暖通空调论文参考文献

testing of an air-cycle refrigeration system for road transportAbstractThe environmental attractions of air-cycle refrigeration are considerable. Following a thermodynamic design analysis, an air-cycle demonstrator plant was constructed within the restricted physical envelope of an existing Thermo King SL200 trailer refrigeration unit. This unique plant operated satisfactorily, delivering sustainable cooling for refrigerated trailers using a completely natural and safe working fluid. The full load capacity of the air-cycle unit at −20 °C was 7,8 kW, 8% greater than the equivalent vapour-cycle unit, but the fuel consumption of the air-cycle plant was excessively high. However, at part load operation the disparity in fuel consumption dropped from approximately 200% to around 80%. The components used in the air-cycle demonstrator were not optimised and considerable potential exists for efficiency improvements, possibly to the point where the air-cycle system could rival the efficiency of the standard vapour-cycle system at part-load operation, which represents the biggest proportion of operating time for most units.Keywords: Air conditioner; Refrigerated transport; Thermodynamic cycle; Air; Centrifuge compressor; Turbine expander COP, NomenclaturePRCompressor or turbine pressure ratioTAHeat exchanger side A temperature (K)TBHeat exchanger side B temperature (K)TinletInlet temperature (K)ToutletOutlet temperature (K)ηcompCompressor isentropic efficiencyηturbTurbine isentropic efficiencyηheat exchangerHeat exchanger effectiveness1. IntroductionThe current legislative pressure on conventional refrigerants is well known. The reason why vapour-cycle refrigeration is preferred over air-cycle refrigeration is simply that in the great majority of cases vapour-cycle is the most energy efficient option. Consequently, as soon as alternative systems, such as non-HFC refrigerants or air-cycle systems are considered, the issue of increased energy consumption arises immediately.Concerns over legislation affecting HFC refrigerants and the desire to improve long-term system reliability led to the examination of the feasibility of an air-cycle system for refrigerated transport. With the support of Enterprise Ireland and Thermo King (Ireland), the authors undertook the design and construction of an air-cycle refrigeration demonstrator plant at LYIT and QUB. This was not the first time in recent years that air-cycle systems had been employed in transport. NormalAir Garrett developed and commercialised an air-cycle air conditioning pack that was fitted to high speed trains in Germany in the 90s. As part of an European funded programme, a range of applications for air-cycle refrigeration were investigated and several demonstrator plants were constructed. However, the authors are unaware of any other case where a self-contained air-cycle unit has been developed for the challenging application of trailer refrigeration.Thermo King decided that the demonstrator should be a trailer refrigeration unit, since those were the units with the largest refrigeration capacity but presented the greatest challenges with regard to physical packaging. Consequently, the main objective was to demonstrate that an air-cycle system could fit within the existing physical envelop and develop an equivalent level of cooling power to the existing vapour-cycle unit, but using only air as the working fluid. The salient performance specifications for the existing Thermo King SL200 vapour-cycle trailer refrigeration unit are listed .It was not the objective of the exercise to complete the design and development of a new refrigeration product that would be ready for manufacture. To limit the level of resources necessary, existing hardware was to be used where possible with the recognition that the efficiencies achieved would not be optimal. In practical terms, this meant using the chassis and panels for an existing SL200 unit along with the standard diesel engine and circulation fans. The turbomachinery used for compression and expansion was adapted from commercial turbochargers.2. Thermodynamic modelling and design of the demonstrator plantThe thermodynamics of the air-cycle (or the reverse ‘Joule cycle’) are adequately presented in most thermodynamic textbooks and will not be repeated here. For anything other than the smallest flow rates, the most efficient machines available for the necessary compression and expansion processes are turbomachines. Considerations for the selection of turbomachinery for air-cycle refrigeration systems have been presented and discussed by Spence et al. [3]. a typical configuration of an air-cycle system, which is sometimes called the ‘boot-strap’ configuration. For mechanical convenience the compression process is divided into two stages, meaning that the turbine is not constrained to operate at the same speed as the primary compressor. Instead, the work recovered by the turbine during expansion is utilised in the secondary compressor. The two-stage compression also permits intercooling, which enhances the overall efficiency of the compression process. An ‘open system’ where the cold air is ejected directly into the cold space, removing the need for a heat exchanger in the cold space. In the interests of efficiency, the return air from the cold space is used to pre-cool the compressed air entering the turbine by means of a heat exchanger known as the ‘regenerator’ or the ‘recuperato ’. To support the design of the air-cycle demonstrator plant, and the selection of suitable components, a simple thermodynamic model of the air-cycle configuration shown in was developed. The compression and expansion processes were modelled using appropriate values of isentropic efficiency, as defined in Eqs.The heat exchange processes were modelled using values of heat exchanger effectiveness as defined in The model also made allowance for heat exchanger pressure drop. The system COP was determined from the ratio of the cooling power delivered to the power input to the primary compressor, as defined in illustrate air-cycle performance characteristics as determined from the thermodynamic model:illustrates the variation in air-cycle COP and expander outlet temperature over a range of cycle pressure ratios for a plant operating between −20 °C and +30 °C. The cycle pressure ratio is defined as the ratio of the maximum cycle pressure at secondary compressor outlet to the pressure at turbine outlet. For the ideal air-cycle, with no losses, the cycle COP increases with decreasing cycle pressure ratio and tends to infinity as the pressure ratio approaches unity. However, the introduction of real component efficiencies means that there is a definite peak value of COP that occurs at a certain pressure ratio for a particular cycle. However,illustrates, there is a broad range of pressure ratio and duty over which the system can be operated with only moderate variation of COP.The class of turbomachinery suitable for the demonstrator plant required speeds of around 50 000 rev/min. To simplify the mechanical arrangement and avoid the need for a high-speed electric motor, the two-stage compression system shown was adopted. The existing Thermo King SL200 chassis incorporated a substantial system of belts and pulleys to power circulation fans, which severely restricted the useful space available for mounting heat exchangers. A simple thermodynamic model was used to assess the influence of heat exchanger performance on the efficiency of the plant so that the best compromise could be developed show the impact of intercooler and aftercooler effectiveness and pressure loss on the COP of the proposed plant.The two-stage system in incorporated an intercooler between the two compression stages. By dispensing with the intercooler and its associated duct work a larger aftercooler could be accommodated with improved effectiveness and reduced pressure loss. Analysis suggested that the improved performance from a larger aftercooler could compensate for the loss of the intercooler.shows the impact of the recuperator effectiveness on the COP of the plant, which is clearly more significant than that of the other heat exchangers. As well as boosting cycle efficiency, increased recuperator effectiveness also moves the peak COP to a lower overall system pressure ratio. The impact of pressure loss in the recuperator is the same as for the intercooler and aftercooler shown in. The model did not distinguish between pressure losses in different locations; it was only the sum of the pressure losses that was significant. Any pressure loss in connecting duct work and headers was also lumped together with the heat exchanger pressure loss and analysed as a block pressure loss.The specific cooling capacity of the air-cycle increases with system pressure ratio. Consequently, if a higher system pressure ratio was used the required cooling duty could be achieved with a smaller flow rate of air. shows the mass flow rate of air required to deliver 7,5 kW of cooling power for varying system pressure ratios.Since the demonstrator system was to be based on commercially available turbomachinery, it became important to choose a pressure ratio and flow rate that could be accommodated efficiently by some existing compressor and turbine rotors. and were based on efficiencies of 81 and 85% for compression and expansion, respectively. While such efficiencies are attainable with optimised designs, they would not be realised using compromised turbocharger components. For the design of the demonstrator plant efficiencies of 78 and 80% were assumed to be realistically attainable for compression and expansion.Lower turbomachinery efficiencies corresponded to higher cycle pressure ratios and flow rates in order to achieve the target cooling duty. The cycle design point was also compromised to help heat exchanger performance. The pressure losses in duct work and heat exchangers increased in proportion with the square of flow velocity. Selecting a higher cycle pressure ratio corresponded to a lower mass flow rate and also increased density at inlet to the aftercooler heat exchanger. The combined effect was a decrease in the mean velocity in the heat exchanger, a decrease in the expected pressure losses in the heat exchanger and duct work, and an increase in the effectiveness of the heat exchanger. Consequently, a system pressure ratio higher than the value corresponding to peak COP was chosen in order to achieve acceptable heat exchanger performance within the available physical space. The below optimum performance of turbomachinery and heat exchanger components, coupled with excessive bearing losses, meant that the predicted COP of the overall system dropped to around 0,41. The system pressure ratio at the design point was 2,14 and the corresponding mass flow rate of air was 0,278 kg/s.By moving the design point beyond the pressure ratio for peak COP, it was anticipated that the demonstrator plant would yield good part-load performance since the COP would not fall as the pressure ratio was reduced. Also, operating at part-load corresponded to lower flow velocities and anticipated improvements in heat exchanger performance. Part-load operation was achieved by reducing the speed of the primary compressor, resulting in a decrease in both pressure and mass flow rate throughout the cycle.3. Prime mover and primary compressorThe existing diesel engine was judged adequate to power the demonstrator plant. The standard engine was a four cylinder, water cooled diesel engine fitted with a centrifugal clutch and all necessary ancillaries and was controlled by a microprocessor controller.From the thermodynamic model, the pressure ratio for the primary compressor was 1,70. The centrifugal compressor required a shaft speed of around 55 000 rev/min. Other alternatives were evaluated for primary compression with the aim of obtaining a suitable device that operated at a lower speed. Other commercially available devices such as Roots blowers and rotary piston blowers were all excluded on the basis of poor efficiency.A one-off gearbox was designed and manufactured as part of the project to step-up the engine shaft speed to around 55 000 rev/min. The gearbox was a two stage, three shaft unit which mounted directly on the end of the diesel engine and was driven through the existing centrifugal clutch.4. Cold air unitThe secondary compressor and the expansion turbine were mounted on the same shaft in a free rotating unit. The combination of the secondary compressor and the turbine was designated as the ‘Cold Air Unit’ (CAU). While the CAU was mechanically equivalent to a turbocharger, a standard turbocharger would not satisfy the aerodynamic requirements efficiently since the pressure ratios and inlet densities for both the compressor and the turbine were significantly different from any turbocharger installation. Consequently, both the secondary compressor and the turbine stage were specially chosen and developed to deliver suitable performance.Most turbochargers use plain oil fed journal bearings, which are low-cost, reliable and provide effective damping of shaft vibrations. However, plain bearings dissipate a substantial amount of shaft power through viscous losses in the oil films. A plain bearing arrangement for the CAU was expected to absorb 2–3 kW of mechanical power, which represented around 25% of the anticipated turbine power. Also, the clearances in plain bearings require larger blade tip clearances for both the compressor and the turbine with a consequential efficiency penalty. Given the pressurised inlet to the secondary compressor, the limited thrust capacity of the plain bearing arrangement was also a concern. A CAU utilising high-speed ball bearings, or air bearings, was identified as a preferable arrangement to plain bearings. Benefits would include greatly reduced bearing power losses, reduced turbomachinery tip clearance losses and increased thrust load capacity. However, adequate resources were not available to design a special one-off high speed ball bearing system. Consequently, a standard turbocharger plain bearing system was used.The secondary compressor stage was a standard turbocharger compressor selected for a pressure ratio of 1,264. Secondary compressor and turbine selection were linked because of the requirement to balance power and match the speed. Since most commercial turbines are sized for high temperature (and consequently low density) air at inlet, a special turbine stage was developed for the application. Cost considerations precluded the manufacture of a custom turbine rotor, so a commercially available rotor was used. The standard turbine rotor blade profile was substantially modified and vaned nozzles for turbine inlet were designed to match the modified rotor, in line with previous turbine investigations at QUB (Spence and Artt,). An exhaust diffuser was also incorporated into the turbine stage in order to improve turbine efficiency and to moderate the exhaust noise levels through reduced air velocity. The exhaust diffuser exited into a specially designed exhaust silencer.The performance of the turbine stage was measured before the unit was incorporated into the complete demonstrator plant. The peak efficiency of the turbine was established at 81%.5. Heat exchangersDue to packaging constraints, the heat exchangers had to be specially designed with careful consideration being given to heat exchanger position and header geometry in an attempt to achieve the best performance from the heat exchangers. Tube and fin aluminium heat exchangers, similar to those used in automotive intercooler applications, were chosen primarily because they could be produced on a ‘one-off’ basis at a reasonable cost. There were other heat exchanger technologies available that would have yielded better performance from the available volume, but high one-off production costs precluded their use in the demonstrator plant.Several different tube and fin heat exchangers were tested and used to validate a computational model. Once validated, the model was used to assess a wide range of possible heat exchanger configurations that could fit within the Thermo King SL200 chassis. Fitting the proposed heat exchangers within the existing chassis and around the mechanical drive system for the circulation fans, but while still achieving the necessary heat exchanger performance was very challenging. It was clear that potential heat exchanger performance was being sacrificed through the choice of tube and fin construction and by the constraints of the layout of the existing SL200 chassis. The final selection comprised two separate aftercooler units, while the single recuperator was a large, triple pass unit. Based on laboratory tests and the heat exchanger model, the anticipated effectiveness of both the recuperator and aftercooler units was 80%.6. InstrumentationA range of conventional pressure and temperature instrumentation was installed on the air-cycle demonstrator plant. Air temperature and pressure was logged at inlet and outlet from each heat exchanger, compressor and the turbine. The speed of the primary compressor was determined from the speed measurement on the diesel engine control unit, while the cold air unit was equipped with a magnetic speed counter. No air flow measurement was included on the demonstrator plant. Instead, the air flow rate was deduced from the previously obtained turbine performance map using the measurements of turbine pressure ratio and rotational speed.7. System testingDuring some preliminary tests a heat load was applied and the functionality of the demonstrator plant was established. Having assessed that it was capable of delivering approximately the required performance, the plant was transported to a Thermo King calorimeter test facility specifically for measuring the performance of transport refrigeration units. The calorimeter was ideally suited for accurately measuring the refrigeration capacity of the air-cycle demonstrator plant. The calorimeter was operated according to standard ARI 1100-2001; the absolute accuracy was better than 200W and all auxiliary instrumentation was calibrated against appropriate standards.The performance capacity of transport refrigeration units is generally rated at two operating conditions; 0 and −20 °C, and both at an ambient temperature of +30 °C. Along with the specified operating conditions of 0 and −20 °C, a further part-load condition at −20 °C was assessed. Considering that the air-cycle plant was only intended to demonstrate a concept and that there were concerns about the reliability of the gearbox and the cold air unit thrust bearing, it was decided to operate the plant only as long as was necessary to obtain stabilised measurements at each operating point. The demonstrator plant operated satisfactorily, allowing sufficient measurements to be obtained at each of the three operating conditions. The recorded performance is summarised .In total, the unit operated for approximately 3 h during the course of the various tests. While the demonstrator plant operated adequately to allow measurements, some smoke from the oil system breather suggested that the thrust bearing of the CAU was heavily overloaded and would fail, as had been anticipated at the design stage. Testing was concluded in case the bearing failed completely causing the destruction of the entire CAU. There was no evidence of any gearbox deterioration during testing.8. Discussion of measured performanceFrom the calorimeter performance measurements, the primary objective of the project had been achieved. A unique air-cycle refrigeration system had been developed within the same physical envelope as the existing Thermo King SL200 refrigeration unit, w

蒸发冷却空调应用中存在问题及解决设想论文

摘要：

目前,集中式蒸发冷却式空调系统在我国西部地区得到了越来越广泛的应用, 但其缺点即风道大、使用灵活性差，而且不能实现多个房间分别进行调节控制。针对集中式系统的缺点本文提出采用有别于传统风机盘管加新风系统的半集中式蒸发冷却空调系统，并从理论上进行了可行性分析。

关键词：

蒸发冷却 半集中式 空调系统 环保 节能

1. 蒸发冷却技术现状

蒸发冷却过程是以水作为制冷剂的，由于不使用CFCs，因而对大气环境无污染，而且可直接采用全新风，极大地改善了室内空气品质。同通常的机械制冷的原理一样，由制冷剂的蒸发而提供冷量。但是对蒸发冷却来说，是利用水的蒸发取得能量，它不是将蒸发后的水蒸汽再进行压缩、冷凝回到液态水后再进行蒸发。一般可以直接补充水分来维持蒸发过程的进行。

据有关文献对蒸发冷却空调在乌鲁木齐、西安、哈尔滨、北京的应用分析可知：其运行能耗约为常规空调设备的1/5（机械制冷系统装机功率50w/m2左右，蒸发冷却系统装机功率10 w/m2，节电80%）；从初投资方面看，约为常规空调设备的1/2（机械制冷方式造价400元/ m2左右，蒸发冷却系统造价250元/ m2左右，节省投资30~50%），且具有加湿功能；从室内空气品质方面看，蒸发冷却系统由于按100%新风运行，因此明显优于常规空调系统，而且它以水为制冷剂，不使用CFCS，对大气环境无污染。

该技术在八十年代中期传入我国，在我国西部干旱地区（尤其是新疆地区）得到研究和应用，因为我国西北地区昼夜温差大，空气干燥，夏季室外空调计算4湿球温度较低（一般低于22度）；昼夜温差大，每日早晚与中午气温（干球温度）相差较大；冬季室外干球温度较低，多为干冷气候（若只对室内供热，室内空气相对湿度一般低于20%）。这些独特的气象条件为蒸发冷却技术提供了天然的应用场所，因为蒸发冷却是一种适宜在干燥地区使用的供冷技术，它利用水分蒸发吸热来降低送风温度，从而降低房间温度。正是由于西部的特殊气候条件使得蒸发冷却空调系统替代常规空调系统成为可能。目前蒸发冷却空调系统在新疆地区的宾馆、办公楼、餐饮、娱乐、体育馆、影剧院等公共与民用建筑以及一些工业建筑中已广泛应用，仅乌鲁木齐绿色使者中央空调有限责任公司在新疆地区完工的工程项目超过70余个[1]。

2. 蒸发冷却空调存在的问题

当前我国西部地区的许多高楼大厦、公共建筑内，仍广泛使用机械制冷空调系统。尽管这些系统提供了舒适的工作生活环境，但和蒸发冷却空调机组相比较其一次性投资巨大、运行费用昂贵、维修与养护复杂，而且会引发“病态建筑综合症”和造成环境污染。尤其是SARS疫情爆发后空调系统的安全性问题更加引起暖通界人士和卫生部的关注。室内空气品质越来越得到关注，而蒸发冷却系统由于按100%新风运行，不使用CFCS，对大气环境无污染，因此明显优于常规空调系统。目前在我国西部地区多采用集中式蒸发冷却系统, 其优点是使用时间长，便于维护，整个系统在需进行空气调节的场所仅有风道敷设而没有水路布置，故其设计简单成本低，因不需在吊顶中设置水管从而彻底消除了凝结水渗漏的问题。另外，该系统多采用全新风，大大改善室内空气品质，同时，在过渡季节采用全新风可节约能耗。

集中式蒸发冷却系统也有一些缺陷：首先，应用单元式直接蒸发冷却空调机会导致室内湿度较高（通过对乌鲁木齐已完工系统现场测试，室内湿度约75%）。其次，由于是采用冷空气对室内进行冷却而空气的比热较小，所以该系统风量较大，结果导致系统风道比一般半集中式空调系统风道占用空间大，导致其使用灵活性差。第三点，考虑到成本问题，目前尚没有物美价廉的末端产品来实现多个房间分别控制调节。但从设计和经济的角度考虑对温湿度控制精度要求不高的舒适性空调仍具有可行性，尤其对大型娱乐场所、餐饮、商场、体育场馆、会议中心、各种活动中心等公共场所具有很大优势。这也是集中式蒸发冷却空调系统在新疆地区近年来应用广泛的一个重要原因[2]。

3. 半集中式蒸发冷却空调系统的提出

由于集中式系统的缺点即风道大、使用灵活性差，而且不能实现多个房间分别进行调节控制。因此在某些场合限制了集中式空调系统的应用。因为传统的半集中式空调系统该系统能单独调节各个房间温度，适合风管不易布置和层高较低的场所,如宾馆客房和写字间等。故针对集中式系统的缺点本文提出了有别于传统风机盘管加新风系统的半集中式蒸发冷却空调系统，并从理论上进行了可行性分析。

3.1 半集中式蒸发冷却式空调系统

此系统和传统的风机盘管加新风系统略有不同，传统风机盘管加新风系统所用冷媒是冷水机组提供的冷水，故冷水机组是核心。而半集中式蒸发冷却系统的.核心是蒸发冷却段，是利用水的蒸发取得能量，它不是将蒸发后的水蒸汽再进行压缩、冷凝回到液态水后再进行蒸发,而是直接补充水分来维持蒸发过程的进行，系统中新风由蒸发冷却新风机组处理，根据室外设计参数和负荷特点可选用单级或多级蒸发冷却。具体图示见图3-1。

传统半集中系统 蒸发冷却半集中系统

图3-1 传统系统与蒸发冷却系统的比较

直接蒸发冷却处理过程中，新风被等焓加湿，循环水温近似等于进口空气湿球温度。例如在乌鲁木齐夏季室外空调计算湿球温度约18℃，当空气被直接蒸发冷却处理后，理论上循环水温亦能达到18℃。若使用间接-直接蒸发冷却过程，则新风首先经等湿冷却，然后等焓加湿，这样处理后循环水温可进一步降低达到13～16℃，虽然经上述两种方式处理后的水温均高于冷水机组的冷冻水温7～12℃，但只要加大水量，通入冷却盘管后仍然可以承担部分负荷。故半集中式蒸发冷却系统与传统系统的主要区别是它的所有负荷均由蒸发冷却过程承担，而不需要冷水机组和冷却水系统，其初投入大大降低，一次投资综合造价仅为传统制冷空调方式的40%～80%。

3.2 可行性分析

为了探讨半集中式蒸发冷却空调系统在西北地区使用的可行性,以乌鲁木齐气候为例，进行设计方案的探讨和比较。乌鲁木齐室内外状态点及参数见图3-2。

图3-2 室内外状态点

地点：乌鲁木齐夏季

季节：夏季

tgw：室外干球温度 34.1℃

tsw：室外湿球温度 18℃

tgn：室内设计温度 27℃

相对湿度 60%

大气压力 906.7 mbar

3.2.1 传统风机盘管+新风系统

从图3-2中可看出，夏季室外空气的含湿量dw小于室内空气的含湿量dn,即室外空气需要加湿处理，为实现这一目的，在传统的风机盘管加新风系统中一般是在送风机前安装蒸汽加湿系统对被处理空气进行等温加湿。见图3-3。

空气处理过程(W 室外空气状态点，N室内空气状态点，KL新风机温升)

图3-3 传统风机盘管加新风系统空气状态变化图

3.2.2 半集中式蒸发冷却系统[风机盘管+直接蒸发冷却新风机组] [3]

风机盘管+直接蒸发冷却新风机组的半集中式系统，则其空气变化过程如图3-4所示。

图3-4 风机盘管+直接蒸发冷却新风机组

直接蒸发冷却新风机组，直接蒸发冷却效率ηDEC最高可达90%，按ηDEC=90%计算：

（3-1）

注：tws 室外空气湿球温度

使用循环水处理的直接蒸发冷却是一等焓加湿过程，因此可确定L点的状态。循环水温最终被固定在机器露点L接近室外湿球温度。由式（3-1）可知:

tsh=tL=tw-(tw-tws)×90%

=34.1-(34.1-18)×90%=19.6℃

注：tsh 直接蒸发冷却循环水水温

将循环水通入风机盘管，由于循环水水温略高于室内空气露点温度18.4℃，所以只能对室内回风进行等湿冷却。

3.2.3 半集中式蒸发冷却系统[风机盘管+（间接+直接）蒸发冷却新风机组]

风机盘管+（间接+直接）蒸发冷却新风机组的半集中式系统，空气变化过程见图3-5。

图3-5 风机盘管+（间接+直接）蒸发冷却新风机组

间接+直接蒸发冷却新风机组。绿色使者中央空调有限公司生产的板翅式间接蒸发冷却器其效率ηIEC最高可达60～75%，如果按ηIEC=60%计算：

（3-2）

注：tws 室外空气湿球温度

间接蒸发冷却是一等湿降温过程，根据式（3-2）可确定P点的状态。

tP=tw-(tw-tws)×60%

=34.1-(34.1-18)×60%

=24.4℃

由tp=24.4℃可知其湿球温度tps=14.8℃并且直接蒸发冷却入口温度就是24.4℃。再根据式（3-1） 得： tsh=tL=tp-(tp-tps)×90%

=24.4-(24.4-14.8)×90%

=15.76℃

注：tsh 直接蒸发冷却循环水水温

将循环水通入风机盘管，由于循环水水温低于室内空气露点温度18.4℃，所以可对室内回风进行除湿冷却。

3.2.4 半集中式蒸发冷却系统[风机盘管+（间接1+间接2+直接）蒸发冷却新风机组]

风机盘管+（间接1+间接2+直接）蒸发冷却新风机组，空气变化过程如图3-6所示。

图3-6 间接1+间接2+直接蒸发冷却半集中式系统

采用带有表冷却段（冷却塔供冷的第一级间接蒸发冷却段）的三级蒸发冷却新风机组，其表冷段利用冷却塔的冷却水对新风进行冷却。这种将冷却水通入表冷器的冷却塔供冷方式同间接蒸发冷却一样实现了对空气的等湿降温处理。因此，这种带有冷却塔供冷的间接+直接蒸发冷却机组又被称为三级蒸发冷却机组（两级间接蒸发冷却+直接蒸发冷却）。如利用冷却塔的冷却水，冷却效率可达η冷却塔= 40～50%左右，空气终状态温度≈空气初状态湿球温度w+6～8℃. 按η冷却塔=50%计算有：

（3-3）

首先根据式（3-3）可确定P点的状态。

tP=tw-(tw-tws)×50%

=34.1-(34.1-18)×50%

=26℃

则间接蒸发冷却的入口干球温度就是26℃，根据焓湿图可知此时湿球温度tps为15.3℃。根据式（3-2）可确定Q点的状态

tQ=tp-(tP-tPs)×60%

=26-(26-15.3)×60%

=19.6℃

则直接蒸发冷却的入口干球温度就是19.6℃，根据焓湿图可知此时湿球温度tQS为13.5℃。再根据式（3-1）可确定L点的状态

tL=tQ-(tQ-tQS)×90%

=19.6-(19.6-13.5)×90%

=14.1℃

将循环水通入风机盘管，由于循环水水温低于室内空气露点温度18.4℃，所以可对室内回风进行除湿冷却。

4. 结束语

半集中式蒸发冷却系统用水作为制冷剂, 无冷水机组, 其中直接系统和(间接+直接)系统均无冷却水系统, 故它们的初投资均比传统半集中式系统低, 而且运行费用少。

由于半集中式蒸发冷却系统的供水温度较高，故供水量较大。其中直接蒸发冷却段的冷却水量的多少将直接影响到机组的制冷量，而负荷需要的冷却水量较大时又需要考虑补水和补水量等等，这些都需要进一步的探讨。

参考文献

1． 翔，武俊梅等，中国西北地区蒸发冷却技术应用状况的研究，第11届全国暖通空调技术信息网大会论文集 419~423

2． 刘鸣，蒸发冷却空调技术的工程应用问题，西北五省暖通空调制冷热能动力2002联合学术年会 84~87

3． 陈沛霖，蒸发冷却在空调中的应用，西安制冷，1999，1：1~7

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