1. Introduction 1
1.1 Brief Introduction of Jack London and Martin Eden 1
1.2 The Moral of Eden 2
2. An Analysis of the Tragic Image of Martin Eden 2
2.1 A Tragic Story 2
2.2 The Main Causes of the Tragic Ending 3
2.2.1 The Disillusion of Love 3
2.2.2 The Loner after Fame 4
3. An Analysis of the Deep Image behind the Tragedy 5
3.1 An Analysis of the Superman Image of Martin Eden 5
3.1.1 The Worshipper of the Superman Idea 5
3.1.2 The Abdicator of the Superman Idea 6
3.2 The Analysis of the Individualist Image of Martin Eden 8
3.2.1 The Strong Individualist 8
3.2.2 Halfway Individualist 9
3.3 The Analysis of the Victim under the Background of American Dream 9
3.3.1 The Background of the American Dream 9
3.3.2 The Victim in the American Dream 10
4. The Significance of the Image of Martin Eden 11
4.1 The Reflection of the Thoughts of Jack London 11
4.2 The Social Meaning of the Image of Martin Eden 13
5. Conclusion 14
Acknowledgements 14
References 15
1. Introduction
1.1 Brief Introduction of Jack London and Martin Eden
Jack London(1876-1916), known as a prestigious American naturalistic writer in the twentieth century, is also a prolific American novelist and short story writer, whose works deal romantically with the overwhelming power of nature and the struggle for survival.
He was born in San Francisco. Because the family was in poverty stricken circumstances, Jack had to work to support the family when he was only ten years old. At thirteen, he took a job in a cannery with very little pay. When he was twenty, he attended the University of California. However, he had to quit the University after only one semester because he once again had to support the family. In 1894, he spent 30 days for vagrancy in the Erie County Penitentiary at Buffalo. After many experiences as a hobo, and as a sailor, he wrote his first work, "Typhoon off the coast of Japan", an account of his sailing experiences, to attend a writing competition. In 1900, he published his first novel “the Son of the Wolf”, and gained his name around the world. During his forty years, he had published 51 works, who was a productive writer.
Among his works, Martin Eden is regarded as the most successful one, which can best represent his art achievements and style. It is a semi-autobiography, for most of the reality in the novel is from the real experience of Jack London. Martin Eden, a normal seaman from the lower class, who wanted to climb to the upper class and gain fame through his own great effort, to some degree, is the reincarnation of Jack London. Ironically, the tragic fates of them are rather similar, namely, choosing suicide to end their lives. Therefore, the tragic image of Martin Eden reflects not only Martin himself, but also the writer, even the society, which is really worthy of thinking.
1.2 The Moral of Eden
Eden, the surname of the character, has the meaning of “Garden of Eden” in the Bible. It is the garden that has the most beautiful scenes in the world, with all kinds of flowers and birds, surrounded by the trees, and accompanied by his beautiful wife. Everything is peaceful and fine. These are similar to the ideal world in the mind of Martin Eden. He pursues to climb to the upper class, attract the attention of Ruth, and win the fame and wealth. He regards Ruth as “a spirit, a divinity, a goddess” 157. He is obviously predestined to fail and die. Such tragic image has laid the mournful foundation of the novel.
2. An Analysis of the Tragic Image of Martin Eden
2.1 A Tragic Story
Martin Eden is a sailor from the bottom of the society. Once, he saves Arthur from a gang of drunks. Arthur is from the upper bourgeois class. So Martin is invited to dinner by Arthur’s family. There he meets Ruth and falls in love with this pale and ethereal creature at the first sight. At the same time, he feels shabby and small of himself. In order to win Ruth’s love, he decides to study hard to change his poor situation. He chooses to become a writer. He writes a lot of works and sends them to many magazines, dreaming that they can be published soon. However, all of these works are rejected. Life is very hard for Martin. Ruth leaves him, and he even doesn’t have money to buy food. Surprisingly and ironically, luck goes to him now. All his works have been published and become popular in the country. Pe
ople from the upper class are eager to make friends with him. Even Ruth wants to come back to him. Martin now finds the society where he lives in, money and fame are everything, and his pursuit for pure and high ideal, for the warmest spiritual life is just a dream that does not exist at all. He feels very tired and sick of his life. “Life is a blunder and a shame.” And he drowns himself in the deep sea, ending his life.
2.2 The Main Causes of the Tragic Ending
2.2.1 The Disillusion of Love
Love is the most powerful drive of Martin to succeed. His love to Ruth is the romantic spiritual admiration. However, Ruth to Martin originates from the attraction of body.
Martin falls in love with Ruth at first sight. He regards her as a goddess, so he is willing to sacrifice everything for her. He makes his mind to struggle, to win her heart. At first, he wants to be a captain, and then a writer. Under the enlightenment of Ruth, he learns English by himself, studying grammar, memorizing vocabulary and changing his manner of speaking and pronouncing habits. At the beginning, he even has no idea of punctuation, fragments. Surprisingly, he becomes an excellent writer a few years later. The main purpose of his hard struggles to succeed is just to match Ruth.
On the contrary, Ruth’s love is mainly from body, to some degree, sex. She is attracted by this vigorous man at first, having the unconscious thought of embracing his strong neck. Such thought always revolves around in her mind, which makes Ruth feel shame. These are irrelevant to get over the feeling of knowing and love just a strong curiosity and attraction for sex.
On the other hand, Ruth’s feeling towards Martin has nothing to do with love. She wants to teach and change him, letting him struggle from dead broke to success. All she wants to do is just to change Martin to be another Bulter, the model in her mind.
As the teacher of Martin, she has a feeling of commanding. As a result, when Martin is assaulted by the newspaper, on the edge of losing all reputation, she thinks he is incorrigible, and breaks the engagement at once.
But reading and writing broaden Martin’s horizon. He finds the key to understanding and explaining the world. With the deep increasing of his mind, he becomes mature gradually. He gives his satisfactory works to Ruth. Unfortunately, Ruth has failed to follow Martin. What she learns in the university can not make her truly comprehend Martin’s work. What’s worse, when Martin is making great effort to read and write，Ruth hopes privately for his defeat and being someone like Bulter. How pitiful Martin is! How could he know his lover is not “in the same ship with him”?
However, it is strange that Martin finally becomes Bulter in literature. Now, Ruth regrets it and pursues actively to the man who she used to spurn. She, stealing into Martin’s room quietly, wants to dedicate herself to Martin. If the break of marriage is a great harm to Martin, Ruth’s active dedication will totally ruin Marin’s love to her and his pure love dream. In the end, Martin comes to realize that what he loves is just the illusion which he made. That Ruth in his heart actually does not exist. Painful struggle but in exchange for the disillusion of love leads Marin to bore with life.
2.2.2 The Loner after Fame
Reading makes the spirit of Martin climb to a new height. From there he sees the hypocrisy and shallowness in the upper class. At the same time, through reading, there is a wide distinct gulf between his former friends. That is to say, Martin’s success finally isolates himself.
He used to think the upper class was the elegant and warm world, being full of music, philosophy and poetry. It has the deep mind, elegant behavior, noble heart and pure feeling, which is the cultural crystallization of human beings. Whereas he eventually finds it is surrounded with hypocrisy and philistinism. Even his most pure and noble lover Ruth has no exception. He is so inappropriate to this world that he can not find friends. The only bosom friend Brissenden is dead.
On the other hand, he loses his relatives and former friends. Although he is poor, he is somebody between them and popular everywhere. He is expert at fight, dance and love. However, everything has changed after his fame. He loses them not for their unkindness, but for the great bridge between them. The fight in Shell Mound Park is a good example. “He felt very old-centuries older than those careless, care-free young companions of his other days. He had traveled far, too far to go back. Their mode of life, which had once been his, was now distasteful to him” [1]464. He was disappointed in it all. He had developed into an alien. Even the beautiful Lizzie can not draw his interests. What he knows is that she also fails to come into his mind. Or it will bring great harm to Lizzie. So he chooses to leave.
The hypocrisy an
d shallowness of the publishing circle also make Martin disappointed. When he is unknown, all the publishing presses are apathy to him. His works are rejected. Martin endures the torments of hunger but his endeavor has no results. To him, the editorial office is just the machine for rejecting. Everything has changed when Martin becomes famous. All the publishing presses hasten to make an arrangement in advance. Ironically, all these presses flaunt how they find Martin’s talent.
The totally different attitudes, inhospitality and liveliness, actually are the two factors of one thing, that is, the publishing circle is just the means to pursue their own interests. They pay no attention to the importance of the truth of the literature. Exactly, Martin sees this clearly, and is disappointed to the literature and culture in America. He knows that no matter how hard he reads and writes there are few people that will truly understand his art. Such loneliness makes him choose to suicide.
3. An Analysis of the Deep Image behind the Tragedy
3.1 An Analysis of the Superman Image of Martin Eden
3.1.1 The Worshipper of the Superman Idea
According to the definition of Nietzsche’s Superman Ideology, the superman is the one who has strong body, excellent intelligence, and strong will to rule the world. He is much stronger and superior. Nietzsche thinks strong is fine and weak is bad. Only the strong overwhelm the weak that can increase the power will. He believes the superman has three strong abilities, that is, strong will is as hard as the earth that can burst out infinite power to win all the difficulties to liberate ourselves. 14-18.
Martin Eden is just the superman who can overcome all the difficulties. He is born to have firm determination. He dares to do the things which others dare not, and at the same time challenge himself. His will and power has been reflected in one of his memories. When he was six years old, he was often bullied by a boy who was two years older and fighting rather fiercely. They had fierce fights several times. However, Martin has been played badly battered, bleeding. But he never succumbs to this. As a result, he wins his enemy eleven years later. During their numerous fights, they are not only fighting for the power, but also for the will. His final success lies in his unswerving will and heroic character. Jack London aims to character Martin as the one who has indomitable and strong masculinity. Such masculinity makes him read and write a lot, even having nothing to eat in forty hours. In order to realize his writer’s dream, he reduces his sleeping hours to five per day at last. Even he suffers the frustrations time and again, he still persists in his ambition to realize his dream. Through his hard struggle, Martin has changed greatly, from a normal seaman, whose grammar is always wrong, to a great literature master, using language fluently and exactly. Finally, he becomes a superman in the upper class [5].
Martin has the heart as broad as the sea. He has the disengaged manner towards the misunderstanding of his relatives, the estrangement of his friends, and the contempt of somebody. Giovanni Boccaccio in Italy once said, “The real love can encourage people and wake his sleeping power and ability” [6]128. Martin has a dream in his heart for Ruth. In order to change his tragic destiny, he can overcome all the difficulties in his strong will. In his worst time, one day a postman send a check to him suddenly. From then on, Martin’s life has changed tremendously. His works has been published intermittently. Fame and money come to him automatically. He is in full flush of success. It repays his labor well.
Through Martin’s struggle progress, it can be sure that Martin has the superman ideology. He believes the battle is to the strong and the early bird catches the worm. Just this superman philosophy, Martin becomes the strong and superman in the lives.
3.1.2 The Abdicator of the Superman Idea
Martin Eden beautifies the upper class at the beginning. He thinks there are fair people, pure and noble mind, and warm spiritual lives 473. Many magazines all competitively introduce him and puff themselves as the first one to find Martin’s literary talen
t. Those works that were once refused are all published again and again. Even the upper class hastens to invite him to dinner, and want to make friends with him. Even Judge Blount invites him to dinner who Martin has insulted him treated him abominably. Ruth returns to express her love to Martin under the scheme of her family. Towards these later fame and status, Martin feels a great irony. Because he knows that his popularity in the upper class lies in his fame and his one hundred thousand dollars, but not in his works. When Martin becomes a superman, he realizes those who he has looked up from the mire at such glorious entities and deemed them gods are actually the intellectual pretence and fraud in the high places. So Martin gives up all his hope. He sees through this society and the truth of this so called pure and noble upper class. He feels painful that he is cheated by the superman. His hard struggle is nothing. In the end, he is just a toy in the upper class. So he begins to doubt Nietzsche’s Superman Ideology and is confused. Just like Lizzie says “it ain’t your body. It’s your head, something’s wrong with your think-machine” [1]494.
In these cases, Martin finds the key to rescue him, Swinburne, whose philosophy is totally opposite to Nietzsche’s Superman Ideology.
“From too much love of living,
from hope and fear set free,
we thank with brief thanksgiving,
whatever gods may be,
that no life lives for ever;
that dead men rise up never;
……” [1]524
When life became an aching weariness, death was ready to soothe away to everlasting sleep. Martin thinks it’s time to go. That’s it that Martin gives up his everlasting belief and goes to the death. So a tragic destiny has been formed.
3.2 The Analysis of the Individualist Image of Martin Eden
3.2.1 The Strong Individualist
As Martin Eden so indulged himself in Superman philosophy, he becomes an extreme individualist. He says publicly, “As for myself, I am an individualist. I believe the race is to the swift, the battle to the strong. Such is the lesson I have learned from biology, or at least think I have learned. As I said, I am an individualist and individualism is the hereditary and eternal foe of socialism” [1]329.
He attacks the bourgeoisie publicly and cannot bear the sight of their false individualism. “They will eat you up, you socialists who are afraid of socialism and who think yourselves individualists. Your slave-morality of the meek and lowly never saves you” [1]411. The debate with the bourgeoisie exactly makes Martin have a clear idea of those upper noble. They are sickening. Once Martin dreamed that the persons who sat in the high places, who lived in fine houses and had educations and bank accounts, were worthwhile!
At the same time, Martin doesn’t have the sense of belonging to laboring people. He believes they are the unfit. Nature rejected them for the exceptional man. “Out of the plentiful spawn of life she flung from her prolific hand she selected only the best”420. Such thoughts to the working class make Martin be isolated, becoming the spiritual loner.
Despite the fact that Martin’s bosom friend Brissenden tells him that his only future is socialism, which will save him in the time of disappointment that is coming to Martin. “It is because socialism is inevitable; because the present rotten and irrational system cannot endure; because the day is past for your man on horseback.” 93
3.2.2 Halfway Individualist
Martin Eden declares that he is an individualist. But his behavior does not conform to his words. In fact, his behavior proves more than once that he is a kind man.
He buys a pasture for his landlady, who always takes care of him silently. And also her children could go to school. As to his old friend Joe, Martin prepares a new washhouse for him, making his dream come true. Even Martin sends Lizzie to evening school and study. He feels greatly guilt for her, “Martin Eden, you’re not a brute, and you’re a damn poor Nietzshceman
. You’d marry her if you could and fill her quivering heart full of happiness. But you can’t, you can’t! And it’s a damn shame!” [1]465
Ironically, Martin’s attitude towards his sister does not belong to the hostile attitude to the socialists. Gertrude is a poor housewife in the lowest class. The heavy burden makes her life rather hard. Martin feels a pang of sorrow shoot through him at sight of her heavy body and uncouth gait. As he watched her go, the Nietzshean edifice seemed to shake and totter [1]432 . And yet, if there is ever a slave trampled by the strong, that slave is his sister Gertrude. This is a paradox. A fine Nietzsche-man he is, to allow his intellectual concepts to be shaken by the first sentiment or emotion that strayed along to be shaken by the slave morality itself, for that is what his pity for his sister really is. On the contrary, the true noble men are above pity and compassion. Martin’s paradoxical attitude to the slaves indicates his tragic ending is inevitable.
3.3 The Analysis of the Victim under the Background of American Dream
3.3.1 The Background of the American Dream
The critic, Mary E Berton, describes “The American Dream” as the dance between American Idealism and Money” [9] . Through the two-hundred-year American history, the American Dream has already become an inspiring national spirit. It has empowered Americans, especially the youth, to reach for the beauty of their dreams, to build a new nation out of the wilderness and to accomplish miracles out of nothing.
Human wishes and desires were expressed clearly in Thomas Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence in 1776:“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness—That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed” [10]110. The issue of Declaration of Independence becomes the foundation of The American Dream. In this instable society, if you can hold on the chances, your dream will come true. Therefore American dream becomes an important theme in American literary.
America, after the war, was the time that had got rid of the moral standard of hard working and plain living. Money worship and hedonism replace cool opportunism. However, when history has advanced into the 20th century, the post-bellum decades witnessed the emergence of “Modern America.” Industrialism and science and the new philosophy of life based upon science were among the important factors, which helped to create the economic, social and cultural transformations of the country. Industrialism produced financial giants, but at the same time created an industrial proletariat entirely at the mercy of external forces beyond their control [11]74-75. Slums appeared in great number and the city poor lived a life of insecurity, suffering, and violence. Life became a struggle for survival. The Darwinian concepts like “the survival of the fittest” and “the human beast” became popular catchwords and standards of moral reference in an amoral world. Darwin’s ideas of evolution and especially those of Herbert Spencer helped to change the outlook of many rising authors and intellectuals, and produced an attitude of gloom and despair which characterize American Literature of this period.
3.3.2 The Victim in the American Dream
Martin’s dream lies in the untrue love. “All things may go astray in this world, but not love” [1]348. In order to gain love from Ruth, he works hard and “crawling on hands to the upper class”. However, after he gains fame and name, he is holding loose to all of these. He does not indulge in the dream of love. On the contrary, he has a clear idea of the upper class from Ruth. He hates their hypocritical, vulgar, ruthless words and behavior. At the same time, he finds himself being isolated from the laboring people. After his dream is all snuffed out, he only has to choose suicide to end his life.
There are no love, morality and sense of shame in the capitalist society, only the cold relationship of money. In the 1920s’, the American Dream was exactly the most pride phantasm in the civilization. The First World War is a great shock to the American traditional moral value, exposing its selfness and hypocrisy. During that period, the extreme superstitions facilitated all egoism, and money became the only standard to measure the material and spiritual value. Martin is the victim and symbol of that period. Their dream in that environment is doomed to disillusion. At a deeper level, Martin’s ability to create miracle and the dedication to his dream makes America become greater. Also the disappearance of this miracle and the disillusion of the dream
make the world become the very depths of iniquity. Its exposits a loss of the American value profoundly. At the same time, it exposes the disfigurement of socialization, the departure of moral socialization and the maladjustment in value view [12].
4. The Significance of the Image of Martin Eden
4.1 The Reflection of the Thoughts of Jack London
Martin’s tragedy is also the tragedy of the author. As regarded as a semi-autobiography, Jack London has a similar experience to that of Martin Eden. From his birth in 1876, he lived a life rich with experiences and emotional intensity. Factory worker at 14, able-bodied seaman at 17, hobo and convict at 18, “Boy Socialist” of Oakland at 19，Klondike Argonaut at 21, social crusader，journalist, and war correspondent at 28, self-made millionaire by the time of his death at 40: The facts became a legend in London’s own lifetime [13]7. These romantic experiences have become the rich writing resources for him later.
During London’s life, his worldview is rather complicated. Jack London called himself riding on “four horses”-Darwin’s, Spencer’s, Nietzsche’s theories and Marxism. These theories were mixed in London’s works. But Jack London didn’t know these horses were not running in the same direction. In fact, London’s viewpoints in Martin Eden are very confusing.
Herbert Spencer is an English philosopher. He exerted a rather deep influence upon Jack London. In an 1899 letter London wrote that Spencer’s “First Principles” had done more for mankind and through the ages would have done far more for mankind. In Martin Eden, Spencer enraptured the novel’s namesake,
“Martin had ascended from pitch to pitch of intellectual living and here he was at a higher pitch than ever. All the hidden things were laying their secrets bear. He was drunk with comprehension. At night, asleep, he lived with the gods in colossal nightmare; and awake, in the day, he went around like a somnambulist, with absent stare, gazing upon the world he had just discovered.” [14]144
As is the case with the fictional Martin Eden, London is highly influenced by Spencer. It is a fascination that lasts throughout his life. Spencer is especially important in understanding Jack London’s racialism.
Social Darwinism is a late 19th century sociological theory. Inherent in the theory of Social Darwinism is Spencer’s “survival of the fittest.” Borrowing from Darwin’s theory of evolution, Social Darwinists believed those societies, as do organisms evolve over time. Nature then determined that the strong survive and the weak perish. In Jack London’s case, he believes that certain favored races are destined for survival.
The “superman”, Friedrich Nietzsche’s philosophy, is perfect in both mind and body. He is unmatched in strength and intelligence. He is also not encumbered by religious or social mores [15]64-65. London considered himself not only an admirer of Nietzsche, but also his intellectual enemy. London regarded Martin Eden as an indictment against the selfish individualism of the superman theory. London calls himself a socialist superman. The aim to write Martin Eden is to attack individualism. London considers Martin Eden as a doomed failure because his Nietzschean philosophy does not belong to socialism. In Martin Eden, Jack London criticized capitalism and praised socialism through Brissenden who was a socialist.
“These bourgeois cities will kill you. Look at that den of traders where I met you. Dry rot is no name for it. One can’t keep his sanity in such and atmosphere. It’s degrading. There’s not one of them who is not degrading, man and woman, all of them, animated stomachs guided by the high intellectual and artistic impulses of clams” [1]514
In fact, London’s love for individualism makes the readers feel less the criticism to individualism. On the contrary, it expresses much more pride for individualism. Just as Stone said, “he prepares to believe the superman and socialism, even takes no notice of the ostracism of each other. In his life, he is an individualist and also a socialist. For himself, he needs individualism, because he is a superman and a beast for fighting. For people, he needs socialism, because the masses are weak, who need protect” [16]159. They are inconsistent. So London doesn’t have a strong and firm belief. He changes his belief from side to side, which not only affects his life, but also his works. In his later life, years of hardship makes him lose his way, and choose the same way as Martin Eden.
4.2 The Social Meaning of the Image of Martin Eden
Martin Eden’s tragedy not only lies in his character weakness, but also the deep reflection of the society. Martin Eden was published in 1909, when America went through War of Independence and the Civil
War. Capitalism developed quickly, economy booming, and the industry production ranked first in 1894. During this promising period, some smart operators become rich, whose images set good examples to Americans. People believe, in this country, everyone was equal to success. So fighters from all classes challenged in various ways to the society in order to get rid of the low status. They wanted to realize their dream and personal happiness. However, the results were just the opposite. It’s hard for them to achieve their goals, but indulged in depression, depravation even suicide [17]35. Jack London reflected the social reality and characteristics of the times through Martin Eden’s image.
What is more, the writer also puts forward some deep and philosophic problems, such as what is the value of one’s life that people need to pursue? How can people not lose themselves while pursuing their dreams? Through Martin’s image we know much about the society, making us question and doubt the American political system. “The tragedy of Martin provides a good example for people, that is, in the capitalist society, all of the upstanding thoughts, art and creation will be ruined unfeelingly. They are definitely be wiped out, having no other outlet [18]243.
5. Conclusion
Martin Eden chooses to die to escape the dark world, and save his sickness. The disillusion of love and the isolation and loneliness after fame renders his death inevitable. His tragic image brings us not just only these, but more. It is anticipated that his waver attitude towards “superman” and individualist are the deep-layer causes of tragic ending. It is also the reflection of Jack London’s philosophy. Jack London’s vague attitudes towards Darwin, Nietzsche, Herbert Spencer, and Marxism perplex him during all his life. In the end, he got the same tragic ending with Martin. It is not just a coincidence. At the same time, the disillusion of Martin’s “American Dream” illustrates such tragic image at that time is the mainstream of the society. It is the tragedy of intellectual.
Acknowledgements
I would like to express my gratitude to all those who helped me during the writing of this thesis. I gratefully acknowledge the help of Miss Ye Yiqun, who provided me with cherished insights and guidance step by step throughout my writing of this dissertation. She gave useful advises to my thesis, closely monitored my work and made careful revisions to my thesis. Then I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to my friends for their help. In addition, I am extremely grateful to my parents for their continued love, encouragement and support during my pursuit of knowledge.
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