is drained out of stadium. Sewage water in the restaurants and garage are treated in the grease and oil separation tank, and then discharged into the outdoor drainage networks. Sanitary sewage water is collected and treated in the septic tank, then drained into the municipal drainage. The septic tanks are located besides the deliverycircle. Maximum daily drainage amount is 870m3/day.
卷帘水幕系统
地下车库设置有卷帘水幕系统.水幕泵安装在消防水泵房内,采用开式雨淋头,电动或手动控制.十组泵接合器安装在室外
Drencher system for rolling shutters
Rolling shutter protected by drenchers are provided for the underground garage, the drencher pumps are installed in the fire water pump rooms, open drencher heads are selected, and are controlled both by electrically and manually. Ten pump adapters will be installed outdoors for this system.
地下室内污水设有污水坑,废水设有废水坑,生活污水,废水经潜污泵提升排至室外排水管网,潜污泵的启停皆由磁性浮球控制器的控制.
地下汽车库废水设有废水坑,废水经潜污泵提升排至室外,经隔油池处理后排入室外雨水管网.
There are cesspits for sewage water and wastewater pits for wastewater in the basement, the sewage and wastewater is sucked up and drained to the outdoor drainage networks by submerged sewage pumps.
Operation of the pumps is controlled by the magnetic floating ball controllers.
Wastewater pits are provided for the underground garage, wastewater is sucked up and drained to outdoor oil separation tank by submerged sewage pumps, after treated, wastewater is drained to the outdoors rainwater networks.
在柴油发电机房,变配电房和通讯设备机房设低压二氧化碳气体灭火系统.
Low pressure CO2 extinguisher systems are provided in diesel generator rooms, transformer substations and telecommunication equipment rooms.
在本建筑内按"建筑灭火器配置设计规范"在每个消火栓箱下设手提式灭火器箱,箱内设有必要数量的磷酸铵盐手提式灭火器.
According to the Code for Design of Extinguisher Disposition in Buildings, portable fire extinguisher box, in which there are necessary number of portable ammonium phosphate powder extinguishers, will be installed under every hydrant box.
在每个消防电梯井底旁设有消防排水坑,废水经潜污泵提升排至室外.
Fire water drain pit is provided at side of bottom of each fire elevator well, waste water will be sucked up and drained out by the pumps.
雨水系统
雨水排水屋顶采用压力流排水.
雨水设计重现期按P=10年计算,降雨历时为5分钟,暴雨强度公式按Q=998.002(1+0.568lgP)/(t+1.983)0.465计算.
沿柱在屋面设置雨水沟.雨水通过雨水沟收集,然后进入雨水头和下排管,然后到室外雨水观察井.
10. Rainwater system
Pressurized drainage system is adopted for roof rainwater drainage system.
Here, return period P=10 years, rainfall duration is 5 minutes, stormwater amount is calculated by the following formula:
Q=998.002(1+0.568lgT)/(t+1.983)0.465
Rainwater gutters are provided on roof along columns, skylight. Rainwater is collected in the gutter, then to rainwater heads and downpipes, and to the outdoors rainwater inspection wells.
11.管材
- 生活给水管,冷却塔补水管采用铜管,氩弧焊接.
- 直饮水管采用不锈管.
- 消火栓管,冷却循环管,水幕管,水泵吸水管采用焊接钢管,焊接.
- 自动喷洒水管,雨淋水管采用热镀锌钢管,丝扣连接或卡压连接.
-二氧化碳管采用无缝钢管焊接.
- 地下车库泡沫喷淋水管采用不锈钢管,卡压连接.
Pipe material
Copper pipes connected by argon arc welding are adopted for the sanitary water pipes, make-up water pipes for cooling towers.
Stainless stell pipes are adopted for portable water pipes.
Welded steel pipes connected by welding are selected for hydrant pipes, cooling circulating pipes, drencher pipes, pump suction pipes.
Hot-galvanized steel pipes connected by threads or compression-seizing are selected for sprinkler and deluge sprinler pipes.
Seamless steel pipes connected by welding are selected for CO2 pipes.
Stainless steel pipes connected by pressed clamp is selected for the pipes of foam sprinklers in the underground garage.
当雨水两超出雨水沟设计量时,雨水可沿屋檐自由排放.雨水被收集,然后排入市政集水池.
When the amount of rainwater is more than the design value of the gutters, water is discharged naturally along the eaves. Rainwater is collected, and then drained to the municipal catch basins.
围绕体育馆的循环池将用于喷洒运动场和作为室外绿化带的储水池.
此池将作为一个循环过滤设施,可容水约7.500 m .
喷洒压力设备和其它必须的过滤设备安装在供应楼里.
The circular senic pool surround stadium will be used for spraying sportsfield and as reservoir for outdoor greening.
The pool will be used as a circular filtering facility and will be adopted with a water volume of about 7.500 m .
The spray water pressurizing equipment as well as further necessary filtering equipment will be adopted in the supply building.
2.0 制冷
2.0 Cooling
冷源:
空调冷负荷(估算):
本工程建筑面积共50.000平方米,包括观众区,休息室,更衣室,小会议室,餐厅,办公室和其它附属房.空调设计日峰值冷负荷为2.4MW,设计日总冷负荷为3 kW.
Refrigerating source
Cooling load of air conditioning system
Total floor area for this building is 50,000sqm, which includes spectator areas, lounges, Clothing and changing rooms small meeting rooms, restaurant, office and other auxiliary rooms. Designed dayly peak cooling load is 2,4MW, designed total dayly cooling load is 3kW.
每台1200kW制冷机配一台 流量为206m3/h离心泵.各配一台备用泵
一次泵采用压差旁路控制.
通过埋地敷管,向游泳体操馆供应冷冻水.
A centrifugal pump with a flow rate of 103m3/h is provided for each 1200kW chiller. One operation pump with a standby corresponds to one chiller.
Pressure difference branch control is adopted for primary pump
Via earth laid pipes from supply building to gymnasium chilled water supply will be deliverded.
冷源的选择:
根据建筑的实际情况,3台制冷机将安装在供应楼内的冷冻机房.设计容量为4800kW. 为了实现能量的效率化使用,设计方案为,1台制冷机的出力为总设计容量的50%.而另2 台.每台出力为总设计容量的25%.
冷冻水系统的主要设备包括3台电动制冷机,一级冷冻泵,二级冷冻泵,自动控制阀等等.冷冻水的供/回水温度为-7/ 12°C.
Selection of refrigerating source
According to the real condition of the building, 3 chillers are located in the refrigerating plant rooms in the supply building, designed capacity is 2400kW. For actuing in an energy efficient way one chiller about 50% of total capacity (1.200 kW) and two chillers with 25% of total (600 kW each)capacity each are adopted.
Main equipment of chilled water system includes 3 electrical chiller, primary cool water pump, secondary chilled water pump and automatic controlled valve, etc. supply/return temperature of the chiller is-7/ 12°C.
二次泵系统:根据使用功能,各制冷机房又分成不同的循环支路.
二次泵采用变频调速控制.根据负荷侧供回水管的压差,控制水泵的转速.
二次泵循环支路的管道采用异程式.
Secondary pump system:
Each refrigerating plant room is subdivided into different circulation branch loops according to use functions.
Variable-frequency speed-regulating control is adopted for secondary pumps. The rotating speed of a water pump is controlled according to the pressure difference between water supply and return pipes.
Direct return system is adopted for the pipes of circulating branch of secondary pumps
空调冷冻水系统
由于本工程占地面积大,功能复杂,有连续使用,也有间歇使用,为了达到运行灵活,节能的目的,空调冷冻水系统采用两管制二次泵系统.
Chilled water system
Due to the large occupied area of this project, the complicated functions and the combination of continuous utilization and intermittent utilization, in order to accomplish the purpose of flexible operation and energy saving, the chilled water system is of two-pipe secondary pump system.
管材:
水管采用焊接钢管及无缝钢管.
本工程的风管除土建风道外,均采用镀锌铁皮咬口制作.每节风管之间用法兰连接.
Pipe and duct materials
The water pipes adopt welded steel pipes and seamless steel pipes.
Air ducts for this project are made of galvanized sheet steel by seaming except ducts by civil construction. Air ducts are connected together by flanges.
一次泵系统:
供应楼冷冻机房
2400kW制冷机配一台离心泵, 流量为412m3/h.配一台备用泵.
Primary pump system:
Chiller room supply building
A centrifugal pump with a flow rate of 412m3/h is provided for 1200kW chiller. One operation pump with a standby corresponds to one chiller.
保温材料:
空调供,回水管,冷凝水管采用酚醛管壳保温.
空调送,回风管以及处理后的新风管采用外贴铝箔的离心玻璃棉板保温.
- 管道穿防火墙的空隙处采用岩棉材料等非燃材料填充.
Thermal materials
phenolic pipes are adopted for thermal insulation of water supply and return pipes for air conditioning, as well as air-conditioning condensate pipes.
Aluminum foil faced glass fiber boards are adopted for thermal insulation of air-conditioning air supply and return ducts as well as fresh air ducts after chillers.
Non-flammable material will be selected to fill the interspace in the fire protection wall where the ducts go through.
消声与隔振:
冷水机组,水泵等设备采用减振台座,弹簧减振器或橡胶减振垫减振降噪.
在空调机组,新风机组,通风机的进出口采用涂胶帆布软管连接.
- 水泵进出水管上采用可曲挠橡胶接头,使设备振动与配管隔离.
Noise reduction and vibration isolation
Shock absorption bases, spring shock absorbers on rubber shock absorption pads are adopted for equipment, such as water chiller units, pumps, etc to reduce vibration and lower noise.
Flexible rubber-coated canvas hoses are adopted far connections of inlets and outlets of air-conditioning units, fresh air handling units and ventilators.
Flexible rubber couplings are adopted for the water intake and delivery pipes of the pumps to isolate equipment vibration from their pipes.
3.0空调和通风系统
3.0 Air Conditioning and Ventilation Systems
方案设计范围
Scope of schematic design
空调设计
Air Conditioning Design
在体育馆内,一些区域设置空调系统.这些区域划分为:
西侧地下二层的贵宾休息室
东侧地下二层酒店门廊
地下一层的输送区,技术机房,运动员更衣间,医务服务,热身区,裁判区,健身中心,酒店大堂,会议室,厨房,特许区和贵宾大堂混合区.
首层的酒店大堂,酒店区,贵宾门廊,急救
In the stadium, in some ranges air conditioning systems are used. These ranges subdivide themselves as follows:
VIP – Lobby in West of levelel -2
Hotel lobby in the east of level –2
Delivary Circle, technical Plantrooms, Changingrooms for the athletes, Medical Service and warm up area, Judges Area, Fitness Center, Hotel Lobby, Conferenz, Kitchen and Concession, Vip lobby- Mixed Zone in level -1
Hotel lobby, Hotel area, Vip lobby, Vip Area, First aid in 0
