存货计价方法的论文国外文献

Understanding inventory valuation - Store Manager TrainingTed Gladson Articles in Drug Store News' Store Management Training Program are written by Ted Gladson of Ted Gladson & Associates, Lisle, Ill. Managers who wish to participate can do so by reading the course material and completing the questions that follow. To receive a certificate denoting successful completion of the course, 10 lessons must be completed within 18 months.An important management decision in most retail businesses is the choice of inventory valuation method. A few methods are available, and each can give different results.The purpose of this article is to demonstrate common approaches to inventory valuation so that store managers will understand how inventory data is used.Store managers should be aware of these methods to appreciate the importance of maintaining good inventory records and the periodic physical inventory.Physical inventoryA periodic physical inventory is required in most retail businesses. This is true even if the business uses a perpetual (or nearly perpetual) inventory control system. It is always possible that errors will creep into perpetual systems that can be caught by a physical inventory. Physical inventories also show the extent of inventory loss due to theft or other non-sales related causes.After the physical inventory is taken, or the inventory data is obtained from some other source, the problem arises of what dollar value to place on the inventory listing in the balance sheet.The typical balance sheet presentation of inventory-related figures is:Beginning inventory+ Purchases for the period= Total goods available forsale for the period- Ending inventory= Cost of goods sold for theperiod.This shows the logical flow from a beginning position to an ending position. The conceptual objective is first to determine the value of all goods available for sale during the year and then remove the value of those that were sold, leaving the ending inventory as an asset of the business at the end of the period.The cost of purchase is captured in the regular accounting process, but the cost of any particular product cannot be determined from an invoice because products from different invoices are mixed on the shelf.It is necessary to place a value on inventory so that profit can be determined. If inventory is overvalued or undervalued, it will affect the profitability reported and hence the tax liability of the business.There are four methods of inventory valuation. Each can be used, depending on the business conditions.FIFO (first-in first-out)This approach is used by many retail businesses where there is a large volume of products sold, making it difficult to determine the actual cost of any particular item. A common practice in this situation is to assume that the first items purchased were the first items sold (first-in first-out). This is consistent with the retailing strategy of placing newer stock on the shelf behind existing items.Actual cost data are used for all items purchased during the accounting period. It is then assumed that all items found in the ending inventory were the last ones purchased. Thus, the most recent invoices would be used to assign prices to ending inventory. The result is that ending inventory is valued at existing market value (to the extent that purchases were recent).In periods of rising prices this would state ending inventory at a higher amount than other methods, and therefore profits would be correspondingly higher.LIFO (last-in first-out)This is used when product sales conditions are similar to those described for FIFO, but the assumption about how products move is different. Under LIFO the assumption is that the last item purchased is the first one sold. Therefore the oldest purchase prices are used to value ending inventory, which means that the most recent prices are found in cost of goods sold. The rational for LIFO is that market prices are reflected in the cost of goods sold, and this also represents the current market conditions. Products sold must be replaced under these conditions.In periods of rising prices LIFO will tend to place a higher value on cost of goods sold and therefore reduce the reported profitability and taxes.Average costThis also is a method used when it is not possible to associate an exact purchase price with a product. Using average cost valuation requires calculation of a weighted average price for each item, and then valuing ending inventory using that price. In periods of rising prices, the average cost method will yield lower value for ending inventory on the balance sheet and therefore lower reported profits. The situation is less clear when compared to LIFO, but LIFO will generally give more favorable results. If, for example, prices had risen in general during the period but not systematically upward, the results may be different.The rationale for average cost is that it is less biased than either FIFO or LIFO. By taking an average you are more fairly approximating events during the accounting period.Other methodsThere are other approaches to inventory valuation, but these rely upon the ability to associate the actual cost with each item, which rarely occurs. It is sufficient to note here that even in these cases, there is some latitude in the choice of method which permits the business to value inventory more favorably.SummaryInventory must be valued for several reasons. Store managers may determine and report the physical inventory, and should appreciate the importance of the task and what happens to the information they obtain.COPYRIGHT 1994 Reproduced with permission of the copyright holder. Further reproduction or distribution is prohibited without permission.COPYRIGHT 2004 Gale Group这篇可以吗？？？

中小企业存货管理研究

据资料统计，我国中小企业平均存货占用流动资产总额45% 左右，中小企业忽视存货管理，在原材料采购储存及产品的管理上缺乏科学性，存货积压严重，使存货大量占用中小企业资金，造成存货周转速度减慢，增加存货成本，影响了中小企业正常生产经营活动。以下是我收集整理的中小企业存货管理研究论文，供大家参考和借鉴。

摘要： 存货在中小企业中扮演着重要的角色，在中小企业流动资产中占很大一部分比重，所以存货管理的好坏直接影响到中小企业的财务状况。目前，我国许多中小企业在存货管理方面还存在很多问题，这些问题不但影响中小企业资产的流动能力、资产管理的效率和盈利能力，也不同程度地制约着中小企业的发展。本文在已有研究成果的基础上，通过对中小企业存货管理问题与对策研究进行分析，针对中小企业存货管理中存在的一些问题提出相应的解决方法，使中小企业更加适应外部环境。

关键词 ： 中小企业;存货;存货管理

在经济全球化不断加快的背景下，我国中小企业要想提高自身的国际竞争力，就必须要加紧改善自身的管理，建立完善的内部控制制度，识别和衡量中小企业所面临的内外部风险，并根据风险评估结果开展恰当的控制活动，消除或减少中小企业风险带来的损失，提高中小企业的应对能力和竞争力。因此，加强中小企业的存货管理对促进中小企业的快速发展具有重要的现实意义。

一、相关研究的文献综述

1. 国外文献综述

Claus(2011)在《浅谈如何加强存货管理》中提出：存货保管过程中可能发生霉变、损坏和偷盗等各种潜在的损失。当出现经济危机时，对于较高的库存，一旦产品价格出现跳水，公司管理层将无法回避存货价值缩水的事实。AltmanEI(2012)在《中小企业财务应加强存货管理》中提出：中小企业在日常生产经营过程中很难做到随时购入所需的原材料或商品，从发出采购指令到存货入库，这个阶段需要一定的时间，这就要求中小企业储存一定的存货，因此会占用一定的资金，避免因缺货造成相关损失。

2. 国内现状研究

王华明(2012)在《建立产销联盟的供应链管理模式》中提出：存货在资产负债表中是一个非常重要的项目，是报表分析的重要指标;存货对利润表中销售成本的确有直接影响。所以存货数量的确定、价值的计量，直接关系到资产计价和损益的确定。徐家尊(2012)在《中小企业存货管理策略研究》中提出：欧美中小企业在信息技术和互联网的帮助之下，及时地控制了他们的存货，而在亚洲，由于信息技术和互联网技术的落后，供应商没有及时获取这一消息，因而造成了这些供应商的存货从次年年初开始急剧膨胀。

二、中小企业存货管理中存在的问题

1. 存货积压严重，大量占用中小企业资金

据资料统计，我国中小企业平均存货占用流动资产总额45% 左右，中小企业忽视存货管理，在原材料采购储存及产品的管理上缺乏科学性，存货积压严重，使存货大量占用中小企业资金，造成存货周转速度减慢，增加存货成本，影响了中小企业正常生产经营活动，长期困扰中小企业发展。另外，中小企业在生产过程中对半成品、制品疏于管理，造成积压量过大，导致生产成本增加。

2. 销售商品不入账

中小企业只顾当前利益，而忽略长远利益，账务处理不规范，为了偷逃税款，销售商品不入账;不按实际结转库存产成品，对收回货款不列账，形成资金体外循环，长期以来，造成存货账面数严重大于实际库存数，账实不符;部分相关联中小企业之间的货物转移不入账，造成国家税款严重流失，后果严重。在对中小企业审计过程中发现，中小企业不定期进行存货盘点，保管员岗位职责不到位，出入库物资手续不够完善，单位产成品、人工费消耗等计算不够准确，使得会计核算不清，成本核算不实，会计信息严重失真。

3. 存货周转速度缓慢

存货周转速度是中小企业一定时期主营业务成本与平均存货余额的比率。用于反映存货的周转速度，即存货的流动性和存货资金占用量是否合理，促使中小企业在保证生产经营连续性的同时，提高资金的使用效率，增强中小企业的短期偿债能力。目前，中小企业存货周转速度缓慢，中小企业生产经营各环节中存货运营效率较低。

4. 忽视中小企业外部物流资源整合

中小企业的存货管理偏重于内部物流系统的利用，忽视了中小企业外部物流资源的整合。中小企业存货管理包括计划、采购、储存、领用、出库等过程，耗费了大量的人、财、物，在管理手段上，没有通过优化业务流程，加强信息系统的建设来优化存货管理，没有充分利用和整合社会物流管理资源。

三、加强中小企业的存货管理的措施

1. 降低中小企业资金存货积压

中小企业应建立存货内部控制制度，结合中小企业的生产经营特点，严格采购、销售制度，规范存货采购、销售环节，建立供应、销售方的信息档案，加强对其信誉、资质等级管理，中小企业的法人代表对中小企业会计工作、会计资料的真实性、完整性负责，会计人员与业务人员、保管人员各自岗位的责任权限必须相互分离、相互监督、相互制约，可以有效地预防营私舞弊、谋私行为的发生，控制和降低存货成本，维护中小企业利益。中小企业对财会人员采取定期轮岗等管理措施，以达到控制存货采购成本、降低资金占用、加速存货资金周转的目的。

2. 加强账面资金管理

要进一步完善企业财务管理制度，避免资金体外循环、偷逃税款等不合法、不合理现象的发生，要对销售收入、生产成本及库存费用等如实入账，加强企业内部审计工作，确保会计信息的真实性。通过对购销环节中的风险进行事先预测、分析和控制，尽量规避风险。中小企业为了实现利润、销售更多产品，经常采用赊销形式，片面追求销售业绩，忽视对应收账款的管理或管理效率低下。例如对赊销对象的现金流动情况及信用状况缺乏，未能及时催收货款，容易出现货款被客户拖欠，造成账面利润很高、实际资金却很少的状况。对此，财务部门应加强对赊销和预购业务的控制，制定相应应收账、预付货款控制制度，加强对应收账款的管理，及时收回应收账款，减少风险，同时，要使账面存货与实际存货保持一致，确保存货信息的真实性。

3. 提升存货周转速度

企业要根据产品的市场销售计划科学地制定原材料采购计划及生产作业计划。企业应严格按计划采购，加强对采购环节的监督检查，避免盲目大量采购现象的发生，可以通过“时实用时采购”等方式，减少原材料的库存。强化对生产环节的存货管理，按订单安排生产作业计划，合理安排加工对象在各工序间的转移时间及批量，最大限度的减少生产过程中的半成品、在制品数量。同时，加大产成品的销售力度，避免产成品大量积压，造成存货数量增长。如果出现产品旺销或滞销时要及时反馈，对企业的原材料采购计划及生产作业计划进行及时的动态调整，使企业的市场销售计划、原材料采购计划及生产作业计划成为一个有机整体，有效提升存货周转速度。

4. 加强对外部物流资源的整合

中小企业主要通过第三方物流项目加快二次配送的速度。同时，要压缩从营销部处理订单到物流部安排发货的'时间。对中小企业组织进行再造，在认真识别中小企业核心竞争能力的基础上，顺应社会分工越来越细的需求，将中小企业的非核心业务外包给社会的“专家”，建立一种全新的基于计算机网络技术支撑的诸种核心能力的动态联合体——虚拟中小企业组织，这样，可以克服中小企业传统规模运作的缺陷。以较少的物流资源投入来获取规模物流运作的效果，将是今后相当长的时期内中小企业组织运作的主流形式。中小企业要考虑物流运作技术、信息技术和管理技术，依据中小企业物流技术齐备水平，物流运作的特点和信息化的状况进行物流技术再造。中小企业在采用其物流运作需要的新技术后，建立自己的物流信息系统，采用网络技术连接物流流程再造的各个工作单元，构建中小企业内部网络，以协调和管理中小企业的各种物流资源，再将其与INTERNET 进行连接，为中小企业物流资源整合的动态运作组织提供可靠的技术支持。

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