超声波检测技术是现代科学技术发展的产物，其检测的过程会很好的保护试件的质量和性能，这是我为大家整理的超声波检测技术论文，仅供参考!
关于超声波无损检测技术的应用研究
摘要：超声波无损检测技术是现代科学技术发展的产物，其检测的过程会很好的保护试件的质量和性能，从而获取物品的性质和特征对其进行检测。超声波无损检测技术通过结合高科技的技术来完成检测的过程，检测的结果真实可靠，可以体现出超声波无损检测技术的应用性，同时超声波无损检测技术在检测时，也存在一些缺点。
关键词：超声波无损检测;脉冲反射式技术;检测技术
中图分类号：P631 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1009-2374(2014)05-0029-02
超声波无损检测技术在检测的过程中，会使用到很多的技术，这些技术既满足了检测的需要，又能有效的解决检测中出现的问题。经过技术人员的不断探索，通过人工神经网络的技术来减少检测的缺陷，并实现了降低噪音的效果，满足了超声波无损检测的更高要求。在检测的过程中，要合理科学的利用技术手法，来提高检测结果的准确性。
1 超声波无损检测技术的发展趋势和主要功能
1.1 超声波无损检测技术的发展趋势
在超声波无损检测技术应用的过程中，需要很多理论知识的支持，检测时也对检测的方法和工艺流程有严格的要求，这些规范的检测方式使超声波无损检测的结果可以更准确。发现检测缺陷时，技术人员应用非接触方式的检测技术，运用激光超声来提高检测的效果，所以未来超声波无损检测技术一定会向着自动化操作的水平去发展。自动化的检测方法可以简化检测工作，实现专业检测的目标，扩大超声波无损检测技术应用的范围，同时随着超声技术的应用，在检测的过程中，也会实现数字化检测的目标，利用超声信号来处理技术的应用，使检测技术可以实现统一使用的要求，同时数字化操作的检测过程也会提高检测的准确性，有利于检测技术的发展。所以超声波无损检测技术将会实现全面的现代化操作要求，利用现代化科学技术的发展，来规范超声波无损检测的检测行为，也具备了处理缺陷的功能，提高了检测的效率。
1.2 超声波无损检测技术系统的主要功能
目前，我国超声波无损检测主要应用的技术是脉冲反射式的检测方法，这种技术的应用可以准确的定位缺陷出现的位置和形式，具有非常高的灵敏度，简化了技术人员检查缺陷的工作，完善了技术标准。脉冲反射式的检测技术还具有非常高的灵活性和适用性，可以适应超声波无损检测的要求，并实现一台仪器检测多种波形的检测工作。根据脉冲反射式的检测技术要求，可以实现缺陷检查的功能、操作界面切换显示的功能、显示日历时钟的功能，在实际的检测过程中功能键的使用也非常方便，简化了技术人员的操作过程，并且脉冲反射式技术具有灵敏度高的功能，使其可以及时的发现检测过程中出现的缺陷，有利于技术人员进行检修的工作，提高了检测工作的工作效率。
1.3 系统主要功能的技术指标
脉冲反射式技术在使用的过程中有很多的要求，其中要满足功能使用的技术指标，从而实现规范化的操作标准。反射电压的电量要控制在400伏，实现半波或者射频的检波方式，检测的范围要在4000-5000毫米之间，只有满足了这些技术标准才能合理的设置出技术应用的框架。同时在超声波无损检测技术应用的过程中有严格要求的电路设计，如果不能满足技术的指标要求，那么在实际检测的过程中，会存在很大的风险，会对技术人员造成严重的生命安全威胁。所以在检测工作实施之前，必须要按照相关的技术指标来合理的构建检测的环境，提高检测工作的安全性，保障检测工作可以顺利的进行。
2 超声波无损检测技术检测的方法和缺陷的显示
2.1 超声波无损检测技术检测的主要应用方法
超声波无损检测技术的检测方法按照具体的分类可以分为很多种，从检测的原理进行分析，超声波无损检测技术应用的主要方法是穿透法、脉冲反射法、共振法，按照检测探头来分类，检测的主要方法有单探头法、双探头法、多探头法，按照检测试件的耦合类型来分类，检测的主要方法有液浸法、直接接触法。这些具体的方法可以满足很多情况下的检测工作，并且提高了检测结果的准确性，完善了超声波无损检测技术的检测要求，所以技术人员要根据具体的检测环境和试件的类型来选择正确的检测方法，通过方法的应用要提高检测工作的效率，降低缺陷出现的可能。随着我国现代化科学技术的不断发展，人们对检测技术的应用也提出了更高的要求，检测工作的检测范围也越来越广，同时要求在对试件检测的过程中，不可以损坏试件的质量和性能，同时还要保准检测结果的准确性，所以技术人员要严格的按照检测标准，完成检测的工作，要对检测的方法进行改善，使其可以满足时代发展的要求。
2.2 缺陷的显示
在超声波无损检测技术检测的过程中，会出现不同类型的缺陷，主要分为A、B、C三种类型的显示，在工业检测的过程中，A类显示是应用最广泛的一种类型，在显示器上以脉冲的形式显示出来，对显示器上的长度和宽度进行标记，从而当超声波返回缺陷信号时，可以在屏幕上明确的显示出缺陷出现的位置。B类显示是通过回波信号来完成显示的过程，回波信号发出时会点亮提示灯，通过显示器的显示可以观察到缺陷出现的水平位置，这种类型的显示比较直观，有利于技术人员的观察和分析。C类显示是通过反射的回波信号来调制显示的内容，通过亮灯和暗灯来显示接收的结果，检测到缺陷时会出现亮灯，因此技术人员只需要观察灯的变化，就可以判断缺陷出现的情况。所以在实际检测的过程中，技术人员一定要认真观察缺陷出现的位置和内容，从而制定出科学合理的改善方案，来降低缺陷出现的可能，提高超声波无损检测技术检测的效果。
2.3 缺陷的定位
对于脉冲反射式超声检测技术来说，显示器的水平数值变化就是缺陷出现的位置，这时技术人员要对缺陷出现的位置进行定位，从而可以分析在检测过程中出现缺陷的环节。根据反映出的缺陷声波，经过计算，得出准确的缺陷产生的位置。
3 结语
科学技术的发展会带动我国的生产力水平的提高，同时也会促进技术的研发，超声波无损检测技术就是因为科学技术的不断发展，才实现了检测的目标，在检测的过程中，可以结合现代化的技术来提高检测的效率和结果的准确性。超声波无损检测技术实现了无损试件的检测要求，提高了检测的质量和水平，应该得到社会各界的关注，扩大检测的范围。
参考文献
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[2] 中国机械工程委员会无损检测分会编.超声波检测第二版(无损检测Ⅱ级培训教材)[M].北京：机械工业出版社，2012.
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作者简介：李新明(1992―)，男，湖北人，大连理工大学学生。
长输管道超声波内检测技术现状
【摘要】超声波内检测技术是长输管道的主要检测技术。本文介绍了长输管道超声波内检测的技术优势、国内外的发展现状，以供参考。
【关键词】长输管道 超声波 内检测 优势 现状
一、前言
长输管道是石油、天然气重要的运输手段，要保证管道的稳定运行，就要加强日常的检测和维护，及时发现问题，防止重大事故发生。
二、管道内检测主要技术及优势
管道内检测是涵盖检测方案决策、管道检测、检测数据解释分析和管道安全评价等过程的系统工程。利用智能检测器进行管线内检测是目前较为普遍的方式，该方法是通过运行在管道内的智能检测器收集、处理、存储管道检测数据，包括管道壁厚、管道腐蚀区域位置、管道腐蚀程度、管道裂纹和焊接缺陷，再将处理数据与显示技术结合描绘管道真实状况的三维图像，为管道维护方案的制定提供决策依据。超声波内检测技术和漏磁检测技术是现在最常用的海管内检测技术。
超声波内检测技术是在检测器中心安放一个水平放置的超声波传感器，传感器沿着平行于管壁的方向发射声波，声波沿着平行于管壁的方向行进直至被一个旋转镜面反射后，垂直穿透管道壁，声波触碰管道外壁后按照原路径反射回传感器，计算机计算声波发射及反射回传感器的时间，该时间就被转换为距离及管道壁厚的测量值。声波反射镜面每秒旋转2周，检测器每米可以采集3万个左右的测量值。超声波内检测技术可以原理简单，数据准确可靠，该方法可以精确测量管道的壁厚，不仅可以测量金属管线，对于非金属管线，如高密度聚乙烯管也能够有效测量，并且可测管道管径的尺寸范围较大，甚至能够测量壁厚等级80以上的大壁厚管道，对于变径管道同样适用。
管道漏磁检测技术利用磁铁在管壁上产生的纵向回路磁场来探测管道内外壁的金属损失以及裂纹等缺陷，确定上述缺陷的准确位置，检测器所带磁铁将检测器经过的管壁饱磁化，使管壁周圈形成磁回路。若管道的内壁或外壁有缺陷，围绕着管道缺陷，管道壁的磁力线将会重新进行分布，部分磁力线会在这个过程中泄露从而进入到周围的介质中去，这就是所谓的漏磁场。磁极之间紧贴管壁的探头检测到泄漏的磁场，检测到的信号经过滤波、放大、转换等处理过程后会被记录到存储器中，通过数据分析系统的处理对信号进行判断和识别。管道的漏磁检测技术具有准确性高的优点，通过在气管线中低阻力和低磨损的设计取得较高质量的数据，可以在没有收球和发球装置的情况下完成检测，对于路径超过200公里的长输管道能够以每分钟200米左右的速度进行检测。
三、长输管道建设工艺技术发展现状
1、管道焊接
管道焊接是管道建设的最重要的一个方面，现场焊接的效率高，安全性和可靠性在每个管道的建设是重要的角色。从国内长途管道工程在1950年的第一条运输管道建设以来，管道现场焊接施工在我国发展的半个世纪里主要经历了有四个发展过程，分别是：手工电弧焊上向焊、手工电弧焊下向焊、半自动焊和自动焊。
(1)手工电弧焊上向焊和手工电弧焊下向焊。90年代初手工电弧焊下向焊和手工电弧焊下向焊作为当时国内传输管道的一种焊接方法，得到了广泛的应用，突出的优点是高电流、焊接速度高，根焊接速度可达20到50厘米/分钟，焊接效率高。目前在进行焊接位置相对困难的位置和焊接设备难进入的位置时采用手工电弧焊焊接。
(2)半自动焊。电焊工通过半自动焊枪进行焊接，由连续送丝装置送丝焊接的一种方式叫做半自动焊。半自动焊是长输管道焊接的主要方式，因为在焊接送丝比较连续，就省了换焊条和其他辅助工作时间，同时熔敷率高、减少焊接接头，减少焊接电弧，电弧焊接缺陷、焊接合格率提高，
(3)自动焊。自动焊方法使整个焊接过程自动化，人工主要从事监控操作。国内开始从西到东的天然气管道项目，就是大面积的自动焊接的应用程序。自动焊接技术在新疆，戈壁等地区比较适合。
2、非开挖穿越施工技术
遇到埋管道的建设，跨越河流，道路，铁路等障碍时，有许多问题如果使用传统开挖方法则会比较难实施，而“非开挖”铺设地下管道是当前国际管道项目进行了先进的施工方法，已广泛应用于这个国家。我国近年来建设大量的长输管道采用了盾穿越技术，有许多大河流使用了盾构穿越。顶管穿越通过短距离管道穿越技术在1970年代后期开始得到使用。传统意义上的顶管施工是以人工开采为主。后来当使用螺旋钻开采和输送管顶土，后来又派生出了土压力平衡方法，泥水平衡方法，通过顶管技术，可以达到超过1千米以上的距离。通过液压以控制管切割前方的覆土，以保证顶管的方向正确，和顶采用继电器，激光测距，头部方位校正方法顶推的施工工作，长距离顶管的问题和方向问题得到了解决。
3、定向穿越技术
我国从美国引进的定向钻是在1985年首次应用于黄河的长输管道建设。在过去的20年里，非开挖定向穿越管道技术在我国得到了迅速的发展。定向钻井在非开挖管道穿越技术已广泛应用于管道业。定向钻用于铺设管道取得了巨大的成就。我国在2002年2月以2308米和273米直径的长度穿越了钱塘江，是世界上最长的穿越长度，被载入吉尼斯世界纪录。定向穿越管道施工技术是一个多学科，多技术，根据于一体的系统工程，任何部分在施工过程中存在的问题的设备集成，并可能导致整个项目的失败，造成了巨大的损失。而被广泛使用，由于定向钻井，通过建设，使技术已经取得了长足的进步和发展的方向。硬石国际各种施工方法，如泥浆马达，震荡的顶部，双管钻进的建设。广泛采用PLC控制，电液比例控制技术，负荷传感系统，具有特殊的结构设计软件的使用。
四、管道超声内检测技术现状
1、相控阵超声波检测器
美国GE公司研制的超声波相控阵管道内检测器于2005年开始应用于油气管道内检测，目前已检测管道长度4700km，该检测器包括两种不同的检测模式：超声波壁厚测量模式和超声腐蚀检测模式，适用于管径610～660mm的成品油管道。该检测器有别于传统检测器的单探头入射管道表面检测的方法，采用探头组的形式来布置探头环，几个相邻并非常靠近(间距0.4mm左右)的探头组成一个探头组，一个探头组内的探头按照一定的时间顺序来激发并产生超声波脉冲，而该激发顺序决定了产生的超声波脉冲的方向和角度，因此控制一个探头组内不同探头的激发顺序就可以产生聚焦的超声波脉冲。检测器包括3个探头环、44个探头组，每个探头环提供一种检测模式，可根据不同的管道检测需求来确定探头环。
该检测器与其他内检测器相同，包括清管器、电源、相控阵传感器、数据处理和储存模块4部分。清管器位于整个检测器的头部并装有聚氨酯皮碗，一方面负责清管以确保检测精度，另一方面起密封作用，使得检测器可以在前后压力差的作用下驱动前进。探头仓由3个独立的探头环组成，每个探头环的探头布置都能实现超声波信号周向全覆盖。检测器能够实现长25mm、深1mm的裂纹检测，检测准确率超过90%;最小检测腐蚀面积10×10mm ，检测精度大于90%。
2、弹性波管道检测器
安桥管道公司管理着世界上最长和最复杂的石油管道网络。其研发的内检测器已经在超过15000km的管道中开展检测。其中基于声波原理的检测器主要有弹性波检测器和超声波管道腐蚀检测器。弹性波检测器的弹性波信号可以在气体管道中传播，主要用于检测管道的焊缝特征，尤其是对长焊缝和应力腐蚀裂纹有较好的检测效果。最新的MKIII弹性波检测器最多可以装备96个超声波传感器，用于在液体祸合条件下发射接收超声波信号，进行管道检测。MKIII弹性波检测器的最大运行距离为150km，相对于二代产品的45km有了很大程度的提高。
五、结束语
综上所述，随着科技水平的快速发展和进步，超声波内检测技术也将更加完善，对于长输管道的检测也将更加准确，为管道的正常使用和安全运行发挥更大的作用。
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[1]宋生奎，宫敬，才建，等.油气管道内检测技术研究进展[J].石油工程建设，2013，31(2)：10-14.
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超声波焊接是利用超声波频率(超过20000赫兹)的机械振动能量，连接同种或异种金属、半导体、塑料及金属陶瓷等材料的特殊焊接方法。这是我为大家整理的超声波焊接技术论文，仅供参考!
超声波焊接的研究与展望
摘要：超声波焊接的节能、环保、操作方便等突出优点，越来越受到人们的重视。超声波焊接已广泛应用在众多领域。本文简单介绍了超声波焊接的基本原理。概述了超声波焊接的国内发展现状，并对超声波焊接的发展做了展望。
关键词：超声波 焊接 研究现状
0 引言
1950年美国人发明了超声波焊接技术，该技术作为特种连接技术，在工业生产中得到广泛应用。另外，超声波焊接技术还广泛应用于电子工业、电器制造、新材料的装备、航空航天及核能工业、食品包装盒、高级零件的密封技术等方面。超声波焊接的优点主要表现为：节能、环保、操作方便，这种技术对我国建设资源节约型、环境友好型的社会起着很大的促进作用。
1 超声波焊接原理及特点[1]
超声波焊接作为一种特殊焊接方法，通常情况下是指利用超声波频率(大于16KHZ)的机械振动能量，将同种或异种金属、半导体、塑料及金属陶瓷等进行连接。通过超声波对金属进行焊接时，一方面不需要向工件输送电流，另一方面没有将高温热源引入工件，在焊接过程中，在静压力的作用下，将弹性震动能量转变为工件间的摩擦功、形变能，以及有限的温升等。在母材不发生熔化的情况下，实现接头间的冶金结合，因此，超声波焊接属于固态焊接。
工频电流在超声波发生器的作用下，进一步转变为超声波频率(15～16KHZ)d的振荡电流。通过磁致收缩效应，换能器将电磁能转换成弹性机械振动能。放大器的作用是对振幅进行放大，同时借助耦合杆和上声极与并工件进行耦合。如果换能器、放大器、耦合杆和上声极的自振频率相互一致，在这种情况下，系统将会产生谐振，从而将弹性振动能传递给静压力F的工件。两种薄材工件通过此种能量之间的转换被粘接在一起。
2 国内研究现状
2.1 超声波金属焊接的研究现状
崔岩[2]研究超声波焊在坦克铝件焊修中的应用，对铝及铝合金的焊接性进行了详尽的分析，认为保证焊点质量稳定的重要因素是谐振频率的精度。在超声波焊接过程中，由于机械负荷是多变的，失谐现象会随机出现，进而使得焊点质量不稳定。根据超声波焊的特点，制订相应的焊接规范。大量实验证明：通过超声波对铝及铝合金进行焊接，金属表面致密的氧化膜可以有效地去除，进而保证了焊接质量。
华南理工大学杨圣文等人[3]推导了铜片-铜管太阳能集热板超声波焊接接头区域理论区域温度公式，并利用人工热电偶法测得焊接区域温度，分析了实测温度偏差产生的原因，结合焊接接头的扫描电镜(SEW)图片进行对比分析，研究了铜片-铜管超声波焊接接头的形成机理。结果表明：超声波焊接是基于接头区域微齿顶端处高温、纯净金属发生塑性变形后表面充分贴合两个因素基础上的金属键合和机械嵌合而形成接头的物理冶金过程。
南京航空航天大学机电学院的张秋峰[4]研究了1Cr18Ni9Ti与TC4异种金属的固态扩散焊接工艺，在现有的基础上采用超声波加载固态扩散焊的工艺。金相试验分析结果表明：采用超声波加载扩散焊接工艺，使不锈钢和钛形成了良好的连接。
哈尔滨工业大学的闫久春、孙小磊[5]等，在敞开环境下研究了一种适合复杂结构，并且能够进行可靠连接的“超声波振动辅助钎焊技术”原理，同时对铝基复合材料、铝合金、陶瓷/铝、玻璃/铝焊接的初步试验结果进行了描述。焊接结果表明：在钎焊过程中，通过施加适当的超声波振动，母材表面氧化膜可以有效地去除，进一步促进了母材与钎料的润湿。在低温、大气环境下，获得了具备微观组织结构和力学性能良好的连接接头。
南昌大学的朱政强等人[6]用电子背散射衍射(EBSD)方法来研究超声波焊接下铝合金AA6061的微观组织变化，从微观角度里加深对超声波金属焊接的理解。通过实验，得到原始铝箔和焊接后铝箔的品粒取向差分布图。通过分析品粒取向、晶粒结构和晶界特征了解超声波焊接对铝合金组织和结构的影响。
2.2 超声波非金属焊接的研究现状
郭毓峰[7]对12μm聚对笨二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)/30μm聚乙烯(PE)薄膜超声波焊接工艺进行了研究，发现焊接振幅在2-10μm，对焊接接头热合强度的影响不大;在焊接振幅4-7μm出现了焊接接头的热合强度最大值。焊接接头的热合强度随着焊接时间的延长和焊接压力的增大表现出先增大后减小的变化规律。通过对不同工艺参数下焊接区域的结晶程度进行分析，其结果显示，接头的结晶程度影响着PET/PE薄膜焊接接头热合强度，焊接区域试样的结晶程度随着焊接时间、焊接振幅、焊接压力增加先减小后增大，焊接接头的热合强度先升高后降低。
赵钢[8]等人研究超声波焊接在汽车传感器封装中的应用。讲述了通过对材料、焊接方法的选择和焊口及工装设计与制造过程设计，来实现汽车传感器封装的方法。
赵仕彬[9]研究了超声波焊接在连接器中的应用。简明扼要地介绍了超声波焊接的原理，结合面的设计方法、设计要点，以及在连接器中的具体应用和使用范围。
西北工业大学的聂中明[10]研究了高电阻CdZnTe半导体(简称CZT)接触电极与引线的超声波焊接。认为：CZT晶片经机械抛光表面处理后，通过离子溅射法制备的金电极与外引线间具有较高的超声波焊合率，能获得最佳焊点质量的电极厚度为180nm。此外，确定CZT接触电极制备工艺后，楔入压力成为影响CZT接触电极与引线超声波焊接质量的主要因素，焊接功率则为次要因素。
3 总结
目前，对超声波金属的焊接机理认识不足，超声金属焊接作为一种固相焊接方法，或者说是金属间的“键合”过程，在焊接过程中，是否无金属熔化还有待进一步研究。还有在材料焊接中应用超声波，虽然焊接效果比较好，但是对于由超声波发生器、声学系统与机械系统相结合的整个系统来说，在稳定性、可操作性、可靠性等方面依然存在问题，所以声学系统的设计，以及声学系统与试件之间的连接方式等都非常重要。另外，从微观力学的角度研究超声波振动对晶粒和织构的影响也是未来研究的重要方向。
参考文献：
[1]李小明，李彦生，韩景芸.基于超声波焊接技术的快速成型方法研究[J].机床与液压，2007，35(3)：4-6.
[2]崔岩.超声波焊在坦克铝件维修中的应用[J].工业技术经济，2000，19(3)：114-116.
[3]杨圣文，吴泽群，陈平池.铜片-铜管太阳能集热板超声波焊接试验研究[J].焊接，2005(9)：32-35.
[4]张秋峰.钛与不锈钢的超声波扩散焊接[J].机械工程与自动化，2008(1)：125-127.
[5]闫久春，孙小磊.超声波振动辅助钎焊技术[J].焊接，2009(3)：6-12.
[6]朱政强，马国红，E.Ghassemieh.铝合金AA6061超声波焊接下组织演变分析[A].第七届中国机器人焊接学术与技术交流会议文集[C]，2008：107-110.
[7]郭毓峰.聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯/聚乙烯薄膜的超声波焊接[J].宇航材料工艺，2010(4)：53-55.
[8]赵钢，曹智，董双辉.超声波焊接在汽车传感器封装中的应用[J].沈阳航空工业学院学报，2007(4)：25-28.
[9]赵仕彬.超声波焊接在连接器中的应用[J].机电元件，2006(4)：36-39.
[10]聂中明，傅莉，任洁，查钢强.CdZnTe接触电极与引线的超声波焊接[J].中国有色金属学报，2009，19(5)：919-923.
超声波焊接技术在工业产品设计中的应用探索
【摘 要】本文通过对超声波焊接技术原理的阐述及对超声波影响因素的探究，分析超声波焊接技术的优劣，结合笔者的设计实践，探索超声波焊接技术的发展，抛砖引玉，就基于超声波焊接技术未来的应用领域进行探索。
【关键词】超声波;焊接技术;工业产品
Ultra-sonic Welding Technology in the Application of Industrial Product Design’s Exploration
HE Jun-hua1 MA Wen-juan2 LV Shuang-shuang3 WENG Mao-hong1 GUAN Jun1 GONG Yun1
(1.School of Engineering， Zhejiang A&F University， Lin’an Zhejiang， 311300， China;
2.School of Agricultural and Food Science， Zhejiang A&F University， Lin’an Zhejiang， 311300， China;
3.School of Landscape Architecture and Architecture， Zhejiang A&F University， Lin’an Zhejiang， 311300， China)
【Abstract】The article through to the illustration of the principle of ultra-sonic welding and the affecting factors of ultra-sonic probe， analyseing the advantages and disadvantages of ultra-sonic welding technology， combined with the author’s design practice， explore the development of ultrasonic welding technology， topic and is based on the exploration on the application felid of ultra-sonic welding technology in the future.
【Key words】Ultra-sonic; Welding technology; Industrial product
在工业产品制作中，经常会用到一些工业材料，像塑料、金属、木材等一些其他工业材料。在日常生活中我们经常会看到某件产品不只用一种材料来制作;我们也经常看到一件产品由多个部分组成、并且各部分之间还会产生空隙，这不仅会影响产品的质量，还会影响产品的美观度。这就要求把它们彼此之间焊接起来。随着技术的发展，人们对焊接技术的要求越来越高，目前传统的焊接技术不但成本较高，而且焊接的质量不高，往往会产生细小的缝隙。因此人们希望运用新的焊接技术来提高产品的质量。
1943年，在总结前人理论和实践的基础上，美国的Behl发明了超声波焊，从此推动了超声波焊接技术的发展。由于超声波焊接技术具有节能、无须装配散烟散热装置、焊接时无须焊接附件、成本低、效率高、密封性好、易实现自动化生产等优点，超声波焊接技术发展的越来越快。
1 超声波焊接技术在工业产品中的应用现状
像在航空航天、核能工业、电子工业等这样一些精度要求很高的工业产品领域中，使用传统的焊接技术很难达到技术要求，而且成本高、效率低。目前，超声波焊接技术在各行各业都有广泛的应用，像医疗机械、包装、五金等行业;能焊接的产品也很多，像汽车零部件、光学镜头、U盘等。
2 超声波焊接技术的原理和特点
超声波是一种频率高于20000赫兹的声波，因此能量大。超声波焊接是利用超声波频率(超过20000赫兹)的机械振动能量，连接同种或异种金属、半导体、塑料及金属陶瓷等材料的特殊焊接方法[1]。超声波作用于热塑性的塑胶表面时，会产生每秒上万次的高频振动，这种达到一定振幅的高频振动，通过上焊件把超声波能量传到焊区，又由于焊区即两个焊接的交界面处声阻比较大，因此会产生局部高温。又由于塑料制品导热性差，一时还不能及时散发出聚集的能量，因此能量就会聚集在焊区，致使两个塑料的接触面迅速熔化，加上一定的压力后，就会使其融合成为一体。当超声波停止作用后，让压力再持续几秒钟，使其凝固成型，这样就形成一个坚固的分子链，从而达到焊接的目的。在对金属进行超声波焊接时，既不向工件输送电流也不向工件施以高温热源，只是在静压力作用之下，将弹性振动能量转变为工件界面间的摩擦功、形变能及有限的温升，使得焊接区域的金属原子被瞬间激活，两相界面处的分子相互渗透，最终实现金属焊件的固态连接。其焊接原理示意图如图1所示[2]。
2.1 超声波焊接技术的优点
与传统焊接技术相比较，超声波焊接技术有如下优点：(1)焊接速度快、焊接精度高、焊接焊点强度高;(2)焊接范围广、稳定性好、被焊接后的工件变形很小;(3)焊接物表面清洁美观、平整光滑;(4)焊接时，不需添加焊接剂，对被加工物不产生污染、不产生有害气体，因此是一种环保的焊接方法;(5)焊接时，只需提供较小的动力即可进行焊接，耗能低;(6)操作简单、成本低、效率高、密封性好。
图1 超声波金属焊接原理示意图
2.2 超声波焊接技术的缺点
尽管超声波焊接技术有很多的优点，但也存在不足之处，因此不得不加以重视。超声波焊接技术有如下缺点：(1)对超声波焊接机理的认识还不够全面;(2)对金属进行焊接时，焊件不能太厚;(3)对超声波焊接技术的影响因素比较多，不易进行把握分析和总结;(4)制造一些大功率的超声波焊接机成本高、而且比较困难;(5)对焊接好后的工件进行焊接处质量检测比较困难，因此给大批量生产带来阻碍。 3 影响超声波焊接质量的因素
虽然超声波焊接技术有众多优点，但其焊接质量与熔融量、材料的材质等因素有关，概括起来主要包括以下几方面的因素，如图2所示。
图2 影响超声波焊接质量的因素
(1)焊接材料的材质：一般来说焊接质量与材料的物性和材料的改性有关。材料的物性包括材料的弹性模量、摩擦系数、热导率、熔点等。物件的焊接质量与材料的弹性模量、摩擦系数、热导率成正比，与其密度、熔点成反比。材料的改性指的是在适宜的工艺条件下加入一些填料以改善材料的原有性能，使其满足客户的使用要求。在适宜的工艺条件下加入一些性能相近的材料，可以提高焊接接头强度。
(2)焊头与焊件的接触面：焊接面的清洁度、材料表面的粗糙度会影响焊件的焊接质量。增加材料的表面粗糙度可以提高焊接质量;焊接面的清洁度越高，焊接质量也越高。
(3)其他因素：焊接技术的工艺参数、焊接件的结构、连接形式、焊接时的熔融量、超声波的功率等。为达到最佳的焊接效果，在产品研发阶段，要对这些因素进行综合考虑。
4 超声波焊接技术在工业产品设计中的应用案例
正如以上所述，基于超声波焊接技术的产品研发，先要进行综合考虑影响焊接质量的因素，然后结合产品的市场前景，产品的成本，生产技术要求等条件，合理生产设计要素。
下面仅就一个设计案例――美国苹果公司发明的超声波塑料与金属焊接专利技术进行解读，从实践的角度来理解超声波焊接技术在实际中的应用。原有技术的不足：在还没有发明这项专利技术之前，所有的便携式设备(如手机)不能将金属与塑料进行融合，因此某些部件不能用塑料部件来代替，这样生产出来的手机不仅厚重、外形呆板而且缺少个性，设计上也不够自由、缺少灵活性。并且制作成本高、操作复杂、使用不方便，按键操作过多时，会接触不灵。解决案例：采用全新的超声波塑料与金属焊接技术，在手机内部某些部件使用塑料材质，减轻了手机的重量的同时也减少了金属的使用量。在壳体方面采用一次成型工艺，使外壳更加简约、流畅，操作简单，设计灵活，给人一种高端、大气的感觉。先进的超声波焊接技术一般还要使用多种材料融合的技术工艺，设计更加的自由和灵活，设计线条采用极简主义的风格，色彩上运用浅色，给人轻松、愉悦的感觉。在结构上更符合超声波焊接工作原理，使焊接质量更佳。
5 针对超声波焊接技术应用的案例得出的结论和展望
通过这次调研，作者通过对超声波焊接技术的了解，对超声波焊接技术应用进行研究，由于条件有限，在调查研究过程中还有不足之处，在此将在调研过程中涉及到的问题及解决办法总结一下，为后面进一步研究做铺垫。针对焊接质量的问题，我们得出在焊接时应保持接触面清洁和材料表面的粗糙度。要了解用户需求，针对特定的用户进行设计，设计出多种不同的外观形态，为不同的客户量身打造;在设计时还应该考虑情趣化的问题，设计出更加有情趣化的产品，营造轻松愉悦的环境。针对超声波焊接技术在产品设计中的展望，作者经过探索发现可以在工作时增加音乐播放功能，使焊接过程轻松、愉快。未来的超声波焊接技术也将更加的人性化。
【参考文献】
[1]关长石，费玉石.超声波焊接原理与实践[J].机械设计与制造，2004(6).
[2]朱政强，吴宗辉，范静辉.超声波金属焊接的研究现状与展望[J].焊接技术，2010，39(12).
Introduction
vibrations of frequencies greater than the upper limit of the audible range for humans—that is, greater than about 20 kilohertz. The term sonic is applied to ultrasound waves of very high amplitudes. Hypersound, sometimes called praetersound or microsound, is sound waves of frequencies greater than 1013 hertz. At such high frequencies it is very difficult for a sound wave to propagate efficiently; indeed, above a frequency of about 1.25 × 1013 hertz, it is impossible for longitudinal waves to propagate at all, even in a liquid or a solid, because the molecules of the material in which the waves are traveling cannot pass the vibration along rapidly enough.
TableMany animals have the ability to hear sounds in the human ultrasonic frequency range. Some ranges of hearing for mammals and insects are compared with those of humans in the Table. A presumed sensitivity of roaches and rodents to frequencies in the 40 kilohertz region has led to the manufacture of “pest controllers” that emit loud sounds in that frequency range to drive the pests away, but they do not appear to work as advertised.
Transducers
An ultrasonic transducer is a device used to convert some other type of energy into an ultrasonic vibration. There are several basic types, classified by the energy source and by the medium into which the waves are being generated. Mechanical devices include gas-driven, or pneumatic, transducers such as whistles as well as liquid-driven transducers such as hydrodynamic oscillators and vibrating blades. These devices, limited to low ultrasonic frequencies, have a number of industrial applications, including drying, ultrasonic cleaning, and injection of fuel oil into burners. Electromechanical transducers are far more versatile and include piezoelectric and magnetostrictive devices. A magnetostrictive transducer makes use of a type of magnetic material in which an applied oscillating magnetic field squeezes the atoms of the material together, creating a periodic change in the length of the material and thus producing a high-frequency mechanical vibration. Magnetostrictive transducers are used primarily in the lower frequency ranges and are common in ultrasonic cleaners and ultrasonic machining applications.
By far the most popular and versatile type of ultrasonic transducer is the piezoelectric crystal, which converts an oscillating electric field applied to the crystal into a mechanical vibration. Piezoelectric crystals include quartz, Rochelle salt, and certain types of ceramic. Piezoelectric transducers are readily employed over the entire frequency range and at all output levels. Particular shapes can be chosen for particular applications. For example, a disc shape provides a plane ultrasonic wave, while curving the radiating surface in a slightly concave or bowl shape creates an ultrasonic wave that will focus at a specific point.
Piezoelectric and magnetostrictive transducers also are employed as ultrasonic receivers, picking up an ultrasonic vibration and converting it into an electrical oscillation.
Applications in research
One of the important areas of scientific study in which ultrasonics has had an enormous impact is cavitation. When water is boiled, bubbles form at the bottom of the container, rise in the water, and then collapse, leading to the sound of the boiling water. The boiling process and the resulting sounds have intrigued people since they were first observed, and they were the object of considerable research and calculation by the British physicists Osborne Reynolds and Lord Rayleigh, who applied the term cavitation to the process of formation of bubbles. Because an ultrasonic wave can be used carefully to control cavitation, ultrasound has been a useful tool in the investigation of the process. The study of cavitation has also provided important information on intermolecular forces.
Research is being carried out on aspects of the cavitation process and its applications. A contemporary subject of research involves emission of light as the cavity produced by a high-intensity ultrasonic wave collapses. This effect, called sonoluminescence, is believed to create instantaneous temperatures hotter than the surface of the Sun.
The speed of propagation of an ultrasonic wave is strongly dependent on the viscosity of the medium. This property can be a useful tool in investigating the viscosity of materials. Because the various parts of a living cell are distinguished by differing viscosities, acoustical microscopy can make use of this property of cells to “see” into living cells, as will be discussed below in Medical applications.
Ranging and navigating
Sonar (sound navigation and ranging) has extensive marine applications. By sending out pulses of sound or ultrasound and measuring the time required for the pulses to reflect off a distant object and return to the source, the location of that object can be ascertained and its motion tracked. This technique is used extensively to locate and track submarines at sea and to locate explosive mines below the surface of the water. Two boats at known locations can also use triangulation to locate and track a third boat or submarine. The distance over which these techniques can be used is limited by temperature gradients in the water, which bend the beam away from the surface and create shadow regions. One of the advantages of ultrasonic waves over sound waves in underwater applications is that, because of their higher frequencies (or shorter wavelengths), the former will travel greater distances with less diffraction.
Ranging has also been used to map the bottom of the ocean, providing depth charts that are commonly used in navigation, particularly near coasts and in shallow waterways. Even small boats are now equipped with sonic ranging devices that determine and display the depth of the water so that the navigator can keep the boat from beaching on submerged sandbars or other shallow points. Modern fishing boats use ultrasonic ranging devices to locate schools of fish, substantially increasing their efficiency.
Even in the absence of visible light, bats can guide their flight and even locate flying insects (which they consume in flight) through the use of sonic ranging. Ultrasonic echolocation has also been used in traffic control applications and in counting and sorting items on an assembly line. Ultrasonic ranging provides the basis of the eye and vision systems for robots, and it has a number of important medical applications (see below).
The Doppler effect
If an ultrasonic wave is reflected off a moving obstacle, the frequency of the resulting wave will be changed, or Doppler-shifted. More specifically, if the obstacle is moving toward the source, the frequency of the reflected wave will be increased; and if the obstacle is moving away from the source, the frequency of the reflected wave will be decreased. The amount of the frequency shift can be used to determine the velocity of the moving obstacle. Just as the Doppler shift for radar, an electromagnetic wave, can be used to determine the speed of a moving car, so can the speed of a moving submarine be determined by the Doppler shift of a sonar beam. An important industrial application is the ultrasonic flow meter, in which reflecting ultrasound off a flowing liquid leads to a Doppler shift that is calibrated to provide the flow rate of the liquid. This technique also has been applied to blood flow in arteries. Many burglar alarms, both for home use and for use in commercial buildings, employ the ultrasonic Doppler shift principle. Such alarms cannot be used where pets or moving curtains might activate them.
Materials testing
Nondestructive testing involves the use of ultrasonic echolocation to gather information on the integrity of mechanical structures. Since changes in the material present an impedance mismatch from which an ultrasonic wave is reflected, ultrasonic testing can be used to identify faults, holes, cracks, or corrosion in materials, to inspect welds, to determine the quality of poured concrete, and to monitor metal fatigue. Owing to the mechanism by which sound waves propagate in metals, ultrasound can be used to probe more deeply than any other form of radiation. Ultrasonic procedures are used to perform in-service inspection of structures in nuclear reactors.
Structural flaws in materials can also be studied by subjecting the materials to stress and looking for acoustic emissions as the materials are stressed. Acoustic emission, the general name for this type of nondestructive study, has developed as a distinct field of acoustics.
High-intensity applications
High-intensity ultrasound has achieved a variety of important applications. Perhaps the most ubiquitous is ultrasonic cleaning, in which ultrasonic vibrations are set up in small liquid tanks in which objects are placed for cleaning. Cavitation of the liquid by the ultrasound, as well as the vibration, create turbulence in the liquid and result in the cleaning action. Ultrasonic cleaning is very popular for jewelry and has also been used with such items as dentures, surgical instruments, and small machinery. Degreasing is often enhanced by ultrasonic cleaning. Large-scale ultrasonic cleaners have also been developed for use in assembly lines.
Ultrasonic machining employs the high-intensity vibrations of a transducer to move a machine tool. If necessary, a slurry containing carborundum grit may be used; diamond tools can also be used. A variation of this technique is ultrasonic drilling, which makes use of pneumatic vibrations at ultrasonic frequencies in place of the standard rotary drill bit. Holes of virtually any shape can be drilled in hard or brittle materials such as glass, germanium, or ceramic.
Ultrasonic soldering has become important, especially for soldering unusual or difficult materials and for very clean applications. The ultrasonic vibrations perform the function of cleaning the surface, even removing the oxide layer on aluminum so that the material can be soldered. Because the surfaces can be made extremely clean and free from the normal thin oxide layer, soldering flux becomes unnecessary.
Chemical and electrical uses
The chemical effects of ultrasound arise from an electrical discharge that accompanies the cavitation process. This forms a basis for ultrasound's acting as a catalyst in certain chemical reactions, including oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, polymerization and depolymerization, and molecular rearrangement. With ultrasound, some chemical processes can be carried out more rapidly, at lower temperatures, or more efficiently.
The ultrasonic delay line is a thin layer of piezoelectric material used to produce a short, precise delay in an electrical signal. The electrical signal creates a mechanical vibration in the piezoelectric crystal that passes through the crystal and is converted back to an electrical signal. A very precise time delay can be achieved by constructing a crystal with the proper thickness. These devices are employed in fast electronic timing circuits.
Medical applications
Although ultrasound competes with other forms of medical imaging, such as X-ray techniques and magnetic resonance imaging, it has certain desirable features—for example, Doppler motion study—that the other techniques cannot provide. In addition, among the various modern techniques for the imaging of internal organs, ultrasonic devices are by far the least expensive. Ultrasound is also used for treating joint pains and for treating certain types of tumours for which it is desirable to produce localized heating. A very effective use of ultrasound deriving from its nature as a mechanical vibration is the elimination of kidney and bladder stones.
Diagnosis
Much medical diagnostic imaging is carried out with X rays. Because of the high photon energies of the X ray, this type of radiation is highly ionizing—that is, X rays are readily capable of destroying molecular bonds in the body tissue through which they pass. This destruction can lead to changes in the function of the tissue involved or, in extreme cases, its annihilation.
One of the important advantages of ultrasound is that it is a mechanical vibration and is therefore a nonionizing form of energy. Thus, it is usable in many sensitive circumstances where X rays might be damaging. Also, the resolution of X rays is limited owing to their great penetrating ability and the slight differences between soft tissues. Ultrasound, on the other hand, gives good contrast between various types of soft tissue.
Ultrasonic scanning in medical diagnosis uses the same principle as sonar. Pulses of high-frequency ultrasound, generally above one megahertz, are created by a piezoelectric transducer and directed into the body. As the ultrasound traverses various internal organs, it encounters changes in acoustic impedance, which cause reflections. The amount and time delay of the various reflections can be analyzed to obtain information regarding the internal organs. In the B-scan mode, a linear array of transducers is used to scan a plane in the body, and the resultant data is displayed on a television screen as a two-dimensional plot. The A-scan technique uses a single transducer to scan along a line in the body, and the echoes are plotted as a function of time. This technique is used for measuring the distances or sizes of internal organs. The M-scan mode is used to record the motion of internal organs, as in the study of heart dysfunction. Greater resolution is obtained in ultrasonic imaging by using higher frequencies—i.e., shorter wavelengths. A limitation of this property of waves is that higher frequencies tend to be much more strongly absorbed.
Because it is nonionizing, ultrasound has become one of the staples of obstetric diagnosis. During the process of drawing amniotic fluid in testing for birth defects, ultrasonic imaging is used to guide the needle and thus avoid damage to the fetus or surrounding tissue. Ultrasonic imaging of the fetus can be used to determine the date of conception, to identify multiple births, and to diagnose abnormalities in the development of the fetus.
Ultrasonic Doppler techniques have become very important in diagnosing problems in blood flow. In one technique, a three-megahertz ultrasonic beam is reflected off typical oncoming arterial blood with a Doppler shift of a few kilohertz—a frequency difference that can be heard directly by a physician. Using this technique, it is possible to monitor the heartbeat of a fetus long before a stethoscope can pick up the sound. Arterial diseases such as arteriosclerosis can also be diagnosed, and the healing of arteries can be monitored following surgery. A combination of B-scan imaging and Doppler imaging, known as duplex scanning, can identify arteries and immediately measure their blood flow; this has been extensively used to diagnose heart valve defects.
Using ultrasound with frequencies up to 2,000 megahertz, which has a wavelength of 0.75 micrometre in soft tissues (as compared with a wavelength of about 0.55 micrometre for light), ultrasonic microscopes have been developed that rival light microscopes in their resolution. The distinct advantage of ultrasonic microscopes lies in their ability to distinguish various parts of a cell by their viscosity. Also, because they require no artificial contrast mediums, which kill the cells, acoustic microscopy can study actual living cells.
Therapy and surgery
Because ultrasound is a mechanical vibration and can be well focused at high frequencies, it can be used to create internal heating of localized tissue without harmful effects on nearby tissue. This technique can be employed to relieve pains in joints, particularly in the back and shoulder. Also, research is now being carried out in the treatment of certain types of cancer by local heating, since focusing intense ultrasonic waves can heat the area of a tumour while not significantly affecting surrounding tissue.
Trackless surgery—that is, surgery that does not require an incision or track from the skin to the affected area—has been developed for several conditions. Focused ultrasound has been used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease by creating brain lesions in areas that are inaccessible to traditional surgery. A common application of this technique is the destruction of kidney stones with shock waves formed by bursts of focused ultrasound. In some cases, a device called an ultrasonic lithotripter focuses the ultrasound with the help of X-ray guidance, but a more common technique for destruction of kidney stones, known as endoscopic ultrasonic disintegration, uses a small metal rod inserted through the skin to deliver ultrasound in the 22- to 30-kilohertz frequency region.
Infrasonics
The term infrasonics refers to waves of a frequency below the range of human hearing—i.e., below about 20 hertz. Such waves occur in nature in earthquakes, waterfalls, ocean waves, volcanoes, and a variety of atmospheric phenomena such as wind, thunder, and weather patterns. Calculating the motion of these waves and predicting the weather using these calculations, among other information, is one of the great challenges for modern high-speed computers.
TableAircraft, automobiles, or other rapidly moving objects, as well as air handlers and blowers in buildings, also produce substantial amounts of infrasonic radiation. Studies have shown that many people experience adverse reactions to large intensities of infrasonic frequencies, developing headaches, nausea, blurred vision, and dizziness. On the other hand, a number of animals are sensitive to infrasonic frequencies, as indicated in the Table. It is believed by many zoologists that this sensitivity in animals such as elephants may be helpful in providing them with early warning of earthquakes and weather disturbances. It has been suggested that the sensitivity of birds to infrasound aids their navigation and even affects their migration.
One of the most important examples of infrasonic waves in nature is in earthquakes. Three principal types of earthquake wave exist: the S-wave, a transverse body wave; the P-wave, a longitudinal body wave; and the L-wave, which propagates along the boundary of stratified mediums. L-waves, which are of great importance in earthquake engineering, propagate in a similar way to water waves, at low velocities that are dependent on frequency. S-waves are transverse body waves and thus can only be propagated within solid bodies such as rocks. P-waves are longitudinal waves similar to sound waves; they propagate at the speed of sound and have large ranges.
When P-waves propagating from the epicentre of an earthquake reach the surface of the Earth, they are converted into L-waves, which may then damage surface structures. The great range of P-waves makes them useful in identifying earthquakes from observation points a great distance from the epicentre. In many cases, the most severe shock from an earthquake is preceded by smaller shocks, which provide advance warning of the greater shock to come. Underground nuclear explosions also produce P-waves, allowing them to be monitored from any point in the world if they are of sufficient intensity.
The reflection of man-made seismic shocks has helped to identify possible locations of oil and natural-gas sources. Distinctive rock formations in which these minerals are likely to be found can be identified by sonic ranging, primarily at infrasonic frequencies.
Environmental noise
Many forms of noise in the urban environment, including traffic and airplane noise, industrial noise, and noise from electronically amplified music performed at high audio levels in confined rooms, may contribute to hearing damage. Even when t
