薪酬管理研究论文英文文献

It is the University's policy to establish and administer salaries in line with its compensation objectives.207.1 Salary Ranges 207.2 Newly-Hired Employees 207.3 Merit Increases 207.4 Promotion 207.5 Upward Reclassification 207.6 Lateral Transfer 207.7 Demotion 207.8 Special Salary Adjustments 207.9 Temporary Assignment of Responsibilities in Higher Classification 207.10 Rehire 207.11 Recall/Transfer from Layoff Status 207.1 Salary RangesEach salary grade has an established salary range. These ranges define the minimum and maximum salaries to be paid for a job, but also allow sufficient latitude for an individual to progress through the salary range as a result of merit increases. Salary ranges are reviewed annually, and may be adjusted periodically to respond to economic and market conditions.Staff members are paid at least the minimum of the appropriate salary range, but not more than the maximum of the salary range except in special approved circumstances.Staff members whose salaries are at or above the maximum of their assigned salary ranges are not eligible for regular merit increases. They are, however, eligible to receive half of their recommended merit increase as a base building increase and the remaining half as a non-base building increase. The salary adjustment will be based on performance and the guidelines issued by Human Resources for merit increases. Exceptions to this policy must be requested in writing and approved by the Vice President for Finance and Administration and the Provost of the University.207.2 Newly-Hired EmployeesThe salaries of new employees are set based on the classification of the position, the salaries paid in the market, and the applicant's education, skills, and previous related experience. When an individual meets the minimum qualifications of the position, the salary is normally set at the minimum of the salary range. However, if an individual has directly related prior job experience, or if the market warrants, the salary may be established above the minimum. Starting salaries are not normally set above the midpoint of the salary range. Exceptions to this policy must be approved by the Manager of Compensation and Classification.207.3 Merit IncreasesThe University recognizes and rewards individual performance by awarding merit increases. The funds available for merit increases vary from year to year depending upon budgetary considerations, salaries paid in the identified marketplace and economic conditions. The University develops merit increase guidelines which establish ranges for individual merit increases based on performance criteria.Merit increases are usually awarded on an annual basis and are normally effective on July 1. Merit increases are recommended by supervisors to Salary Coordinators and Human Resources based on the supervisor's evaluation of performance and other salary considerations. Merit increases are not subject to the grievance procedure.207.4 PromotionA promotion is an authorized reassignment from one position to another position in a higher salary grade. Upon promotion, an employee is eligible for a salary increase. Promotion increases are determined on an individual-case basis within guidelines that range from 7 to 15 percent or the minimum of the new salary grade, whichever is greater.Factors generally considered when determining a promotion increase are previous experience or education which might now be relevant, the salary range of the new position, internal salary relationships, and length of service. Promotion increases outside of the guidelines occur only in exceptional circumstances and must be approved by the Director of Personnel Services for the Central/Science campus, the Director of Human Resources for the School of Medicine, or the Director of Library Personnel Services for the Library. In no case shall the new salary exceed the maximum of the new salary grade. Promotion increases are not subject to the grievance procedure.Xref: OPM 411207.5 Upward ReclassificationWhen a position is reclassified upward into a higher salary grade as a result of a job audit, the incumbent may be eligible for a salary adjustment depending upon the position of salary within the new range. Such increases normally should not exceed 7 percent of current salary or the minimum of the new salary grade, whichever is greater. In no case shall the new salary exceed the maximum of the new salary grade. Reclassification adjustments are not subject to the grievance procedure.207.6 Lateral TransferA lateral transfer is a change in job assignment within the same salary grade. Because the assignments are in the same salary grade, the same salary range applies. Lateral transfers do not result in a change in salary. There are, however, certain rare situations that may justify salary adjustments, which must be requested in writing and approved in advance by the Manager of Compensation and Classification.Xref: OPM 411207.7 DemotionA demotion is a reassignment from one position to another position in a lower salary grade.Involuntary demotions may occur if work is eliminated, abolished or reorganized, or if a staff member is unable to perform the work satisfactorily and is involuntarily reassigned. The salary for an individual who is involuntarily reassigned to a position in a lower salary grade will be established by the Manager of Compensation and Classification for the Central/Science Campus, the Senior Compensation Representative in the School of Medicine, or the Director of Library Personnel Services. In no case will the salary exceed the maximum of the new grade.The salary for an individual, who, for personal reasons, chooses to take a vacant position in a lower salary grade, will be based on previous related experience and internal equity considerations and determined by the Manager of Compensation and Classification, the Senior Compensation Representative in the School of Medicine, or the Director of Library Personnel Services.Xref: OPM 411207.8 Special Salary AdjustmentsCertain rare and exceptional circumstances may occur from time to time that warrant special salary adjustments. Such adjustments are not part of the normal compensation plan for staff. Requests for special salary adjustments must be made in writing to the appropriate Compensation Representative and require the approval of the Manager of Compensation and Classification.207.9 Temporary Assignment of Responsibilities in Higher ClassificationAdditional compensation is appropriate when an individual is assigned, in writing, a major component of a job at a higher salary grade and is held accountable for the full scope of the job on a temporary basis in the absence of another member of the organization. All employees are expected to fill in for vacations and other short-term absences; however, when the temporary assignment exceeds 30 calendar days, additional temporary compensation is warranted. The amount of compensation will typically range between 7 to 15 percent of the employee's current base salary. Requests for additional compensation must be made in advance and in writing to the Compensation and Classification Sections of Human Resources or Library Personnel Services.Xref: OPM 414 and 417207.10 RehireA former Yale employee who is rehired as a regular employee is not automatically reinstated for privileges and benefits unless returning from layoff. Rehired employees must qualify for privileges and benefits as new hires except that in certain circumstances past service may be counted for pension purposes, for the scholarship plan, and for vacation bonuses.If a person is rehired into a different job classification, regardless of the length of time since the previous termination, the new starting salary is determined in the same manner as it would be for a new hire.207.11 Recall/Transfer from Layoff StatusAn employee who has been laid off and who is recalled while on layoff status for the same position in the same department, will receive the previous salary or the minimum of the salary grade, whichever is greater, with full privileges and benefits.If an employee on layoff status is offered and accepts a voluntary transfer to a different position, the salary will be determined in the same manner as it would be for a new hire.Xref: PPP 107.4

外商企业薪酬管理研究论文

【摘要】在经济新常态的背景下，随着产业结构不断升级优化和政府优惠政策的降低，外商投资企业的发展普遍面临困境，吸引、保留人才更加成为竞争的焦点，而科学合理的薪酬管理是企业形成人才优势的重要环节，对企业发展具有重要的意义。以AK公司作为外商投资企业的代表，分析其薪酬管理中存在的薪酬结构单一、绩效考核与薪酬激励分离、晋升制度不完善等问题，并有针对性地提出相应的薪酬管理改进措施，以期对外商投资企业的发展起到一定的启发和借鉴作用。

【关键词】外商投资企业；薪酬结构；浮动薪酬；晋升制度

外商投资企业，是指依照中华人民共和国法律的规定，在中国境内设立的，由中国投资者和外国投资者共同投资或仅由外国投资者投资的企业。随着经济发展的日渐成熟和供给侧改革的不断深入，我国经济正在向新常态趋势迈进。但近年来，我国外商投资企业的业绩不佳，发展面临困境，其原因主要包括以下几个方面：一是劳动力成本不断增加，压缩外企的利润空间；二是外企原本享受的优惠政策的调整及我国税收制度的改革，给外企带来一定经营压力；三是本土企业的实力提升，市场竞争愈发激烈；四是我国法律制度的不断完善，严厉打击商业贿赂及垄断等行为。在此境况下，我国部分劳动密集型外商投资企业向南亚、东南亚等地区转移。一些外商投资企业积极调整应对，促进自身转型升级，更多的技术密集型及资产密集型外商投资企业迁入中国。与此同时，我国外商投资企业在薪酬管理方面存在的一些问题，制约着其在中国的发展。随着知识经济的发展，优秀人才成为企业永葆生命力、创造力，实现可持续发展的关键因素。薪酬管理作为人力资源管理的重要组成部分，对吸引、保留人才发挥着有效的激励作用。因此，本文以AK公司为例，就外商投资企业薪酬管理方面展开研究。

一、AK公司及其薪酬管理现状

AK公司是一家外商独资的生物技术有限公司，成立于1995年，位于浙江省杭州市。它是XX集团全球战略化的生产基地，总员工人数达600余人。公司以总部的技术支持和中国的生产基地作为发展保障，目前公司产品涉及生物诊断、医疗器械等多个领域，销售遍布全球140多个国家，并且已成功开发血糖仪、血红蛋白分析仪等医疗器械及相应检测试剂等快速诊断产品。AK公司作为一家正在从劳动密集型向技术密集型企业转型的公司，与当前我国大多数外商投资企业所处境况一致，因此以AK公司作为外商投资企业的典型代表，其研究结果对外商投资企业的发展具有一定的现实意义。在中国投资建厂初期，AK公司主要以生产加工产品为主，组织结构较为简单。但随着客观环境及自身实力的不断变化，AK公司将部分技术研发等工作向我国转移，技术研发人才的流入使其组织规模不断壮大。因此，AK公司根据自身的发展情况，形成了目前的薪酬体系，具体内容如下：从员工工资水平来看，AK公司个人月平均收入在5000元左右。据中商产业研究院2017年公布的数据显示，杭州市的月平均工资为7608元，相比之下个人月平均收入在区域范围内处于较低位置。从薪酬结构来看，包括固定薪酬、浮动薪酬和福利三大部分。其中，固定薪酬包括基本工资、津贴等；浮动薪酬包括绩效工资及奖金提成；福利包括五险一金、年假等。AK公司根据组织结构及员工类型的不同，决定采取混合型薪酬策略。其中对技术及研发人员采取市场领先型薪酬策略，企业希望以此吸引大量优秀人才，提高企业核心竞争力，促进自身转型；对营销业务人员采取绩效激励制薪酬水平，以提高其工作积极性，创造更大的经济效益；而对从事财务、人力资源管理、行政管理等基础日常性工作的人员采取跟随型薪酬战略。根据以上对AK公司薪酬现状的分析研究可以看出，AK公司在薪酬管理方面仍存在许多问题，并且这些问题也正是当前外商投资企业在薪酬管理中普遍存在的问题。

二、AK公司薪酬管理存在的问题及原因

（一）薪酬结构单一，经济性报酬较低

AK公司的薪酬由固定薪酬、浮动薪酬、福利三部分构成，其中固定薪酬以基本工资为主，每年保持5%的涨幅；浮动薪酬以奖金为主，年终奖依据职位的不同给予1-2个月的工资奖励；福利包括法定社保和年假，缺乏具有高激励效果的措施，因此员工满意度普遍较低。究其原因，一方面，AK公司于上世纪末进入中国市场，经过十几年的快速发展，企业所处的发展阶段及环境已经发生巨大变化，然而企业的薪酬制度并未进行改革创新；另一方面，近年来部分外企在中国的发展面临困境，成本增加导致净利润减少，工资无法保证原有10%-20%的涨幅，经济性报酬难以提高。因此，目前的薪酬制度陈旧，缺乏外部竞争力，难以吸引和留住人才。

（二）薪酬激励与绩效考核结果相分离

依据企业自身情况，将薪酬管理与绩效考核有机结合，有利于挖掘员工潜能，发挥薪酬激励的最佳效果[1]。然而，AK公司在经营管理过程中，存在着薪酬管理与绩效考核联系不密切，浮动薪酬在总体薪酬中占比较低的问题。究其原因，主要是公司以同工同酬作为薪酬设计的原则，因此无法拉开同等职务员工的薪资差距，难以反映不同能力水平的员工对公司做出的不同贡献。虽然AK公司形成了自身的绩效考核制度及评价标准，但是由于考评工具不完善、考评人员能力欠缺以及考核结果不对薪资及晋升产生巨大影响，使在绩效考核过程中存在“走形式”的现象，这违背了设置浮动薪酬项目的初衷，导致公司资源的极大浪费，增加内耗，降低了整体运作效率。

（三）薪酬晋升制度设置不合理，出现职业天花板

玻璃天花板比喻企业中女性工作者想要达到高层所面临的无形的障碍[2]。虽然在以往的研究中，“玻璃天花板”现象发生在女性身上，但是随着外商投资企业在我国的实践发展，其内部本土优秀员工的职业发展，也出现了“玻璃天花板”现象。例如：AK公司是垂直管理型组织结构，管理职位较为集中，在此条件下中高层管理人员大多是从总部派遣而来，只有基层及中层极少数职位是通过招聘甄选，由本土员工担任，由此必然导致部分优秀人才在进入公司1-2年后申请离职的现象发生。因此造成人才流失的原因，除了经济性报酬较低外，还包括企业未能为员工制定科学合理的职业生涯规划，员工晋升途径及路线单一等。AK公司存在的上述问题及原因，对我国外商投资企业的薪酬管理具有一定的参考作用，针对AK公司薪酬管理的改进措施和建议，也对我国外商投资企业的薪酬管理具有一定的启发和借鉴意义。

三、AK公司薪酬管理对外商投资企业薪酬管理的启示

（一）树立全面薪酬理念，注重内外薪酬结合

所谓全面薪酬，是指公司为达到组织战略目标对做出贡献的个人或团队的系统奖励。在设置薪酬体系时，既要关注内部薪酬设计也要关注外部薪酬设计，将传统的薪资项目与新型的奖赏项目相结合，依据企业的发展战略，制定全面薪酬体系。如AK公司一样，很多外商投资企业正处于转型时期，急需技术研发人才和管理储备人才来维持组织的长远发展。因此在市场竞争激烈的背景下，针对外部薪酬，应进行系统的薪酬调查，对收集的数据进行科学专业的分析，依此设置各职位的基本工资，以提高薪酬的外部竞争性；针对内部薪酬，首先应改善工作环境及办公设施，尤其是高新技术设备的引入；其次，依据员工的能力水平，制定个性化的培训项目，提升员工的各项能力；接着，定期对表现突出的`员工进行表彰和嘉奖，增强其对组织的归属感，发挥模范作用；最后，组织开展文体活动及外出旅游等项目，加强企业的人文关怀及员工的交流沟通，形成和谐融洽的人际关系，满足员工的心理报酬需要。

（二）增加浮动薪酬比例，促进内部公平

在浮动薪酬的设置中，首先应增设月度或季度奖金，将员工的个人绩效与薪资相结合[3]，实现薪酬短期激励的目的。其次，应制定收益利润分享计划，加强员工的“主人翁”意识，企业须在年初设定各部门的绩效目标，并保留一定弹性，在年终依据企业盈利状况及各部门的绩效完成情况，确定部门利润分配比例，实现薪酬长期激励的目的。在此之前，企业需对原有的绩效考核制度进行精简优化，利用科学化、专业化的考评工具，制定适合企业特性的全新绩效考核制度。除此之外，企业需将绩效考评结果及部门业绩成果进行公示，以保证公开透明，并由人力资源部对整个绩效考核过程进行监督核查。由此，既能使企业在外部环境处于劣势的情况下继续保持发展增加收入，又能极大提高员工的工作热情和主动性，增强企业凝聚力，确保薪酬的内部公平性。

（三）重视员工长远发展，培养留住人才

依据马斯洛需求理论，企业制定科学可行的晋升管理制度，为员工量身设计职业生涯发展规划，都是在满足员工基本需求的基础上，满足其自我实现的需求。类似AK公司的外商投资企业可以设置多通道的晋升模式，比如针对技术人员，既可以选择向技术路线发展，也可以选择向管理路线发展，企业为员工提供多种晋升选择，有利于最大限度的发挥员工的能力，匹配最为合适的职位，为企业创造更多的价值。除此之外，企业应调整自身组织结构，适当增加组织层级，减少“空降兵”的使用频率，当出现空缺职位时，优先考虑提拔内部员工，这样既能缩短员工适应新职位的磨合期，又能使本土员工看到职业发展前景，降低离职率，进而有利于组织战略目标的实现。

[ 参考文献 ]

[1]苏弋.基于激励机制绩效薪酬制度的构建浅议[J].现代商业，2015，（15）：117-118.

[2]白东红，赵新元，范欣平.外资企业“玻璃天花板”与本土员工离职倾向：易变性职业生涯的调节效应[J].中国人力资源开发，2017，（04）：22-31.

[3]陈丹.企业人才流失的原因及应对策略研究[D].苏州：苏州大学，2016.

作者:张鹏 郑雪 单位:辽宁师范大学管理学院