1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………….....1
1.1 The introduction of the author…………………………………………………….........1
1.2 The introduction of children’s images ……………..…………………………………..1
2. Analysis of the three main children’s images in Dickens’ novels…………….............3
2.1Oliver Twist: Dickens’ own want in his childhood………………………………...........3
2.2David Copperfield: Dickens’ own sufferings in his childhood………………………….5
2.3Great Expectations: Dickens’ growing awareness of capitalism’s darkness………….....7
3. The comparison of three children’s images in three novels…………………...........10
3.1 The similarities of the three children…….………………………………………….10
3.1.1 The circumstances…………………………………………………………………...10
3.1.2 The tragedy childhood……………………………………………………………....10
3.2 The relationship between Dickens and the three children…………………… …..11
3.2.1 The similar childhood experiences……..…………………………………………...11
3.2.2 The sympathy for the children and the criticism for social evils…………………....11
3.2.3 The common styles in children’s images figuring…………………………………..12
4. Conclusion………………………………………………………………………..........13
Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………………14
References………………………………………………………………………………..15
1. Introduction
1.1 The Introduction of the Author
Charles Dickens(1812-1870)is one of the most outstanding English writers in the nineteenth century. He was born in Portsmouth, England on 7th, February, 1812, but he spent most of his childhood in London and Kent where he based many of his novels. When he was nine，he went to school but had to leave when he was 12 because his dad was put in prison for being in debt. When he was 15，he left school and went to work as a legal clerk in a solicitor's office. In 1836 he decided to write his own stories under the name of Boy. They were called the“Pickwick Papers”[1]which were like comics for adults. Charles continued to use his books to tell about the bad conditions that the working classes and poor people had to live with. As well as writing he took an interest in the theatre and in 1847 became manager of a touring theatre company. Charles Dickens wrote many famous novels all his life, he is probably the most popular author in England.
1.2 The Introduction of Children’s Images in His Novels
Charles Dickens’ works enjoy great popularity among people and can stand the test of time. Even in 21st century, his works are still widely read, continuously translated into many languages and adapted into films and TV series. Dickens’ vivid description creates many lifelike characters, which impress the readers deeply in their memory after reading.
Among children’s images created by Charles Dickens, deserted children play the most significant roles. It is important to point out that the creation of the deserted children
has a close relationship with both Dickens’ personal experience and social background, especially his childhood experience. His fiction attracts many readers. These children were described so vividly that as if they were really alive in the world. “Dickens appeals to the common experience of the reader.” It is almost as if there is a real possibility that Pip, or someone like him, actually existed. Another example is in Oliver Twist. Oliver is a kind of children that orphans or half-orphans who are deserted, or simply neglected. He lacks warm family love when he is very young. All of the deserted children in the novels have a miserable childhood and long for care and love from adults. As Charles’ own childhood experience is miserable, he can contribute to his views on social reform, and his compassion for the lower class, especially the children.
2. Analysis of the Three
Main Children’s Images in Dickens’ Novels
2.1 Oliver Twist: Dickens’ Own Want in His Childhood
“Please, sir, I want some more.”
The master was a fat healthy man; but he turned very pale. He gazed in stupefied astonishment on the small rebel for some seconds, and then clung for support to the copper. The assistants were paralyzed with wonder; the boys with fear.
“What!” said the master at length, in a faint voice.
“Please, sir, ”replied Oliver, “I want some more.” The master aimed a blow at Oliver’s head with the ladle, pinioned him in his arms, and shrieked aloud for the beadle.
The Board were sitting in solemn conclave, when Mr. Bumble rushed into the room in great excitement, and addressing the gentleman in the high chair, said: “Mr. Limpkins, I beg your pardon, sir! Oliver Twist has asked for more!” There was a general start. Horror was depicted on every countenance.
“For more! ”said Mr. Limpkins .“Compose yourself, Bumble, and answer me distinctly. Do I understand that he asked for more, after he had eaten the supper allotted by the dietary?” “He did, sir,” replied Bumble. “That boy will be hung,” said the gentleman in the white waistcoat. “I know that boy will be hung.” [4]
In this scene, a hungry boy is asking for more claims universal admiration. The poor boy’s image is vividly appearing on the paper. And this situation evokes in the readers a strong sense of sympathy towards the boy and a strong sense of horror against the system. This is one of Charles’ famous novels which is entitled Oliver Twist.
Oliver Twist, published in 1838, is one of Charles Dickens's best-known and well-loved works. After it was published, it was popular among England. “Dickens used the characters and situations in the book to make a pointed social commentary, attacking the hypocrisy and flaws of institutions, including his society’s government, its laws and criminal system, and its methods of dealing with poor people.” [5] Interestingly, he did not suggest any solutions; he only pointed out the suffering which caused by these systems and their deep injustice. Dickens basically believed that most people were born good but that their good impulses could be distorted by social evils.
The scene of Oliver’s asking for more is Dickens’ recall of his child labor’s life. As the author of the novel, he knew clearly about the cold impersonality of the workhouse system. His childhood suffering dominates the whole style of his writing and the whole view to society later. “Dickens used his artistic talents to speak for the silence, to fight for the oppressed, and to champion those defeated.”And in many ways, that character successfully drew attention and sympathy from their readers. In Dickens’ works he gave children a voice that they desperately needed, yet never had before. Maybe some readers will wonder why Dickens always makes the world weigh so heavy on the lit
tle shoulders of his characters. The main reason is that he wanted to protest against the injustices toward children that he saw in his own childhood. He used his own experience to illustrate what these children needed and what they were missing. His childhood’s recall has totally reflected in Oliver Twist.
Oliver Twist is also Dickens’ first novel that focused on a child hero, whose experiences expressed Dickens’ psychological want in childhood. Throughout the novel, Dickens used Oliver’s character to challenge the Victorian age’s evil. He was tortured and mistreated in the workhouse at his early age, later was thrown together with the band of thieves, he suffered a lot of pain but his kind nature remained unchanged. Dickens tried to create a child who did not present a complex picture between good and evil—instead, he was goodness all the time. What carried Oliver through life and away from the poverty was his good nature. Dickens himself had to work in the workhouse as young as Oliver. As a deserted child, Dickens hungered for love and help from adults. So in Oliver Twist, Dickens created several kinds encounters to offer help which freed Oliver from sufferings and dangers to a penniless and hopeless child. From these images, we may see Dickens himself as a lonely and deserted child who is eagerly expecting kind encounter with good-hearted men by whom he will be offered help. So these happy encounters are author’s psychological want in his childhood.
In the novel Oliver understood the life forms well, and this helped him fit the society better. He began his life misery enough—orphaned, underfed, unloved, beaten, apprenticed, fed the scraps the dog scorns, and made to sleep in the shop with the coffins at night. We are impressed deeply by the description of workhouse and undertaker’s shop through Oliver’s view .In his eyes the world was cruel and awful. “Dickens draws strictly from his observation from Oliver’s view, giving us the very truth in despite of sentiment.”
2.2 David Copperfield: Dickens’ Own Sufferings in His Childhood
“The room was as neat as Janet or my aunt. As I laid down my pen, a moment since, to think of it, the air from the sea came blowing in again, mixed with the perfume of the flowers; and I saw the old-fashioned furniture brightly rubbed and polished, my aunt's inviolable chair and table by the round green fan in the bow-window, the drug get-covered carpet, the cat, the kettle-holder, the two canaries, the old china, the punch-bowl full of dried rose leaves, the tall press guarding all sorts of bottles and pots, and, wonderfully out of keeping with the rest, my stained and dusty self upon the sofa, taking note of everything,
Janet had gone away to get the bath ready, when my aunt ,to my great alarm, became in one moment rigid with indignation, and had hardly voice to cry out, "Janet!Donkiesr!"
Upon which, Janet came running up the stairs as if the house were in flames, darted out on a little piece of green in front, and warned off two saddle-donkeys, lady-ridden, that had presumed to set hoof upon it; while my aunt, rushing out of the house, seized the bridle of a third animal laden with a bestriding child, turned him, led him forth from those sacred precincts, and boxed the cars pf the unlucky urchin in attendance who had dared to profane that hallo wed ground.” [10]
David Copperfield is the most unique book among all Dickens’ works for its deeply personal tone; it is an autobiography of the author himself and also a history of Dickens’ emotional life. This novel was created in 1849-1850, midway in his career, just before the writing of the “dark” novels. In this story, Dickens describes a very lovely boy named David Copperfield. “I am within three pages of the shore, and am strangely divided, as usual in such cases, between sorrow and joy. Oh, my dear Forster, if I were to say half what ‘Copperfield’ makes me feel to-night, how st
rangely, even to you; I should be turned inside out! I seem to be sending some part of myself into the Shadowy World.”
David Copperfield’s whole life can be divided into three stages. In the first stage he had a miserable childhood. He was born at Blunder stone, six months after his father’s death. David spent his happy early days with his mother, Clara Copperfield, a gentle but weak woman, and Peggotty, the combination servant and nurse. When his mother married again, to a Mr. Murdstone, his miserable life had begun. He was imaginative and sensitive, suffering more from psychic anguish than from physical abuse. David flourished and expanded under affection, but shriveled and contracted deprived of it. And in the second stage, David was packed off to Salem House School near London. This institution was run by the ferocious Mr. Creakle, a sadist. But the worst thing is his mother and her newborn baby died and loyal Peggotty was dismissed by his stepfather, David was really lonely and deserted. He was sent to the warehouse in London, which followed, was worse. No one loved him and no one cared for him. There, half-starved, the 10-year old David labored beside slum urchins. Finally he couldn’t stand the torture and decided to run away from the warehouse. He made his way on foot to Dover where Aunt Betsey Trotwood, his only living relative. Fortunately, his aunt took him in and sent him to Canterbury to attend a school. The next is the third stage, David experiences and comforted for his happy new start. David survived his ordeal with the moral support of several adults: the Micawbers, Aunt Betsey, and Dr. Strong, who educated him. He discovered enormous reserves of strength within, a dogged perseverance which enabled him to master the difficult art of shorthand reporting. This trait stood him in good stead when he became a writer, and was the key to his later success.
Dickens figures this character very well. That is all due to his childhood sufferings. Dickens was brought up by middle-class parents. But then he was abandoned as worthless. The few shillings a week he earned barely served for his keep, so that his sacrifice seemed gratuitous, a means of getting him out of the way. The blacking factory left him with a lifelong insatiable need for recognition and approval; a degree of emotional reserve; and an obsession with cleanliness and order which he himself admitted was “almost a disorder”.,which meant nothing to his children until his biography was published after his death.
Dickens also conveys his view of education in David Copperfield. David was first educated informally at home. He learnt the “alphabet at his mother’s knee”His epic journey showed the consequences of these educational methods; David was literally escaping the moral, physical and financial imprisonment of the factory, and got the freedom to explore and develop his interests at last.
2.3 Great Expectations: Dickens’ Growing Awareness of Capitalism’s Darkness
“My sister, Mrs. Joe Gargery, was more than
twenty years older than I, and had established a great reputation with herself and the neighbors because she had brought me up“ by hand.” Having at that time to find out for myself what the expression meant, and knowing her to have a hard and heavy hand, and to be much in the habit of laying it upon her husband as well as upon me, I supposed that Joe Gargery and I were both brought up by hand.
It is a most miserable thing to feel ashamed of home. There may be black ingratitude in the thing, and the punishment may be retributive and well deserved; but, that it is a miserable thing, I can testify. Home had never been a very pleasant place to me, because of my sister's temper. But, Joe had sanctified it, and I had believed in it. I had believed in the best parlors as a most elegant saloon; I had believed in the front door, as a mysterious portal of the Temple of State whose solemn opening was attended with a sacrifice of roast fowls; I had believed in the kitchen as a chaste though not magnificent apartment; I had believed in the forge as the glowing road to manhood and independence. Within a single year, all this was changed. Now, it was all coarse and common, and I would not have had Miss Havisham and Estella sees it on any account.” [21]
Great Expectations first appeared in Charles Dickens’ weekly journal “All the Year Round” in 1861,and then came out in book form in 1862.One of the most important and common tools that authors use to illustrate the themes of their works is a character that undergoes several major changes throughout the story. As a book which was written in the afternoon of Dickens's life and fame, the great difference between Great Expectations and his earlier novels is the introduction of dramatic psychological transformations. He introduces the readers to many intriguing and memorable characters including Miss Havesham, Mr.Jaggers, and the benevolent convict, Abel Magwitch.
In common sense, the children's world should be filled with tender care and happiness; it should be a worry-free world. In Great Expectations, however, Pip's world could not be described as such. He was an orphan living in the changing moods, cruelty and violence of his sister and Uncle Pumblechook. Such living conditions resulted in a timid and sensitive Pip. Joe was the only one who took care of Pip. He treated Pip as his dear friend and gave Pip sincerity and comfort. He led Pip to realize there was happiness and warmth in life even though his influence was too weak to combat Mrs. Joe and Uncle Pumblechook. But the false values about money and social status penetrated into Pip's world, Pip could not resist it and therefore lost balance in mind. So his simple dream changed. He vainly expected to be a gentleman, to marry Estella. Subjected to such wrong ideas, Pip lived in the gap between reality and dream.
Although in such terrible circumstances, Pip's still have industrious, kind, simple element in his mind, this is mainly due to Joe. Joe was Pip's comfort and source of happiness. Joe represented the virtues of the working class. In bringing Pip up, Joe's attitude was quite different from others. He sincerely did all he could for Pip. He was Pip's fellow-sufferer. He never looked down and maltreated Pip, but protected Pip from Mrs. Joe's bullying. Pip was deeply moved by such sincere care; and therefore Pip had gratitude for Joe. The most important thing he told Pip was to be honest:
"There's one thing you may be sure of, Pip," said Joe, after some rumination, "namely, that lies is lies. However they come, they didn't need to come, and they come from the father of lies, and work round to the same. Don't you tell no more of them, Pip. That ain't the way to get out of being common, old chap. And as to being common, I don't make it out at all clear. You are on common in some things. You're on common small .Likewise you're on common scholar. [22]
But when Pip met Estella, he was strong attracted by her. He longed for Estella but was laughed at by this beautiful proud girl. From then on, Pip felt ashamed of his hands, of his boots, of his social status and friends. He fell into false values. His ambition to be a gentleman resulted from his hopeless love for Estella. The worship of money and was like poison. Pip was trapped in his dreams. “It is reasonable to believe, in this case, that Great Expectation is a novel focusing on the sense of disillusionment of one’s ideal, dream and aspiration. This echoes, however, the author’s own traumatic experience of being disillusioned on a personal basis and eventually on a social level. His pursuit for his own identity in the society is a disillusionment that results in his constant anxiety and frustration, which underlies the motives for Great Expectation.”[23]
Dickens and Pip have three similarities at least: the first one is the miserable childhood; the second one is the way to fulfill the dream. As for Pip, his l
ife changed because of a mysterious benefactor. How Dickens ended his days in the blacking factory? After his father John Dickens inherited a fortune from a Scotch cousin, he was released from prison. As he had promised, Dickens was sent to school. So to speak, Dickens began his way to be a gentleman. The last but not the least one is the growing awareness of the influence of capitalism. Pip began his adventure as a gentleman when he left the forge of Joe and lived in the circle of gentlemen in London. In the Victorian Age, London was not as good as Pip imagined. Here, Pip lost his good nature for a time and felt proud of being a dandy. He turned into a selfish, blinkered, frivolous one. He fell even deep into the illusions that Miss Havisham was his benefactor and he would marry Estella under the authority of Miss Havisham. The suddenly coming-back of Magwitch broke his illusions into pieces and made him realize his misdoings. He decided to get rid of illusions and his gentleman life.
The novel charts the career of Philip Pip, from blacksmith’s boy to polished gentleman, driven by his hope of winning the hand of his first love, Estella. He has changed from an innately jolly and optimistic man into one who is disillusioned and pessimistic. Dickens shows his philosophic idea clearly through this novel and figure out a classic child’s image.
3. The Comparison of The Three
Children’s Images in Three Novels
3.1 The Similarities of the Three Children
In these three famous novels, Dickens created three vivid children’s images. They are all orphans or half-orphans, have a tragedy childhood, all of them are tinged with a tone of autobiography. And comparing these children’s images, we may find out that the circumstance and the tragedy childhood are the most similar things.
3.1.1 The circumstances
From the three novels, it’s evident that the three boys are boxed up by the dark and hopeless society. They lost their parents, not treated well by their keepers. However, the important plot shared by the three novels is that all the boys undergo a dramatic change of life by receiving unexpected sponsorship from either their relatives or people around them. Oliver Twist was helped by Mr. Brownlow, who turned out to be a friend of his father’s and one who eventually got back for Twist the legacy that belonged to him. David sought help from Aunt Betsey, with whose money he received decent education until he could live on his own. Pip, on the other hand, received unexpected legacy from an anonymous “gentleman”, who turned out to be the criminal he once helped. They go through a lot of hardships during their life. Fortunately, despite all the hardships and torture they experience, the deserted children keep their good nature all their lives.
3.1.2 The tragedy childhood
Oliver Twist, David Copperfield and Pip are all orphaned children, brought up by either their relatives or governmental institutions. Twist was fatherless and his mother died after giving birth to him. David was also fatherless. He was brought up by his mother until his mother sent him away for her re-marriage. Pip was parentless; he was, from the beginning of the story, an orphaned child living with his sister and her husband. When they grow up, all of them experience lonely and hard trips to find new hopes in life. In Oliver Twist, Twist escaped from the Sowerberry’s house to London due to the mistreatment he received from a charity boy Noah Claypole, who goads him to rebellion. In David Copperfield, young David made his way on foot to Dover where Aunt Betsey Trotwood, his only living relative resides. In Great Expectations, however, Pip went to London in a buoyant manner due to his inheritance of a large amount of money from an anonymous benefactor. Although the trips are not entirely of the same desperation, they have reviewed, in the same manner, about the sorrow at departure, the sense of extreme loneliness, as well as the feeling of abandonment.
3.2 The Relationship Between Dickens and Three Boys
The creation of deserted children has a close relationship with Dickens’ personal background especially his childhood experience. The important reason of these novels can be so famous that they are vividly in the book, as if they are alive in the world .They can exist in readers mind so long, one hand is due to Dickens’ genius description, the other hand is that what these boys suffer in the book is also the memory of Dickens himself.
3.2.1 The similar childhood experiences
In Dickens’s novels, the boys are usually abandoned, this is all based upon his traumatic experience. The fact that the author could not retreat to his traumatic stage of life in reality causes him to find ways to regress to his traumatic childhood. The regressive impulses find a nice outlet in his novels. There, Dickens speak out lavishly his sorrow and agonies through the agent of his boy protago
nists like a child who cried over and over again at his wound, knowing that he would feel much better after so doing.
That is perhaps what Dickens personally experienced in his childhood and this impression obviously leaves a permanent imprint on his mind. “The long repressed loneliness and senses of abandonment find their way in his fiction. They are stirred alive from the unconscious level, heading for the conscious, during which the author reconciles himself to his traumatic experience and receives his salvation.”[24]The significance of creating a necessary detail depicting the loneliness of the protagonists is more emotional than practical. Through the process of writing, Dickens relived his own dark experience and began his painful process to accept them as part of his life.
Dickens’s own drastic change in life—when he felt desperate about his own prospect, when he was plagued by the menial toil at the blacking house, his father received an unexpected legacy from Dickens’ grandmother, which helped the family survive the debtors’ suits. However, to understand the significance of the plots in the novels requires a profound analysis to Dickens’ internalization of that unexpected change in life. The inheritance can be understood as an incident that dramatically changed the destiny of Dickens, saving him from his physical labor and to seize for him the chances of becoming a real gentleman. As if hitting the lucky lot, his entire life was thus redirected to the normal track and his chances of becoming somebody were saved from being lost.
3.2.2 The sympathy for the children and the criticism for social evils
During the Victoria age, there was such a usual scenery in England－in every early morning, little children from poor households would climbed up the chimney and do the cleaning work for the rich people. This job was dangerous and dirty for little children. As common people, they would simply ignore this social phenomenon.
However, Dickens, as a sensitive writer, was able to sense the sorrow of those little workers who suffered from the toilsome work in an immature age and he displayed his concern for the poor children as well as the inhuman society in his works. He carried his duty forward to the criticism of the society and the defense of the mass. Although writing from different techniques, Dickens shared one thing in common, that is, his works were all concerned about the fate of the common people. He was angry at the inhuman social institutions, the decaying social morality as represented by the money-worship, utilitarianism, widespread misery, poverty and injustice. He conveys the strong criticism of the society in his novels in order to awaken the public consciousness to the social problems.
3.2.3 The common styles in children’s images figuring
When figuring out these three boys’ characters, Dickens used the same technique, so they were some common styles.
The first common technique is character sketches and exaggeration. As a master of characterization, Dickens was skillful in drawing vivid caricatured sketches by exaggerating some peculiarities, in giving them exactly the actions and words that fit them: that is, right words and right actions for the right person.
The second one is broad humor and penetrating satire. “Dickens is well known as a humorist as well as a satirist. He sometimes employs humor to enliven a scene or lighten a character by making it eccentric, whimsical, or laughable.”[25]Sometimes he uses satire to ridicule human follies or vices, with the purpose of laughing them out of existence or bring about reform.
The third one is complicated and fascinating plot. Dickens seems to love complicated novel constructions with minor plots beside the major one, or two parallel major plots within one novel. He is also skillful at creating suspense and mystery to make the story fascinating.
The last one is the power of exposure. As the greatest representative of English critical realism, Dickens made his novel the instrument of morality & justice. Each of his novels reveals a specific social problem.
4. Conclusion
Dickens is a genius in creating child characters. In his novels, almost all the children appear innocent, virtuous, persecuted or helpless. They are spotless in their thoughts, intentions and wishes. In the very heart and soul, they are pure, refined and gentle-hearted. “Dickens can really understand the thoughts and emotions of children and viewed children as sensitive creatures whose thoughts and feelings deserved special consideration”Dickens w
as very empathetic toward children. He seemed to understand their thoughts and feelings, which enabled him to add depth to the child characters in his novels, which made them more real to his readers.
We can observe the way of character creations, art techniques and view of education through the images of deserted children in Dickens’ major novels. From a personal angle, Oliver Twist, David Copperfield and Great Expectations are significant in that they witness the author’s reconciliation to his own traumatic past. Each of them serves as important means to operate his defense mechanisms and realize that reconciliation process.. Meanwhile, from a social perspective, the three novels are proof enough to show how the author transfers his personal agonies to his boy protagonists so that on a higher level, he reaches the social ills via his personal pains. The process of artistic transference, with a spontaneous manipulation of displacement, condensation and other therapeutic means, finally leads the author to the fulfillment of the loftier cause—a representative for the down and poor—instead of, however, languishing in his personal sorrows. He thus achieves a conquest over his personal grief. This is an individual conquest that may not necessarily symbolize the cure of the wounds deep down in Dickens’s heart, but one that turns his pent-up energy to be something artistically and socially magnificent.
In conclusion, Charles Dickens, as a writer belonging to romanticism, he concerned about all mankind, especial those who had to suffer. The care of poor children was just a tip of the iceberg of his grand subject matters. He carefully observed the world and viewed it in his own way, so in his works we can see the reality, the society, and our lives.
Acknowledgements
My initial thanks go to my supervisor Ye Yiqun, who patiently supervised my dissertation and was at times very willing to offer me illuminating advice or suggestions. Without her help, I could not have finished this dissertation.
I am also indebted to other teachers and my classmates who have not only offered me their warm encouragements but also shared with me their ideas and books. They are Chen Ping, Hu Fang, Tan Cuiting, and many others.
My greatest personal debt is to my grandparents and parents, who have cultivated a soul of sensitivity, hospitality, and honesty out of me, and offered a harbor of happiness and sweetness for me.
The remaining weakness and possible errors of the dissertation are entirely my own.
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