出借方:________;借款方:________;担保方:________。三方经过充分协商,特签订本合同。第一条 自__年__月__日至__年__月__日,由出借方提供借款方借款计人民币_________元。还款计划如下:第二条 出借方应按期、按金额向借款方提供贷款,否则,应按违约数额和延期天数,付给借款方违约金,违约金数额的计算,与逾期借款罚息同。第三条 借款利率,按银行贷款现行贷款利率。如遇调整,按调整的新利率和计息办法计算。第四条 借款方保证按本合同所订期限归还借款本息。否则,按中国人民银行延付款计算办法计算罚息。第五条 借款方的借款由担保人用_______作担保,担保期限为_______,担保范围为为借款方偿还本息和逾期罚息。第六条 借款到期后,如借款方不按期归还本息时,由担保单位(或担保人)依法承担连带责任。第七条 补充条款(争议解决方式等)_______________________________________________________________________。第八条 本合同一式四份,出借方和借款方各持正本一份,担保方一份。第九条 本合同经双方签字之日起生效。出借方:________(章)代表人:________(签字)借款方:________(章)代表人:________(签字)担保方:________(章)代表人:________(签字)签约日期:签约地点:确定是哪儿都能找到借款协议书范本,原因是借款协议书范本很容易找的,而且借款协议书范本现在也不是太难找。关于找具体的借款协议书范本,我建议你到这里看看借款协议书范本,之所以这里的借款协议书范本比较全,其他地方的借款协议书范本网,可能不如这里的借款协议书范本全面,确定是哪儿都能找到借款协议书范本,原因是借款协议书范本很容易找的,而且借款协议书范本现在也不是太难找。关于找具体的借款协议书范本,我建议你到这里看看借款协议书范本,之所以这里的借款协议书范本比较全,其他地方的借款协议书范本网,可能不如这里的借款协议书范本全面
借款协议甲方: 身份证号:乙方: 身份证号:为保障双方当事人的合法权益,依据《中华人民共和国合同法》及相关法律、法规,经甲乙双方友好协商,就乙方向甲方借款事宜达成一致意见,特订立本协议。第一条 借款用途:乙方 用资金。第二条 借款金额和期限:1.借款金额:人民币(大写金额): 万元整。(小写金额): 元整。2.借款期限:经双方协商约定本合同借款期限为 个月,自 年 月 日至 年 月 日 。第三条 双方权力及义务:1. 甲方需在 年 月 日前将资金打入乙方指定账户,乙方向甲方出具收到款项实际金额的借条。2. 甲方有权不定期向乙方查询资金情况。3.乙方必须合法使用资金,确保甲方资金安全,合同到期最低需归还甲方本金 万元。4.利息约定:第四条 担保条款:乙方对上述条款的履行,由担保人(身份证: )向甲方提供担保。如乙方到期无法还款,将由担保人代替乙方向甲方支付全额借款。第五条 违约责任:1.乙方不按合法用途使用借款,甲方有权收回全部借款。2.乙方如逾期不还借款,甲方有权通过法律途径追回借款。第六条 强制执行:若乙方到期不能履行还贷义务,甲方可向有管辖权的人民法院申请强制执行,乙方放弃一切诉权、抗辩权。第七条 其他:1.本合同如有未尽事宜,须经合同各方当事人共同协商,做出补充规定,补充规定与本合同具有同等效力。2.本合同一式三份,甲方、乙方、担保方各执一份,具有同等法律效力。甲 方(签字): 乙 方(签字):担保人(签字):签订日期: 年月日
Objective of IAS 23The objective of IAS 23 is to prescribe the accounting treatment for borrowing costs. Borrowing costs include interest on bank overdrafts and borrowings, amortisation of discounts or premiums on borrowings, amortisation of ancillary costs incurred in the arrangement of borrowings, finance charges on finance leases and exchange differences on foreign currency borrowings where they are regarded as an adjustment to interest costs.Key DefinitionsBorrowing cost is: [IAS 23.6] * interest expense (calculated by the effective interest method under IAS 39), * finance charges in respect of finance leases recognised in accordance with IAS 17 Leases, and * exchange differences arising from foreign currency borrowings to the extent that they are regarded as an adjustment to interest costs Borrowing cost does not include amortisation of ancillary costs incurred in connection with borrowings. Nor does it include actual or imputed cost of equity capital, including any preferred capital not classified as a liability pursuant to IAS 32. [IAS 23.1]A qualifying asset is an asset that takes a substantial period of time to get ready for its intended use. [IAS 23.5] That could be property, plant, and equipment and investment property during the construction period, intangible assets during the development period, or "made-to-order" inventories. [IAS 23.6]Scope of IAS 23 (as revised in 2007)Two types of assets that would otherwise be qualifying assets are excluded from the scope of IAS 23: * Qualifying assets measured at fair value, such as biological assets accounted for under IAS 41 Agriculture * Inventories that are manufactured, or otherwise produced, in large quantities on a repetitive basis and that take a substantial period to get ready for sale (e.g. maturing whisky). Accounting TreatmentRecognitionBorrowing costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of a qualifying asset form part of the cost of that asset and, therefore, should be capitalised. Other borrowing costs are recognised as an expense. [IAS 23.8]The foregoing reflects Revisions to IAS 23 adopted by the IASB in March 2007 that prohibit immediate expensing of borrowing costs. Those revisions are effective for borrowing costs relating to qualifying assets for which the commencement date for capitalisation is on or after 1 January 2009. Earlier application is permitted.Until that revision is effective, an entity may apply the previous version of IAS 23, which permitted, as an accounting policy option, the 'immediate expensing model'. Under that model, all borrowing costs should be expensed in the period in which they are incurred.MeasurementWhere funds are borrowed specifically, costs eligible for capitalisation are the actual costs incurred less any income earned on the temporary investment of such borrowings. [IAS 23.12] Where funds are part of a general pool, the eligible amount is determined by applying a capitalisation rate to the expenditure on that asset. The capitalisation rate will be the weighted average of the borrowing costs applicable to the general pool. [IAS 23.14]Capitalisation should commence when expenditures are being incurred, borrowing costs are being incurred and activities that are necessary to prepare the asset for its intended use or sale are in progress (may include some activities prior to commencement of physical production). [IAS 23.17] Capitalisation should be suspended during periods in which active development is interrupted. [IAS 23.20] Capitalisation should cease when substantially all of the activities necessary to prepare the asset for its intended use or sale are complete. [IAS 23.22] If only minor modifications are outstanding, this indicates that substantially all of the activities are complete.Where construction is completed in stages, which can be used while construction of the other parts continues, capitalisation of attributable borrowing costs should cease when substantially all of the activities necessary to prepare that part for its intended use or sale are complete. [IAS 23.24]Disclosure [IAS 23.26] * The accounting policy adopted [required only until 1 January 2009 if immediate expensing model is used] * Amount of borrowing cost capitalised during the period * Capitalisation rate used IAS 23 Revised in March 2007 to Require Capitalisation of Borrowing CostsOn 29 March 2007, the IASB issued a revised IAS 23 Borrowing Costs. The main change from the previous version is the removal of the option of immediately recognising as an expense borrowing costs that relate to assets that take a substantial period of time to get ready for use or sale. An entity is, therefore, required to capitalise borrowing costs as part of the cost of such assets.The revised IAS 23 does not require the capitalisation of borrowing costs relating to assets measured at fair value, and inventories that are manufactured or produced in large quantities on a repetitive basis, even if they take a substantial period of time to get ready for use or sale.The revised Standard applies to borrowing costs relating to qualifying assets for which the commencement date for capitalisation is on or after 1 January 2009. Earlier application is permitted. Click for Press Release (PDF 51k).Special newsletter on borrowing cost amendmentsDeloitte's IFRS Global Office has published a special edition of our IAS Plus Newsletter titled IASB Issues Revised Standard on Borrowing Costs (PDF 99k).
借款指企业向银行等金融机构以及其他单位借入的资金,包括信用贷款、抵押贷款和信托贷款等。借款也可以指某人向银行等金融机构以及其他单位和个人借入的资金,包括信用贷款、抵押贷款和信托贷款等。本文是我为大家整理的借款申请 报告 范文 ,仅供参考。 借款申请报告范文篇一: 尊敬的 : 您好,我是XXXX员工XX,我XXX年XX月份进入铁福来,三年来,我在公司浓厚的 企业 文化 的熏陶下、在各位领导的引导下、在各位铁福来家人的关心和支持下,我不断改善自身缺点、学习钻研业务知识,让我从一个少不更事的少年成长为现在的业务精英。让我深深感觉到XXX不只是我工作的企业,更是我终身学习的学校,我也早已把铁福来当成自己的家。谢谢各位XXX的无私帮助! 缘分来的太突然,一切没有任何前奏。今年初出在亲戚的介绍下我与同乡一位姑娘认识,经过几次接触和了解,我们彼此都有了相见恨晚的感觉,我们也在近期在两家人的安排下订了亲,婚期也将至。 然而,婚姻是美好的,也需要我来面对结婚前的现实。我从小成长在一个单亲家庭,我的父亲靠着家里的几亩薄田独自将我抚养长大,去年,父亲又在朋友、亲戚那里借了XX万元在家中盖起了新房,看着父亲辛劳的面孔,我不想让他再为我的婚事再操更多的心,不想让他那两鬓斑白的头发再增添几根银丝。 故此,我想向公司借款XX万元,尽我所能减轻父亲的负担,也让我的婚姻有一个美好的开始,恳请领导批准!公司以后每月在我的工资中扣除XXX元,作为每月的还款额。 请领导认真考虑我的申请,不论领导是否批准,我都将努力工作、积极上进、奋勇拼搏,为了公司给我的平台、为了我自己、我的家人! XXXX XXXX XXX年XX月XX日 借款申请报告范文篇二: ****银行: *****食品工程有限公司创建于XX年,至今已有6多年历史。公司主要经营加工米制品,固体饮料,预包装食品。严密完善系统的管理体系,确保了公司能连续稳定生产各系列高质量产品,并不断创新,提升企业竞争力。 公司获得食品卫生生产许可证,生产的产品销售到全国20多个省地市,应用于食品行业.目前产品价格有一定上涨,处于供不应求的局面,公司盈利水平明显提高.公司现有员工120人,各类专业技术人员20人。注册资本120万元,年销售额可达1800万元,实现年税金50万元,公司发展已经迈入新一轮快速发展的新平台。 2011年市场趋好给公司创造了难得的发展机遇。公司决定同时进行设备挖潜和新技术改造,扩大产能,以满足市场不断增长的需求。今年主要原材料价格涨幅较大,同时公司预计2011年下半年销量都会有一定增加,库存原材料无法满足扩大产能后生产需求,需要增加流动资金以扩大原材料库存,保障生产。因此,特向贵行借款人民币伍拾万元整(50万元),用于购进原燃料储藏物资。公司用新增销量所增加的收益作为还款来源,借款使用期为半年(6个月)。希望贵行给予我公司授信和借款支持,帮助我公司实现新的发展! 此致 顺祝商祺! 申请人: 借款申请报告范文篇三: 绵阳市投资控股(集团)有限公司: 我公司于xx年11月份在北川羌族自治县擂鼓镇猫儿石村吉娜羌寨农民永久性住房工程中承接了部分浆砌毛石挡土墙分项工程。现我公司已按要求完成了所有工程,总工程量约6200余立方米,工程总造价200余万元,在施工过程中我司先后在贵公司借支工程款60万元。 由于该工程施工工期短、工程量大,我司垫支较多,现我司须将该工程所有务工人员工资、材料费、机械费等全部结清,由于该工程竣工结算尚未按要求审计,我司又急须支付以上工程费用,希望贵公司再次给我司借支工程款80万元(捌拾万元),以解决相应工程费用。 为谢! 借款单位:绵阳市宏达建筑工程公司
贷前风险管理是银行业务的核心。目前,我国商业银行不良资产的比例普遍偏高,信贷风险是我国商业银行面临的主要金融风险。下面是我为大家整理的银行信贷风险论文,供大家参考。
摘要:本文从对商业银行信贷风险的概述入手,分析国有商业银行现代风险产生的原因,当前信贷风险管理中存在的问题的基础上,通过对国有商业银行信贷风险管理制度的探讨,进而提出防范信贷风险的对策。
关键词:商业银行信贷风险信贷风险管理制度
一、商业银行信贷风险概述
信贷资产是商业银行的主要金融业务,商业银行的信贷风险主要是指在商业银行经营信贷业务的风险总和,即商业银行在经营货币和信用业务过程中,由于各种不利因素引起货币资金不能按时回流,不能保值的可能性。
二、商业银行信贷风险形成的原因并进行分析
信贷风险产生的原因纷繁复杂,从其产生来源可将信贷风险看作商业银行自身原因,借款企业原因和外部环境的原因。
***一***商业银行自身的原因
从银行自身来看,是否能够有效防范风险,主要取决于商业银行化改革能否完善。自银行商业化改革以来,围绕建立现代银行制度,各商业银行都进行了积极的探索,特别是在控制和防范风险的发生上。都相应制定了一系列严格的规章制度,但由于这些改革没有从根本上触及产权制度,没有真正解决责、权、利问题,因此造成银行自身管理监督体系不科学,在不同程度上失去了降低不良贷款的时机。
***二***借款企业的原因
从巨集观经济角度来看,是否能够有效防范风险,主要取决于企业改革是否顺利完成。目前我国商业银行的信贷资产中70%以上集中于原国有企业和集体企业,它们改革成功与否和经营状况是否好转是信贷资产质量提高的基础。
***三***外部环境的原因
首先。社会信用环境缺失。由于我国当前经济正处于转轨时期,社会信用体系没有建立,社会上坑蒙拐,欠债不还,金融欺诈的失信现象时有发生。其次,法制不健全。一系列与信贷密切相关的法律法规尚未出台,而且出台的这些法律本身内容过于简单,缺乏可操作性,有些甚至与国家政策相悖。 三、商业银行信贷管理中的问题
1.基础管理工作薄弱,信贷档案资料漏缺严重。主要表现为借款人和保证人的财务资料,贷款抵押凭证,贷后检查报告,催收通知书等资料的漏缺。信贷档案是银行发放、管理、收回贷款这一完整过程的记录,它的漏缺,尤其是有些法律档案不全,不仅对贷款的风险分析造成困难,也构成了依法收贷的障碍。
2.没有严格执行贷款审贷分离制度。主要表现在:审贷分离机构设定迟缓;审贷分离机构流于形式,如信贷人员常常在贷款审批欠已填好贷款合同、借据等法律档案和放款凭证,出现合同签订日期和贷款借据日期早于贷款审批日期,贷款金额和期限与审批金额和期限不同等现象。
3.贷款“三查”制度不落实。主要表现为:一是贷前调查流于形式;二是贷中审查报送不严;三是贷后检查对贷款人贷款使用情况跟踪表面化,忽视对借款人贷后资信情况、抵押物、质押物的变化情况以及保证人经营情况和负债的变化进行跟踪调查。
4.贷款经办人员法律知识薄弱,法律意识不强,贷款失去法律保护。主要有以下几个方面的问题;***1***保证人主体资格不符合法律规定的要求;***2***一些商业银行未对抵押物、质押物的合法性,有效性进行认真审查;***3***按照《担保法》规定必须办理抵押登记的,未按法律规定办理抵押登记,造成抵押行为无效;***4***变更主合同主要条款,延长主债务的履行期限或者加重主债务人债务数额,未征得保证人同意,致使保证合同无效和部分无效;***5***不能充分利用法律有关诉讼时效中断或中止得规定,维护银行得依法收贷权。
5.内部监督机制不健全,信贷管理制度存在漏洞,忽视对管理者的管理。主要表现在:***1***一些基层行长权力过大,监督约束机制没有真正起到作用,造成一些基层行长乱批贷款、乱投资、乱担保等;***2***贷款责任无法落实,最终导致无人负责,不了了。***3***行长经营目标考核办法不科学,助长了行长经营上的短期行为。为了完成指标任务,不得不采取违规的做法。
6.违规帐外经营严重。违规帐外经营是目前商业银行信贷管理中的一个重要问题。其违规经营主要采取私设帐外帐,乱用科目,调整帐表和绕规模贷款等形式,并主要投向房地产公司或其他高风险受益领域。由于帐外经营是在隐蔽情况下进行的,这部分资产没有处于有效的监督之下,甚至参与了违法犯罪活动,因而这部分信贷资产处于巨大的风险中。
四、商业银行信贷管理对策
信贷资产质量的好坏,不仅直接决定着银行自身以至金融业能否生存发展,而且对整个经济的发展和社会的稳定有着重要的影响。因此,如何防范信贷风险,是一个具有现实意义的重要课题。立足于标本兼治,我们应借鉴国际银行业先进风险管理经验,对国有商业银行进行信贷风险管理。
首先要加快金融改革步伐。首先四大国有商业银行要加快商业化程序,彻底地改革信贷管理体制,科学地制定贷款授权授信制度,不能简单“一刀切”,靠牺牲基层活力单纯求安全。其次要加强银行内部管理。为了保证银行信贷资产质量的稳定提高,应从注意银行内部管理入手,坚持稳健的经营方针。还要优化我国商业银行的外部经营环境,比如加快利率市场化,发展资本市场,以及尽快完善贷款风险补偿机制。此外还要提高员工素质,培育全员的风险控制氛围。对于一个企业,能否生存和发展,人才是关键,商业银行也不例外。
解决我国商业银行信贷风险过高的问题是一项长期而又艰钜的任务。目前我们应努力做好加快金融改革步伐,加强银行内部管理和优化我国商业银行的外部经营环境的工作,逐步解决我国商业银行信贷风险过高问题。
参考文献:
[1]阎庆民,《中国银行业评估及预警系统研究》.中国金融出版社,2004年
[2]田永强,《系统论在银行风险管理中的问题》,金融时报,2003年
[3]杨军,《银行信用风险——理论、模型和实证分析》,2004年
[摘要]商业银行作为经营货币的金融中介组织,自有资本占比低这一特点决定了其本身具有较强的内在风险特性,而银行贷款质量的优劣,信贷资产所面临风险的大小,对银行的经营成果乃至生存发展有着至关重要的影响。目前中国商业银行信贷风险管理中存在着一定的问题和缺陷,这使得中国的商业银行在参与国际金融市场的竞争中处于不利的地位。
[关键词]商业银行;信贷风险;对策
目前,中国商业银行信贷资产风险高是金融领域面临的突出问题,银行业经营风险因此增大,为金融危机的发生留下隐患,影响中国经济的长期稳定。因此,强化信贷风险管理,提高信贷资产质量,降低不良贷款比例已成为国有商业银行当前面临的紧迫而又繁重的任务。认真分析中国商业银行信贷风险成因,解决中国商行业银行信贷风险高的问题,对于保证中国金融体系稳健高效执行,提高中国商业银行竞争力,实现经济的可持续发展,具有十分重要的理论和现实意义。
一、商业银行信贷风险成因分析
当前商业银行的信贷风险主要来自借款人造成的风险和银行管理不善造成的风险两个方面。
***一***借款人方面的信贷风险
1.借款人的收入波动和道德风险。贷款发放后,一些借款人由于收入大幅下降或暂时失业等市场原因,无法按期还款,有的虽然具备还款能力,但迟迟拖延还款,使银行信贷风险大大增加。而中国目前尚未建立起一套完备的个人信用体系,银行缺乏征询和调查借款人资信的有效手段,加之个人收入的不透明和个人征税机制的不完善,银行难以对借款人的财产、个人收入的完整性、稳定性和还款意愿等资信状况作出正确判断。
2.借款人蓄意***贷款。借款人以非法占有为目的,编造引进资金、专案等虚假理由、使用虚假的经济合同、使用虚假的证明档案、使用虚假的产权证明作担保、超出抵押物价值重复担保或者以其他方法,***银行贷款。他们得手后大多携款潜逃、挥霍或改变贷款用途,将贷款用于高风险的经济活动,造成重大经济损失,致使贷款无法偿还。
3.借款人多头贷款或透支,导致信贷风险上升。目前,国内许多银行管理不规范,各部门之间缺乏整体协调和互通机制。—些借款人抓住这一可乘之机,报送不完整的个人资讯资料,在同一银行各个部门里多头借款或进行透支,增加了银行贷款风险。
4.抵押物难以变现,贷款担保形同虚设。一旦贷款发生风险,银行通常会把贷款的抵押物作为第二还款来源,而抵押物能否顺利、足额、合法地变现,就成为银行化解信贷风险的重要环节。由于中国消费品二级市场尚处于起步阶段,交易秩序尚不规范,交易法规也不完善,各种手续十分繁琐,交易费用偏高,导致银行难以将抵押物变现,贷款抵押形同虚设。
***二***银行经营管理方面的信贷风险
1.基础工作薄弱,信贷档案资料缺漏严重。信贷档案是银行发放、管理、收回贷款这一完整过程的文字记录,而目前有些商业银行管理工作混乱,大量存在借款人和保证人的财务资料、贷款抵押凭证、贷后检查报告、催收通知书等资料的缺漏。这些重要档案的漏缺,不仅对贷款的风险分析造成困难,同时也构成了依法收贷的障碍。
2.贷款“三查”制度执行不力。“三查”工作做得不深不细,这是信贷风险产生的主要原因。一是贷前调查往往流于形式。贷前调查作为风险控制的关键环节,需要调查人员深入企业查账,核实相关资料,了解企业的产品、生产经营及管理等各种情况,通过大量的资料资料进行综合的分析研究,形成客观、公正、有决策价值的结论,但有些信贷人员只是根据企业提供的相关文字材料进行摘录、整合,做表面文章,根据这样的贷前调查报告做出的结论已经使贷款失去了安全性。二是贷中审查不严。在贷款发放过程中,信贷人员对借款人、担保人、抵押物、质押物等审查不严,造成潜在的信贷风险。如信贷人员未发现担保人主体资格不符合法律规定的要求;一些商业银行未对抵押物、质押物的合法性、有效性进行认真审查;按照《担保法》规定必须办理抵押登记的,未按法律规定办理抵押登记等等。三是贷后检查表面化。贷后检查作为风险控制的重点环节,需要信贷人员深入企业监控其经济活动和资金流向、认真分析其贷款风险变化情况。可是,信贷人员对不少贷款企业的后续管理却放松了,这是造成贷款预警机制失灵的主要原因。
3.银行管理缺乏系统性,致使潜在风险增大。现在,国内商业银行管理水平不高,各部门之间缺乏系统性的资讯互通机制,对同一个借款人的信用资讯资料分散在各个业务部门,而且相当一部分资料尚未上机进行联网管理,从而难以实现资源共享。通常,仅凭借款人身份证明、个人收入证明等比较原始的征询材料进行判断和决策,对个人的信用调查基本上依赖于借款人的自报及其就职单位的证明,对借款人的资产负债状况、社会活动及表现,有无违法纪录、有无失信情况等缺乏正常程式和有效渠道进行了解征询,导致银行和借款人之间的资讯不对称。
4.内部监督机制不健全,忽视对管理者的管理。主要表现在:***1***一些基层行长权力过大,监督约束机制没有真正起到作用,造成一些基层行长乱批贷款、乱投资、乱担保等;***2***贷款责任无法落实,最终导致无人负责,不了了之;***3***行长经营目标考核办法不科学,助长了行长经营上的短期行为,为了完成指标任务,不得不采取违规的做法。
5.违规账外经营严重。违规账外经营是目前商业银行信贷管理中的一个重要问题。其违规经营主要采取私设外账、乱用科目、调整账表和绕规模贷款等形式,并主要投向房地产公司或其他高风险收益领域。由于账外经营是在隐蔽情况下进行的,这部分资产没有处于有效的监督之下,甚至参与了违法犯罪活动,因而这部分信贷资产处于巨大的风险之中。
二、商业银行防范信贷风险的对策
综合上述风险的来源,造成商业银行信贷风险问题的根本原因在于:信贷管理机制不健全。健全的信贷管理机制应包括三个方面:信贷管理制度、信贷管理机构以及激励和约束系统。信贷管理制度主要包括授权授信规定、信贷工作程式、信贷工作每一程式的内容和目标;信贷管理机构主要解决信贷工作中的权力分工,从机构这个角度确保信贷工作中的权力受到其他部门的制约,分清信贷工作各个部门的职责,并保证各部门之间相互监督和制约;激励和约束系统致力于发挥每一位信贷工作人员的主观能动性,同时,通过明确信贷工作人员的职责分工,加大对信贷工作人员的纪律约束。因此,商业银行要建立起一套防范信贷风险的综合管理体系,具体应从以下几方面人手:
***一***充实完善各项信贷管理制度
首先,要制定完善的信贷档案管理制度,明确规定信贷档案的收集、保管、交接、检查等工作程式,并指派专人负责,定期检查、考核执行情况。其次,进一步完善以贷款风险管理为核心的授权授信、审贷分离、分级审批、集体审批、贷款“三查”等风险控制制度,同时,上级行要加强对下级行各项制度执行情况的检查,确保各项制度落到实处。
***二***建立健全信贷专门管理机构
首先要真正落实审贷分离制度,将贷款的审查权和批准权分别落实到不同的职能部门,明确贷款审查部门的工作范围、工作职责和工作目标,规范贷款审批部门的工作制度、审批内容、审批许可权、审批程式和审批责任。其次,建立专门的贷款管理委员会,针对大额贷款和疑难问题贷款进行审批决策。第三,由一个独立部门承担贷款风险评估职责。贷款风险定期评估需要独立、科学、客观地对每一笔贷款存续期间的风险状况作出量化评估,为了保证贷款风险评估的客观性、科学性、时效性,这项工作需要一个独立于信贷业务部门的其他部门来独立完成。总之,建立健全信贷专门管理机构,是为了防止信贷权力的过分集中,实行信贷决策民主化、科学化。
***三***建立科学的个人信用评价体系
随着社会个人信用制度和信用档案的建立,各银行还应根据自身业务特点和发展战略制定具体的个人信用评价体系,以此作为发放贷款的基本标准,使之从源头上发挥防范信贷风险的作用。信用评价体系可采用积分制,根据积分多少评定个人信用等级。商业银行可以通过在系统内交流“不良借款人黑名单”的形式,禁止其分支机构向不良借款人发放新的贷款,并采取有效措施及时收回旧贷款。
***四***建立可靠的贷款风险资讯系统
该系统是一个综合资讯系统,至少应包括三个部分:一是环境监测资讯系统,主要包括巨集观经济环境资讯、区域经济环境资讯、产业结构现状及未来预测资讯、同业竞争市场资讯。二是客户资讯系统,主要包括客户财务资讯、账户资讯、与客户相关的其他非财务资讯。三是信贷风险监控资讯系统,可与个人信用评价体系相结合,主要包括信贷违规性资讯、财务指标异常变化资讯、不良贷款资讯、客户监管资讯。
***五***进一步完善贷款担保制度
在现有的《担保法》基础上,要尽快健全抵押担保制度,具体应注意以下几个方面:首先,要培育规范的抵押品二级市场,使各种贷款抵押物能够及时、顺利地变现。其次,可考虑由 *** 出面组建信贷担保公司,为长期、大额信贷提供担保,这也是一些西方国家发展银行信贷的成功经验。第三,国家应规定一定金额以上的贷款必须设定担保,银行可视各个贷款品种的不同及申请人资信状况,要求提供合适的担保方式,并对担保程式进行严格审查。
***六***把贷款与保险结合起来
借款者的个人健康状况和偿还能力的变化,往往是贷款无法偿还的一个重要因素。因此,我们可以将贷款与保险公司的有关险种、产品组合起来运作。如银行在发放某些贷款时,可以要求借款人必须购买某种特定保险。一旦借款人发生意外,不能偿还贷款时,保险公司即要向保险受益人支付一定金额的保险赔偿金,而这笔赔偿金又足以偿还银行贷款本息。这样,一方面可化解银行的经营风险,实现信贷风险的合理有效转换,另一方面也有助于保险业的发展。
***七***改善信贷风险控制考核激励机制
在传统的信贷风险考核激励机制下,发放贷款给予一定奖励,清收不良贷款也给予重奖,造成了贷款发放数量越大、质量越差则奖励越多,而质量越好却奖励越少的异常机制。因此,要优化信贷风险控制奖励机制,在贷款营销考核时,要重点考核贷款投向和投量的合理性、合规性、潜在风险性,淡出对贷款发放量的考核奖励;对信贷风险控制的考核奖励,应当改为质量优良的给予重奖,对完成清收不良贷款目标的不奖不罚,超额完成清收目标的给予适当奖励,完不成清收目标的给予重罚,从而更有效地促进信贷业务安全、健康发展。
[参考文献]
[1]李德等.中国防范和化解金融风险的中长期策略***金融热点问题***[M]北京:经济科学出版社,1999.
[2]冯彦明.商业银行业务管理[M].北京:经济管理出版社,2000
借款协议书范本:
出借人(甲方)身份证号
借款人(乙方)身份证号
甲、乙双方是在平等、自愿、友好地协商的基础上,达成了以下协议:
一、乙方向甲方借款人民币_____ 元整。
二、借款期限为 _____年,从_____ 年 _____月_____ 日起至_____ 年_____ 月 _____日止。
三、借款期限届满,乙方保证马上返还全部借款,否则,愿意承担一切、法律责任。
四、甲方在本协议书签订后二日内将借款交付乙方。
五、甲方未按时将款交付乙方或者乙方未按时还款,违约方应当向守约方支付违约金__________元。
六、本协议一式二份,自甲、乙双方签名并加盖公章(是单位的加盖公章)之日生效,甲、乙双方各执一份为凭。
甲 方: 签字按手印或盖章
乙方:签字按手印或盖章
签订∶ 年 月 日
合法有效受保护的民间借款协议书,应当遵循必须严格遵守国家法律、行政法规的有关规定,遵循自愿互助、诚实信用、公平原则。
出借人的资金必须是属于其合法收入的自有资金,禁止吸收他人资金转手放贷。民间个人借贷利率由借贷双方协商确定,但双方协商的利率不得超过国家规定。公民与企业之间的借贷,只要双方当事人意思表示真实即可认定有效。
实践中对于下列情形之一的,应当认定借贷合同无效:
(1)企业以借贷名义向职工非法集资。
(2)企业以借贷名义向社会非法集资。
(3)企业以借贷名义向社会公众发放贷款。
(4)其他违反法律、行政法规的借贷行为。
有偿民间借款的利息应在借款使用后约定的支付期限内支付,不得提前扣除。如果利息预先在本金中扣除的,应当按照实际借款数额返还借款并计算利息。公民之间借款的利率按最高人民法院的司法解释,可适当超过国家有关借款利率,但不得超过四倍。
参考资料:
民间借款合同百度百科
The cost of borrowing capital accounting method Analysis For some time now, because of the cost of borrowing on the capital of the quantitative criteria to define and unknown, the capitalization of interest has become a number of enterprises, especially listed companies the means to manipulate profits. January 18, 2001 issued by the Ministry of Finance, "Borrowing Costs" in the guidelines for implementing the principles of the stability of the major changes were made, but also to a certain extent, increased the difficulty of accounting for the cost of borrowing. According to this article, "Borrowing Costs" guidelines for the purchase of fixed assets to build the cost of borrowing capital for a number of examples of accounting analysis. Borrowing Costs related to the capitalization of the provisions in the evolution of our country has experienced three times: "The construction business accounting system" built on the purchase of fixed assets, the cost of borrowing to be completed in the accounting profession as a clearing, settlement occurred prior to the completion of the full cost of borrowing to be capitalized; "shares Limited accounting system "built on the purchase of fixed assets in order to account for the cost of borrowing is fixed for the delivery sector, fixed assets had not yet taken place prior to the delivery of the full cost of borrowing to be capitalized;" Borrowing Costs "Guidelines for the purchase of fixed assets to build the cost of borrowing Fixed assets accounting in order to achieve the intended use for the state sector. Therefore, the cost of borrowing capital to the completion of the settlement for the industry to change to meet the target can be used for the state sector, the capital of gradually reducing the amount of the cost of the relative amount of increase in the stability of the efforts to implement the principles of a certain extent Strengthened. First, the capital accounts of the basic ideas 1. Capitalization of borrowing costs in the amount of borrowing by the Pi Chengshu an expenditure of the decision, and the amount borrowed is not directly related to the size. When the purchase of a building only a fixed expenditure, the expenditure is Beisheng Shu; when the total number of expenditures, it is important to make sure that accounting period, and then a different weighted average expenditure to determine Pi Chengshu. 2. The cost of borrowing capital of the multiplier that is, the amount of capitalization rate, which has identified the following two situations: (1) does not involve a discount or premium: a loan, the loan interest rate is the capitalization rate; more than the borrower must be calculated as a weighted average capitalization rate interest rates. (2) relating to the discount or premium, as long as the capitalization rate in the above calculation formula should be coupled with amortization of discount or premium, the calculation of the remaining unchanged. Second, the capital of the accounting method The cost of borrowing capital of the main accounting methods fall into two categories: no discount or premium and the amount of discount or premium. (A) does not involve a discount or premium 1. Borrow a sum of expenditure. In the actual purchase of fixed assets to build on the calculation of capital expenditure is the amount of Beicheng Shu, and the capitalization rate is the borrower's loan rate or the bond coupon rate. For example: a company in January borrow 2,000,000 yuan, the annual interest rate of 5% .2 on 1 expenditures in fixed assets of 1,200,000 yuan for the construction of the entity to a February accounting period, the cost of borrowing for the amount of capital: 120 × 5% ÷ 12 = 0.5 (million) 2. Expenditure of more than a loan. The capitalization rate is the borrower's loan rate or the bond coupon rate. However, the actual construction took place in the purchase of fixed assets spending more on the pen must be based on different time-weighted average expenditure converted to determine the borrowing costs Picheng Shu of the amount of capital. For example: a company in January borrow 4,000,000 yuan of loans for the construction of fixed assets of the entity, the annual interest rate of 5%, and has started construction. February 1 expenses 1,000,000 yuan, on March 15 expenditures 1,200,000 yuan, on April 10 and expenses 1,500,000 yuan. January to June in order for an accounting period, then: (1) on February 1 the first expenditures 1,000,000 yuan, the actual occupation of the 150-day period, the weighted average of expenditures for: 100 × 150 ÷ 181 = 82.9 (million) (2) March 15 second expenditures 1,200,000 yuan, the actual time to take up 108 days, the weighted average of expenditures for: 120 × 108 ÷ 181 = 71.6 (million) (3) on April 10 in the third expenditures total 1,500,000 yuan, the actual time occupied by 82 days, the weighted average of expenditures for: 150 × 82 ÷ 181 = 68 (million) (4), 1-6 cumulative expenditures for the month weighted average = 82.9 +71.6 +68 = 222.5 (million) (5), 1-6 for the month of borrowing costs in the amount of capital: 2,225,000 yuan × 5% ÷ 365 × 181 = 5.51 (million) 3. Borrowing more than more than expenditure. To resolve this situation in fact is borrowing more than the circumstances of the capitalization rate calculation. Because it is more than the borrower, the borrower will inevitably involve different interest rates or interest rates although the same, but since the beginning of the loan period, leading to the current burden of interest should be different, and so on. As a result, "Borrowing Costs" provisions of the guidelines, borrowing more than the capitalization rate used to be the weighted average interest rate. The weighted average interest rate = more than the current special interest of the borrower and the borrower ÷ multiple specialized weighted average principal × 100% For example: a company for the construction of a fixed asset in January 1, 2001 devoted to borrow 200 million-year lending rate by 6% on March 1 and specialized borrow 200 million-year lending rate of 9%. Fixed Assets Construction of the entities from January 1 to start spending 500,000 yuan, on February 1 expenses 1,000,000 yuan, on March 1 expenses 500,000 yuan. The assumption that the quarterly measurement of corporate borrowing costs capitalized amount. (1) January 1, 2001 devoted to borrow 200 million-year lending rate by 6%, in the first quarter of the actual interest rate = 200 × 6% ÷ 12 × 3 = 3 (million) (2) on March 1 and specialized borrow 200 million-year lending rate of 9%, in the first quarter of the actual interest rate = 200 × 9% ÷ 12 × 1 = 1.5 (million) (3) two actual current loan interest rate of 3 +1.5 = and = 4.5 (million) (4) in the first quarter of the weighted average loan principal = (200 × 3 +200 × 1) / 3 = 266.67 (million) (5) specialized in the first quarter of the weighted average loan rate = 4.5/266.67 × 100% = 1.69% (6) specialized in the first quarter of the cost of borrowing the amount of capital = (50 +100 × 60/90 +50 × 30/90) × 1.69% = 2.26 (million) (B) relating to a discount or premium 1. Borrow a sum of expenditure or more spending. Took place at a discount or a premium only through issuing bonds in the form of loans, bonds and the discount or premium is actually increasing or reducing the cost of borrowing, can not carry a coupon interest rate of bonds as the capitalization rate, due consideration must be given a discount or premium on the interest To determine the actual impact of capitalization rate, and then by adjusting the capitalization rate to calculate the cost of borrowing the amount of capital. Formula is as follows: = Capitalization rate (the current bond interest is actually happening in the current period should be ± amortization of discount or premium) ÷ beginning of the book value of bonds × 100% = Amount of capital to purchase fixed assets, built a total expenditure of the weighted average capitalization rate × For example: companies for the construction of a fixed asset, in January 1, 2001 issue of 5-year bonds with a face value of 10,000,000 yuan, 10% of the nominal interest rate, at the end of each year to pay interest, principal payments due, the bond issue price of 9,000,000 yuan . February 1, 2001 expenditures 3,000,000 yuan, on May 1, 2002 expenditures 5,000,000 yuan, calculated at the end of 2001 and the amount of capital at the end of 2002. (1) the amount of capital in 2001, as follows: ① = face value of bonds carry a coupon interest rate × = 1000 × 10% = 100 (million) ② issue is likely to be of amortized discount = (1000-900) ÷ 5 = 20 (million) ③ bonds beginning book value = 1000-100 = 900 (million) ④ 2001 year bonds capitalization rate = (100 +20) ÷ 900 × 100% = 13.33% ⑤ 2001 the amount of capital = 300 × 11 ÷ 12 × 13.33% = 36.66 million (2) the amount of capital in 2002, as follows: ① = face value of bonds carry a coupon interest rate × = 1000 × 10% = 100 (million) ② issue is likely to be of amortized discount = (1000-900) ÷ 5 = 20 (million) ③ bonds beginning book value +20-100 = 900 +100 = 920 (million) ④ 2002 year bonds capitalization rate = (100 +20) ÷ 920 × 100% = 13.04% ⑤ 2002 the amount of capital = (300 +500 × 8 ÷ 12) × 13.04% = 82.59 (million) 2. Borrowing more than more than expenditure. If built for the purchase of fixed assets of more than one issue bonds, these bonds again the existence of a discount or premium, the same will only have to borrow more than the above-mentioned formula should be added in amortization of discount or premium, the calculation of the weighted average interest rates. The main calculations are as follows: The weighted average interest rate = (devoted to the actual current loan interest rate of ± and the amortization period should be at a discount or premium) ÷ specially weighted average loan principal × 100% = Capitalization rate (the current bond interest is actually happening in the current period should be ± amortization of discount or premium) ÷ beginning of the book value of bonds × 100% = amount of capital to purchase fixed assets, built a total expenditure of the weighted average ×capitalization rate
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