国外对大学生食品安全的研究论文

Annex 3: Agricultural Policy and Food Security in China中国农业政策与食品安全--------------------------------------------------------------------------------IntroductionFood security and the performance of the agricultural sectorAgricultural development strategy, policies and food securityChina's food economy prospectsIssues and challengesConcluding RemarksReferences--------------------------------------------------------------------------------IntroductionChina's effort to produce enough to feed its growing population has long been recognized. It feeds over one-fifth of the world's population with only one-fifteenth of the world's arable land. In recent history, China has either exported food or imported relatively little. China was a net exporter of food, even of grain, in the 1950s. Although China became a net importer of grain in the 1960s, the share of net imports to total domestic consumption was marginal. Net import shares reached approximately three percent in the early reform period (1978-84), then declined to approximately one percent in the following period (1985-90). China has since become a net grain exporter, except in 1995 when it had a record level grain imports of nearly 20 million tons. Net exports between 1992 and 1994 were over 5 million tons annually.While China's grain imports may grow slightly in the coming decades, the nation has developed a strong position as a net exporter of food (both grain and non grain) in value terms by exporting high value-added foodstuff including livestock products and other processed foods during the reform period. Net food exports grew to 2.3 billion US dollars in 1985 and peaked at 6.3 billion dollars in 1993, from a state of balanced trade (in value terms) in 1980 (China Customs Statistics).China's future food security, however, is a subject of growing concern. First, although China's food production has grown over the last several decades, year-to-year fluctuations of food supply and prices are significant. Market stabilization and food price inflation have been among the major targets of government policy since the late 1980s. The Chinese government considers maintaining a comparatively high level of food self-sufficiency, avoiding supply shocks, and stabilizing consumer prices, a matter of national security and stability:Only when the Chinese people are free from food availability and stability of food supply worries can they concentrate on and support the current reform, thus ensuring a sustained, rapid and healthy development of the economy (The State Council, 1996).To this end, the government recently adopted measures to stabilize domestic food supply and stabilize the market - these measures include administrative and economic intervention in food distribution and marketing systems, national and local food reserve schemes, price regulations, international trade, factor markets, and rural infrastructure development.Secondly, food security and access to food are mainly poverty issues. Although national economic growth is strong, it is uneven across regions. Farmer's incomes in the central and eastern regions of China continue to grow more rapidly than those in the west and southwest. Income inequality among regions, between rural and urban areas, and within regions continues to grow (MOA, 1997). In the early 1980s, tremendous progress was made in addressing China's poverty problem, mainly due to the government's rural reform program. However, this progress has slowed down over the past ten years.Finally, China's food supply availability could be a major food security issue in the coming decades if policies were not formulated in the right directions. Worldwide, food production growth rates have outpaced population growth in recent decades, implying increased food availability per capita. Furthermore, the decline of real food and feed grain prices internationally over the same period implies that supply increases have exceeded increased demand. However, the situation differs from country to country.China faces the great challenge of feeding its growing population with declining land, water, and other food production resources, and increasing opportunity cost of labor and domestic food production cost. Food supply availability in China is important not only because it concerns a large proportion of the world's population and consumption, but also because rapid industrialization has led to competition for resources between agricultural and non-agricultural sectors, strong income growth, rapid urbanization, and population growth. All of these stimulate demand for agricultural products.Government officials and scholars have focused food economy and food security concerns on the grain economy because grain (both food and feedgrain) is a major component of China's food supply. Historically, grain fundamentalism, the provision of adequate cereal grain supplies at low stable prices to urban residents, has been an overriding government concern. Recurring food shortages, particularly the famine of the early 1960s, increased the official desire for assured and secure grain supplies. This concern, coupled with rapidly increasing urbanization, domestic infrastructure and transport constraints, domestic grain price spikes in 1994/1995, Brown's 1995 prediction that China will become an importer of massive amounts of grain in the next few decades, the weaknesses of the fiscal system in the provision of public goods (particular agricultural research and extension), has attracted worldwide attention in the past 4 years.A number of recent studies conducted by both domestic and international organizations have led to a consensus that while the increases in China's grain imports will be marginal and the nation will remain at a high level of food self-sufficiency in the coming decades, China's long-term food security is an issue of both national and international significance. The sheer size of China's economy and its rapid growth will make China a crucial influence in the future development of world markets for inputs and outputs of food and agricultural products, agribusiness, and industry. Along with this growth is its gradual progress toward market-orientation and global integration, urbanization, the shift of comparative advantage from agriculture to other sectors, and dietary diversification. Small adjustments to China's food supply and demand, agricultural input demand shifts, and the Chinese government's selection of food security policy will each have large effects on world agricultural trade.This paper evaluates China's food security situation, reviews the performance of the food and agricultural sector, considers the role of food policies, particularly the most recent price and marketing reform policies, in improving the food situation, and identifies key issues related to food security which require further intervention. The next section reviews previous achievements and sources of growth in agricultural production and food security. The third section analyzes current government policies and programmes and their impacts on agricultural production and food security. The fourth section predicts the shape of China's food economy over the next three decades; while the fifth section discusses the major challenges and constraints to agricultural production and food security. Concrete measures and options towards sustainable agricultural growth and food production are suggested in the final section.Food security and the performance of the agricultural sector--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Food security: an overviewSummary of China's approaches to improved food securityOther issuesChanging role of agriculture in the economyAgricultural production growth--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Food security: an overviewChina's ability to feed over one-fifth of the world's population with only seven percent of the world's arable land is widely acclaimed. China, with more than 1.23 billion people in 1997, is the world's most populous nation. Its experience demonstrates the importance of technological development, institutional change, improved incentives, and rural development among other policies in improving food security with limited natural resources.Availability of foodChina's per capita food availability and consumption have increased over the last several decades. Average per capita food availability has grown from less than 1700 kcal in 1960 to 2570 kcal per day in 1995 (Table 1)[19]. Increased domestic production is almost solely responsible for increased food availability. Protein intake and fat consumption per capita per day increased over the same period, from 42 grams to 70 grams, and 17 grams to 45 grams, respectively. Both figures exceed average nutrient availability in countries with comparable per capita GNP levels.Nutritional composition changes of Chinese diets are consistent with growing income (Table 1). Nutrient sources are a powerful indicator of the population's economic wellbeing. In low income countries, the average diet includes a high percentage of nutrients from crops, while a typical developed country diet includes a relatively high percentage of nutrients from animal sources. In China, traditional diets were typically based on cereals, vegetables, and small quantities of meat and fish. Consumption of relatively expensive non-cereal food items, particularly livestock products and fish, have increased with rapid increases in per capita income, urbanization, and market expansion (Huang and Bouis, 1996).Aggregate household food securityAggregate household food security has improved significantly. According to the FAO's WFS (1996), Chinese household food security, as measured by the aggregate household food security index (AHFSI) and the level of food inadequacy, follow overall national averages. The AHFSI increased from a low level of 70 percent in 1969-71 to a relatively high level of nearly 80 percent in 1990-92, while food inadequacy declined from slightly over 14 percent to approximately 3 percent in the same period.Table 1. Nutrient availabilityYearEnergy(kcal)Protein(grams)Fat(grams)Crop ProductsAnimal ProductsEnergy(%)Protein(%)Fat(%)Energy(%)Protein(%)Fat(%)196016764217979376372419702087532396936747331980247064329490606104019902505683791865591445199525707045888151121949Table 2. Per capita daily nutrient intake by income group in sample provinces, 1990.Income groupSichuanNingxiaHebeiZhejiangGuangdongBeijingEnergy intake (kcal)Average233524022227246024252309Poorest 10%18891819197019712129196010% - 25%20682142209322172174185525% - 50%22712319220123142191209150% - 75%24852480225625592583237175% - 90%260626422284271125322605Richest 10%285230742559298327972972Protein intake (g)Average59.668.569.163.960.769.1Poorest 10%48.154.959.451.051.957.910% - 25%52.564.664.757.053.055.025% - 50%55.465.467.959.658.462.050% - 75%61.168.770.265.664.570.375% - 90%66.672.571.470.764.779.2Richest 10%73.684.580.879.271.890.5Fat intake (g)Average36.033.734.033.139.145.5Poorest 10%25.521.527.420.228.935.510% - 25%27.725.629.226.432.735.425% - 50%31.331.131.930.336.841.150% - 75%37.035.635.035.142.548.575% - 90%43.441.037.139.842.052.6Richest 10%57.048.946.147.650.663.9Annual per capita income (yuan)Average55864365899110271270Poorest 10%25123020429943348810% - 25%34732134950862470525% - 50%443457499739809101250% - 75%57968669210581075134675% - 90%756975948145714331748Richest 10%111513951453216320332633Household food security by income groupTables 2, 3, and 4 show household nutrient intake and source by income group based on a food and nutrition survey conducted by the Chinese Academy of Preventative Medicine (CAPM) and the State Statistical Bureau (SSB) in 1990,. Tables 5 and 6 show the physical development of children and equity as well as poverty in the rural China based on a food consumption and expenditure survey conducted by the SSB for the years 1978- 95.Nutrient intake varies greatly across income groups, although average per capita energy intake in all sample provinces topped 2200 kcal (Table 2). Daily energy intake of the 25% of the population with annual per capita income less than 500- 700 yuan (level varies by province) was below 2200 kcal. Energy intake of the poorest 10 percent was only 82 percent of the sample average. Protein and fat intakes decline as income falls in a similar pattern.Table 3. Sources of energy by income group in China's sample provinces, 1990.

学术论文写作用英语写学术论文的目的主要有两个，一是参加国际学术会议，在会议上宣讲，促进学术交流；二是在国际学术刊物上发表，使国外同行了解自己的研究成果，同样也是出于学术交流的目的。 不同的学科或领域、不同的刊物对论文的格式有不同的要求，但各个领域的研究论文在文体和语言特点上都有许多共性。了解了这些语言共性，便会起到触类旁通的作用。 对我国青年学者或学生来说，用英语写作的难点不是没有写作材料，不是不熟悉专业词汇，也不是没有打下良好的英语基础。用英语写论文难，是因为不太了解学术英语的语言特点。关于学术英语写作的语言技巧，我们已在第一部分作了较详细的介绍。此部分讨论学术论文写作的方法，包括学术论文写作中常用的句型结构，我们都在此作较详细介绍，以便读者模仿练习，将写作工作化难为易。 一般来说，一篇完整规范的学术论文由以下各部分构成：Title（标题） Abstract（摘要） Keywords（关键词） Table of contents（目录） Nomenclature（术语表） Introduction（引言） Method（方法） Results（结果） Discussion（讨论） Conclusion（结论） Acknowledgement（致谢） Reference（参考文献） Appendix（附录） 其中Title，Abstract，Introduction，Method，Result，Discussion，Conclusion，Reference等八项内容是必不可少的（其他内容根据具体需要而定）。在这八项内容中，读者最多的是Title，Abstract和Introduction部分，读者会根据这些内容来决定是否阅读全文。也就是说，一篇研究论文赢得读者的多少，在很大程度上取决于Title，Abstract和Introduction写得好坏。因此这三项内容将各分章详细加以讲述。 学术论文的正文一般包括Method，Result，Discussion三个部分。这三部分主要描述研究课题的具体内容、方法，研究过程中所使用的设备、仪器、条件，并如实公布有关数据和研究结果等。Conclusion是对全文内容或有关研究课题进行的总体性讨论。它具有严密的科学性和客观性，反映一个研究课题的价值，同时提出以后的研究方向。 标题的写法论文标题是全文内容的缩影。读者通过标题便能够预测论文的主要内容和作者的意图，从而决定是否阅读全文。因此，为了使文章赢得有关领域里众多的读者，论文的标题必须用最精炼的语言恰如其分地体现全文的主题和核心。本章主要探讨英语学术论文标题的语言特点及写法。 6.1 标题的长度标题单词总数名词数介词数形容词等1） Fire Resistant Steels for Construction： Design， Properties and Microchemistry 9 6 1 2 2） Damping Capacity of Shape Memory Alloy 6 5 1 0 3） Microelectronic Assembly and Packaging Technology： Barriers and Needs 8 5 0 3 14） Solid Oxide Fuel Cell： A Survey 6 4 0 2 5） Progress on Fuel Cell and Its Materials 7 4 1 2 6） Computer Simulation and Experimental Study on Cold Shut During Mold Filling 11 5 2 4英语科技论文中，标题不宜过长，大多为8—12个单词左右。表6.1和表6.2列出了一些学术论文的标题的字数及词性统计资料。 表6.1 学术论文标题中字数及词性统计（一） 标题单词总数名词数介词数形容词等7） On the Fatigue Life Prediction of Spot Welded Components 9 5 2 2 8） Absorbable Implants in Finger Fractures： A Biomechanical and Comparative Study 10 4 1 4 9） Acoustics of Long Spaces： Theory and Application 7 4 l 2 10） Investigation of Air Bags Deployment Forces on Out-of-Position Occupant 7 2 0 11） Semi-Integral Abutments in Bridge Seismic Design 6 3 l 2 12） High Speed Flow Sensor and Fluid Power Systems Modelling 9 7 0 2 13 ） Surface Engineering of Polymers for Biomedical Application 7 4 2 l 14） The Design of User-Oriented Database of Material Performance Based on Client/Server Model 13 7 3 3. 15） Impingement Heat Transfer of Diesel Flames in a Rapid Compression and Expansion Machine 13 8 2 3平均（约）9 5.5 1.5 2来源：中国第三届青年学术会议论文集，材料科学与工程技术。北京：中国科学技术出版社，1998.标题单词总数名词数介词数形容词等1） Use of Vitamin and Mineral Supplements by the Elderly 9 5 2 2 2） Dietary Supplement and Body Image in Female College Students 9 6 l 2 3） Knowledge of Cardiovascular Disease in University Students 7 4 2 l 4） Severe Weather and the Automobile 5 2 0 3 5） Heavy Weight Contenders：a Look at Fat 7 4 1 2 6） A1uminutn：Is It Hazardous to YourHealth？ 7 3 1 3 7） The Use of Technology in Higher Education Programs： a National Survey 11 5 2 4 8） Sustaining the Discussion：Ecology in the Humanities Classroom 8 4 l 3 9） Diversity in the Future WorkForce 6 4 1 l 10） Models of Sustaining Human and Natural Development in an Urban Environment 11 3 2 6 11） Variation in Acorn Production and Chemistry of Two Oak Oak Species with respect to Topography 14 8 5 1 12） Traditional Versus Adult StudiesStudents： the College Experience 8 5 0 3 13） Solving the Food Shortage Problem in Northeast and Northwest Africa Using Hydroponically Grown Peanuts & Solarly Distilled Water 18 10 1 7 14） Impact of Cancer：Coping Process and Quality of Life 9 5 2 2标题单词总数名词数介词数形容词等15） Application of Digital Image Analysis for Helping to Define the Prognosis Of Selected Malignancies 14 6 3 5平均（约） 9.5 5 1.5 3来源：The Ohio Journal of Science Vol. 96（2） 表6.1中列出的是中国科协第三届青年学术年会论文集中15篇英文论文的标题，平均9个单词。表6.2列出的是从The Ohio Journal of Science中随机挑出的15篇论文的标题，平均9.5个单词。要想用有限的字数概括全文的主旨，用词必须仔细斟酌和推敲，选择最简练、最准确、最贴切的词来表达全文的主要内容。 6.2 标题的用词从表6.1和表6.2可以看出，标题中用得最多的是名词（包括动名词），平均占总单词数的50％～60％之高。其中有的标题中80％以上的词为名词。除名词外，用得较多的是介词，有时使用形容词、冠词、连词、副词。 标题是对全文重要内容的高度概括，因此用词要贴切、中肯，不能有任何随意性。为了便于检索，标题中所用的词尽量使用表达全文内容的关键词，下面举例说明标题中关键词的出现率。例1 a.标题：On the Fatigue Life Prediction of Spot Welded Components b.关键词：fatigue spotweld automobile life prediction .疲劳点焊汽车寿命预测b.标题：Computer Simulation and Experimental Study On Cold Shut During Mold Filling关键词：mold filling computer simulation cold shut casting铸件充型计算机模拟冷隔铸造c.标题：Investigation of Air Bags Deployment Forces on Out-of Position Occupant关键词：air bag out-of-position occupant安全气囊离位乘员c.标题：New Fatigue Test and Statistical Method for Metallic Materials Used in Vehicle Transmissions关键词：fatigue test statistical method test specimens疲劳实验统计方法试样分析：例1a中，有4个关键词，在标题里出现了3个，而标题中出现的两个名词词组fatigue life prediction 和spot welded components都是文章的关键词。 在例1b中，有4个关键词，其中3个出现在标题里。标题中用了4个名词词组：computer simulation，experimental study，cold shut，mold filling，其中3个是关键词。 例1c中有2个关键词，在标题里都出现。标题中用了3个名词或名词词组：investigation，air bags deployment forces，out-of-position occupant，其中两个是关键词。 例1d中有3个关键词，其中2个出现在标题里。 从上面四个例子可以看出，标题中的用词多是文章的关键词，明确、精炼，将文章的主要内容予以高度概括。 标题中用得最多的是名词或名词词组，一般不用动词或动词词组。如果用动词，则用非谓语动词形式，如动名词、不定式或分词。 从表6.1和表6.2可以看出，在标题平均9个单词中，有5.5个是名词，占一半以上。除名词外，用得较多的是介词of，in，on等，再其次是连词and和形容词。偶尔也需要用一些其他词性的词，如副词、冠词等。 6.3 标题的结构学术文章的标题主要有三种结构：名词性词组（包括动名词），介词词组，名词词组+介词词组。间或也用一个疑问句作标题（多用在人文社会科学领域），但一般不用陈述句或动词词组作标题。 （1）名词性词组名词性词组由名词及其修饰语构成。名词的修饰语可以是形容词、介词短语，有时也可以是另一个名词。名词修饰名词时，往往可以缩短标题的长度。以下各标题分别由两个名词词组构成。 例2 a.Severe Weather and the Automobile（名词词组） （名词词组） b.Soil Behavior and Critical Soil Mechanics（名词词组） （名词词组） c.High Speed Flow Sensor and Fluid Power Systems Modelling（名词词组） （名词词组） d.Traditional Versus Adult Studies Students： the College（名词词组） （名词词组） Experience（2）介词词组介词词组由介词十名词或名词词组构成。如果整个标题就是一个介词词组的话，一般这个介词是“on”，意思是“对……的研究”。 例3 a.On the Distribution of Sound in a Corridor b.On the Crushing Mechanism of Thin Walled Structures（3）名词／名词词组+介词词组这是标题中用得最多的结构。 例4 a.Fundamentals of Flow Measurement .（名词） （介词词组） b.Scattered Sound and Reverberation on Gity Streets and in Tunnels（名词词组） （介词词组） c.Dietary Supplement and Body Image in Female College Students（名词词组） （名词词组） （介词词组） d.Knowledge of Cardiovascular Disease in University Students（名词） （介词词组） （介词词组） e.Diversity in the Future Work Force（名词） （介词词组） f.Progress on Fuel Cell and Its Materials（名词） （介词词组） g.Damping Capacity of Shape Memory Alloy（名词词组） （介词词组） h.Acoustics of Long Spaces：Theory and Application（名词） （介词词组） （名词词组） i. Investigation of Air Bags Deployment Forces（名词） （介词词组） on Out-of-Position Occupant（介词词组） j. Models of sustaining Human and Natural Development（名词） （介词词组） in an Urban Environment（介词词组） 标题中的介词词组一般用来修饰名词或名词词组，从而限定某研究课题的范围。这种结构与中文的“的”字结构相似，区别是中文标题中修饰语在前，中心词在后。英文正好相反，名词在前，而作为修饰语的介词短语在后。 例5 a.Progress on Fuel Cell and lts Materials燃料电池及其材料进展b.Computer Simulation and Experimental Study On Co1d Shut During Mold Filling铸件充型中冷隔过程计算机模拟及其实验研究c. On the Fatigue Life Prediction of Spot Welded Components点焊汽车构件疲劳寿命预测c.Investigation of Air Bags Deployment Forces on Out-Of-Position Occupant安全气囊对离位乘员作用力的分析与研究（4）其他形式对于值得争议的问题，偶尔可用疑问句作为论文的标题，以点明整个论文讨论的焦点。 例6 a.Do Electromagnetic Fields Affect the Way Plants Grow？ b.Do Specific Ambient Odors Enhance Short Term Memory Function？ c.130 Heterotrophic Protozoa Release Major Quantities Of Dissolved Organic Phosphorous in Lake Water？ 有的标题由两部分组成，用冒号（：）隔开。一般来说，冒号前面一部分是研究的对象、内容或课题，比较笼统，冒号后面具体说明研究重点或研究方法。这种结构可再分为三种模式。 模式1 研究课题：具体内容例7 a.Microelectronic Assembly and Packaging Technology：Barriers and Needs b.Fire Resistant Steels for Construction：Design，Properties and Microchemistry c.Acoustics of Long Spaces Theory and Application d.Impact of Cancer：Coping Process and Quality of Life模式2 研究课题：方法／性质例8 a.Solid Oxide Fuel Cell：A Survey b. Absorbable Implants in Finger Fractures. A Biomechanical and Comparative Study c. The Use of Technology in Higher Education Programs： a National Survey d. Development of New Public Water Supply Well-fields Using Electromagnetic Conductance： Two Case Studies模式3 研究课题：问题焦点a. Aluminum： Is It Hazardous to Your Health？ b. Noise： Good？ Bad？ Maybe Both？ c. Manure： Friend or Foe？ 思考题下面这写论文标题是否合适？如果不合适，请修改。 1. Auditory Perspectives of Different Types of Music 2. Electromagnetic Fields Have Harmful Effects on Humans 3. How to Use Water Resources for Irrigation in Semiarid Land 4. Water Quality Can Be Protected Through the Successful Integration of Research and Education 5. The Single Community Concept： A Model for Adult Environmental Education 6. Physics and Art： Conceptual Linkages Can Be Uncovered 7. Diamond Is Used for Electronic Devices 8. Yellow Fever's Effect on Transportation and Commerce 9. The Nature of Student Science Project Is Compared with Educational Goals for Science 10. A Qualitative / Quantitative Analysis of the Administrative Management Institute at Cornell University 11. The Americans With Disability Act and Its Applicability to the Mentally Ill， Human Immune-Deficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Populations： A Statistical Analysis参考答案下面这写论文标题是否合适？如果不合适，请修改。 1. Auditory Perspectives of Different Types of Music （合适） 2. Electromagnetic Fields Have Harmful Effects on Humans （不合适） 改为：Harmful Effects of Electromagnetic Fields on Humans 3. How to Use Water Resources for Irrigation in Semiarid Land（不合适） 该为： Using Water Resources for Irrigation in Semiarid Land 4. Water Quality Can Be Protected Through the Successful Integration of Research and Education（ 不合适） 该为： Protecting Water Quality Through the Successful Integration of Research and Education 5. The Single Community Concept： A Model for Adult Environmental Education （合适） 6. Physics and Art： Conceptual Linkages Can Be Uncovered（不合适） 改为： Physics and Art： Uncovering Conceptual Linkages 7. Diamond Is Used for Electronic Devices（不合适） 该为：Use of Diamond for Electric Devices 8. Yellow Fever's Effect on Transportation and Commerce （合适） 9. The Nature of Student Science Project Is Compared with Educational Goals for Science（不合适） 改为： The Nature of Student Science Projects in Comparison to Educational Goals for Science 10. A Qualitative / Quantitative analysis of the Administrative Management Institute at Comell University （合适） 11. The Americans With Disability Act and Its Applicability to the Mentally Ill， Human Immune-Deficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Populations： A Statistical Analysis （ 不合适） 该为： The Americans With Disability Act and Its Applicability to the Mentally Ill， Human Immune-Deficiency Virus and AIDS Populations： A Statistical Analysis

食品安全问题是一个老生常谈的问题了，要想写好这类文献，我建议你还是去看看汉斯出版社官网上的相关文献找下自己的思路吧

食品安全论文(摘要〕食品安全问题举国关注，世界各国政府大多将食品安全视为国家公共安全，并纷纷加大监管力度。2004年9月1日，国务院发布了《国务院关于进一步加强食品安全工作的决定》，决定采取切实有效的措施，进一步加强食品安全工作。食品安全涉及多部门、多层面、多环节，是一个复杂的系统工程。从当前来看，应尽快建立健全：食品安全法律体系；统一协调、权责明晰的监管体系；食品安全应急处理机制；完整统一的食品安全标准和检验检测体系；食品安全风险评估评价体系；食品安全信用体系；食品安全信息监测、通报、发布的网络体系；中介及研究单位的推动体系等九大体系，促进食品安全水平的全面提高。〔关键词〕食品安全；体系建设；监管民以食为天。食品是人类赖以生存和发展的最基本的物质条件。在我国国民经济中，食品工业已成为第一大产业。但是全球及我国接连不断发生的恶性食品安全事故却引发了人们对食品安全的高度关注，也促使各国政府重新审视这一已上升到国家公共安全高度的问题，各国纷纷加大了对本国食品安全的监管力度。我国目前的食品安全监管较发达国家而言，起步较缓、问题较多，造成我国食品安全问题屡禁不绝的重要原因还是在于我国食品安全缺乏完整的保障体系。我们认为，在今后较长的一段时间里，我国应当把在整体上建立我国食品安全的保障体系作为食品安全工作重点和战略目标来实现。一、基本建立和逐步完善我国食品安全法律体系国务院于1979年8月28日发布了《中华人民共和国食品卫生管理条例》（现已失效），全国人大常委会于1982年11月19日发布了《中华人民共和国食品卫生法（试行）》（现已失效），全国人大常委会于1995年10月30日发布了现行有效的《中华人民共和国食品卫生法》（以下简称"《食品卫生法》"），这3个法律规定从法律层面上相继构成了我国改革开放后食品安全法律体系的核心，对我国的食品安全起到了重要的、不可替代的作用。但随着经济社会及科学技术的快速发展和人们对食品安全问题认识的不断深化，我国目前的食品安全法律体系有些方面已经不能适应当今食品安全形势的发展需要，作为食品安全法律体系的核心，《食品卫生法》对体系内其他法律法规、规范性文件的指导作用也有所降低。主要原因包括：第一，《食品卫生法》等法律法规所调整的范围过于狭窄。《食品卫生法》第四条规定："凡在中华人民共和国领域内从事食品生产经营的，都必须遵守本法。"从此条可以看出，《食品卫生法》的"食品"概念是狭义的，并没有包括种植、养殖、储存等环节中的食品以及与食品相关的食品添加剂、饲料及饲料添加剂的生产、经营或者使用。第二，《食品卫生法》确定的执法主体职责与现实情况有所脱节。根据该法第三条的规定："国务院卫生行政部门主管全国食品卫生监督管理工作。国务院有关部门在各自的职责范围内负责食品卫生管理工作。"而1998年机构改革之后，我国食品监管主要由国家食品药品监督管理局、公安部、农业部、商务部、卫生部、国家工商行政管理局、国家质量监督检验检疫总局、海关总署等多个部委共同按职能分段监管，已形成了食品安全多部门的监管体制。第三，食品安全法律体系的内容比较单薄，对经济社会和科技发展所导致的食品安全的新情况、新问题大多尚未涉及。和经济发达国家的食品安全法规相比，我国缺少一系列保障食品安全的重要制度。例如食品安全应急处理机制、食品安全风险评价制度、食品安全信用制度以及食品安全信息发布制度等。同时，我国食品安全法律体系对"食品安全"等最重要最基本的概念尚未有明确的法律定义。 第四，现行食品安全法律体系中尚欠缺对食品安全监管机关及其工作人员的监管职责的落实和失职责任的追究机制。综上，在建立我国食品安全法律体系的过程中，应当首先抓紧组织修订《食品卫生法》。我们认为，食品卫生仅是食品安全问题中的一部分，无论是从法律的名称还是从法律本身的内容考虑，食品安全法律体系都应围绕"食品安全"这一核心加以建设。法律的尊严是执行出来的，而不是制定出来的。无论多严密、多完善的法律，还必须经由各级政府职能部门的正确施行，才能真正发挥其保障食品安全的强大规范作用。如果行政执法部门不严格执法或者出于各种原因错误地理解和适用了食品安全法律法规，那么就算这些法律法规再完善，也不能产生预期的效果。在现今的食品安全监管中，执法不力的问题不容回避。二、建立和完善统一协调、权责明晰的食品安全监管体系 我国现今的食品安全监管体制在延续历史做法的同时，更要向管理体制卓有成效的国家学习，使监管体制相对协调集中，逐渐开创我国科学、协调的食品安全监管新模式。第一，可以考虑在现行的部际食品安全联席协调会议的管理架构上有所突破，如成立国务院食品安全委员会，以统一协调、管理涉及国家食品安全的相关部门，彻底改变目前相关行政部门各自为政、协调不力、重复管理、执法软弱的局面。第二，进一步探索多种管理模式，将对品种的管理和"划段"管理结合起来，对能够集中的管理链条和跨度不太大的品种可由一、二部门管理起来。对于需要"划段"的管理，要明确边界和衔接的方式方法，特别是信息的沟通和共享，职能上尽可能避免交叉。三、建立较为完善的食品安全应急处理体系目前，我国在对食品的安全监管中尚未建立起较为完善的食品安全应急处理制度。 食品安全方面的应急管理过程由三阶段（事故发生前、发生中和发生后）组成，在每一个阶段，都需要建立相应的应急管理机制。应急管理机制的建立应当围绕5个主要环节进行：应急信息收集、应急预防准备、应急演习、损害控制处理以及事后恢复。因此，需要建立应急计划系统、应急训练系统、应急感应系统、应急指挥中心（包括决策者与智囊、应急处理小组和应急处理专家）、应急监测系统和应急资源管理系统。建立食品安全应急处理机制的前提是有法可依。因此，国家在建立食品安全应急机制的同时，应抓紧出台相关的法律法规，明确应急机制各部门及其负责人的法律责任，对主观上故意瞒报、不作为、隐瞒信息等行为，都必须追究法律责任。 三、建立较为完善的食品安全应急处理体系目前，我国在对食品的安全监管中尚未建立起较为完善的食品安全应急处理制度。从现实来看，一旦发生了食品安全事故，往往是监管部门事后仓促应对，相关部门匆匆召开联席会议，确定彼此的职责、工作分工和工作步骤。这种事后的应急处理方式已经不能及时控制原因日趋复杂的食品安全事故，也不能满足公众对政府高效处理此等事故的期望，更可能发生部门之间的互相推诿以及信息沟通的迟缓与不力。建立并不断完善食品安全应急处理机制，不仅有助于上述问题的解决，还可以加强食品安全执法部门的队伍建设。 食品安全方面的应急管理过程由三阶段（事故发生前、发生中和发生后）组成，在每一个阶段，都需要建立相应的应急管理机制。应急管理机制的建立应当围绕5个主要环节进行：应急信息收集、应急预防准备、应急演习、损害控制处理以及事后恢复。因此，需要建立应急计划系统、应急训练系统、应急感应系统、应急指挥中心（包括决策者与智囊、应急处理小组和应急处理专家）、应急监测系统和应急资源管理系统。事故发生前的管理活动要努力将事故化解在爆发前。事故发生中的管理活动要注意将危害控制在最小范围内。事故发生后的管理活动重在恢复原状，汲取教训。目前，北京、安徽、淮南、沈阳等地纷纷出台了或即将出台食品安全重大事故应急预案。不可否认，应急预案在及时控制和减轻消除食品突发事故的危害、保障人民群众的生命安全和身体健康方面能够发挥一定的积极作用。但是，食品安全应急预案不同于食品安全应急处理机制，结合前面分析，它们的主要区别是："预案"应对事后，"机制"管理事前、事中以及事后，成一系统；"预案"具有可变性，"机制"具有长期性和稳定性；"预案"以事先沟通为保障，"机制"以制度建设为保障；"预案"强调分工和职能，"机制"强调协作和职责；"预案"各地做法不一，"机制"则应全国统一，便于上令下达，下情上报。建议在各地现有的应急预案的基础上，逐步总结国内外相关经验，在国家层面上形成较为完善的、系统的食品安全应急处理机制，在全国统一执行。建立食品安全应急处理机制的前提是有法可依。因此，国家在建立食品安全应急机制的同时，应抓紧出台相关的法律法规，明确应急机制各部门及其负责人的法律责任，对主观上故意瞒报、不作为、隐瞒信息等行为，都必须追究法律责任。

我只帮你解决食品安全的问题，你可以参考一下，我觉得不错的