英国文学期末论文

The term English literature refers to literature written in the English language, including literature composed in English by writers not necessarily from England; Joseph Conrad was Polish, Robert Burns was Scottish, James Joyce was Irish, Dylan Thomas was Welsh, Edgar Allan Poe was American, Salman Rushdie is Indian, V.S. Naipaul was born in Trinidad, Vladimir Nabokov was Russian. In other words, English literature is as diverse as the varieties and dialects of English spoken around the world. In academia, the term often labels departments and programmes practising English studies in secondary and tertiary educational systems. Despite the variety of authors of English literature, the works of William Shakespeare remain paramount throughout the English-speaking world.This article primarily deals with literature from Britain written in English. For literature from specific English-speaking regions, consult the see also section at the bottom of the page.Contents [hide]1 Old English2 Renaissance literature3 Early Modern period3.1 Elizabethan Era3.2 Jacobean literature3.3 Caroline and Cromwellian literature3.4 Restoration literature3.5 Augustan literature4 18th century5 Romanticism6 Victorian literature7 Modernism8 Post-modern literature9 Views of English literature10 See also11 External linksOld EnglishMain article: Anglo-Saxon literatureThe first works in English, written in Old English, appeared in the early Middle Ages (the oldest surviving text is Cædmon's Hymn). The oral tradition was very strong in early British culture and most literary works were written to be performed. Epic poems were thus very popular and many, including Beowulf, have survived to the present day in the rich corpus of Anglo-Saxon literature that closely resemble today's Norwegian or, better yet, Icelandic. Much Anglo-Saxon verse in the extant manuscripts is probably a "milder" adaptation of the earlier Viking and German war poems from the continent. When such poetry was brought to England it was still being handed down orally from one generation to another, and the constant presence of alliterative verse, or consonant rhyme (today's newspaper headlines and marketing abundantly use this technique such as in Big is Better) helped the Anglo-Saxon peoples remember it. Such rhyme is a feature of Germanic languages and is opposed to vocalic or end-rhyme of Romance languages. But the first written literature dates to the early Christian monasteries founded by St. Augustine of Canterbury and his disciples and it is reasonable to believe that it was somehow adapted to suit to needs of Christian readers. Even without their crudest lines, Viking war poems still smell of blood feuds and their consonant rhymes sound like the smashing of swords under the gloomy northern sky: there is always a sense of imminent danger in the narratives. Sooner or later, all things must come to an end, as Beowulf eventually dies at the hands of the monsters he spends the tale fighting. The feelings of Beowulf that nothing lasts, that youth and joy will turn to death and sorrow entered Christianity and were to dominate the future landscape of English fiction.Renaissance literatureMain article: English RenaissanceFollowing the introduction of a printing press into England by William Caxton in 1476, vernacular literature flourished. The Reformation inspired the production of vernacular liturgy which led to the Book of Common Prayer, a lasting influence on literary English language. The poetry, drama, and prose produced under both Queen Elizabeth I and King James I constitute what is today labelled as Early modern (or Renaissance).Early Modern periodFurther information: Early Modern English and Early Modern BritainElizabethan EraMain article: Elizabethan literatureThe Elizabethan era saw a great flourishing of literature, especially in the field of drama. The Italian Renaissance had rediscovered the ancient Greek and Roman theatre, and this was instrumental in the development of the new drama, which was then beginning to evolve apart from the old mystery and miracle plays of the Middle Ages. The Italians were particularly inspired by Seneca (a major tragic playwright and philosopher, the tutor of Nero) and Plautus (its comic clichés, especially that of the boasting soldier had a powerful influence on the Renaissance and after). However, the Italian tragedies embraced a principle contrary to Seneca's ethics: showing blood and violence on the stage. In Seneca's plays such scenes were only acted by the characters. But the English playwrights were intrigued by Italian model: a conspicuous community of Italian actors had settled in London and Giovanni Florio had brought much of the Italian language and culture to England. It is also true that the Elizabethan Era was a very violent age and that the high incidence of political assassinations in Renaissance Italy (embodied by Niccolò Machiavelli's The Prince) did little to calm fears of popish plots. As a result, representing that kind of violence on the stage was probably more cathartic for the Elizabethan spectator. Following earlier Elizabethan plays such as Gorboduc by Sackville & Norton and The Spanish Tragedy by Kyd that was to provide much material for Hamlet, William Shakespeare stands out in this period as a poet and playwright as yet unsurpassed. Shakespeare was not a man of letters by profession, and probably had only some grammar school education. He was neither a lawyer, nor an aristocrat as the "university wits" that had monopolised the English stage when he started writing. But he was very gifted and incredibly versatile, and he surpassed "professionals" as Robert Greene who mocked this "shake-scene" of low origins. Though most dramas met with great success, it is in his later years (marked by the early reign of James I) that he wrote what have been considered his greatest plays: Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, Antony and Cleopatra, and The Tempest, a tragicomedy that inscribes within the main drama a brilliant pageant to the new king. This 'play within a play' takes the form of a masque, an interlude with music and dance coloured by the novel special effects of the new indoor theatres. Critics have shown that this masterpiece, which can be considered a dramatic work in its own right, was written for James's court, if not for the monarch himself. The magic arts of Prospero, on which depend the outcome of the plot, hint at the fine relationship between art and nature in poetry. Significantly for those times (the arrival of the first colonists in America), The Tempest is (though not apparently) set on a Bermudan island, as research on the Bermuda Pamphlets (1609) has shown, linking Shakespeare to the Virginia Company itself. The "News from the New World", as Frank Kermode points out, were already out and Shakespeare's interest in this respect is remarkable. Shakespeare also popularized the English sonnet which made significant changes to Petrarch's model.The sonnet was introduced into English by Thomas Wyatt in the early 16th century. Poems intended to be set to music as songs, such as by Thomas Campion, became popular as printed literature was disseminated more widely in households. See English Madrigal School. Other important figures in Elizabethan theatre include Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Dekker, John Fletcher and Francis Beaumont. Had Marlowe (1564-1593) not been stabbed at twenty-nine in a tavern brawl, says Anthony Burgess, he might have rivalled, if not equalled Shakespeare himself for his poetic gifts. Remarkably, he was born only a few weeks before Shakespeare and must have known him well. Marlowe's subject matter, though, is different: it focuses more on the moral drama of the renaissance man than any other thing. Marlowe was fascinated and terrified by the new frontiers opened by modern science. Drawing on German lore, he introduced Dr. Faustus to England, a scientist and magician who is obsessed by the thirst of knowledge and the desire to push man's technological power to its limits. He acquires supernatural gifts that even allow him to go back in time and wed Helen of Troy, but at the end of his twenty-four years' covenant with the devil he has to surrender his soul to him. His dark heroes may have something of Marlowe himself, whose untimely death remains a mystery. He was known for being an atheist, leading a lawless life, keeping many mistresses, consorting with ruffians: living the 'high life' of London's underworld. But many suspect that this might have been a cover-up for his activities as a secret agent for Elizabeth I, hinting that the 'accidental stabbing' might have been a premeditated assassination by the enemies of The Crown. Beaumont and Fletcher are less-known, but it is almost sure that they helped Shakespeare write some of his best dramas, and were quite popular at the time. It is also at this time that the city comedy genre develops. In the later 16th century English poetry was characterised by elaboration of language and extensive allusion to classical myths. The most important poets of this era include Edmund Spenser and Sir Philip Sidney. Elizabeth herself, a product of Renaissance humanism, produced occasional poems such as On Monsieur’s Departure.Canons of Renaissance poetryJacobean literatureAfter Shakespeare's death, the poet and dramatist Ben Jonson was the leading literary figure of the Jacobean era (The reign of James I). However, Jonson's aesthetics hark back to the Middle Ages rather than to the Tudor Era: his characters embody the theory of humours. According to this contemporary medical theory, behavioral differences result from a prevalence of one of the body's four "humours" (blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile) over the other three; these humours correspond with the four elements of the universe: air, water, fire, and earth. This leads Jonson to exemplify such differences to the point of creating types, or clichés.Jonson is a master of style, and a brilliant satirist. His Volpone shows how a group of scammers are fooled by a top con-artist, vice being punished by vice, virtue meting out its reward.Others who followed Jonson's style include Beaumont and Fletcher, who wrote the brilliant comedy, The Knight of the Burning Pestle, a mockery of the rising middle class and especially of those nouveaux riches who pretend to dictate literary taste without knowing much literature at all. In the story, a couple of grocers wrangle with professional actors to have their illiterate son play a leading role in a drama. He becomes a knight-errant wearing, appropriately, a burning pestle on his shield. Seeking to win a princess' heart, the young man is ridiculed much in the way Don Quixote was. One of Beaumont and Fletcher's chief merits was that of realising how feudalism and chivalry had turned into snobbery and make-believe and that new social classes were on the rise.Another popular style of theatre during Jacobean times was the revenge play, popularized by John Webster and Thomas Kyd. George Chapman wrote a couple of subtle revenge tragedies, but must be remembered chiefly on account of his famous translation of Homer, one that had a profound influence on all future English literature, even inspiring John Keats to write one of his best sonnets.The King James Bible, one of the most massive translation projects in the history of English up to this time, was started in 1604 and completed in 1611. It represents the culmination of a tradition of Bible translation into English that began with the work of William Tyndale. It became the standard Bible of the Church of England, and some consider it one of the greatest literary works of all time. This project was headed by James I himself, who supervised the work of forty-seven scholars. Although many other translations into English have been made, some of which are widely considered more accurate, many aesthetically prefer the King James Bible, whose meter is made to mimic the original Hebrew verse.Besides Shakespeare, whose figure towers over the early 1600s, the major poets of the early 17th century included John Donne and the other Metaphysical poets. Influenced by continental Baroque, and taking as his subject matter both Christian mysticism and eroticism, metaphysical poetry uses unconventional or "unpoetic" figures, such as a compass or a mosquito, to reach surprise effects. For example, in "A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning", one of Donne's Songs and Sonnets, the points of a compass represent two lovers, the woman who is home, waiting, being the centre, the farther point being her lover sailing away from her. But the larger the distance, the more the hands of the compass lean to each other: separation makes love grow fonder. The paradox or the oxymoron is a constant in this poetry whose fears and anxieties also speak of a world of spiritual certainties shaken by the modern discoveries of geography and science, one that is no longer the centre of the universe. Apart from the metaphysical poetry of Donne, the 17th century is also celebrated for its Baroque poetry. Baroque poetry served the same ends as the art of the period; the Baroque style is lofty, sweeping, epic, and religious. Many of these poets have an overtly Catholic sensibility (namely Richard Crashaw) and wrote poetry for the Catholic counter-Reformation in order to establish a feeling of supremacy and mysticism that would ideally persuade newly emerging Protestant groups back toward Catholicism.Caroline and Cromwellian literatureThe turbulent years of the mid-17th century, during the reign of Charles I and the subsequent Commonwealth and Protectorate, saw a flourishing of political literature in English. Pamphlets written by sympathisers of every faction in the English civil war ran from vicious personal attacks and polemics, through many forms of propaganda, to high-minded schemes to reform the nation. Of the latter type, Leviathan by Thomas Hobbes would prove to be one of the most important works of British political philosophy. Hobbes's writings are some of the few political works from the era which are still regularly published while John Bramhall, who was Hobbes's chief critic, is largely forgotten. The period also saw a flourishing of news books, the precursors to the British newspaper, with journalists such as Henry Muddiman, Marchamont Needham, and John Birkenhead representing the views and activities of the contending parties. The frequent arrests of authors and the suppression of their works, with the consequence of foreign or underground printing, led to the proposal of a licensing system. The Areopagitica, a political pamphlet by John Milton, was written in opposition to licensing and is regarded as one of the most eloquent defenses of press freedom ever written.Specifically in the reign of Charles I (1625 – 42), English Renaissance theatre experienced its concluding efflorescence. The last works of Ben Jonson appeared on stage and in print, along with the final generation of major voices in the drama of the age: John Ford, Philip Massinger, James Shirley, and Richard Brome. With the closure of the theatres at the start of the English Civil War in 1642, drama was suppressed for a generation, to resume only in the altered society of the English Restoration in 1660.Other forms of literature written during this period are usually ascribed political subtexts, or their authors are grouped along political lines. The cavalier poets, active mainly before the civil war, owed much to the earlier school of metaphysical poets. The forced retirement of royalist officials after the execution of Charles I was a good thing in the case of Izaak Walton, as it gave him time to work on his book The Compleat Angler. Published in 1653, the book, ostensibly a guide to fishing, is much more: a meditation on life, leisure, and contentment. The two most important poets of Oliver Cromwell's England were Andrew Marvell and John Milton, with both producing works praising the new government; such as Marvell's An Horatian Ode upon Cromwell's Return from Ireland. Despite their republican beliefs they escaped punishment upon the Restoration of Charles II, after which Milton wrote some of his greatest poetical works (with any possible political message hidden under allegory). Thomas Browne was another writer of the period; a learned man with an extensive library, he wrote prolifically on science, religion, medicine and the esoteric.Restoration literatureMain article: Restoration LiteratureRestoration literature includes both Paradise Lost and the Earl of Rochester's Sodom, the high spirited sexual comedy of The Country Wife and the moral wisdom of Pilgrim's Progress. It saw Locke's Treatises on Government, the founding of the Royal Society, the experiments of Robert Boyle and the holy meditations of Boyle, the hysterical attacks on theatres from Jeremy Collier, the pioneering of literary criticism from Dryden, and the first newspapers. The official break in literary culture caused by censorship and radically moralist standards under Cromwell's Puritan regime created a gap in literary tradition, allowing a seemingly fresh start for all forms of literature after the Restoration. During the Interregnum, the royalist forces attached to the court of Charles I went into exile with the twenty-year old Charles II. The nobility who travelled with Charles II were therefore lodged for over a decade in the midst of the continent's literary scene. Charles spent his time attending plays in France, and he developed a taste for Spanish plays. Those nobles living in Holland began to learn about mercantile exchange as well as the tolerant, rationalist prose debates that circulated in that officially tolerant nation.The largest and most important poetic form of the era was satire. In general, publication of satire was done anonymously. There were great dangers in being associated with a satire. On the one hand, defamation law was a wide net, and it was difficult for a satirist to avoid prosecution if he were proven to have written a piece that seemed to criticize a noble. On the other hand, wealthy individuals would respond to satire as often as not by having the suspected poet physically attacked by ruffians. John Dryden was set upon for being merely suspected of having written the Satire on Mankind. A consequence of this anonymity is that a great many poems, some of them of merit, are unpublished and largely unknown.

文学艺术关乎着人生的终极意义，文学作品是我们人类外化的生命。下文是我为大家整理的关于英国文学方面的 毕业 论文优秀 范文 的内容，欢迎大家阅读参考!英国文学方面的毕业论文优秀范文篇1 浅谈英美文学作品中模糊语言的翻译方式 1、英美文学作品中的模糊性 模糊性是大多数语言所具有的内在属性，模糊语言在我们的语言交流中是不可避免的。罗素在1923年写的一篇有名的论文《论模糊性》中指出：“整个语言或多或少是模糊的”。汪培庄为伍铁平所著《模糊语言学》所做序中开宗明义地指出：“模糊性是非人工语言的本质属性，因而是语言学所不能回避的对象。” 文学作为一种语言艺术。其重要的特点就在于形象性。基本上大多数读者都是通过在脑海里的再造想象欣赏文学作品的，这种再造想象的特征之一就是模糊语言。也正是这种模糊语言的使用，极大程度上拓展了读者的视野和想象空间，也彰显了文字的魅力。典型的一段如莎士比亚在《王子复仇记》中一句“to be，or not to be”短短几个词引起了读者无限的遐想和解读，同时也让这句话获得了旺盛的生命力。 2、英美文学作品中模糊语言的翻译方式 翻译就好像婚姻一样，它是一种互相妥协的文字艺术。同样的语言翻译也是拥有不同语言以及不同 文化 背景的人跨文化交流的一种手段。优秀的语言翻译带来的是成功的交流，而劣质的翻译也会导致误解。在这样重要的情况下，翻译就会显得异常重要，面对不同的语言，翻译者就需要采取恰如其分的翻译方式，以实现不同语言的信息成功传递。从某种程度上说，成功的文学翻译也是对原著作者精神的模糊转达。 2.1、符合原文精神 文章 翻译的首要 方法 就是以对应的形式再现原文的模糊语言美感。比如杰克·伦敦的《马丁·伊登》卷首引诗：Let me live out my years in heat of blood/ Let me lie drunken with the dreamer’s wine/ Let me not see this soul-house built of mud/ Go toppling to the dust a vacant shrine! (让我在热血沸腾中度此一生! /让我在醇酒般的梦幻里醉沉!/莫使我眼见这 泥塑 的肉身，/终以空虚的躯壳毁于泥尘!) 译文里面的语言就是诗歌创作中形象与模糊思维互相交感的出品，翻译可谓是恰如其分，不但精确化，还模糊化，文章美感仍在。如此译文更激发读者的 想象力 ，使语言具有活力。 2.2、模糊描述，再现意象美 翻译者在翻译英美文学作品的时候，要充分运用模糊描述，再现原作中人物意象模糊所创造的美感。比如在小说《达·芬奇密码》中丹·布朗运用了一连串的意象语言，目的就是为了形容兰登的模样。对原文作者来说，这些人物的外形描述的内涵隽永而且意味深长，也是作者布朗对小说主角兰登形象刻画的一种表达，所以这些模糊语言描述也具有了象征意味，相对读者来说，这些形象描述之外的意义能否转化为读者的意向就不得而知了。但是在中文译本中，翻译者就对此进行了有利的铺垫，比如“锐利的眼睛”、“一片暗色的胡碴”等等，就无形中为下文的“书卷气吸引力 ”进行了较为有利的铺垫也是成功地保留了原文的意象美感。 2.3、模糊单词的翻译 各种语言都普遍存在着一种现象那就是模糊性，在一般情况下，如果一个单词在一种语言中的概念是模糊的，那么在另一种语言中也会同样存在模糊的概念。所以这样的话，我们就可以采用模糊对模糊的翻 译原则翻译。比如在王佐良所译Thoughts on Various Subjects 中的有一句，如下：“Complaint is the largest Tribute Heaven rec Eives， and the sincerest Part of our Devotion.”翻译为“怨言是上天 得自我们的最大贡物，也是我们祷告中最真诚的部分。”在这里翻译者将文中的模糊单词“largest”和“sincerest” 翻译成 “最大”和“最真诚”大概是最合时宜的翻译了。一般来说，在模糊 语言的翻译中，运用“模糊对模糊”的原则是最常见得，也是最省力的。 但是也有些特殊的情况，由于模糊词与其邻词之间的清晰度不明显，导致在翻译的时候会出现一些偏差，所以就要运用某些目 标语 中的表达来翻译原来语言中的模糊词。 比如:Stood up and looked out of the window on the calm summer night through which I was journeying， noting the pale reminiscence of day that still lingered in the northern sky. (A. G. Gardiner: A Fellow-Traveler) 站起来眺望旅途窗外那沉寂的夏季的傍晚，注视着那白日的暗淡余晖仍逗留在北方的天空。从客观上来说，“night”可以翻译成“傍晚”和“晚上”，这是两个边界不很清晰的模糊词汇。之所以把“night”翻译成“傍晚”一来这样翻译忠于原文、也通顺的传达了原文的意思，而来使读者容易理解，也便于接受。 由于模糊词具有丰富的意义和内涵，有些时候翻译者也会根据具体的语境，翻译时采用更为精确的语言，使的翻译文章更加出彩。由此也可以看到翻译者的巧妙地翻译方式。 3、结论 从某种意义上讲， 文学语言的 艺术是一种模糊语言的艺术。在文学作品中，模糊语言的使用不仅拓展了读者的视野，拓展了读者的想象空间，也还增强了文学语言的艺术魅力，所以，文学翻译显得尤为重要。而文学翻译成功的关键就是掌握好翻译策略将文学作品中的模糊语言翻译好。在翻译的时候，翻译者要充分调动自己的翻译意识，要尽可能把握原作的精华。同时，翻译者也要充分发挥主观能动性，发挥自己的想象力再现原作的模糊意蕴。 英国文学方面的毕业论文优秀范文篇2 论西方 典故 与英美文学 教育 摘 要:英美文学教学的困难之一是学生面对西方典故的困惑。要解决这个问题,就要在教学过程中适当导入一些《圣经》、希腊罗马神话、世界名著和西方历史的相关内容,提高学生对西方典故的敏感度和熟悉度,加强学生的文学鉴赏力和文化素养。 关键词: 英美文学西方典故;《圣经》;希腊罗马神话;世界名著 在目前英语教学实践中,由于培养实用型外语人才思想占据主导地位,人们对 英语学习 的目的日趋功利,对口语大力提倡,对等级考试和各类水平测试给予极大的关注,英美文学等人文学科教育的作用似乎渐渐被人遗忘。而中西文化传统存在的巨大差异在中西文学传统中都突出地表现出来,使得传统的英美文学课在高等院校英语教学实践中遭遇到前所未有的挑战。高校英美文学课遇到的重重障碍的表现之一就是英语典故的运用。 典故(allusions)作为一种修辞手段,在文学作品中起着令人不可忽视的作用。恰当地运用典故,可以更透彻地说明事理,更有效地表达思想,更有力地抒发感情,可以增强语言的精炼性,形象性和生动性,强化艺术效果。事实上,在教学过程中适当导入一些《圣经》、希腊罗马神话、世界名著和西方历史的相关内容,提高学生对西方典故的敏感度和熟悉度,不仅使学生获得必要的文学知识,而且可以促进学生对英美文学作品的理解,增强他们对西方文化的了解,帮助他们提高对英语的欣赏能力和实际运用能力,从而激发他们的英语学习兴趣。 一、 《圣经》与英美文学 《圣经》是__的一部经典,由于它在世界上的广泛传播,对西方各国的文学艺术都产生深远的影响。在英语民族文学艺术史上,有不少伟大的诗人,剧作家,小说家和艺术家都采用《圣经》中的 故事 和 传说 为题材,创作出许多诗歌,戏剧,小说,音乐和绘画。而更多的故事传说和只言片语则进入英语日常用语,成为广泛使用的《圣经》典故。 英美作家引用《圣经》典故的方法主要有:直接引用《圣经》中的词句或人名作为作品标题或人物名称,或直接引用《圣经》故事或对原型故事进行变形处理。通过比喻、隐喻或象征等手法,把《圣经》故事的寓意融汇到作品的情节或人物的性格里,使这些故事发挥有力的陪衬作用。如Shakespeare所著的《威尼斯商人》(The Merchant of Venice)中,当Portia假装肯定Shylock 这一磅肉(a pound of flesh)合同时,Shylock高兴地喊道:“A Daniel come to judgment! Yea, a Daniel!--- O wise young judge, how I do honour thee!”Daniel是《圣经》中希伯来预言家,他聪颖过人,公允无私,执法如山。在这里,用这一典故把Portia比作智慧而又刚直不阿的法官。这样的艺术效果是十分强烈的。 二、 古希腊罗马神话与英美文学 希腊文化和罗马文化是西方文明的摇篮,其中古希腊罗马神话更是英美语言和文学作品中典故的重要来源,在整个西方文学史上有着极其光辉灿烂的一页。在英美文学作品中,以这些 神话故事 为背景或主题的作品更是不胜枚举。 以希腊神话为第一来源的《荷马史诗》可谓开西方文学之先河,深受西方人的熟悉和喜爱。中世纪伟大诗人但丁的力作《神曲》,虽然写的是__道德主题,里面却用了不少希腊神话故事。 十七世纪古典主义作家的悲剧中,大量采用希腊神话故事。弥尔顿的《失乐园》虽以《圣经》故事为主题,但诗句中却随处可见希腊神话的典故。在拜伦的《哀希腊》(The Isles of Greece)一诗中,出自希腊神话的典故更是比比皆是,而这些典故均为英语民族所熟悉。又如现代作家D.H.劳伦斯名作《儿子与情人》所表现的“恋母情结”的主题,就是源自希腊神话俄狄蒲斯(Oedipus),通过隐喻与象征的手法使得这篇名作主题更加鲜明突出。 三、世界名著、民间传说、 寓言故事 与英美文学 一些脍炙人口的世界名著,民间传说,寓言故事等都为英语语言文学提供了许许多多富有表现力的典故。莎士比亚戏剧(Shakespeare’s plays),《一千零一夜》(Arabian Nights),《伊索寓言》(Aesop’s Fables),《安徒生 童话故事 》(Andersen’s Fairy Tales And Stories)等等,都为英语民族所喜闻乐见。因此,它们入典成为英美文学的组成部分也是顺理成章的事。 莎剧《哈姆莱特》(Hamlet)中的哈姆莱特是为父复仇的丹麦王子,由于他生性犹豫不决,致使复仇计划一再延误。现在Hamlet便用来比喻忧郁不满而又优柔寡断的人。《伊索寓言》在欧洲文学史上有着深刻的影响,成为寓言诗人的创作源泉,经常为后代作家所引用,成为寄托教训,说明事理的典故。 酸葡萄(sour grapes),是指《伊索寓言》中的狐狸,因够不着葡萄而把它称为“酸葡萄”,来聊以自慰。披着羊皮的狼(a wolf in sheep’s clothing),则指装扮成正人君子的敌人,而“cry wolf”(喊狼来了)则用来指发虚假警报。又如《一千零一夜》中的《芝麻开门》(Open Sesame),童话故事中的《灰姑娘》(Cinderella),德国民间传说中的人物《浮士德》(Faust)等等,早已在英美文学中屡被运用。 由于历史的传统和文化的背景不一样,不同的民族都有自己的典故。引用典故,已成为世界文学传统的修辞艺术。典故可以激发学生的想象力,还能增强语言文学的感染力,往往能收到言简意赅的效果。英美文学课是培养学生人文精神,提高文化修养和英语素质不可或缺的课程。因此,在英美文学课程中增加典故的教学内容,不仅符合英美文学教学大纲要求,还体现了英语专业语言教学的趣味性和活泼性。这样做不仅可以活跃课堂气氛,更重要的是,能使学生感受真实的客观的、原汁原昧的英语语言,体验经典精邃的文学语言的表达魅力,切实提高学生的文学鉴赏力和文化素养,达到教学目的。 参考文献: [1] 于娜. 中西文化导入与英美文学教学[J].文教资料,2005,(26). [2] 郭慧. 英美文学与英语学习[J]. 辽宁工学院学报,2006,(5). [3] 赵亦倩.英美文学课堂中的文化渗透[J]. 考试周刊,2008,(30). [4] 胡文仲. 语言与文化[M]. 北京外语教学与研究出版社,1998.

论文的题目是画龙点睛的神来之笔,是提纲挈领的综述概要。下面是我带来的关于英国文学 毕业 论文题目大全的内容，欢迎阅读参考! 英国文学毕业论文题目大全(一) 1. 《浮士德》的善恶冲突论 2. 论《浮士德》思想体系的矛盾 3. 论卢梭《忏悔录》的自审意识与超俗意识 4. 济慈及其《夜莺颂》的美学魅力 5. 欧洲社会的讽刺画卷——《唐璜》浅析 6. 论雨果的人道主义思想 7. 《巴黎圣母院》中的美丑对照原则 8. 论《红与黑》中于连的形象 9. 论司汤达小说心理描写的艺术 10. 司汤达在现代小说史上的地位 11. 成功与幻灭——拉斯蒂涅(《高老头》)与吕西安(《红与白》)之比较 12. 巴尔扎克小说的现代 文化 意蕴 13. 论《包法利夫人》 14. 19世纪英国女小说家研究 15. 《傲慢与偏见》的戏剧叙述 16. 夏洛蒂·勃朗笔下的女性形象系统 17. 《呼啸山庄》的叙述技巧与结构艺术 18. 试析《简·爱》和《呼啸山庄》的情感模式 19. 《呼啸山庄》与《金锁记》情感世界之比较 20. 梅里美中短篇小说的艺术魅力 21. 《茶花女》的悲剧艺术 英国文学毕业论文题目大全(二) 1. 茶花女与杜十娘比较 2. 从蒙太里尼形象看《牛虻》的反宗教主题 3. 论哈代小说中的新女性形象 4. 莫泊桑、契诃夫、欧·亨利艺术风格之比较 5. 论威尔斯的科学幻想小说 6. 论《恶之花》的历史地位与意义 7. 略论马克·吐温的艺术风格 8. 易卜生《玩偶之家》娜拉形象 9. 易卜生有肖伯纳的“社会问题剧”的异同论 10. 19世纪俄国文学中“多余人”的形象 11. 俄罗斯文学中的妇女形象 12. 果戈理《死魂灵》的讽刺艺术 13. 屠格涅夫笔下的女性形象 14. 屠格涅夫的抒情手法 15. 屠格涅夫与郁达夫比较研究 16. 论陀思妥耶夫斯基的长篇小说 17. 谈陀思妥耶夫斯基小说中的景物描写 18. 陀思妥耶夫斯基与现代派文学 19. “现代性”历史文化语境中的鲁迅与陀思妥耶夫斯基 英国文学毕业论文题目大全(三) 1. 古希腊神话 传说 中的文化精神 2. 英雄符码及其解构——荷马史诗主要史诗主要形象论析 3. 论《俄狄浦斯王》的冲突艺术美 4. 论《美狄亚》在戏剧发展史上的重要意义 5. 从古希腊到18世纪西方文学中人的观念 6. 《埃涅阿斯纪》主题的原型意义 7. 试论__伦理在西方文学中的演变 8. 但丁与__文化 9. 哥特式小说的原理与发展 10. 中国武侠小说与骑士文学的比较 11. 《堂吉诃德》的多重意义 12. 论流浪汉小说的艺术特征 13. 试论《威尼斯商人》的冲突艺术 14. 《奥瑟罗》悲剧冲突艺术 15. 论《李尔王》的人文主义思想 16. 论《亨利四世》中的福斯塔夫形象 17. 《罗密欧与朱丽叶》与《西厢记》抒情艺术之比较 18. 试论莎士比亚喜剧风格 19. 莎士比亚悲剧风格的特殊性及其历史意义 20. 论《汤姆·琼斯》人物刻画的美学原则