动作研究外文论文

一.关于本专业毕业论文的选题 英语专业本科生毕业论文选题可以在三个大的方向中进行，即英语文学，语言学和翻译学。各个大方向中又可以选择小的方向，具体解释如下： 1.英语文学：选择英语文学的毕业论文选题可以从三个方向进行：国别文学研究、文学批评理论研究和比较文学研究。 在进行国别文学研究选题时，一般选取英国文学或美国文学中的某一经典作家（如海明威），某一经典作品（如《双城记》），某一写作手法（如象征手法的运用）或某一文学思潮（如浪漫主义运动）作深入研究。但在选择作家或作品时最好选择在文学史上作为经典的作家或作品。有个别流行作家或作品极富盛名，容易引起学生的兴趣，如《飘》或《荆棘鸟》，学生有强烈愿望选择它们作为研究对象。在不可避免上述情况时，应该尽可能地挖掘作品内在的深刻含义，不能流于肤浅的分析。 文学批评理论的选题一般不太适合英语专业本科生，因为该理论知识的学习在英语专业研究生阶段，本科生一般不具备文学批评理论的知识结构。这个方向的选题可以有关某一文学批评理论,一文学批评术语的阐释或某两种或以上的文学批评理论的比较。 比较文学研究就是将两个以上的作家或作品进行比较。这两个作品或作家可以是同一国别的（如“雪莱与拜伦的诗歌比较”），也可以是不同国别的（如《牡丹亭》与《罗密欧与朱丽叶》） 2.语言学：选择语言学的毕业论文选题可以在两个大的方向进行：普通语言学和应用语言学。 普通语言学的研究就是对于英语语言的任何一个方面的研究，如对一种词性、或一种时态、或拼写、语调等等方面的研究（如“一般现在时及其交际功能”）。 应用语言学包括教学法的研究和其它一些新兴的应用语言学分支的研究。师范专业或本身从事教师职业的学生选择教学法方向的较多。在这个方向选题，也要避免过大范围的选题，而应对一个具体问题进行研究，最重要的是要结合教学实践或实验。这个方向的好的选题有：“个性与英语教学”，“方言对英语学习的影响”等。 3.翻译学：翻译学的选题一般可以在两个方向上进行：翻译理论以及翻译活动。对翻译理论的研究就是探讨某一种翻译理论等等。相比之下，对翻译活动的研究更多一些，这些选题可以是对一种语言现象的翻译、或一种修辞格的翻译的研究（如“汉语成语的英译”）。应该注意的是，在对翻译活动作研究时，往往需要某种翻译理论支撑，总结规律，并对这一活动作出评价，要避免仅仅时例子的罗列。 二.英语专业毕业论文格式要求 学位论文包括前置、主体、附录等三个部分。 （一）前置 1．英文封面：由论文英文题目、解释、作者、指导老师姓名和职称、时间组成。 2．目录：由论文的中、英文摘要、篇、章、条、款以及参考书目、附录等序号、题名和页码组成，排在英文封面之后另页。 3．中、英文内容摘要：摘要是论文的内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述，宜以最简洁的语言介绍论文的概要、作者的突出论点、新见解或创造性成果以及实验方法、数据或结论，是一篇完整的短文，可以独立使用，中文摘要一般在200字左右 4关键词：关键词是用以表示全文主题内容信息的单词或术语。为便于文献检索，学位论文应注明三至五个具有代表意义中、外文“关键词”，这些关键词就是论文的中心词，以显著的字符另起一行，分别排在中、外文摘要的左下方。各关键词之间用“分号”隔开。外文关键词应与中文关键词相对应。 （二）主体部分 主题部分包括引言（Introduction）、正文(Body)、结论(Conclusion)、参考文献(Bibliography)。主体部分必须由另页右页开始。 1．引言：主要说明研究工作的目的、涉及范围、相关领域的前人研究成果和知识空白、研究设想、研究方法等方面的概述、理论意义和实用价值等。 2．正文：论文的正文是核心部分，占主要篇幅。一般论文选题需要从几个方面来论述或论证。要求论据充分，论点明确。行文必须实事求是，客观真切，准确完备，合乎逻辑，层次分明，简练可读。正文部分要有分级标题，章、条、款、项的序号编码方法，采用阿拉伯数分级系列编号法，论文中的章、条、款、项依次排列，依次从1开始，连续编号，中间用“．”相隔，最末级编号之后不加点。示例： 1． 2．…… 2.1 2.2…… 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3.… 2.2.3.1 3．结论：学位论文的结论是最终的、总体的结论，它是对正文部分的论述的概述，也可以在结论或讨论中提出建议、研究设想、尚待解决的问题等。 4．参考文献：写作学位论文过程中，阅读或运用过某些文献所列出的书目清单，置于正文之后，另页开始。参考文献的著录按原文献语种为原则。 （1）文献目录应另页书写，外文文献排前，中文文献排后。外文文献书名须用斜体。 （2）文献目录一律按作者姓氏汉语拼音或外文字母顺序排列。 （3）每条文献必须顶格写，回行时空两字或五个英语字母。 （4）将各文献的类型代号（即文献英文名的首字母）注明在文献之后： 专著[M] 学位论文[D] 论文集〔C〕 报纸文章〔N〕 期刊文章〔J〕 报告[R] 专利 [P] 专著、论文集的析出文献[A] 其他未说明文件 〔Z〕 电子文献中光盘图书 [M／CD]（MONOGRAPH ON CD） 网上期刊〔J/OL〕（serial online） 5．文内所引文献：要求附夹注，应在引文后加括号注明作者姓名（英文只注姓），出版年和引文页码。若为转引文献，则加quoted in 字样。 例：（王佐良，1982：38） （Newmark，8：26-33） 6.文献中列出的文献应该与正文中标注的文献一一对应。正文中没有出现的，不应出现在参考文献中。 （三）附录部分 附录包括所有与论文有关的补充材料，如图表或照片等。

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俄国学者拉基米尔·普罗普 叙事结构中的七种“行动范畴”动画片大师沃尔特·迪斯尼制作了《欢笑卡通》、《红帽小骑士》、《爱丽丝梦游仙境》、《幸运兔子奥斯华》、米老鼠系列片、《三只小猪》、《木偶奇遇》、《白雪公主》、《花与树》等近百部卡通片,那些可爱、滑稽、幽默、风趣的米老鼠、唐老鸭等可爱的小精灵，给全世界的儿童带来了无限欢乐。到了20世纪末随着《狮子王》的全球热播，动画片已不仅仅是儿童的挚爱，成年人也为动画片中讲述的奇异故事所着迷。《海底总动员》甚至成为当季的票房亚军，《狮子王》、《玩具总动员》、《怪物史瑞克》系列、《冰河世纪》、《超人特工队》……等等这些动画片都获得了如潮的好评，再和计算机技术结合之后，影像更加逼真、自如的动画片俨然成为电影产业中的一个大类。 什么是动画片？英语称为cartoon（卡通），含义是活动漫画，是一图画表现人物形象、戏剧情节和作者构思的影片。它是美术电影中最基本的形式，它采用“逐格摄影”（又称定格摄影）的方法，将一系列相互之间只有细微变化的而动作连续的画面拍摄在胶片上，（电视动画片则摄录在磁带上），然后以一秒24个的速度放映出来，能够获得形象自如的艺术效果。①上述定义表明了构成了动画片的三大要素：叙事性、造型性和电影性。这里叙事性是最重要也最主要的要素，只有讲述了完整且新奇的故事，才能吸引受众的注意力。法国电影理论家、当代电影理论的奠基人克里斯蒂安·麦茨一个不无晦涩的表述，但相当准确的说明了叙事之于电影的重要意义：“并非由于电影是一种语言，它才讲述了如此美妙的故事；而是由于它讲述了如此美妙的故事，它才使自己成为一种语言。”所以电影“语言”是为了叙事的需要而创造出来的。而动画片的叙事性结构是由“行动范畴”（弗拉基米尔·普罗普语）来体现的。 本文欲分析的动画片如下：《玩具总动员》、《怪物史瑞克》系列、《冰河世纪》、《超人特工队》。这几部动画片都是极其重视电影语言的力作，叙事性、故事性极强，观众在100多分钟内思绪是紧紧跟随电影中人物的命运发展的。电影中的角色设计都很有特色，基本契合了俄国学者弗拉基米尔·普罗普提出的“七种行动范畴”（即角色特性）。②1、坏人 2、施惠者 3、帮手 4、公主，或要找和保护的人和物 5、派遣者或发出者 6、英雄或受害者 7、假英雄普罗普所谓的角色/行动范畴，并不完全等于故事中的人物，而是在故事中的不同段落、情节发展的不同时刻所具有的功能。故事中的一个人物可以在故事发展的不同段落、不同时刻中扮演不同的角色、置身于不同的“行动范畴”；同样，同一角色或“行动范畴”也可以由不同的人物来扮演，不同人物在同一情节段落中扮演同一角色，置身于同一“行动范畴”。诸如《冰河世纪》中老虎安哥在影片的前一部分，是凶狠的“坏人”，为了抢夺孩子（即公主，或要找和保护的人和物）而居心叵测的跟随在猛犸象曼迪身边；而在经过“火山熔岩爆发”这一情节段，当冰柱被火山浆熔化，安哥即将落入悬崖，猛犸象不顾一切地救下了他，令安哥心生感激之情；在影片的最后，安哥背叛了它的组织（欲蚕食猛犸象和抢夺孩子的虎群），挺身而出拦下了致命的一击，帮助猛犸象、树獭希德和孩子逃离危险，并最终得以将孩子送还给了他的父亲。在这一情节段中，老虎安哥从原本传统意义上的“坏人”成长为“英雄”，也契合了人类对“正义必定战胜邪恶”这一原始社会理想的寄托。 虽然“英雄”是影片中的绝对主角，但不能忽略“派遣者”和“施惠者”对“英雄”的影响，更不能忽略“假英雄”对“英雄”的衬托和显现。派遣者或发出者，一般是指故事中的某种带有权威的形象，通常是年长者或者是政治领袖。在经典故事中常常是由这一人物对英雄发出行动的指令。但在现在电影的叙述中，派遣者不再是一个必要的角色，主人公常常为了自己的目的、利益、或为了拯救自己、或是 心灵意志的觉醒而行动。《怪物史瑞克》（一）中的“国王”可算是派遣者，他命令史瑞克救出被火龙围困的公主，然后才能换回史瑞克原先居住的沼泽地。而在《怪物史瑞克》（二）中，派遣者的角色似乎是空缺的，史瑞克所做的一切为的是争取他和公主在一起生活的机会。又如在《超人特工队中》，超人鲍勃不是像在007系列中的邦德那样是听命于国家行政机关部门的，他甚至被国家行政机关部门要求隐姓埋名的过普通人的生活。超人鲍勃和他的超人妻子、超人孩子所谓的“拯救人类”的一切行动，最初的行动动机救助被坏人围困的家人，超人鲍勃被抓之后，超人妻子、超人的儿女们先后成长起来成为“英雄”。 同样需要说明的还有施惠者的角色。顾名思义，所谓施惠者尽管同样为主人公完成任务或实现其目标提供了帮助，但不同于一般意义上的帮手，施惠者在叙事的特殊时刻为主人公提供了某种特殊的帮助，诸如武侠小说中，主人公遇到了“山中高人”，因此而获得了某种特殊的法力、法器或武功。施惠者，也可能是某种人生导师式的角色，在他的指点下，主人公战胜了自身的弱点（内在的对手）而走向成功。如在《怪物史瑞克》（一）中扮演“坏人”角色的火龙，因为迷恋上了驴子，性情大变；在（二）中成为了史瑞克与邪恶的巫婆斗争中反败为胜的关键力量，扮演了“施惠者”的角色。 “帮手”这一角色或行动范畴，在普罗普的理论中没有给与太多的关注，但是在近期这几部动画片中可以发现，“帮手”这一行动范畴占据了极其重要的位置，可以说是“英雄”性格的补充和承托。“帮手”从严格意义上讲是属于“小人物”，但是真实的、可触可感的性格特点使他们成为观众印象最深刻的角色。例如《怪物史瑞克》和《冰河世纪》中的驴子和树獭，都是微小的，他们的性格中混杂着点胆怯、懦弱、狐假虎威，但不掩盖他们真诚、富有爱心的一面，《怪物史瑞克》中，史瑞克自卑得几乎放弃了他对公主的爱，是驴子执着的言语激起了他的勇气，勇敢地去追求真爱（true love）。《冰河世纪》中的猛犸象原先冷酷、特立独行、对人类遗失的小孩缺少温情，在树獭的坚持下只能妥协，而随后他性格中隐藏的善良、仁慈、温柔被激发出来，拼尽全力保护孩子Walt Disney animated film produced by the master "cartoon laugh," "Red Hat small knight," "Alice in Wonderland," "lucky rabbit Oswald," Mickey Mouse series, "Three Little Pigs," " Puppet Adventure, "" Snow White "," Flowers and Trees "and other cartoons nearly the Department, those cute, funny, humor, humorous Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck and other beloved Pac-Man, to bring the children of the world unlimited joy. To the end of the 20th century with the "Lion King" of the global hit, animated not only the love of children, adults as well as animation in the singular about the fascinating story. "Finding Nemo" or even as a runner-up at the box office season, "The Lion King," "Toy Story," "Shrek" series, "Ice Age", "Incredibles" ... ... and so these have been animated the critical acclaim, and then combined and computer technology, more realistic images, free animated movie industry has become one of the major categories. What is animation? English as the cartoon (cartoon), is the meaning of the activities of comic books, is a picture of the performance of characters, dramatic plot and author of the idea of the film. It is a basic art form of movies, it used "photography-by-cell" (also known as photo frame) method, among a series of minor changes only for the screen and the action taken in the film, the (TV animation while recording on tape), and then to a second screening of 24 out of the speed, ease access to the image of the artistic effect. ① above definition constitutes a cartoon shows three major elements: narrative, style and the film of. This narrative is the most important factor is also the most important, only about a complete story and novel, in order to attract the attention of the audience. French film theorist, the founder of contemporary film theory a non-Christian Metz obscure expressions, but fairly accurate description of the narrative of the importance of the film: "not because the film is a language, it is only about such a wonderful story; but because it's so wonderful about the story, it was to become a language. "So the film" language "is to the needs of narrative created. The animation of the narrative structure is the "action areas" (Vladimir Propp's words) to be embodied. For the analysis of this paper animation as follows: "Toy Story," "Shrek" series, "Ice Age", "Incredibles." These cartoons will be shown in the film are attached great importance to the language of work, narrative, strong narrative, the audience in more than 100 minutes in mind is to follow closely the fate of the characters in the film development. The role of the film is very distinctive design, the basic fit of the Russian scholar Vladimir Propp's "seven areas of action" (that is, the role of characteristics). ② 1, bad guys 2, 3 charity, to help 4, princess, or are looking for and protection of human and material 5, or send the issue of 6, 7, heroes or victims, false heroes Propp so-called role / action areas, the story is not entirely equivalent to the figures, but in different paragraphs of the story, plot development at all times have different functions. The story of a character in the story of the development of different sections, different times to play different roles, exposure to different types of "action areas"; the same, the same role or "action areas" can also come from different plays, different people paragraphs in the same circumstances to play the same role that exposure to the same "scope of action." Such as "Ice Age" in Luanda, the tiger of the first part in the film is brutal, "bad guys", in order to snatch the child (that is, the princess, or are looking for and protection of human and material) and the following is very much ill-around in the mammoth Mandi ; and after "the outbreak of lava," the circumstances above, when the ice was melting volcanic pulp, Angola will soon fall into the cliffs, desperate to save the mammoth under him, so that Angola grateful hearts; in the film the end of its betrayal of Angola Organization (For eroded mammoth and tiger to snatch the child's group), to come forward to stop the fatal blow to help the mammoth, Sid the tree Rex and children to flee the danger, and ultimately to return the child to his father. Paragraph in this case, the tiger was the traditional sense of Luanda from the "bad guys" grow into "heroes", but also fit the man's "justice must prevail over evil," the ideal of the primitive society sustenance. While "Hero" is the absolute protagonist of the film, but you can not ignore the "send" and "charity" in the "heroes" of the impact, but also can not ignore the "false heroes" of the "heroes" and show the background. Or send the issue of persons, generally refers to a story with the image of authority, usually the elderly or political leaders. In the classic story by the characters are often issued on the action hero's instructions. However, in the narrative of the film now, to send no longer is a necessary role, the main character is often for their own purposes, interests, or to save themselves, or the awakening of the soul and the will to action. "Shrek" (a) the "king" who can be dispatched, he ordered the siege of Shrek rescued by fire dragon princess, and then to live in exchange for the original Shrek swamp. In the "Shrek" (b), the dispatch of the role seems to be vacant, and Shrek has done for him and the Princess for the opportunity to live together. Another example is in the "Incredibles" and Bob is not like Superman in the 007 in the Bond series as it is taking orders from the state administrative organs department, he was the state administrative organs or departments have been requested anonymity in the lives of ordinary people. Superman Superman Bob and his wife, children superman so-called "save humanity" all actions, the initial motivation of action relief was besieged by bad family, Bob was arrested after Superman, Superman wives, sons and daughters of Superman grew up has become a "Hero." There should be explained the same patronizing role. As the name suggests, the so-called charity though the same task for the hero to achieve its objectives or provide help, but different from the general sense of the help the charity in the narrative to provide a special moment for the hero of some kind of special help, such as martial arts novels , the main character encountered "an expert mountain", there was some sort of special power, or instruments used in martial arts. Charity, and it may be a mentor-like role in life, in his guidance, the main character to overcome the weaknesses of their own (internal opponents) and to success. As in "Shrek" (a) play a "bad guy" role of the Fire Dragon, as obsessed with a donkey, temperament changes; in (b) become the Shrek and the struggle against the evil witch of the key forces behind played a "charity" in the role. "Helper" areas of the role or actions, in Propp's theory does not give too much attention, but in the near future these can be found in the Department of Animation, "helper," the scope of this action to occupy an important position, can be said to be "heroes" of the supplement and support the character. "Helper" from the strict sense is a "little", but real, tactile sense of character can turn them into the audience was most impressed by the role. Such as "Shrek" and "Ice Age" and the donkey tree Rex, are small, their mix of character points timid, cowardly, but does not hide them in good faith, caring side, " Shrek, "the inferiority Shrek almost abandoned his love of the princess is dedicated donkey speech stirred up his courage, courage to pursue love (true love). "Ice Age" of the mammoth in the original cool, independent of the lack of human warmth missing children, in the tree can only be the insistence of Rex compromise, and then hide his good character, kind, gentle and was inspired by, doing its best to protect children