论文中参考文献的英文文献

这里将参考文献格式分为两种，一种是文内注（In-text Citation），另一种是文章结尾的参考文献目录，一般称为Reference List，也有不同叫法的，下面会说到。

一般来说，许多参考文献格式都是基于两种格式：APA格式和MLA格式，另外还有CMS格式和哈佛文献格式(Harvard System）等，都是比较常见的参考文献格式。下面就分别对这四种格式做一个简要的说明。

1.APA 格式

APA是美国心理协会的缩写，全称是The American Psychological Association，APA格式指的是该协会出版的《美国心理协会刊物准则》，目前已出版至第7版。主要用于社会科学和自然科学类（Social and Natural Sciences）的文章。国内很多期刊也是采用的APA格式。

APA格式的细节十分复杂，这里就不赘述了，如果想深入了解，普渡大学官网有一个版块：里面对前面提到的前三种格式都有详细的介绍。APA文内注的基本格式是“（作者姓氏，发表年份）”。文末的参考文献目录是Reference List，必须以姓(Family name)的字母顺序来排列，基本结构为：

期刊类：

【作者】【发表年份】【文章名】【期刊名】【卷号/期数：起止页码】

Smith, J. (2006). The title of the article. The title of Journal, 1, 101-105.

非期刊类：

【作者】【发表年份】【书籍名】【出版地：出版社】

Sussan.G.(2002).What computers can’t do. New York: Harp& Row.

2.MLA格式

MLA 是美国现代语言协会（Modern Language Association）制定的论文指导格式，多用于人文学科（Liberal Arts）。MLA文内注的基本格式是“（作者姓氏，文献页码）”。文末的参考文献目录在MLA格式中称为Works Cited，同样是以姓(Family name)的字母顺序来排列，基本结构为：

期刊类：

【作者】【“文章名”】【期刊名】【卷号或期数】【发表年份】起止页码】

Nwezeh, C.E. “The Comparative Approach to Modern African Literature.” Year book of General and Comparative Literature 28 (1979): 22.

非期刊类：

【作者】【书籍名】【出版地：出版社】【发表年份】

Winfield, Richard Dien. Law in Civil Society. Madison: U of Wisconsin P, 1995.

3.CMS格式

CMS格式，又叫芝加哥论文格式，全称The Chicago Manual of Style，源于芝加哥大学出版社在1906年出版的Manual Style，目前已出至第十七版，主要用于人文学科（humanities），它使用脚注、尾注和参考文献目录来注明文献来源。

芝加哥格式的文内注和APA格式一样，采取作者姓氏加上年份，如果需要，还可以加上页码，比如：(Goman 1989, 59)。脚注和尾注（Footnote or endnote）的结构为：

期刊类：

【作者】【“文章名”】【期刊名】【卷号或期数】【发表年份】【起止页码】

Susan Peck MacDonald, “The Erasure of Language,” College Composition and Communication 58,no. 4 (2007): 619.

非期刊类：

【作者】【书籍名】【出版地：出版社】【出版年份】

First name Lastname, Title of Book (Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication), page number.

文末参考文献称为bibliography或者References，其结构为：

期刊类：

【作者】【“文章名”】【期刊名】【卷号或期数】【发表年份】【起止页码】

MacDonald, SusanPeck. “The Erasure of Language.” College Composition and Communication 58, no. 4 (2007): 585-625.

非期刊类：

【作者】【书籍名】【出版地：出版社】【出版年份】

Last name, Firstname. Title of Book. Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication.

4.哈佛文献格式

顾名思义，是哈佛大学的论文参考文献标准，全名为：哈佛注释体系(Harvard System），起源于美国，但是在英国和澳洲等国家运用得比较多，尤其在物理和自然科学领域。

哈佛格式的文内注也和APA格式一样，采取作者姓氏加上年份的方式。文末的参考文献目录的基本结构为：

期刊类：

【作者】【发表年份】【文章名】【期刊名】【卷号或期数】【起止页码】

Ross, N. (2015). On Truth Content and False Consciousness in Adorno’s Aesthetic Theory. Philosophy Today, 59(2), pp. 269-290.

非期刊类：

【作者】【出版年份】【书籍名】【出版地：出版社】

以上就是四种参考文献格式的一个最简要介绍，每一种格式的规定中还有非常多的细节，比如相同姓氏的作者、多个作者、电子出版物、会议论文等等情况，另外还有排版、字号、缩进、空格等等，具体在写作中采用哪一种再去查找相关细则。

英文论文写作参考文献

参考文献是文章或著作等写作过程中参考过的文献，文后参考文献是指为撰写或编辑论文和著作而引用的有关文献信息资源。

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英语论文参考文献格式如下：

1、引用中的省略。原始资料的引用：在正文中直接引用时，应给出作者、年份，并用带括号的数字标出页码。若有任何资料省略，使用英文时，应用3个省略号在句中标出……，中文用6个若两句间的资料省略，英文应用4个省略号标出‥‥，中文用6个……。

2、大段落引用。当中文引用超过160字时，不使用引号，而使用“块”的形式引用起于新的一行，首行缩进4个空格，两端对齐，之后每行都缩进。

3、基本格式。同作者在同一段中重复被引用时，第一次必须写出日期，第二次以后则日期可省略。英文文献：In a recent study of reaction times, Walker (2000) described the method…Walker also found…。

4、单一作者，英文文献：姓氏出版或发表年代或姓氏，出版或发表年代。例如：Porter 2001…或…Porter，2001。