迪拜帆船酒店
In Dubai, say again name-drop hotels sailing hotel. The world's most luxurious hotel in the United Arab Emirates territory of Dubai, it is the hotel sailing on the first of the seven star hotels. Located in the Middle East in the united Arab emirates emirate of Dubai city in Dubai.。
"The idea is initially porcelain hotel by the united Arab emirates defense minister. Dubai, o prince, mark the figure, his dream to Dubai a Sydney opera house, the Eiffel Tower type of landmark. Through the world hundreds of stylist strange think of clever want, plus one great pocket money in Dubai and 5 years and finally created a fantastic architecture - will be powerful Islamic styles and extremely costly adornment and high-tech means, building perfect combination, the building itself won.
Hotel by the British designer w.s.Atkins, appearance as a drum design filled with wind sail, a total of 56 layer, 321 meters high, is the highest in the world than in France, the Eiffel Tower hotel is on high. And splendid hotel suite, let you feel the king Arabian oil. All the rooms are two 202 of floor area of room, suite are 170 square meters, But the most widespread royal suite, more 780 meters. And all is be born glazing, can face of the Arabian sea. The most surprising is entered the room, had a steward waiting room with you explain how to use the high-tech facilities, for luxury honorable service tenet is must have the tenant is king, Arab oil in ruthlessly surprise, also let a person plaint the power of money. The most common in the luxury suites, for example, including curtain and the light switch is on the desk, laptops, Toshiba, hang on the wall can access the painting is full is authentic.Time."Porcelain engineering spent five years time, two and a half years in the Arabian sea islands, fill out two and a half years time in building itself, the use of the steel, and 9,000 tones of 250 foundation piles construction in 40 meters deep.
This looks like a moving images of the hotel built in sailing on the beach, is a new form of tower a sailing. Name-drop hotels is one of the world's highest building only seven-star hotels (because of hotel equipment was too high, far more than five standards, had an exception says it do seven-star), established in December 1999, it is built in from the shoreline 280 meters are man-made Sumerian The latest name-drop hotels mix of architecture and engineering technology, charming scenery and modeling, making it look like and sky.
Name-drop hotels were 56 layers, 321 meters high, higher than the Eiffel Tower in France. Hotel using double membrane structure forms, modeling is lightsome, elegant, strong membrane structure characteristics and modern style. It has double rooms, 202 of 200 meters high overlooks Dubai city restaurant. To name- drop hotels, you can realize the real meaning of "resplendent and magnificent”. It is the atrium, it's the golden most luxurious 780 meters in the presidential suite is luxuriant, especially in the first 25, furniture is plated with gold, and with a cinema, two bedrooms, a living room, one dining room between two, have special elevator. Room area from 170 square meters to 780 meters. Seven-star hotels, the lowest price affirmation is to $900, presidential suites are to 1.8 million dollars. The hotel owns eight BMW and two Rolls Royce, for all passengers directly between airports, also can from the hotel and layer 4-storey airport, 15 minutes by helicopter overlooking scenery. Air in Dubai, Guests like seafood restaurant meal, they will be in by submarines to restaurants, so they can enjoy sea before dinner.
In 1999 autumn porcelain hotel opening door, welcome completion. It’s luxurious degree breathtaking, experts are very difficult, I don't know which gives it a few stars, star, or five, six stars? It is without precedent, give out an exact result. Someone said, "Porcelain should to seven. Actually, a few stars in the world is not important, the key is the hotel ", "the desert and ocean between buildings and raise the human excellence of thinking and Hollywood's dream.
Standing on the seashore of artificial islands, resembling a sailing, body, from head to foot article 56 layer, up 321 meters, with double rooms, in 202 set on the location of the building of the luxury restaurant overlooking the city, also a global finished top garden atrium。
In the 20th century, bridge construction technology evolved and was fueled by the
Industrial Revolution. At the turn of the century, steel bridges were riveted together, not
bolted; concrete bridges were cast in place, not precast; and large bridge members were
built from lacing bars and smaller sections, not rolled in one piece. Plastic had not yet been
invented. Construction techniques such as post-tensioning, slurry walls, soil freezing, and
reinforced earth walls had not yet been conceived. Surveying was performed mechanically
since infrared, optical technology was still 75 years away.
Bridge construction is changing as the new millennium begins. New construction
techniques and new materials are emerging. There are also new issues facing the bridge
building industry relative to the research needs associated with these new techniques and
materials.
LONG-SPAN BRIDGES
Suspension Bridges
While suspension bridge building was conducted at a modest pace throughout the 20th
century, an unprecedented number of spans of remarkable record lengths were built in the
Far East and Denmark. Both the Akashi Kaikyo Bridge in Japan and the Great Belt Bridge
in Denmark were completed in 1998. The Akashi Kaikyo Bridge is the largest suspension
bridge in the world, with a span of 1991 m, and the Great Belt Bridge is the second largest,
with a span of 1624 m.
While spans lengths have increased nearly fivefold during the course of this century,
they may have reached their physical limits with today’s materials. Research will be
necessary to develop the new, ultra-high-strength steel wire or carbon fiber wire required to
build the longer main suspension cables that will make it possible to increase span lengths to
beyond 2000 m.
As we enter the new millennium, rehabilitation and ongoing maintenance of the existing
suspension bridges must continue as well. Recent rehabilitation measures for the main
cables and suspension systems of these bridges have uncovered degradation through
corrosion and hydrogen embrittlement. Research is needed to determine the remaining
useful service life of suspension bridge cables and what measures can be taken to slow or
halt the degradation process.
Transportation in the New Millennium 2
Other components of long-span bridges, existing and new, are being revolutionized as
technology moves forward. Advances in deck technology are producing stronger, lighter
decks. Orthotropic and exodermic decks are becoming increasingly popular on long-span
structures as a means of reducing dead load. Bearings, joint systems, and seismic retrofitting
components are becoming increasingly efficient as more large-scale testing facilities are
built.
在20世纪,桥梁施工技术,是由进化而来的
工业革命。随着新世纪的到来,钢桥受到铆接在一起,而不是
螺栓、混凝土桥梁被扔在的地方,不是预制、大型桥梁成员
从系酒吧和小的部分,不卷在一块。塑料尚未
发明了。制作等施工工艺、浆墙、土壤冻结,
加筋土墙尚未怀了孕。测量进行机械
自从红外、光学技术仍然是75年。
大桥建设是新千年开始转变。新建筑
技术和新材料正在浮出水面。也有新的解决面临的桥
建筑行业的相关研究的需要,这些新技术
材料。
大跨度桥梁
悬挂的桥梁
虽然悬索桥建设进行了整个20速度不快
世纪,前所未有的跨越了卓越的长度是建在记录
远东和丹麦。双方在日本明石海峡大桥正式通车,伟大的带桥
在丹麦是在一九九八年完成。这个明石海峡大桥正式通车是世界上最大的悬架
在这个世界上,与桥梁的m,1991年是中国的第二大带桥,
用一段1624)。
虽然已经增加了近5倍长度的跨世纪的过程中,
他们已经达到了他们的物理极限与今天的材料。研究将
必须发展新的、ultra-high-strength钢丝、碳纤维丝要求
建立了悬索,将不再主要可能增加到跨度的长度
超出2000米。
当我们进入新千年、康复和持续的维护现有的
悬索桥必须继续。最近的戒毒措施为主要
电缆悬架系统与这些桥梁发现退化
氢脆腐蚀,。研究还剩下的
寿命悬索桥电缆和什么措施可以减缓或
停止退化的过程。
在新千年的运输
其他组件的大跨度桥梁,现有的和新的,正在发生了革命性的变化
技术的进步。提出了在甲板上技术生产强的,更轻的
甲板。正交各向异性和exodermic牌是大跨度越来越受欢迎
作为一种手段,降低结构自重荷载。轴承、联合系统和抗震能力
越来越多的有效成分是更大规模的测试设备
建造。
50分！！~~谢谢
参考资料：我的大脑
在学校的话可以用学校的数据库，例如万方数据库等
也可以收集一些建筑杂志，例如世界建筑和a+u等都是中英文对照的。
再有就是网上一些收费的的网站了。
Along with the our country economic development rapid development, the lives of the people level unceasing enhancement, the city uses to be day by day anxious, urges the building to face the direction is developing. This kind of high level civil construction repair needed materials and the way also more hasten the diversification, and along with uses electricity the load and coal gas consumption quantity enlarging, proposed to the fire auto-alarm system design is higher, a stricter request. In order to guarantee the people life and property the security, the fire auto-alarm system design has become in the high level civil construction design one of most important design contents. Presently based on the author fire of auto-alarm system design overseeing work in the high level civil building experience, proposed in present national related standard and standard unclear true detail shallow opinion, by for the colleagues to discuss and to point out mistakes.
First, design basis
The fire auto-alarm system design is a specialized very strong technology work, at the same time also has the very strong policy-type. Therefore, first should be clear about the following design basis:
1st, must grasp the architectural design fire protection standard, the system design standard, the equipment manufacture standard, the installment construction approval standard and the administration laws and regulations and so on five big aspects fire laws and regulations, and in practical understanding present country related standard and standard positive word: "Must", "be supposed", "to be suitable", "may" and the reverse side word: "Strictly prohibits", "should not", "not have", "not to be suitable" the meaning.
2nd, must aim at high level civil building function, use and the protection object fire protection rank, earnestly carries out the present national related standard and the standard, earnestly treats the public security fire prevention surveillance department the examination and approval opinion.
Second, fire auto-alarm system equipment establishment
Fire detector establishment
Opens wide either the seal or the stair hall should alone divide the search coverage, and each 2 ~ 3 establish a fire detector.
The first room (including guards against in front of smoke stair hall in front of room, fire elevator room, fire elevator with guards against the front room which smoke stair hall comes in handy) and the aisle should distinguish alone to divide the search coverage, specially front the room and the lift well, the scattered stair hall and the aisle are interlinked, has time the fire haze to be easier to gather or to flow, is the personnel disperses which saves goal with the fire prevention, therefore should install the fire detector. Regarding common elevator in front of room although is not the personnel disperses , but this front room and the lift well are interlinked, has time the fire haze to be also easy to gather or to flow, suitably alone divides the search coverage and installs the fire detector.
The electric cable shaft therefore is easy to form pulls out the smoke inflammation the channel; Has when the fire the fire intensity not easily extends along the electric cable burns, for this, "the high level civil construction design fire protection standard" and "the civil construction electricity design standard" separately proposes the detailed specific stipulation in the construction and in the electric wire or on the electric cable shaping. But considered implements specifically the difficulty and the present situation, the electric cable shaft installs the fire detector is extremely essential, and coordinates the shaft the fire protection separation request, each 2 ~ 3 or each level installs.
The elevator machine room should install the fire detector, its elevator is the important vertical transportation vehicle; Its two elevator machine room has has the fire risk; Its three lift well existence essential opens the hole, like the level gate opens between the hole, the air vent, the between permanence opens the hole with the elevator machine room or the pulley and so on; Its four when has the fire, the lift well often becomes the fire intensity spread the channel, is easy to threaten the elevator machine room the facility. Therefore, the elevator machine room establishes the fire detector is necessary, crown of also suitable establishment fire detector lift well.
2nd, the manual fire reports to the police the button establishment
(Including guards against in front of smoke stair hall in view of various floors front room in front of room, fire elevator room, fire elevator with guards against which smoke stair hall to come in handy the front room) is has when the fire the personnel to disperse which saves goal with fire prevention, should report to the police the button first choice spot as the establishment manual fire. In addition, the room also should establish the manual fire to the common elevator in front of to report to the police the button.
In the public active place (including hall, hall, dining room, multi-purpose hall and so on) and the main thoroughfare and so on place, the personnel very is all centralized, and mainly disperses the channel. Therefore should report to the police the button in these public active places main access establishment manual fires; The manual fire establishes which in the main thoroughfare reports to the police the button to guarantee "to a manual fire which most is close to reports to the police the button distance from a fire protection district any position not to be supposed to be bigger than 30 meters".
3rd, the fire emergency broadcasts the speaker the establishment
The aisle, the hall, the dining room and so on the public place personnel very are all centralized, and mainly disperses the channel. Therefore should press in these public places "to a recent speaker distance is not bigger than 25 meters from a fire protection district any spot" and "in the aisle last should not be bigger than 12.5 meters the speaker to the aisle terminal distance" the establishment fire emergency to broadcast the speaker; Next also should establish the fire in the public bathroom place emergency to broadcast the speaker.
The first room (including guards against in front of smoke stair hall in front of room, fire elevator room, fire elevator with guards against which smoke stair hall to come in handy the front room) is has when the fire the personnel to disperse which saves goal with fire prevention, also has the fire door separation and the sounds of people is confused and noisy, therefore should establish the fire emergency to broadcast the speaker. In front of the common elevator the room also should establish the fire emergency to broadcast the speaker. Disperses the stair hall also is has when the fire the personnel to disperse which saves goal with the fire prevention, also the sounds of people are confused and noisy, therefore should establish the fire emergency to broadcast the speaker, by favors the fire emergency broadcast to disperse the instruction.
4th, fire alarm installment establishment
The establishment fire emergency broadcast fire auto-alarm system, the author thought also should install the fire alarm installment, but its control procedure should be: The alarm apparatus should confirm after the fire, uses manual or the automatic control mode unification to the fire correlation region transmission warning, stops the alarm apparatus work in the stipulation time, the rapid linkage fire emergency broadcast and broadcasts to the people disperses the instruction.
The fire alarm installment establishment position, the author thought should report to the police the button position with the manual fire to be same, its wall surface installment should for be apart from the ground 1.8 meters highly
5th, fire special use telephone establishment
Installs the fire special use telephone extension telephone, should be located the engine room which related also some people is on duty frequently with the fire linkage control (including fire water plant, spare electricity generation engine room, matches substation, mainly ventilates with air conditioning engine room, discharges fume engine room, fire prevention elevator machine room and other), the fire fighting control system operates the equipment place or the control room, the fire duty officers observation room, the security manages spot and so on public room. Sedan of theater box the fire elevator and in the ordinary elevator all should suppose the special use telephone, requests the elevator machine room and the elevator sedan theater box, the elevator machine room and the fire control room, the elevator sedan theater box and the fire control room and so on three compositions is reliable to speaks the correspondence telephone system. Usually in fire control room; The establishment elevator monitoring demonstration plate (including position indicator, direction indicating lamp, to speaks correspondence telephone, trouble lamp and so on), in order to carries on the necessity to the elevator running status which in the surveillance and the emergency case controls.
Is equipped with the manual fire to report to the police position and so on button, fire hydrant button also should install the fire special use telephone receptacle.
Third, fire linkage control
1st, the fire linkage control should include the control fire pump to open, to stop, also should demonstrate opens pumps the button the position and the fire pump work and the malfunction. When the fire hydrant is equipped with the fire hydrant button, its electric installation work spot also should demonstrate the fire pump the working mode active status (namely establishment fire pump work indicating lamp).
2nd, the fire linkage control should include the control spraying of water and the water atomization fire fighting system opens, stops, also should demonstrate the fire pump the work and the malfunction and the fluent display, reports to the police the valve, the safety signal valve working mode active status. In addition, to the basin, the water tank water level also should carry on the demonstration monitor; In order to prevent the overhaul signal valve is shut down, the author thought should use the belt electric signal the control signal valve by to demonstrate it opens the condition.
3rd, the fire linkage control other controls and the demonstration function, should carry out the present national related standard and the standard specific stipulation.
Fourth, fire auto-alarm system wiring
In order to prevent the fire occurs when the fire control, the correspondence and the warning line severance, causes the fire fighting work to be unable to carry on, creates the bigger economic loss; Also for the suppression electronmagetic interference (for example transformer, electric motor, electric cable and so on) the influence which produces to the fire auto-alarm system. The fire auto-alarm system transmission line and the fire control, the correspondence and the warning line should use the being flame-resistant electric cable, and should use the metal tube or the enclosed metal trunking protection. The fire manual positive governing installment line should use the fireproof electric cable, its electric cable also should use the metal tube or the enclosed metal trunking protection. Uses Ming Fushi, should takes the fire protection protective measures on the metal tube or the enclosed metal trunking.Fifth, concluding remark
The author rests on the concrete project to implement the experience, elaborated the design basis, fire auto-alarm design actual problem and so on system equipment establishment, fire linkage control and its wiring pulls out some shallow opinions, its goal is enhances the fire auto-alarm system the design quality, discovered early and the notification fire, prevented and reduces the fire to harm, by protects the person and the property safety.
随着我国经济发展快速发展，人民生活的水平不断提高，城市使用是每天着急，敦促建设面临着发展的方向。这种高层次的民间建筑维修所需的材料和方式也更加多样化加快，而且随着使用电力负荷和煤气消费量扩大，提议消防自动报警系统设计较高，更严格的要求。为了保证人民生命和财产的安全，消防自动报警系统的设计已经成为在高级别民间建筑设计的一个最重要的设计内容。目前的基础上撰文火灾自动报警系统设计监督工作的高层次的民间建设的经验，建议在目前国家相关标准和标准不清楚真正详细浅见解，为同事们的讨论，并指出错误。
首先，设计依据
火灾自动报警系统的设计是一家专业非常强的技术工作，同时还具有很强的政策性。因此，首先应明确以下设计依据：
第一，必须紧紧抓住的建筑设计防火标准，该系统的设计标准，标准的设备制造，安装施工审批标准和管理的法律和规章等五大方面的消防法律法规，并在实际了解国家有关本标准和标准积极字： “必须” ， “必须假定” ， “不适合” ， “可能”和反面词： “严格禁止” ， “不应该” ， “没有” ， “不适合“的含义。
第二，必须着眼于高层次的民间建筑的功能，利用和保护对象的防火等级，认真开展本标准和国家有关标准，认真对待公安防火监督部门的审批意见。
其次，火灾自动报警系统设备的建立
建立火灾探测器
要么全打开的印章或楼梯大厅应单独划分搜索范围，每个2 〜 3建立火灾探测器。
第一个房间（包括防前面的烟雾大厅楼梯前室，消防电梯间，消防电梯防前面房间烟雾楼梯大会堂来用场）和过道应区分单独划分搜索范围，特别是前面的房间，以及电梯，分散楼梯大厅和走道都是相互关联的，有时间的火灾烟雾比较容易收集或流动，是人员分散保存目标与防火，因此，应该安装火警探测器。关于共同电梯前室虽然不是人员分散，而且这方面的空间和良好的电梯是相互关联的，有时间的火灾烟雾也很容易被收集或流动，适当地划分为单独的搜索覆盖面和安装消防探测器。
电缆轴因此很容易形成掏出烟炎症渠道，拥有火灾时的火强度不容易延伸沿电缆燃烧，为此， “高级别民间建筑设计防火标准”和“民用建筑电气设计标准“分别提出了详细具体的规定，在建筑和在电线或电缆塑造。但认为具体实施的难度和目前的情况下，电缆竖井安装了火灾探测器是非常必要的，坐标轴的防火分隔要求，每2 〜 3或每一级安装。
电梯机房应安装火灾探测器，它的电梯是重要的垂直交通工具，其两个电梯机房已具有火灾危险性，其存在的三个基本解除以及打开洞，像打开闸门的水平之间的球洞，在气孔，持久的关系打开了洞与电梯机房或滑轮等，其时，有四个火，升降机以及往往成为火灾强度传播渠道，很容易危及电梯机房设施。因此，电梯机房建立了火灾探测器是必要的，也适用于皇冠建立火灾探测器举井。
2 ，手动火警报警按钮建立
（包括防前面的烟雾楼梯大厅鉴于各层前房间前面的房间，消防电梯间，消防电梯防这些烟雾楼梯大会堂派上用场前室）是有火灾时人员驱散节省目标，防火，应立即向警方举报的按钮，首选地点设立手动火警。此外，该室也应建立防火手册的共同电梯前，向警方报案的按钮。
在公共活动场所（包括会堂，礼堂，餐厅，多功能厅等）和主要通道等场所，是所有工作人员非常集中，主要是分散的渠道。因此，应立即向警方举报的按钮，在这些公共活动场所主要通道设立手册火灾;该手册规定的火灾中的主要通道报警按钮，以保证“ ，以手动火警最接近报警按钮距离防火区的任何位置不应该超过30米。 “
第三，消防紧急广播喇叭建立
走道，大厅，餐厅等公共场所的工作人员都非常集中，主要是分散的渠道。因此，应该按这些公共场所的“最近的一项发言距离不超过25米的防火保护区的任何位置”和“在走道上不应大于十二点五米扬声器的过道末端距离”建立消防应急广播喇叭;下一步还应当建立消防在公共浴室的地方紧急广播喇叭。
第一个房间（包括防前面的烟雾大厅楼梯前室，消防电梯间，消防电梯防这些烟雾楼梯大会堂派上用场前室）是有火灾时的人员驱散节省目标与防火，也有分离和防火门的声音，人民的混乱和嘈杂，因此，应建立消防应急广播喇叭。在前面的共同电梯房也应建立消防应急广播喇叭。分散大厅楼梯也已经火灾时的人员驱散节省目标与防火，也是人民的声音和嘈杂的混淆，因此应建立消防应急广播喇叭，由主张消防紧急广播驱散指令。
第四，建立火灾报警装置
建立消防应急广播火灾自动报警系统，笔者认为还应该安装消防报警装置，但它的控制程序应该是：该报警器应确认火灾后，利用手动或自动控制模式统一消防相关区域传输预警，报警器停止工作时间的规定，迅速联系消防应急广播和电视节目，并且分散了人们的指示。
火警警报装置建立的立场，笔者认为应该向警方报案的按钮位置的手动火警是相同的，它的墙面安装应为距地面1.8米高度
第五，消防专用电话设立
安装消防专用电话分机电话，应设机房其中也涉及一些人是在工作地点经常与消防联动控制（包括消防给水设备，备件发电机房，火柴变电站，主要ventilates空调引擎室，排放烟气轮机室，防火电梯机房及其他） ，消防控制系统的经营场所或设备的控制室，消防责任人员观察室，现场的安全管理等公共空间。轿车的影院中消防电梯和普通电梯应假设所有使用的特殊电话，请电梯机房和电梯轿车影院中，电梯机房及消防控制室，电梯轿车影院方块和消防控制室等三个成分是可靠的讲通信电话系统。通常在消防控制室;建立电梯监测演示板（包括位置指示器，显示方向灯，以讲信函电话，麻烦灯等） ，以进行必要的电梯在运行状态的监视和紧急情况下的控制。
配备了手动火警报警位置等按钮，消火栓按钮，还应该安装消防专用电话插座。
第三，消防联动控制
第一，消防联动控制应包括控制消防泵开启，停止，也应表现出的按钮，打开泵的位置和消防泵的工作和故障。当消火栓设有消火栓按钮时，其电气安装工程现场也应表现出的消防泵的工作模式有效状态（即建立消防泵工作表明灯） 。
第二，消防联动控制应包括控制喷洒水和水雾化灭火系统打开，停止，也应表现出的消防泵的工作和故障和流利显示，报警阀，安全信号阀工作模式积极的地位。此外，该盆地，水箱水位也应进行示范监测;为了防止检修信号阀关闭，作者认为应该使用带电信号控制信号阀证明它打开条件。
第三，消防联动控制其他控制和示范作用，应进行本标准和国家有关标准的具体规定。
第四，火灾自动报警系统布线
为了防止火灾发生时，消防控制，通信和警戒线遣散，使灭火工作无法进行，造成了更大的经济损失，也为抑制electronmagetic干扰（例如变压器，电电机，电缆等）的影响而产生的火灾自动报警系统。火灾自动报警系统的输电线路和消防控制，通信和预警线应使用被阻燃电缆，并应使用金属管或封闭式金属线槽保护。消防手册积极理事分期付款行应使用防火电缆，其电缆也应使用金属管或封闭式金属线槽保护。使用明复，应采取防火保护措施的金属管或封闭金属trunking.Fifth ，结论备注
作者取决于具体的项目实施经验，阐述了设计依据，火灾自动报警设计和实际问题，以便建立系统设备，消防联动控制及其接线拿出一些肤浅的意见，其目的是增强了火灾自动报警系统的设计质量，早期发现，并通知消防，预防和减少火灾危害，通过保护个人和财产安全。
第2.2条。试验方案
两种类型,即加强了梁单层加强和一个双层加强,三个长度,即碳纤维。1 / 10时,1.2到1.6米也会被考虑到。纤维的底部使用梁和列图。3(a),表现为B11,B12,分别用单一的层次。在另一种梁、1.6米长度的碳纤维布作为第一层为所有的光束,然后三个长度,即碳纤维。1 / 10时,1.2到1.6米,用作第二层强化,显示在图3(d)-(f)和B21为代表的B22和B23,分别使用。由于只有一半的部分对称梁被显示。
这些箱梁受到四点静载荷到失败,增加了3 kN,图2(a)。3。试验结果
31。加强了梁刚度
图4显示了负荷与mid-span加强了钢筋混凝土梁的挠度曲线。这样看来,图四、加强梁的挠度的降低在同样的载荷条件下参考光相比,这表明可显著提高碳纤维布加固钢筋混凝土梁加强了刚度。梁刚度的变化不明显的拉伸前出现在加固构件裂缝。然后光束的刚度增加而增加碳纤维布的厚度和长度后发生了什幺事。开裂图4(a)显示了碳纤维加固技术能够有效地抑制裂缝发展较短,图4(b)表明碳纤维布可以有效地抑制加强破坏裂纹发展uni-layer加强的。测试结果表明,长度和碳纤维布的厚度和最终影响裂缝形态结构的失效模式。只有在附着加固梁B11纯弯的一部分。这是质量问题的建构过程中的影响。 3.2。延性
macromechanical曲率与性能曲线反映延展性。这样看来图5,增加缓慢增加板材
保留的线性关系破裂前拉伸混凝土,但快速增长在混凝土断裂。曲率的速度的增加速度更快的参考光比加强横梁。这样看来图5(b),并没有太大区别
在曲率曲线两层加固时用来加强横梁。第二加强的长度的影响较小,对碳纤维布层弯曲而造成的。呵呵呵 只有这样子了 好有难度哦
Goose tower （大雁塔） The goose tower is located in the Nanjiao greatly kind graciousnesstemple, was the nation famous ancient architecture, is regarded asancient capital Xi'an the symbol. After hands down is Tang Sengcongthe India (ancient India) learns from experienced people, specially isengaged in translates after with the Buddhist scriptures place.Because imitates the Indian wild goose tower style the constructiontherefore the famous wild goose tower. Because afterwards recommendedin the lucky temple in Chang An to construct a smaller wild goosetower, in order to distinguish, the people on called the goose thetower the kind graciousness temple tower, recommended the lucky templetower to call the small wild goose tower, continuously spreads untilnow. The goose delivers in person the square shape, constructsin side approximately 45 meters, on high approximately 5 meter stationbases. Tower seven, first floor length of side 25 meters, by place Surface to tower crest elevation 64 meters. The tower bodybecomes with the brickwork, the polished bricks fitting snuglytogether are firm exceptionally. In the tower has the staircase, maycircle on. Around each respectively has a brige entry, may leanagainst a railing looks out into the distance. The Chang An style getsa panoramic view. Around the tower first floor all has Shimen, on thegate mast has the fine line to engrave the image of Buddha, passes onfor the Tang Dynasty big painter Yan Liben writing skill. In the towerNanmen two sides brick niches, inlays has Tang fourth day of a soldierthen good book storytelling legalist schools big tang dynasty pilgrimmonk saint to teach the foreword "and" States Tripitaka Saint To teachForeword To record "two steles. After Tang Mo, the temple repeatedlysays the warfare, the palace burns d
Big span structure of FRP network analysis and forecast
Abstract: this article will introduce a new big span structure, FRP netting structure. In a FRPWWS structure, high intensity of FRP materials like Chinese bamboo weaving of bamboo is a planar formation in the mesh network, the periphery of the structure of the anchorage in a JuanXing beam, the structure of the center for the anchorage netting another within the parameters. Threads on knitting production structure on the initial stress and advance within the parameters of surface movement to meet additional tension of various load resistance. Due to the high FRP materials, materials - weight ratio of this new form for some big span structure of space construction provides an attractive option, the span longer than conventional structural materials building span. In this paper, firstly introduces the basic structure of FRPWWS simple steps, then layout and construction illustrates three basic types of weaving structure, but also put forward some changes this way. This paper introduces a simple mechanical model for the mechanical deformation of FRP single, also gives an example of the structure of the finite element analysis process.
A, introduction
FRP is a new type of structural materials, in recent years in civil engineering research is very active. Because he has some good performance, such as corrosion, light weight, high strength, good fatigue resistance and low cost of maintenance, it was thought to be built in new century building long-span structure of ideal, but it is in some aspects of the traditional mechanical properties and structure of the material or have obvious difference, such as its various heterosexual phenomenon. Due to the uniqueness of FRP materials, the effective use of FRP materials and traditional building materials can span, it is necessary to study the new big span structure. Maeda et al. (2002) is built with the idea of FRP materials 5000 metres of suspension bridge span
In this paper, the FRP netting structure of a kind of brand-new big span structure. This new structure form in a large span to try to effectively use the roof of FRP material performance. In FRPWWS structure, high intensity of FRP compiling Chinese traditional bamboo as the same are woven into a bamboo plane mesh structure. This mesh structure parameters on the anchoring outside outside, the structure of the center and a smaller parameters used in anchorage ribbon. Figure 1 is a small FRPWWS structure model. "Weave" to ensure the smooth of FRP materials at first, to the extent of FRP weave on the prestressed concrete. Then, through the surface movement within the parameters of FRP netting, to pull through the process of prestressing tendons tensile or may have certain parameters including the gravity. Therefore, the FRP nets formed a with two parameters of large-span roofs, the FRP nets set stiffness can resist all sorts of load.
FRPWWS structure similar to the cable networks or cable retinal structure: they constitute part is flexible, By stretching and caused to resist geometric stiffness of load. However, FRPWWS structure has its unique advantages: (1) the weight of FRP materials of low and vertically superior materials properties are effective utilization and transverse weaknesses, but not exposed in the structure of large span of FRP system is ideal, (2) the interchange of FRP plait will produce the huge damping, thereby strengthening structural anti-seismic capability, (3) there are rules of netting modelling makes surface is beautiful, (4) due to corrosion and gravity small installation and maintenance costs low.
This paper introduces a simple FRPWWS structure of the basic layout and construction steps. The plane was roughly threads for three. Also puts forward some practical application examples of the FRPWWS space. Proposes a used nets in the mechanical model of single FRP. Finally describes a simple analysis of finite element method FRPWWS examples.
Second, simple FRPWWS layout
A summary of FRP netting structure includes a FRP weaving, used to anchor the outer ring beam and inner beam and one for the extra gravity tension loading or a group of prestress reinforcement, as shown in figure 1.
Nets are woven from article by FRP, also recommend guest FRP or other high-performance carbon fiber hybrid woven article. Carbon fiber FRP in recent years is widely applied to high strength concrete structure of new materials, it is usually made by extrusion, including fiber to 65%. By China and the Swiss production of two kinds of representative products performance data in table 1 shows prosperity.
Due to the density of woven material, small and easy to be bent and uncoiling. A standard of performance such as table 1 similar carbon materials can withstand FRP greater than or equal to 400KN tension, while a 300m long this strip 70kg less weight. As compared to the same intensity has more than 300m wire 500kg weight.
These woven article according to certain spacing is arranged in an appropriate form of plane. One of the most simple weaving method is a belt, and the other by vertical band, to make up like a fabric of net surface. This type of netting structure can see figure 2 partial screenshots. But in most cases, the number of under-colunm crossing-beam in between each other and the Angle, is the main measure of netting style; Every two ribbon to 90 ° fellowship as shown in figure 3 (a), three little is 60 ° belt in the intersection, as shown in figure 3 (b), as shown in figure 3 (c) and the four ribbon 45 °. At intersections, when fully forming available to all the attached agglutinate FRP interoperability or no adhesion between which can slide freely. In the example, behind will introduce to the static friction between the weaving of the stiffness and static load under dynamic loading sliding friction can consume the kinetic energy
大跨度FRP网架结构的展望和分析
摘要：本文将会介绍一种新的大跨度结构，FRP织网结构。在一个FRPWWS结构中，高强度的FRP材料条像中国竹席中的竹片一样被编织在一起形成一个平面网，这个网状结构的外围锚固在一个圈形的梁上，结构的中心处还有一个用于锚固织网的内圈梁。织网结构靠编织生产时的初步预施加应力和内圈梁面外运动引起的附加张力调整来抵抗遇到的各类荷载。由于FRP材料的具有较高的材料-重量比，这种全新的结构形式为一些大跨度的空间建设提供了一种具有吸引力的选择方案，该跨度长于用常规结构材料建筑的跨度。在本文中，首先介绍了简单的FRPWWS结构的基本布局和施工步骤，接着阐明了三种基本的织造结构，同时也提出了此类结构方式的几种变化。文中介绍了一个简单的力学模型用于单个的FRP条力学变形，也给出了一个实例结构的有限元分析的过程。
一、 引言
FRP是一种新型的结构材料，近年来在土木工程中的研究很活跃。由于他具有一些良好的性能，如抗腐蚀，重量轻，强度高，抗疲劳性好以及维修费用低，它被认为是在新世纪建造大跨度结构的理想建材，但是它在某些方面的机械性能与那些传统的结构材料还是有明显的区别，譬如它的各项异性现象。由于FRP材料的独特性，为了FRP材料的有效使用以及获得传统建材所不能及的跨度，有必要研究新型的大跨度结构。Maeda et al.(2002)就设想了用FRP材料建造跨度5000米的悬索桥。
本文提出了FRP织网结构结构，一种全新的大跨度结构形式。这种新的结构形式旨在试图在一个大跨度的屋顶中有效利用FRP材料的性能。在FRPWWS结构中，高强度FRP编制像中国传统竹席中的竹片一样被编织成一个平面网状结构。这个网状结构的外沿锚固在外圈梁上，结构的中心处还有一个较小的内圈梁用于锚固织带。图1所示既是一个小型FRPWWS结构模型。为保证进行“编织”时FRP材料条的平直，首先要对FRP编织条施加一定程度的预应力。然后，通过内圈梁的面外移动来拉动FRP织网，施加预应力的过程可以通过预应力筋拉伸或在内圈梁设一定的重力来达成。 因此，受拉的FRP网形成了一个带有两个圈梁的大跨屋面，该FRP网的集合刚度能抵抗各种荷载。
FRPWWS结构类似于索网或索网膜结构：他们的构成部分是灵活多变的；并且靠拉伸引起的几何刚度来抵抗各种荷载。然而，FRPWWS结构有其独特的优点：（1）FRP材料自重低且纵向上优越的材料性能被有效利用，而横向上的弱点却没有暴露出来，因此在超大跨度的结构中FRP系统是理想的；（2）FRP编条的交汇处会产生巨大的阻尼，从而加强结构抗风抗震能力；（3）有规则的织网造型会使表面比较美观；（4）耐腐蚀并且由于自重小安装和维护成本低。
本文详细介绍了一个简单的FRPWWS 结构的基本布局和施工步骤。织网的平面被大致的归为三类。同时提出了一些实际应用的空间FRPWWS的例子。提出了一个用于网中单一FRP条的力学模型。最后描述了有限元法分析一个简易FRPWWS的例子的结论。
二、 简单FRPWWS的布局
一个简易的FRP织网结构包括一张FRP编织网、用于锚固的外环梁和内环梁还有一个用于张紧的额外重力荷载或一组被施加预应力的筋，如图一所示。
网是由FRP条编织成的，也客人推荐使用碳纤维FRP或其他的高性能混杂纤维类编织条。碳纤维FRP是近年来被广泛应用于高强度混凝土结构的新型材料，它通常由挤压制造，含纤维比例达到65%。由中国和瑞士生产的两类代表产品繁荣性能资料可见表1。
编织条材料由于密度小而易被弯曲和盘绕。一根标准的性能如表1相似的碳纤维FRP材料可以承受大于等于400KN的拉力，同时一根300m长的这种长条重量少于70kg。作为对比同等强度的300m钢缆自重已经超过500kg了。
这些编织条按一定的间距被编排在一个合适形式的平面上。最简易的编织方法之一就是一根带子与经过的垂直的其他带子上下交错，来制造一个像织物一样的网面。这种类型的织网结构的部分截图可参看图2。但大部分情况下，编织条在交叉点处的数量和互相之间的角度，才是衡量织网样式的主要标准；每两根织带以90°相交如图3（a）所示，三条织带在一点呈60°相交如图3（b）所示，还有图3（c）所示的四条织带的45°相交。在交叉点处，当完全成型后可用附着粘合使FRP条全部互交或不进行粘合使其相互之间可以可以自由滑动。在后面的例子里，会介绍编织条之间的静摩擦有助于静荷载下的刚度而滑动摩擦可消耗动态荷载下的结构动能。
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在美国的东部，在澳大利亚，在中国的南方，雨量充沛，气候温和，人们用木材、砖瓦依山就势，因地制宜，盖起了遮阳避雨、通风透气、造型别致的湿热地区建筑。
这些建筑形式多样，风格各异，适宜于不同地区自然环境，与风景、林木、地形融为一体，形成了根植于自然环境的各种建筑文化。建筑既要根植于自然环境，又要服从于自然环境，这是建筑师必须遵循的一条基本原则。 社会时空环境差异造成建筑文化的多元化 不同的地域、不同的国家、不同的民族，有不同的社会历史形态。欧洲国家、美洲国家、亚洲与非洲等发展中国家，国度不同，宗教信仰不同，经济发展状况不同，各地区的文化习俗也不同。不同地区的人居社会时空环境的差异，造成了建筑文化的时空性和多元性，因而产生了古代的或现代的中国建筑文化、俄罗斯建筑文化、东南亚建筑文化、欧美建筑文化、非洲建筑文化等等。欧洲的古希腊建筑、北非的古埃及建筑、南亚的古印度建筑、古代中国建筑是世界民族建筑文化的历史源流。天主教、耶稣教、印度教、伊斯兰教、佛教等宗教的形成和发展，深刻地影响到信仰宗教的国家和地区，也深刻地影响到这些地区建筑，形成了丰富多彩的宗教建筑文化。
中国几千年悠久的历史文化，沿袭至今，既古老又博大，自古以来受到儒家、道家、佛教、禅宗等思想伦理的影响。特别是儒教统治中国2 000多年，根深蒂固。这种文化把儒、道、佛、禅各种思想观念兼收并蓄，融为一体，光辉灿烂，独立于世界民族之林。 建筑文化在一定条件下是可以转化的。地域、民族性的建筑文化在一定条件下可以转化为国际性建筑文化，国际性建筑文化也可吸收、融合新的地区与民族性建筑文化。在当今世界里，建筑文化的发展和进步，既包含前者向后者的转化，也包含后者对前者的吸收与融合。这两者既对立又统一，相互补充，彼此影响，共同发展，只有保护和发展丰富多彩的各民族建筑文化，促进世界建筑文化的多元化构成，最终才能建立一个 “和而不同”的人类社会。 中国古代建筑有着灿烂的成就，在宫室、园林、建筑空间的处理、建筑艺术与材料结构的和谐统一等方面，都有着卓越的创造与贡献，形成了迥别于西方建筑的特殊风貌，在人类建筑史上占有重要的地位。时至今日，建筑文化的特质愈来愈引起人们的重视。从建国后的北京人民大会堂到二十世纪末的香山饭店等建筑都继承了中国传统建筑艺术的精华，又融汇了西方现代建筑艺术的新观念、新技术，成为既有鲜活民族特色，又有强烈时代特征的建筑文化丰碑。中国的城市建筑无论古代、当代，都是在特定的空间中产生的文化现象，其丰富性与复杂性令所有研究者无法回避。
自近代以来，中国文化开始了艰难的转变过程。从传统社会向现代社会的转变，也是有赖于文化的转变。如果说中国传统文化的历史脉络和演变轨迹是较为清晰的话，那么，近代以来的转变似乎显得非常复杂。中国地域广阔，不同地区的文化和经济差异较大。
在近代以前，中国和西方城市无疑遵循着不同的发展道路，不仅形成了各自的政治、经济和文化制度，而且也形成了各自的城市规划风格和建筑风格。近代以来，随着西方列强的侵入以及文化的传入影响，包括建筑文化在内的西方城市文化，开始对中国产生巨大的影响。由此，包括建筑文化在内的中国城市文化，也开始了从传统到现代的深刻的转型。
当今，在我国的建筑理论和创作活动中，人们喜欢对传统与现代、继承与革新、中国与西方等一类建筑文化问题和现象进行比较和争论，这是必要的。但是争论这些问题应该明确它的目的，那就是它应当促进一种文化的发展和建构，推动它的进步，而不是仅仅满足于依据对这些文化现象做出客观、准确的描述。如：在讨论传统与现代、继承与革新的问题时，许多人热衷于从风格、形式或技术等方面去争论它们的高下、文野，却不是从它们与现代人的生存和生活的根本联系上去探讨它们的意义。在讨论中西方建筑文化时，人们在对中西方空间观念、行为方式和生活态度等等进行详尽比较的基础上，发现和总结出中国人同西方人建筑观念的差异和各自的特点，进而在创作和理论中充分强调和体现这种特点，这当然是好的。但是另一方面，人们却较少从人的存在状态的角度对传统与现代、继承与革新、中国与西方的建筑做出更进一步的价值判断。于是，“传统”“现代”“继承”“革新”“中国”“西方”等等本身变成了目的。建筑文化的比较和争论因此就没有达到应有的目的，不可能导致建筑文化的真正进步。
长期以来，在建筑史研究领域中，存在着一种“西方中心论”的观点，即认为西方城市建筑是历史传统，东方建筑是非历史传统。在弗莱彻尔的《比较建筑史》上刊有一幅“建筑之树”的插图，树的中心主干标明是希腊、罗马、罗蔓式，上端的6根主分枝分别是欧美一些国家哥特式建筑、文艺复兴建筑和近代建筑。却把埃及、印度、墨西哥、中国等都摆在下面一些纤弱的幼枝上，把美国放在这棵树的中心主干的顶端，极为形象地表达了作者的建筑 “西方中心论”思想。无可否认，西方城市建筑在近几个世纪以来确实发展迅速，无论在内容和形式上，还是在科技和理论上、美学形态上都走在世界的前列。但是“西方中心论”的观点无疑是有问题的，世界建筑历史的发展，决不只此西方而别无殿堂，这已成为越来越多的建筑文化史家的共识。①西方后现代主义建筑文化理论家佛朗普顿认为：传统建筑特别是民俗建筑是在特定地点形成的建筑体系，具有功能和结构上的合理性。特别是在处理一些具体因素，如通风、采光、保温等方面具有优良的特点。所以，不能简单否定依地点、体具体的地理情况和人文文化环境发展起来的地方风格。
对中国传统建筑文化的研究，是为了在理论层面上开拓一条中国建筑的健康发展之路。建筑文化学并不局限于解释各种建筑文化现象，它是要为建筑文化的发展提供价值导向。因此，建筑文化应该是批判的与实践的。要提供价值导向，先要作出价值评判，所以必须树立一种价值观。不同的人类都各有自己的文化背景，不同的建筑事件也都有一定的建筑文化影子。然而文化也是一柄双刃剑。一方面，任何文化都是精华与糟粕并存，即便是精华，也往往离不开具体的时空条件；另一方面，传统文化既可能成为一副沉重的十字架，扼杀现代人的创造潜能，也可以成为一座智慧的宝库，丰富我们的想象，扩大我们思维的尺度。 现实及未来生活的复杂要求，远非机械地搬用某一种传统方法、途径，就可以得到满足的，必须博采所长，取我所需。另外，对于本特色的创造仍然是一个严肃的课题，需要结合具体地点、条件，对设计要求作具体分析。在创作方法上，采用“抽象继承、迁想妙得”的原则，可能会找到一条新途径。吴良镛提出所谓“抽象继承”是指从建筑传统中，将传统建筑的设计原则和基本理论的精华部分加以发展，运用到现实创作中来。并且把传统形象中最有特色的部分提取出来，经过抽象，集中提高，作为母题，予以新意，以启发当前设计创作形式美的创造。同时应当摸到中国传统文化的脉搏，挖掘出传统建筑艺术的时间和空间内涵，首先是要重视和恢复建筑艺术的文化价值和精神功能，不能只把建筑艺术作品当作工业产品和生活用品，更不应当只抓其眼前的物质功能。这样的继承，并非形式的抄袭或旧零件的排列组合，既有创作原理的继承与发展，又有形象的借鉴与创造。使设计既求神似，也不排斥某种程度、某一细节的形似，关键是根据地点、条件的需要。而“迁想妙得”，“迁想”是将自己的想象力深入到对象的形象中去，“妙得”是指把握对象的真正神情。②
中国传统文化博大精深，建筑文化也是同样。我们应不仅从形式的角度，而且从文化的深度来理解传统，譬如：属于第一层面的，传统建筑中古典美的屋顶、斗拱、柱廊的造型特征，诗文、书画与工艺结合的装修形式，以及各式门窗菱格、装饰纹样；第二层面的，庭院式布局的空间韵律、自然与建筑互补的环境设计，诗情画意、充满人文精神的造园艺术，形、数、画、方位的表象与隐喻的象征手法；第三层面的，“天人合一”的自然观和注重环境效应的“风水”思想，阴阳对立、互动、相应的哲学思维和“身、心、气”合一的养生观，等等。它们之中蕴含着丰富的内涵、深邃的哲理和智慧。③这些都阐明，传统对现代的价值还需要我们在新建筑的创作中去发掘，去感知。
因此，我们应当努力去寻找传统的现代价值，在保存和发扬其传统精华的同时，摒弃其落后的，不适应现代发展的东西，寻求传统建筑文化和现代发展的结合点，体现传统建筑文化尊天地、重人本、讲亲和的唯物辩证思想。弘扬传统建筑文化还可从传统建筑的设计原理、空间组合、构图手法、意念表达等方面有所启迪、有所继承和运用、有所发展创新，不断探索传统建筑思维与现代建筑思维、传统技术与现代技术、传统审美与现代审美意识的结合方式，把优秀的传统建筑文化结合到现代建筑文化之中。
中外建筑文化的发展与交融
建筑文化处于全球“大文化”系统之中，各民族、各地域的建筑文化在此共生共荣，组成了世界建筑文化的交响曲。全球化的社会进程给文化交流带来了碰撞与会合，冲突与交融。 几千年来，中国受外来文化的影响渊源流长。佛教文化本来发源于印度，随着西汉张骞出使西域，唐代玄奘法师赴印度取经传经，佛教影响中国2000多年。但是，佛教的内容，佛祖的像貌，佛庙的形制与中国文化交融，形成和发展了独特的中国佛教建筑文化。
早在20世纪20年代，中国近代出国留学归国的建筑师，大多数是留美的学者，他们受当时西方学院派建筑文化观念和中国国粹主义建筑文化观念的双重影响，强调中西建筑文化交融的重点在建筑风格上，第一次创造性地设计出了一批精品，开创了中外建筑文化交融的新纪元。例如由第一批留美建筑大师吕彦植先生20年代设计的广州中山纪念堂、南京中山陵等等，在当时中国建筑界的确起到了石破天惊的影响，推动了中外建筑文化的融合进程。 新中国建国初期，中国政体、机制照搬苏联模式，中国各地建设了一批具有俄罗斯建筑文化特征的建筑，形成和发展了中国50年代“社会主义”建筑文化。改革开放以来，我国又一次打开国门，引入西方经济管理模式，模仿“欧陆风格”、港台建筑，后现代主义几乎风靡全国，形成和发展了中国80年代“改革开放”建筑文化。不言而喻，世界各国的建筑文化均要受到当时当地政治体制、经济状况、技术水平的约束，相互冲突，相互交流，相互影响，相互融合。然而，什么样的交融和交流具有生命力，经受得起时空的考验？只有那些吸取了东西方文化精髓，融合为本民族的地区与民族性建筑文化，才具有强大的生命力。 古今建筑文化交融的探索和追求
古今交融，古为今用，用什么？必须分析“古”与“今”在建筑内容上所发生的变化。这些质的变化是社会制度、生产技术、生活习惯、工作方式、文化观念、建筑材料在建筑领域引发的必然结果。正如吴裕容先生在评价法国工程师古斯塔夫。艾菲尔设计的艾菲尔铁塔时指出的：“人们试图让每一种艺术适应人类生活发展的新方向，并且使所有的人类活动与迅速变化中的时代所造成的新情感相适应。”
