中西方抗议文化差异研究论文

隐喻的中西方文化差异Abstract: Metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon but also a way of thinking, which is one of the basic methods for human survival and cognition. It is rooted in language, thought and culture. Through the analysis and comparison of the use and concept of metaphor in different countries, we find that its universality and commonality of the metaphor as a basic human cognitive activities. However, metaphor in different languages reflects a different way of thinking and behavior and different cultural patterns. Owing to the different two modes of thinking and culture, there are some differences in understanding and formation that can not be ignored. Therefore, this paper will discuss the questions above.Keywords: metaphor, cross-cultural differences, translation. 1. Preamble Metaphor is a common phenomenon, a large number of people use metaphor to express his feelings and ideas. British scientists rhetoric Richards (IARichards) once said, "We have day-to-day in almost every conversation in three sentences may be a metaphor." According to statistics, life around the use of 4,700,000 new metaphor, 2,140,000 stereotypes of metaphor. Research in recent years, there is a great metaphor. This article introduced in the definition of metaphor on the basis of summing up the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western metaphor, and that its culture, precisely because of the prevalence of metaphor, how to translate metaphor has become a very important issue in the latter part of the article is aimed at The translation of metaphor put forward a translation of the three strategies. This paper studies aimed at trying to comparative analysis of English and Chinese in a large number of day-to-day language of metaphor to express, find out the differences and similarities, in order to be able to accurately translate the article in good metaphor to explore a little. This article is about the metaphor from the point of view to explore the differences in the way Thinking allows us to a deeper understanding of language, culture, the relationship between thinking and can more clearly understand the different ethnic language, culture, way of thinking, and so on On the nature of translation. 2. Metaphors in Chinese and Western studies In 1980, Lakoff & Johnson (George Lakoff & Mark Johnson) made a "living metaphor" (Metaphors We Live By) of the book, a modern metaphor to open a new chapter in the school. Domestic academia on the "metaphor" This is also a review of the system, such as Lin Wu's book "Study abroad metaphor Looking at the" beam-setting "metaphor research," Li of China and India "The main subjects Metaphor" and so on. However, the Chinese metaphor for the academic study of rare. "Chinese scholars on the study of metaphor, I am afraid the real contribution should be through the metaphor of the Chinese characteristics of research and study, through the metaphor of the Chinese and other languages in the comparative study of metaphor, metaphor for the establishment of a more general theory of the strong, and even unique The basis. "Lin Wu in the book" metaphor of the basic research the status quo, and the focus of the trend "in the main text, put forward a model of cultural metaphors with the relationship:" The language of metaphor is the emergence of expression into the system, which not only reflects the psychological Structure, but also reflect the different cultural models also play a role. " 2.1 metaphor in the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures 2.1.1 relationship Correspond to (corresponding) refers to the relationship between the two languages, English and Chinese in the meaning and metaphor in the use of the same meaning in the culture and image, and so on and-one mapping. This is because the survival of mankind itself, as well as all the external conditions, including the geographical environment, climate change, and the whole of human society and cultural background are certain there is a common, which formed a common humanity of their own and the outside world on many issues. In the "angry" mood, the English are angry that physiological responses, such as: grind one's teeth. (Teeth), bare one's teeth. (Ziyaliezui) an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth), reflecting the Chinese culture on the basis of common experience. 2.1.2 non-correspondence English-Chinese metaphor, after all, rooted in two different languages on the soil, resulting in very different cultural backgrounds, fully corresponds to the few metaphors, the vast majority do not have common cultural identity in order to form the corresponding non-(non-corresponding ) Relations. Non-relationship metaphor can be roughly divided into three categories: 2.1.2.1 Vehicle counterpart, Yu Yi does not correspond to English and Chinese in some cases there is the same as a metaphor, but in their own language and culture in the meaning of the metaphor means is different, even different. Peacock in the Chinese culture is auspicious, a symbol of beauty, especially the Dai people to express jumped Pavaner desire to better their own. If the Chinese people will be likened to a peacock, it means that beautiful light. However, in English, peacock (Peacock) is a symbol of pride, often interpreted as arrogance, love to show off. For example, They were eager to take the young peacock down a peg. (They want to pressure a pressure that the arrogant young guy's momentum). 2.1.2.2 counterpart Yu Yi, the vehicle does not correspond to English-Chinese two nations due to their differences, from different angles to look at things the same, it will be a different analogy. As a result both English and Chinese language there is a different vehicle, but Yu was referring to was basically the same as the meaning of the case, that is the same kind of non-correspondence. Such as: a person described as the hearts of anxious, restless, Chinese is "ants on the hot pan" and English is "a cat on the bricks". There are similar: To kick down the ladder. Guohechaiqiao. 2.1.2.3 Yu Yu Yi and do not correspond to Some of the metaphors Yu-Yu has a meaning and it refers to the language and culture are closely related, in another culture often can not find corresponding Yu and Yu Yi, which resulted in a culture known as the default Phenomenon. For example: in English "my rib" I am referring to Yu's wife, it comes from the "Bible" story, that is, Adam (Adam)'s wife Eve (Eve) God is with a piece of Adam's rib made. The Chinese did not, "the Bible" cultural background, and there was no analogy with rib habit, so the formation of a corresponding gap. Similarly, "ugly duckling" (Ugly Duckling) refers to the metaphor will get ahead of Little, "early bird" refers to the diligent Yu, in the words into Chinese language, culture, as a result of the default, can not find a corresponding relationship between metaphor . 2.2 Chinese and Western cultures in the common metaphor Metaphor and culture to a large extent, human beings have a common understanding, rooted in the people's own day-to-day experience. In this connection, often between different ethnic groups are the same. Both English and Chinese language in a lot of abstract thinking that the metaphorical expression is the same. For example: the human child in the period to form a position on the concept of input in that direction in the form of many of them easily understood, including the position expressed by metaphor, which has become a fixed pattern of thinking. For example: The term direction (up, down) to describe people's social status, physical, emotional, and other abstract concepts to the case when the good is up; Sad is down. We Chinese are also not difficult to find a similar sentence: "Gas Prices "," enhance the social status "and" vision "and" depressed. " Since the objective laws of nature with the relative unity of different cultures to understand the nature of the course is similar to the cognitive experience. 2.3 in the metaphor of the difference between Chinese and Western cultures As the English-Chinese geographical and cultural differences, living in two different cultures in practice there are a lot of differences, and different life experiences and let people understand the objective world, a different language carries different nationalities Cultural characteristics and cultural information. Understanding of metaphor is not out of socio-cultural backgrounds. For example, social and cultural impact of the color words is deep-rooted, some color words in different cultures in an entirely different meaning, has a distinctive feature of our national culture. Such as: English, said in green "inexperienced" and "shallow knowledge", such as: "a green hand", "I was very green when I started working there." The Chinese like to express the meaning of the word is "yellow" Such as: "Huangmaoyatou" and "flower girl". Cultural background knowledge is the metaphor to create a rich source of thinking, as the Eastern and Western cultures are different, metaphors in English and Chinese applications there are also significant differences. 2.4 The metaphor of the cross-cultural differences between Chinese and Western influence Language is a cultural change in the development of the complex, subject to political, economic, historical, environmental and other factors. Chinese and Western styles are different, but in many ways to infiltrate interaction and integration, language differences and cultural metaphor for the inevitable impact is complex and diverse. 2.4.1 metaphorical expression of cultural conflict Different nationalities in the world to observe a different perspective and ideas, different cultures there are a lot of conflict or inconsistency metaphor. If the animal metaphors, in English Long (dragon) is a kind of evil, will belch out smoke monster. "Bible", the dragon is the devil, is a symbol of evil and terror, there is a terrible vicious meaning. The Chinese dragon is in power, the auspicious symbol of Chinese traditional culture, the Chinese have "Wangzichenglong", "descendants of the Dragon." The same analogy in different cultures, different meaning, of two cultures "Dragon" to give a different connotation. 2.4.2 differences in living conditions caused by differences in metaphor In English is a lot of metaphor and marine-related, such as: all at sea (at a loss what to do); drink like a fish (drinking cow); fish in the air (Shuizhonglaoyue); give up the ship (give up). In Chinese, there are a lot of the horse or cattle pose a metaphor, such as: "a willing ox" (a willing horse) Gan means to serve the community; "old ox" (a working horse) refers to the hard work; "bragging "(Talk horse), and so on. This is due to different geographical location and natural environment caused by different cultural metaphor. Britain is an island, ultimately, dependent on the sea, and China is a large agricultural country, farming culture deeply feudal society. 2.4.3 different religious and cultural differences arising from the metaphor Religious culture of human culture is an important part of it by referring to the nation's religious beliefs, such as the formation of the sense of culture, "the Bible" in the story, with its language and meaning has become a feature of daily life in the West in terms of . For example, power of the keys (the keys to the kingdom of heaven; the rights of the Pope), in the right church, but in the wrong pew (in general is right, but not the details), and so on. Chinese culture and Buddhism, Taoism and more affected by the impact of Confucianism, the Chinese, there are a lot of related argot. "Jiehuaxianfo"; "临时抱佛脚"; "做一天和尚撞一天钟" and so on. It is due to the diversity of culture, resulting in the differences between English and Chinese metaphor. This difference to the cross-cultural communication has brought the impact. As a foreign language students, do not understand the difference between metaphor and language will make mistakes, sometimes mistakenly made good as pleasant, caused by either one or both of the conversation unpleasant; also sometimes mocked as a praise. When a native language other operators do not understand the language contained in the cultural differences, it is often difficult for such language to accurately convey the meaning of the understanding, difficulty to the cross-cultural exchange. 3. Metaphor of the three methods of translation The translation of metaphor not only accurately and effectively convey the original language, but also loyal, accessible, complete reproduction of the original language and cultural connotation and significance. But in the West because of cultural differences and different, so the translation of metaphor in English on the need to consider not only its literal sense, and so on, but also in the West should pay attention to their cultural differences. American Eugene Nida said: "Translation is the exchange between the two cultures. The real success of the translation, even more familiar with the two cultures is more important to master two languages. Because only in terms of its role in the culture In the background will only be meaningful. "Therefore, the translation of metaphor to combining Chinese and Western cultures, and cultural backgrounds to leave the translation, can not be achieved between the two languages of the real exchange. 3.1 Literal Translation The so-called "literal" is asked in the language when conditions permit, in the translation to maintain the original content, but also to maintain the original form, in particular, to maintain the original metaphor, the image of the nation, and other local color. In the literal translation method to maintain the original expression of the culture and at the same time, target enriched the vocabulary and expression, such as: "a Pandora's box" (Pandora's Box); "chain reaction" (chain reaction). In the original text and asked the information contained in the same culture, we should adopt the literal translation method. (1) You are my sunshine, my only sunshine. : You are my sun, my only sunshine. In Chinese and English, the sun is warm, beautiful, in both languages, they disseminate information on culture are the same. As a rule, and asked in the original text in the form of grammatical structure, similar to the style or color on basically the same, the law should adopt the literal translation. (1) He is another Shylock. : He is also a Shylock. (Note: Shakespeare's Shylock is "The Merchant of Venice" in a very harsh mean business People. ) (2) To carry coals to Newcastle. : Coal to Newcastle. (Note: "Newcastle" is a British coal, coal is superfluous here.) 4. Conclusion Metaphor as a way to figures of speech or skills, a unique feature of grammar, which features make the sentence more flexible and constructive, but the United States. Is a metaphor to express more complex ideas and things, a powerful tool. Wherever and whenever people in their daily lives are often used metaphor. As Mr. Lin Zhuang said: "The metaphor is no longer expanding his knowledge and understanding of a passive process. To help us in the form of new knowledge, the metaphor has played an active role so that we can better a better understanding of the objective world." In English and Chinese Metaphorical significance of the difference is due to cultural differences between East and West, that mode of thinking, moral values and sense of difference. However, different cultural impact of what is the concept of metaphor, it is still a need to examine and address the problem. At the same time, in the metaphor of the process of translation must pay special attention to cultural differences. The best translation is to be able to accurately reflect the true meaning of the author, as well as its cultural and stylistic characteristics of the translation, that is, the translation of metaphor to make as much as possible the original language and to achieve the target language culture, and so on.

文化差异进行论述: 一、物质文化差异 中西方文化在物质文化上的差异主要是指...由于中国与西方生产生活习性的不同，中国人吃饭用的餐具是"筷子"，西方人则用"刀子和叉子"，且中西方饮食中的主食构成不...

中西方人格观念的差异造成中西方两种自成系统的文化传统，从而产生差异。中国文化传统追求“天人合一”的境界，即人与客体对象的融合，从而达到无我无对象的水平；西方文化传统是通过对自然的观察分析，达到控制自然的目的，为我所用。要达到中国文化所尊崇的至高境界，其负载形式通常都是比较柔和的“琴棋书画”等“高雅”技术。而排斥经世致用的改造自然的科学技术。2、 思想文化所带来的差异。中国一直受儒家思想所左右，它对于中国从古到今的影响都是极其深刻而广泛的，儒家宣传“万般皆下品思想，唯有读书高”，但它所宣扬的书是四书五经，那些爱搞发明创造的人被称做是奇技淫巧，并被归类到地位低下的工匠行列中去。中国有许多古话，什么“劳心者治人，劳力者治于人”，“学而优则仕”等等，所以有聪明才学的人都不以科技方面有所长为荣，那些不钻研做官技术而钻研科技技术的人永远不会得到荣誉，也进入不了上流社会。那些有文化的人无不沉迷于士大夫阶层所讲求的风流文雅，把时间花在风花雪月，吹拉弹唱，弹琴下棋，饮酒赋诗上。他们追求的是儒家所谓自己高尚的精神境界，才不会想到如何用自己的学问去帮助泥腿子们生产劳动。政府也对技术改进和发明没有任何的推动作用，不在这些方面有所鼓励。在西方却不太一样，基督教讲究在上帝面前人人平等，谁能创造财富，并施舍帮助穷人，谁就能进入天堂。基督徒是“一批指甲上沾着污垢的知识分子”，这种劳动与知识的结合、以及没有权威、人人平等的精神是科学发展的重要因素。自从汉武帝搞罢黜百家、独尊儒术以后，中国就再也没出过什么大思想家，中国历史上的大思想家都出现在先秦时代，到了明清就更无足取，以后的中国学者，最擅长的是就前人的经典做文章，从书本到书本。这就说明了独尊儒术政策的实施，对于人们思想的控制到了何种地步，而需要创新精神、挑战精神的科学就更加被深深地扼死了。3、 宗教文化所带来的差异西方社会在中世纪宗教独尊独统太深，反抗的力量就大，许多有识之士要研究科学以破除神学的迷信。比如培根，他就尖锐地抨击经院哲学蔑视自然、扼杀自然科学真理的情形，所以他提出的新理论是主张要以自然科学为基础，他后来成为西方哲学和科学史上一位划时代的人物。他积极思考，为了给科学争取一块存在和发展的空间，提出了“二重真理说”，也就是科学与宗教互不干扰的学说。他提出了科学的复兴的论点，指出科学发展对社会发展有巨大的推动作用。还有笛卡尔，他主张提出理性主义反对经院哲学的信仰主义，提介以具体的科学研究反对经院哲学和形式主义，为了对经院哲学进行批判和清算，他主张人们在认识之前，要用“理性”对过去接受的思想进行审查，这种精神垫定了西方科学精神的基石。希腊的观念以一个永恒的第一动因或外在的造物主为特点，所以希腊自然科学的动力就是去发现造物主设下的宇宙秩序的规律。而西方相当长一段时间的宗教统治也合乎这样的观点，许多文艺复兴时的科学家一开始都是神学家，他们甚至是为了在天空中找寻上帝而去研究星空的，但最后他们通过自已的研究却证明了上帝的不存在，于是反抗的力量就更大的。而中国的学者没有这种要破除迷信神学的动力，因为自古宗教在中国就没有完全占据过统治地位，同时，由于中国一向丰衣足食，人们的崇神思想没有那么重，当然同时，改革社会生产力的动力也没那么大，而农业在当时的情况下也不太需要太多的科技帮助就已可以达到不错的收获，这一切都造成了中国后期的科技进展缓慢的结果。西方宗教独尊的黑暗还影响到教育的改革，14世纪，当文艺复兴开始时，青年们都聚集到可以解释古典名著的学者周围，这些学者通过开办学校以及对教学内容的改革，来与原来的宗教教育对抗，这就开了西方新式教育的先河，西方在文艺复兴后，自然科学教育成为正规教育一部分。而中国没有这种要破除黑暗的宗教统治的情形，学者们都沿着老路在走，只教儒学，所以没有新式教育的出现。西方的宗教是一个扩张的宗教，他们的传教士到全世界去，要把他们的宗教强加给全世界的人民，而中国从来没有这种传统。我们的道教是土生土长的宗教，什么时候见到道士们跑遍全世界把自已的宗教观点硬性贯输给人家？西方的宗教扩张甚至用军队来扩张，不接受他们的宗教的就杀光，中国的宗教可曾做过这样的事？道士们都是住在深山中，有人上门肯求加入还要左挑右剔，轻易不肯接受。同时，这些搞宗教扩张的传教士们却在加强勾通方面起了很重要的作用，当年马可波罗的往来就是受教庭之托，而1698年法国的海神号第一次往来与法中之间，也是由神父们向路易十四送上了康熙帝的礼物，包括法国人从来没有见过的绚丽多彩的绸缎、瓷器、茶叶。当时的法国人从来没有见过这些，茶被他们称为神奇的叶子，认为它可以包治百病，并很快在欧州掀起了饮茶的热潮。科学是交流的产物，在许多情况下科学发明和发现都是靠触类旁通的方法产生，所以西方的这种宗教扩张也起到了一些它原来没有想到的作用。

最大差异是西方国家都想压制中国，而却不敢明目的针对中国。

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