应收账款管理论文国外文献综述

应收账款管理Management of Account Receivable receivable is one of a series of accounting transactions dealing with the billing of customers who owe money to a person, company or organization for goods and services that have been provided to the customer. In most business entities this is typically done by generating an invoice and mailing or electronically delivering it to the customer, who in turn must pay it within an established timeframe called credit or payment terms.An example of a common payment term is Net30, meaning payment is due in the amount of the invoice 30 days from the date of invoice. Other common payment terms include Net45 & Net60 but could in reality be for any time period agreed upon by the vendor and client.While booking a receivable is accomplished by a simple accounting transaction, the process of maintaining and collecting payments on the accounts receivable subsidiary account balances can be a full time proposition. Depending on the industry in practice, accounts receivable payments can be received up to 10 - 15 days after the due date has been reached. These types of payment practices are sometimes developed by industry standards, corporate policy, or because of the financial condition of the client.On a company's balance sheet, accounts receivable is the amount that customers owe to that company. Sometimes called trade receivables, they are classified as current assets. To record a journal entry for a sale on account, one must debit a receivable and credit a revenue account. When the customer pays off their accounts, one debits cash and credits the receivable in the journal entry. The ending balance on the trial balance sheet for accounts receivable is always debit.Business organizations which have become too large to perform such tasks by hand (or small ones that could but prefer not to do them by hand) will generally use accounting software on a computer to perform this task.Associated accounting issues include recognizing accounts receivable, valuing accounts receivable, and disposing of accounts receivable.Accounts receivable departments use the sales ledger.Other types of accounting transactions include accounts payable, payroll, and trial balance.Since not all customer debts will be collected, businesses typically record an allowance for bad debts which is subtracted from total accounts receivable. When accounts receivable are not paid, some companies turn them over to third party collection agencies or collection attorneys who will attempt to recover the debt via negotiating payment plans, settlement offers or legal action. Outstanding advances are part of accounts receivables : If a company gets an order from its customers with advance agreed in payment terms. Since no billing is being done to claim the advances several times this area of collectible is not reflected in Accounts Receivables. Ideally, since advance payment is mutually agreed term, it is the responsibility of the accounts department to take out periodically the statement showing advance collectible and should be provided to sales & marketing for collection of advances. The payment of accounts receivable can be protected either by a letter of credit or by Trade Credit Insurance.Companies can use their accounts receivable as collateral when obtaining a loan (Asset-based lending) or sell them through Factoring (finance). Pools or portfolios of accounts receivable can be sold in the capital markets through a Securitization.[edit] Bookkeeping for Accounts ReceivableCompanies have two methods available to them for measuring the net value of account receivables, which is computed by subtracting the balance of an allowance account from the accounts receivable account. The first method is the allowance method, which establishes a contra asset account, allowance for doubtful accounts, or more simply, allowance, as the offset to accounts receivable. Allowance is a contra asset that offsets the accounts receivable account to derive the net accounts receivable depicted in the balance sheet. The amount of the allowance can be computed in two ways; through the analysis based on sales method and analysis based on accounts receivable method. The reason a contra asset receivable account is necessary is to adhere to the matching principle of accounting, which mandates that accrual basis companies match all revenues and expenses with the period in which expense, and crediting the allowance contra asset account. Once it has been deemed that a particular account is uncollectible, it would be necessary to take the account off a company's books by debiting allowance for doubtful accounts and crediting the associated accounts receivable account.The second method, known as the direct write off method, is simpler than the allowance method in that allows for one simple entry to reduce accounts receivable to its net realizable value. The entry would consist of debiting an uncollectible expense account and crediting the respective account receivable.For tax reporting purposes, the direct write-off method must be used; however, for financial reporting purposes, it is necessary to use the allowance method because it is a period's revenue with associated expenses-a fundamental concept of accounting known as the matching principle.应收帐款（Accounts receivable，又为应收账款）於会计原理上，专指因出售商品或劳务，进而对顾客所发生的债权，且该债权且尚未接受任何形式的书面承诺。该科目重点於对象为顾客，若非顾客，即撇开此科目适用。Factoring is a word often misused synonymously with accounts receivable financing. Factoring is a financial transaction whereby a business sells its accounts receivable (i.e., invoices) at a discount. Factoring differs from a bank loan in three main ways. First, the emphasis is on the value of the receivables, not the firm’s credit worthiness. Secondly, factoring is not a loan – it is the purchase of an asset (the receivable). Finally, a bank loan involves two parties whereas factoring involves three.OBS: In Europe the term Factoring typically mean accounts receivable financing. Here the correct word for this article is: American factoring.The three parties directly involved are: the seller, debtor, and the factor. The seller is owed money (usually for work performed or goods sold) by the second party, the debtor. The seller then sells one or more of its invoices at a discount to the third party, the specialized financial organization (aka the factor) to obtain cash. The debtor then directly pays the factor the full value of the invoice.ReasonA company sells its invoices, even at a discount to their face value, when it calculates that it will be better off using the proceeds to bolster its own growth than it would be by effectively functioning as its "customer's bank." In other words, it figures that the return on the proceeds will exceed the income on the receivables.Differences from bank loansFactors make funds available, even when banks would not do so, because factors focus first on the credit worthiness of the debtor, the party who is obligated to pay the invoices for goods or services delivered by the seller. In contrast, the fundamental emphasis in a bank lending relationship is on the creditworthiness of the small firm, not that of its customers. While bank lending offers funds to small companies at a lower cost than factoring, the key terms and conditions under which the small firm must operate differ significantly. Bank relationships provide a more limited availability of funds and none of the bundle of services that factors offer.From a combined cost and availability of funds and services perspective, factoring creates wealth for some but not all small businesses. For small businesses, their choice is slowing their growth or the use of external funds beyond the banks. In choosing to use external funds beyond the banks the rapidly growing firm’s choice is between seeking angel investors (i.e., equity) or the lower cost of selling invoices to finance their growth.The latter is also easier to access and can be obtained in a matter of a week or two, versus the six months plus that securing funds from angel investment typically takes. Factoring is also used as bridge financing while the firm pursues angel investors and in conjunction with angel financing to provide a lower average cost of funds than would equity financing alone. Firms can also combine the three types of financing, angel/venture, factoring and bank line of credit to further reduce their total cost of funds. In this they can emulate larger firms.As with any technique, factoring solves some problems but not all. Businesses with a small spread between the revenue from a sale and the cost of a sale, should limit their use of factoring to sales above their breakeven sales level where the revenue less the direct cost of the sale plus the cost of factoring is positive.While factoring is an attractive alternative to raising equity for small innovative fast-growing firms, the same financial technique can be used to turn around a fundamentally good business whose management has encountered a perfect storm or made significant business mistakes which have made it impossible for the firm to work within the constraints of a bank line’s credit terms and conditions(i.e, covenants). The value of using factoring for this purpose is that it provides management time to implement the changes required to turn the business around. The firm is paying to have the option of a future the owners control. The association of factoring with troubled situations accounts for the half truth of it being labeled 'last resort' financing. However, use of the technique when there is only a modest spread between the revenue from a sale and its cost is not advisable for turnarounds. Nor are turnarounds usually able to recreate wealth for the owners in this situation.应收账款保理,指企业将应收账款按一定折扣卖给第三方（保理机构），获得相应的融资款，以利於现金的尽快取得。Abstract: Account receivable is the fund that should be received from the purchasing or labor hiring entity for an enterprise’s sale of its commodities or products as well as its providing of labor service. Under the circumstances of market economy, using its credit standing to exert the labor benefaction is an unavoidable business behavior, which may be treated as a major method for enterprises to enlarge its business and raise its market share. However, by the influences of marketplace economic system and project management as well as engineering construction, the Account receivable increases rapidly year by year, so as to make the difficulties in enterprise’s capital turnover. Those hard situations even made the employees can’t get their full pay of the salary. By analysis of the cause and the advantages and disadvantages of it, this article introduced some way of how to minimize the Account receivable. 关键词key words：应收账款Account receivable；工程施工Engineering construction；合同管理The management of contracts摘 要：应收账款是企业因销售商品、产品、提供劳务等，应向购货单位或劳务单位收取的款项。在市场经济条件下利用自身的商业信用，施舍劳务是不可避免的商业行为，通过先施舍劳务可使企业更多地承揽业务、扩大市场份额，是企业提高市场占有率的必要手段。但是近年来由于市场经济体制及工程管理和工程施工过程中的种种原因，造成应收账款迅速膨胀，逐年增加，致使企业资金周转困难，甚至连工资都难以正常发放。本文分析了应收账款形成的原因及利弊，提出了如何减少应收账款的途径。 关键词：应收账款；工程施工；合同管理

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外贸企业应收账款管理的问题与策略论文

在学习、工作生活中，大家总免不了要接触或使用论文吧，论文对于所有教育工作者，对于人类整体认识的提高有着重要的意义。你写论文时总是无从下笔？以下是我为大家收集的外贸企业应收账款管理的问题与策略论文，仅供参考，欢迎大家阅读。

摘 要：

随着“一带一路”的发展，经济全球化，贸易自由化的深入与发展，我国的外贸企业面临着日益复杂的海外应收账款风险，内部控制也是外贸企业实现现代化管理的要求。文章对外贸企业应收账款风险管理及改进措施进行了分析，首先阐述了应收账款风险管理的意义，接着讨论了外贸企业应收账款管理中存在的四个问题，最后结合相应问题，提出了外贸企业应收账款风险管理的改进措施，以为有效防范外贸企业应收账款风险提供参考。

关键词 :

外贸企业,应收账款,风险管理；

引言：

随着我国的进出口贸易总额量每年大幅增加，外贸企业对经济发展起着巨大的推动作用。随着贸易总额的连年增长，外贸企业的数量也在递增，国外应收款的数额也在大幅度提高，国外客户应收账款问题已经成为了外贸企业所面临的一大难题。随着市场经济环境日趋复杂，针对目前的形式而言外贸企业需进一步改进应收账款风险管理措施，保障资金回笼，才能有效推动企业经营实现可持续发展。

一、外贸企业进行应收账款风险管理的背景意义

企业的应收账款其主要来源于企业的赊销行为。在竞争激烈的国际市场经济中，企业要想生存发展，要想扩大销售，提升公司的市场占有率，提高企业的综合竞争力，必然会带来应收账款的增加，应收账款形成后会给企业带来巨大的资金压力和机会成本，会给企业造成重要的影响。

然而，目前我国一些外贸企业规模小，管理制度不健全，风险意识淡薄，抗风险能力差，国际贸易经验不足等问题，往往容易造成重视订单而忽略应收账款的风险控制。而一味的追求扩大销售争取订单，盲目赊账，导致应收账款不能按时无法收回，将形成企业的坏账。中小型外贸企业的流动资金本来就很紧张，一旦发生较大金额的坏账，很可能导致资金链断裂，使企业无法正常经营。应收账款的风险主要体现在以下几个方面：第一：应收账款的汇率风险；第二，应收外汇款增加企业的机会成本和管理成本；第三，应收账款的坏账风险。

二、外贸企业应收账款管理中存在的问题

（一）出口信用风险管理意识淡薄

我国外贸企业为了扩大出口规模，提高市场占有率，往往采用商用信用的方式出口货物，但是由于缺乏信用风险内部管理机制和管理经验，导致我国企业逾期的应收账款大大增加。出口信用保险及社会中介机构提供的资信调查、评估及应收账款的追收等业务构成了我国外贸企业出口信用风险管理服务体系。但是有些网络信息并不真实，所以很大程度上难以满足外贸企业的实际需要。同时，好多企业并没有通过中国信保来投保，没有将信用风险转移，致使有些海外应收账款无法追回，仅凭自身实力无法规避应收账款的系统风险。企业海外的坏账损失使企业经营的现金流量减少，增加经营风险。

（二）缺乏国际结算风险意识

不同的国际贸易结算方式有不同的利弊，以我国目前最常用的信用证结算方式为例，信用证的结算方式主要是银行信贷为主，因此在中国，外贸结算则是最安全和使用相对较多的结算方式，但是信用证清算方式同时存在一定程度的风险，主要因为开证银行要求信用证以贸易为基础的信用证以书面形式进行认证，以及目前国内外贸企业在签署合同以及进出口货物信用清算方面经验不足等方面导致。

（三）客户信息不完善，信用信息收集流于形式

外贸企业针对有意向签署合同的客户，在签订合同之前，企业的信用管理部门需要对海外客户信用进行评估，以充分调查海外客户的实际规模及性质，确保合同达成，但在实际的执行过程当中许多外贸企业在信息收集和资料整合以及对客户的评价等方面都缺乏真实性和有效性的，相关工作人员对信息采集评估工作不重视导致信息收集工作缺乏使用价值，使得评估信息采集工作流于形式，一些外贸企业的相关销售人员为了完成和提升个人的销售业绩甚至提供客户的虚假信息，徇私舞弊的行为往往忽略了信息收集的可靠性和真实性。另外，从相关人员角度来讲，由于销售人员缺乏财务知识，在与客户沟通时往往存在对客户提供的信息不敏感，捕捉不到有效信息也会直接导致企业获取的信息不准确，从而导致信息评估困难，企业对客户信用的分析和评估失真等问题出现。

（四）各部门之间缺乏沟通

应收账款管理是一个全方位、全过程管理，涉及部门多，企业内部门与部门之间的协调和沟通就显得尤为重要，企业经营过程中任何一个环节出现披露都有可能直接导致应收款项无法收回的情况发生。在日常经营管理中，好多外贸企业上到管理部门，下到职能部门相互之间的协调和信息沟通一旦缺乏准确性和时效性，都有可能影响到企业的正常运行，更严重的会直接影响应收账款的收回。

三、加强应收账款管理的'策略

（一）增强企业信用管理风险管理意识

1. 加强对信用风险的管理

外贸企业要加强对信用风险的管理，增强企业信用风险管理的意识，建立完善的信用风险管理体制，能够清楚的认识到国际贸易的复杂性和信用风险管理的重要性。在金融危机时代，外贸企业树立以“现金为王”的财务管理理念，企业需要完善和改进现金流量管理体系，对企业现金流进行动态监测，避免企业出现资金流断裂的情况从而导致企业无法正常的运行和经营，另外，外贸企业要想增强企业资金流动性，需要进一步加强与海关和国家外汇管理局部门的沟通协调等基础工作，从中获取相关政策信息，从而能够充分利用国家进出口优惠政策对价格风险的管理政策，也能够有效降低企业的管理成本和经营费用。

2. 新金融工具的使用能够有效降低应收账款的风险

新金融工具的使用可以有效地降低企业应收账款的风险，例如投保出口信用保险，首先，出口信用保险作为规避经济损失的有效手段，在出口贸易收汇有安全保障，出口信用报销在企业出口贸易发生损失时给与经济上的补偿，避免呆坏账发生；第二，出口信用保险可以为企业获得出口信贷融资提供便利；第三，可以提高企业的风险管理水平，投保的过程就是一个防范和控制风险的过程。通过投信用保险来保障收汇的安全，规避收汇风险。

（二）国际结算方式多样化

对于不同国家的客户，采用不同的结算方式。出口企业在选择国际贸易结算方式时应从安全收汇、资金占用、手续繁简和银行费用等方面综合分析。除了要考虑结算方式本身特点，还要考虑结算方式之外诸如出口产品特点、市场供求状况、贸易对象资信、运输方式、交易金额、汇率波动、国家政策等因素，力求选择最合适恰当的结算方式。企业为了保障出口货物与收汇安全应该对存在的结算风险做出进一步的改善策略，比如开证银行方面，需要选择资信评级好的银行开立，还要根据不同的情况采取不同的措施来防范开证银行风险。其次，规范出口合同，保证所签的外贸合同合法、有效；出口外贸合同中的项目内容和仲裁条款，违约条款等必须明确，保证外汇收汇的及时和安全。再者，认真、仔细地审核信用证，严格按照信用证规定交单，以保证在信用证规定的时间内能够收汇。

（三）完善客户档案管理，加强对客户的资信调查

针对特殊重要客户，企业可针对内部人员配置情况进行信用调查工作落实，也可委托第三方收集客户信用信息，对特殊重要客户的信用评级不容忽视，需建立专门的档案管理部门，根据往来业务收付款情况，对客户的付款和信用状况进行信用等级的设立和评定，在交易中，针对信用等级低的客户需要采取措施进行有效的风险规避，首先，可以限制交易产品数量。其次，交易付款条件需要严格设立。最后，发货应分批次进行，在上一批次货款未结清的情况下，禁止发下一批，有效避免公司损失。

（四）加强各部门之间的相互协调与沟通

外贸企业在应收账款管理过程中，涉及部门、环节和人员众多，首先要细化各部门的岗位职责和权限，确保各部门之间职责和权责明确，分工合理，信息畅通。在应收账款风险管理上，首先外贸企业应设置专门的资金管理工作组，指定完善的信用政策，同时，针对客户资金评级、付款方式等，需要加强监控，从而有效辅助业务部门加强应收账款风险管理。建立健全应收账款的监控体系、预警机制。应收账款的监控体系应包括赊销的发生、收账、逾期风险预警等各个环节。财务部门对应收账款的分析管理，计提坏账准备金，计入当期费用。财务部和销售部门也要及时和客户进行账款核对，保证应收账款的准确性。另外还需要内部各部门之间的共同努力，在管理过程中，要注意各部门之间的协调。做好合同签订与审核，有效规范合同格式，完善合同内容，有效避免部分客户利用合同漏洞，出现欺诈等行为，降低应收款项管理风险。

四、结语

本文对外贸企业应收账款风险管理及改进措施进行分析，首先阐述了应收账款的概念，接着讨论了外贸企业在应收账款管理中存在的风险管理问题，最后结合相应问题，提出了一些针对性的外贸企业应收账款风险管理改进措施。应收账款在外贸企业经营管理工作中占领重要地位，有效的应收账款管理体系能够保障外贸企业资金的有效回笼，是企业稳定发展的重要基石，尤其是针对海外客户，一般海外业务涉及的金额巨大，具有风险较高、回收成本高、程序复杂等特点，如果应收账款出现问题，将会严重影响企业健康稳定的发展，外贸企业要不断地通过实践经验，发现应收账款管理中存在的一系列问题，及时采取有效的措施应对，才能保证企业健康和稳定发展。

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1.BenJ.Sopranzetti(1998)教授从企业的融资的角度探讨了应收账款保理的问题。由于企业应收账款的存在，减少了企业在一定时期的现金流量，应收账款是具有一定信用的资产，那么可以通过信用评估，与金融机构或非金融机构鉴定协议，把应收账款作为金融产品进行交易，从而达到投资融资的经济活动的目的。2.Jamesc.Van.Horne（2003）教授认为整体经济环境和公司的信贷政策是影响公司应收账款管理水平的主要原因。整体经济环境是不可控制的因素，而信贷政策的变量包括交易账户的质量、贷款期限的长短、现金折扣、季节性延迟付款、收款程序等。企业通过改变这些变量必然导致额外销售产生的边际利润和应收账款增加产生的机会成本。管理应收账款实际上转化为了对额外销售产生的边际利润和应收账款增加投资所要求的收益进行评估，只有两者相等时，应收账款所产生的收益才是最大化的。3.LannyLatham（2004）应收账款是各种企业拥有的一项很常见且非常重要的资产，它的安全与否直接影响着企业的可用资源、损益情况、现金流量。从企业内部管理出发，对企业应收账款管理中存在的问题作了剖析，提出了“要加强企业应收账款的管理，必须提高产品竞争力，注重客户资信调查和加强企业内...1.BenJ.Sopranzetti(1998)教授从企业的融资的角度探讨了应收账款保理的问题。由于企业应收账款的存在，减少了企业在一定时期的现金流量，应收账款是具有一定信用的资产，那么可以通过信用评估，与金融机构或非金融机构鉴定协议，把应收账款作为金融产品进行交易，从而达到投资融资的经济活动的目的。2.Jamesc.Van.Horne（2003）教授认为整体经济环境和公司的信贷政策是影响公司应收账款管理水平的主要原因。整体经济环境是不可控制的因素，而信贷政策的变量包括交易账户的质量、贷款期限的长短、现金折扣、季节性延迟付款、收款程序等。企业通过改变这些变量必然导致额外销售产生的边际利润和应收账款增加产生的机会成本。管理应收账款实际上转化为了对额外销售产生的边际利润和应收账款增加投资所要求的收益进行评估，只有两者相等时，应收账款所产生的收益才是最大化的。3.LannyLatham（2004）应收账款是各种企业拥有的一项很常见且非常重要的资产，它的安全与否直接影响着企业的可用资源、损益情况、现金流量。从企业内部管理出发，对企业应收账款管理中存在的问题作了剖析，提出了“要加强企业应收账款的管理，必须提高产品竞争力，注重客户资信调查和加强企业内部控制力度”的观点，并对建立企业信用信息管理体系提出了自己的看法。展开