关于中美文化交流论文范文资料

Western novels in comparison First, Western novels in the history of the development of Western novels are based on myths and legends of its origin. In ancient times, science developed, out of fear of nature, the working people out of the imagination is the key to many of the world "God", describing the personification of God is a myth; who will describe the deified, that is legend. China opened the world's Pan story, the story of San Juan Five Emperors, the West Greek mythology, Roman mythology, Norse mythology, and so on are all typical works. East and West, the original novel, is closely linked with the history, as historical records complement the event. China Pre-Qin prose in the fable, the Han dynasty in the history books, biographies, the Wei and Jin Zhi, Zhi-person novel; the West of ancient Babylon, "the United States and Ji Jia disabilities epic", in ancient Greece, "Homer's epic," "Aesop's Fables "And so on, fall into this category, fiction, novels such novels have been about the characteristics of fiction, it is still not the literary creation, directly from the private collection record, so this type of fiction plot is relatively simple, writing rough comparison. Ban Gu said, "On the Street Lane words, hearsay are made of" is a novel kind of accurate assessment of the image. China's Tang Dynasty, the novel is only from history and literature become a creativity. Tang Dynasty culture has developed, the author's ideas are more open, the legend came into being at this time, Li Zhaowei "Liu Yi Chuan", Po Chu's "Everlasting Regret," Wolf's "Everlasting Regret Chuan" And so on, are made in accordance with the creation of the legend. For the fictional story of the Tang Dynasty more emphasis on imagination and literary talent, not just the history of the nature of things, but as the history of Zhi Zhi who is also the novel did not stop. The Legend of the Song Dynasty to the novel on a gradual decline, which followed the rise of this so that after processing will become a scholar so many novel and Romance novels such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Outlaws of the Marsh", "Journey to the West." The author of such novels is the use of private creative and re-created to describe the circumstances of the touching scenes of brilliant and vivid active in shaping the character known, there are obvious story-telling style of language. Here by the redevelopment, it will become an independent literary creation rather than things to come together with the civil process, the representative of this type is the "Golden Lotus", it was an open and ordinary life on the road, the reality is that literature has come a long way The development of the latter's "A Dream of Red Mansions" in ancient China Geng Shiba realism to the novels of the summit. "54" after the novelist began to learn from China's western fiction writing practices, and gradually out a new path. Western novels, is the "Renaissance" after the rapid development of mature. The development of the Middle Ages novel near-stagnation in the West, 14, the end of the century "Renaissance" to overthrow the literature of the Church of control, 15, appeared in the western end of the century to promote freedom of thought and the liberation of personality in order to describe the reality of life and portray characters from all walks of life for the content of the Humanist novels, is to tie in with this type of novel anti-feudal Europe at the time of arising at the same time it also set the novel in the West to human describing the tone of the main things. Jiaqiu Italy's "Decameron", Spain's Cervantes "Don Quixote" is the kind of representative works of fiction. The resulting novel is a classical, elegant favor of its national language to standardize the writing of this novel in 17th century France's most well-developed. As a note on behalf of Corneille's "Cid" neoclassical story of the rise of Western novels have been a language substantially improved. The beginning of the 18th century to promote popular science knowledge, enlightenment of the public consciousness for the purpose of the Enlightenment novels, of which there are relatively well-known German Goethe's "Faust", the United Kingdom Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe" and the Swift "Gulliver's Travels" and so on, this type of novel to the emergence of the bourgeois revolution at the time to mold public opinion. In the 19th century, romantic fiction, realistic novels and critical realism novel turn to occupy the leading position in the field of fiction. Romantic novels, such as France Victor Hugo's "Notre Dame de Paris", Goethe's "juvenile Witt of trouble" and so on, imaginative, unusual ideas, language and imaginative, strong feelings. Efforts to reflect the reality of the novel is the essence of life, and depict typical life of a typical phenomenon in the United Kingdom Dickens, France and Germany are of such novels as a representative of the writer. Critical realism novels exposed the efforts of the decadent feudal system and capitalist society, the dark, in-depth criticism of the reality of evil, France Balzac and Maupassant, the United Kingdom of Charlotte, Bronte,. Russia's Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, the United States of a large number of writers such as Mark Twain's works belong to this category. Value today, the three novels in the West is still the most important of the three types of literary fiction. East-West novel on the history of the development of more or less the case. Second, the characteristics of the novel in the West In addition to the basic characteristics of the novel, the story of the West also have their own characteristics are as follows: 1, the traditional Chinese novel attention to the characters, language and the details of the description, in contradiction to the conflict to display the images, but the character of a single, small changes in the absence of the main flu. Western novels are more people pay attention to the psychological description, stressed that mining figure in the subconscious mind, good at writing full, the changes in the strong sense of the main characters. Again, "coach Lin Feng Snow Mountain Temple" in the figure is only through dialogue and action leads to contradictions and conflicts, but Anna Karenina Wogui before a series of conflicts only with his description of the psychological will be able to express their clear; for poetry in Lin In the performance of her literary talent, and Paul with his inner monologue of the ideal; Zhang Zhong-Yong has only the character, but Jane Eyre's character is the brave, strong, warm, kind-hearted, and so many of the character and rubbing and Cheng's. In short, people in the area described in the West has its own unique features. 2, China compared with Western fiction novel plot twists and turns more and more complete story. Plot twists and turns, the story is complete fiction China's unique traditional arts. The Wei and Jin Zhi Zhi people on the novel twists and turns with vivid characteristics. Tang legend in the layout of many of the famous, magnificent anomaly, rigorous and clever, dramatic plot development. The contents of the Ming and Qing Dynasties novels scattered irregular, undulating waves, Cuoluoyouzhi, careful structure, an integral whole. "A Dream of Red Mansions", everywhere She Fu, Hui turning point, the story of Jia's best writing. Western plot in respect of the outstanding works, although there are many, but it can not be compared with the Chinese novel. 3, concise and lively Chinese language novel, rich in content and rich Western novels. Chinese folk artists absorbed the novel language, at the same time inherited the fine traditions of ancient prose, often a few words will be able to outline the incident or the people. Western novels in the author includes a broad range of knowledge, involve the community in many ways, so rich in content and rich people can gain knowledge in many areas. Engels said he was in Balzac's novel about 19th century France's domestic situation than he received any reports are more. Western novels have different characteristics, and also in the West different aesthetic concepts to a certain extent related. 4, Western novels have been the rule of the feudal culture of oppression destroyed. Chinese feudal culture makes the development of the novel is extremely difficult, Ming and Qing Dynasties more people to write stories for shame, so many great writers living, creating the conditions are not covered, many of the great works of authors who do not know. Western novels in the feudal culture makes almost the whole of the Middle Ages in the development of extremely slow, and many talented writers were forced to church services, wrote some of the religious nature of the article dry hole. Third, Western novels in the future prospects for the development of End of the Qing Dynasty, China and the West have begun to understand the other side of the system, the advantages of the novel in the West have been constantly learn from each other. Of course, due to historical reasons, the Chinese side of the draw a little more. To this day, the novelist in the West efforts are still two researchers in the novel's artistic charm, although the different languages of each other's appreciation of the arts to a certain extent, but the United States are interlinked. We have every reason to believe that in the near future, the novel art in the West will ultimately learn from each other and integrate, develop and reach new artistic heights. References: "Foreign Literature" Shanghai Translation Publishing House Zhou Xu Liang "Contemporary Literature election," Zhang Zhong, such as Beijing University Publishing House "Chinese literature history of the development of" Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House Liu Jie "Literary History of Europe" People's Literature Publishing House Yangzhou Han Wu Da-yuan Zhao Rui radish "Three high school language textbook used by the five dates of the" People's Education Press仅供参考，请自借鉴。希望对您有帮助。

中美关系的论文中美两国，一个是世界上最大的发展中国家，拥有丰富的劳动力资源，明显的成本优势，广阔的市场和无可限量的发展潜力；另一个是拥有世界上最强大经济，科技实力的世界上最大的发达国家。中美两国的关系，直接影响到世界经济的发展。新时期中美关系应该具有以下特点。第一，应该是积极的关系。虽然两国社会制度、历史背景、文化传统、发展阶段不同，但双方都应该以积极的眼光看待对方，用积极的行动推进各领域对话和合作。第二，应该是合作的关系。双方应该携手应对21世纪人类社会面临的各种复杂棘手的挑战和问题，实现互利合作、共同发展。第三，应该是全面的关系。双方不仅应该深化经济、反恐、防扩散、执法、能源、气候变化、科技、教育、文化、卫生等领域交流合作，推动两军交往，还要加强在国际和地区事务以及全球性问题上的沟通和协调，不断充实两国关系战略内涵。在双方共同努力下，中美关系取得良好开局。当前，国际形势正处在复杂而深刻的变化之中，国际金融危机继续蔓延和深化，各种全球性挑战明显增多。中美无论是在应对国际金融危机冲击、推动恢复世界经济增长方面，还是在处理国际和地区热点问题、维护世界和平与安全方面，都拥有更加广泛的共同利益。当前中美关系正站在新的起点上，面临重要发展机遇。两国应该而且能够携手努力，共同建设21世纪积极合作全面的中美关系。一个良好的中美关系不仅符合两国和两国人民根本利益，而且有利于促进亚太地区乃至世界的和平、稳定、繁荣。中方愿同美方一道，坚持从战略高度和长远角度出发，加强对话和交流，增进互信和合作，相互尊重和照顾彼此核心利益，妥善处理分歧和敏感问题。中美双方决定建立中美战略与经济对话机制，是推动新时期中美关系发展的重大举措。相信在双方国家元首特别代表的共同努力下，中美战略与经济对话一定会取得积极成果。中美关系新定位立足新起点，面向未来，它要求双方始终从战略高度和长远角度、以与时俱进的思维方式审视和处理两国关系，尊重和照顾彼此核心利益，抓住机遇，共迎挑战。正如美国重要智库战略与国际问题研究中心中国问题委员会最近发表的一份报告所言，“要解决21世纪的许多重大挑战，美中伙伴关系不可或缺”，“美中关系向前发展的前提必须是一种致力于为全球福祉而努力的共同承诺”。 同舟共济、合作共赢是中美关系新航程的显著特色。中美都强调了两国同舟共济的重要性，美国国务卿希拉里·克林顿前不久还引用中国古语“毋临渴而掘井”来形容中美携手合作的紧迫性。两国决定建立中美战略与经济对话机制，这是推动新时期中美关系发展的重大举措，双方将继续加强就战略性、全局性、长期性问题的讨论，不断增进互信与合作。 在当前国际金融危机扩散和蔓延的形势下，中美最大的共同利益就是相互支持、共渡难关，这也是当前中美合作的重点。展望明天，即使世界经济的列车驶入较为平坦的地区，它也需要中美两国的引擎联手拉动持续前进。人类社会面临的诸多挑战为中美加强合作开辟了广阔的视野。双方不仅应深化经济、反恐、防扩散、执法、能源、气候变化、科技、教育、文化、卫生等领域交流合作，推动两军交往，还要加强在国际和地区事务以及全球性问题上的沟通和协调，不断充实两国关系战略内涵。新的航程展现新的前景。只要中美两国坚持相互尊重、求同存异、合作共赢的原则，尊重和照顾彼此核心利益，妥善处理分歧和敏感问题，中美关系就能长期健康稳定发展，就能为世界的和平、稳定与繁荣不断作出贡献

中美关系现状一、中美关系现状 中美贸易关系以从世纪之初的罗曼蒂克到当前的恶毒拒绝。中国加入世贸组织后，中国对美国的贸易顺差持续增长，中国在世界的地位不断的提升，这些与美国对中国加入世贸组织的期望值相差甚远。当前美国经济复苏的不均衡与国内的选举因素交织在一起，迫使布仕政府调整对华经贸的政策。再有朝鲜半岛核危机问题的停滞不前，也加大了布仕政府对华贸易问题的压力。但是，中美两国领导都充分看到了中美关系的利与弊，美国对中国更是既爱之又恨之。中美的贸易关系正处于微妙之中，美国的发展要靠中国，中国的发展亦离不开美国。中国应如何处理好与美国的贸易关系呢？ 二、 具备友好发展的基础1、两国相互依存、互惠互利 美国是世界上最大的发达国家，中国是最大的发展中国家，两国经济贸易互利性很强，发展潜力很大。中国加入世界贸易组织后，中美经贸合作乃呈现持续快速增长的良好势头。据中方统计，在贸易领域，今年1至10月，中美贸易额达1024.8亿美元，比去年同期增长30.7％，其中中方自美方进口275.6亿美元，比去年同期增长25.7％，在投资领域，今年1至10月，美新增对华投资项目3308个，比去年同期增长22.5％，中方企业对美投资也在增加。据美商务部统计，今年1至9月美对华口增幅达18.5％，大大超过美对其他主要贸易伙伴的出口增长。中国现以为美国第四大贸易伙伴，美国则是中国第二大贸易伙伴。美对华出口每年给美国创造50万个高薪就业机会，中国价廉物美的商品使美消费者每年节省开支200亿美元。除双边贸易取得积极增长外，两国还就经济和金融等问题保持密切磋商和对话，可见中美关系已发展到你中有我，我中有你的状态。其中任何一方受损都必将导致另一方受损。 “9.11事件”后美国在一定程度上改变了对中国的态度，对肿没共同利益和分歧点的认识发生了重大的变化。这给中美关系友好发展提供了条件。中国与美国虽然在有的地方存在分歧但中国与美国也存在共同利益。中美应努力寻找一条“和而不同的道路”。在共同利益上加强合作，求同存异。三、关系的核心问题 中美关系为何从罗曼蒂克步入了当前的恶毒拒绝？究其主要原因主要有以下几点。 第一,在贸易收支方面,由于美国对华年年贸易收支逆差,且贸易逆差额逐步扩大.逐年的贸易逆差累计额到今年上半年又创新高,使美国成为中国最大的债务国,美国大量资金的流出给美国造成了很大的压力.在中国加入贸易组织以后,中国以廉价的劳动力优势迅速的占领了国外市场,使资本主义国家国内生产受损.在投资,美国在中国已经投资了600亿美元,但中国在美国的投资却很少这样使得美国大量资金流向了中国,美国显然是不愿意看到中国自己的资金流向中国,而帮助中国发展的. 第二,在人民币汇率上,中美汇率一波又一波,美国一直认为中国人民币汇率低估,对美国经济造成重大损失.美国通过各放论证认为人民币价值严重低估,更有有关人士提出了1个美元兑换2个人民币的论证.美国强烈要求中国提高人民币价值,要求政府放宽对人民币汇率的管制.美国认为正是人民币价值的低估,使得中国在外贸方面存在外汇倾销.中国利用不正当手段在国际上竞争是对其他国家的公平.其实美国只是想通过外汇来干涉中古的对外贸易.第三,关于知识产权的保护.中国的市场经济制度起步乃比较晚，在市场经济制度方面还存在许多问题。随着中国加入世界贸易组织后，各国之间的贸易越来越平凡，市场融入量不断的加大。各国都要求自身利益受保护。美国在世界处于领头地位，有很多发明、创造都源产与美国。当世界经济大融合的今天，所以美国高呼要求知识产权的保护。美国想要保持其在世界范围的领先地位，就必须在科学技术方面占有优势。美国当然是不情愿把自己的发明创造让他人轻易“偷走”的。四、中国要处理好与美国的外贸关系就需要采取恰当的措施来处理这些关系。 1.动之以情，晓之以理。面队贸易收支的不平衡、人民币升值、知识产权等问题。中国首先应讲事实，摆道理，让人可以理解，可以信服。动之以情，晓之以理。在面对中国对美国贸易顺差问题上，我们首先应看到由于两国贸易统计口径不一样在一定程度上夸大了中国对美国的贸易顺差。同期美国对日本、德国等国家的贸易略差也在不断的扩大，似乎这种现象不仅在美国与中国之间存在。在人民币汇率上，由于我国市场经济起步比较晚，市场经济制度不健全，为了稳定市场，政府不得不采取一定的措施。中国与世界其他多国都有贸易往来，中国市场一旦受波动，其他各国必然会受牵连，甚至引爆世界经济危机。中国之所以让政府对市场加强管制是对中国人民的负责也是对世界人民的负责。再有中国与美国贸易顺差的本质因素不在人民币汇率问题上。中国对美国的贸易顺差在很大程度上是结构性因素造成的。中国有大量的外资公司，这些外资公司给中国带来了大量的外汇收入。前美国与德国，美国与日本的例子我们就能看到。上个世界日本对美国也存在大量的贸易顺差，当日元在美元的逼迫下调整汇率后，日本对美国的贸易顺差状况仍然没有得到改善，相反日美贸易顺差年年加大。 2．谦逊的外交政策。美国是世界老牌国家，也是当今世界的领头羊，在各方面美国都有值得我们去学习、去研究的地方，我们不得不承认美国老大哥的地位。在外交政策上我们应避其锋芒，有学者的身份自居。但是我们说的十与学者的身份自居，并不是说我们要放弃自己的原则和信念，处处与美国看齐或是“苟同”。我们以学者的身份自居，是要学习美国的先进技术、先进管理方法，学以自用。懂得借鉴他人成果这条捷径不断发展、壮大自力，才能与美国抗衡。正如古人所云：“以退为进”。 3．冷静.其实这是对国人最不负责的，我们爱国，我们的领导也爱国，只是他们更有远见。大家也许都不记得越王勾践“卧薪尝胆”的故事吧.我们不管是从军事还是经济实力上跟美国都存在很大差异,如果我们采取硬碰硬的手段相信国人也不会受益的.况且康且美国对我国还有很大的用处.如果现在与美国扯破了这层面纱,中国将会失去很多大好机会.在国际象棋上我们崇尚”弃帅保车”,在中美关系上,我们为什么不把眼光放长一点. 4.抓紧机遇。中国要想与美国抗衡,必须抓住机遇不断的发展自己.我们不仅要发展,而且要比美国发展得更快.最近几年中国的发展速度是惊人的,甚至在世界范围都是罕见的.究其主要原因是中国抓住了机遇。美国似与许多国家不合，在美伊战争期间，美国试图在伊拉克问题上施行速战速决，睡知一拖就是几个月。我国抓住了这个机遇，努力发展出口，发展贸易，大大提高了我国在世界贸易范围的影响力。恐怖事件一直是美国最头疼的问题，在美国全面反恐的时期，必然会分散美国对外贸易的精力，这是中国难得的机会。让美国“钳”于恐怖事件的时候中国应加速自身的发展。 5、借助美日、美苏经验。在一定程度上日本、苏联与中国的发展存在很多相似的地方。中国为了避免走弯路，借助日本、苏联的经验很有必要。中国、日本同属于亚洲国家且中日文化源远流长，在经济、政治、文化方面都有很多相似之处。苏联与中国同属于社会主义国家，苏联曾一度是中国的学习和借鉴的老大哥。老大哥最终在美苏战斗中败北了，中国将有必要反省一下自己所走的道路，以免重蹈覆辙。 6、 广结同盟。美国在世界范围内广结同盟以遏制中国。当联合国等国际组织不再仅仅是美国的御用工具的时候，美国开始考虑另外手段来扩张起影响力。有许多国家迫于美国各方面的压力不得不与美国联盟。面对美国的结盟扩张政策我们不能坐以待毙。面对美国的结盟扩张政策我们也可以广纳盟友。特别是对于那些中国周边的重要国家，中国更是应该抢在美国的前面将其纳为自己的盟国。如果美国将中国周边重要国家纳为自己的盟国，势必给中国造成直接围堵。另一方面，美国的军事重点将从欧洲转至亚太地区，到时中国势必成为美国的掌上之物。面对美国的挑战中国应采取积极的应对措施。 总之，美国是世界上公认的最大的发达国家，中国是世界公认的最大的发展中国家。一山难容二虎，中国的崛起势必影响美国的经济地位。美国不会做事不管的，面对美国中国应小心谨镇的对待。

中美两国，一个是世界上最大的发展中国家，拥有丰富的劳动力资源，明显的成本优势，广阔的市场和无可限量的发展潜力；另一个是拥有世界上最强大经济，科技实力的世界上最大的发达国家。中美两国的关系，直接影响到世界经济的发展。新时期中美关系应该具有以下特点。第一，应该是积极的关系。虽然两国社会制度、历史背景、文化传统、发展阶段不同，但双方都应该以积极的眼光看待对方，用积极的行动推进各领域对话和合作。第二，应该是合作的关系。双方应该携手应对21世纪人类社会面临的各种复杂棘手的挑战和问题，实现互利合作、共同发展。第三，应该是全面的关系。双方不仅应该深化经济、反恐、防扩散、执法、能源、气候变化、科技、教育、文化、卫生等领域交流合作，推动两军交往，还要加强在国际和地区事务以及全球性问题上的沟通和协调，不断充实两国关系战略内涵。在双方共同努力下，中美关系取得良好开局。当前，国际形势正处在复杂而深刻的变化之中，国际金融危机继续蔓延和深化，各种全球性挑战明显增多。中美无论是在应对国际金融危机冲击、推动恢复世界经济增长方面，还是在处理国际和地区热点问题、维护世界和平与安全方面，都拥有更加广泛的共同利益。当前中美关系正站在新的起点上，面临重要发展机遇。两国应该而且能够携手努力，共同建设21世纪积极合作全面的中美关系。一个良好的中美关系不仅符合两国和两国人民根本利益，而且有利于促进亚太地区乃至世界的和平、稳定、繁荣。中方愿同美方一道，坚持从战略高度和长远角度出发，加强对话和交流，增进互信和合作，相互尊重和照顾彼此核心利益，妥善处理分歧和敏感问题。中美双方决定建立中美战略与经济对话机制，是推动新时期中美关系发展的重大举措。相信在双方国家元首特别代表的共同努力下，中美战略与经济对话一定会取得积极成果。中美关系新定位立足新起点，面向未来，它要求双方始终从战略高度和长远角度、以与时俱进的思维方式审视和处理两国关系，尊重和照顾彼此核心利益，抓住机遇，共迎挑战。正如美国重要智库战略与国际问题研究中心中国问题委员会最近发表的一份报告所言，“要解决21世纪的许多重大挑战，美中伙伴关系不可或缺”，“美中关系向前发展的前提必须是一种致力于为全球福祉而努力的共同承诺”。同舟共济、合作共赢是中美关系新航程的显著特色。中美都强调了两国同舟共济的重要性，美国国务卿希拉里·克林顿前不久还引用中国古语“毋临渴而掘井”来形容中美携手合作的紧迫性。两国决定建立中美战略与经济对话机制，这是推动新时期中美关系发展的重大举措，双方将继续加强就战略性、全局性、长期性问题的讨论，不断增进互信与合作。在当前国际金融危机扩散和蔓延的形势下，中美最大的共同利益就是相互支持、共渡难关，这也是当前中美合作的重点。展望明天，即使世界经济的列车驶入较为平坦的地区，它也需要中美两国的引擎联手拉动持续前进。人类社会面临的诸多挑战为中美加强合作开辟了广阔的视野。双方不仅应深化经济、反恐、防扩散、执法、能源、气候变化、科技、教育、文化、卫生等领域交流合作，推动两军交往，还要加强在国际和地区事务以及全球性问题上的沟通和协调，不断充实两国关系战略内涵。新的航程展现新的前景。只要中美两国坚持相互尊重、求同存异、合作共赢的原则，尊重和照顾彼此核心利益，妥善处理分歧和敏感问题，中美关系就能长期健康稳定发展，就能为世界的和平、稳定与繁荣不断作出贡献

隐喻的中西方文化差异Abstract: Metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon but also a way of thinking, which is one of the basic methods for human survival and cognition. It is rooted in language, thought and culture. Through the analysis and comparison of the use and concept of metaphor in different countries, we find that its universality and commonality of the metaphor as a basic human cognitive activities. However, metaphor in different languages reflects a different way of thinking and behavior and different cultural patterns. Owing to the different two modes of thinking and culture, there are some differences in understanding and formation that can not be ignored. Therefore, this paper will discuss the questions above.Keywords: metaphor, cross-cultural differences, translation. 1. Preamble Metaphor is a common phenomenon, a large number of people use metaphor to express his feelings and ideas. British scientists rhetoric Richards (IARichards) once said, "We have day-to-day in almost every conversation in three sentences may be a metaphor." According to statistics, life around the use of 4,700,000 new metaphor, 2,140,000 stereotypes of metaphor. Research in recent years, there is a great metaphor. This article introduced in the definition of metaphor on the basis of summing up the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western metaphor, and that its culture, precisely because of the prevalence of metaphor, how to translate metaphor has become a very important issue in the latter part of the article is aimed at The translation of metaphor put forward a translation of the three strategies. This paper studies aimed at trying to comparative analysis of English and Chinese in a large number of day-to-day language of metaphor to express, find out the differences and similarities, in order to be able to accurately translate the article in good metaphor to explore a little. This article is about the metaphor from the point of view to explore the differences in the way Thinking allows us to a deeper understanding of language, culture, the relationship between thinking and can more clearly understand the different ethnic language, culture, way of thinking, and so on On the nature of translation. 2. Metaphors in Chinese and Western studies In 1980, Lakoff & Johnson (George Lakoff & Mark Johnson) made a "living metaphor" (Metaphors We Live By) of the book, a modern metaphor to open a new chapter in the school. Domestic academia on the "metaphor" This is also a review of the system, such as Lin Wu's book "Study abroad metaphor Looking at the" beam-setting "metaphor research," Li of China and India "The main subjects Metaphor" and so on. However, the Chinese metaphor for the academic study of rare. "Chinese scholars on the study of metaphor, I am afraid the real contribution should be through the metaphor of the Chinese characteristics of research and study, through the metaphor of the Chinese and other languages in the comparative study of metaphor, metaphor for the establishment of a more general theory of the strong, and even unique The basis. "Lin Wu in the book" metaphor of the basic research the status quo, and the focus of the trend "in the main text, put forward a model of cultural metaphors with the relationship:" The language of metaphor is the emergence of expression into the system, which not only reflects the psychological Structure, but also reflect the different cultural models also play a role. " 2.1 metaphor in the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures 2.1.1 relationship Correspond to (corresponding) refers to the relationship between the two languages, English and Chinese in the meaning and metaphor in the use of the same meaning in the culture and image, and so on and-one mapping. This is because the survival of mankind itself, as well as all the external conditions, including the geographical environment, climate change, and the whole of human society and cultural background are certain there is a common, which formed a common humanity of their own and the outside world on many issues. In the "angry" mood, the English are angry that physiological responses, such as: grind one's teeth. (Teeth), bare one's teeth. (Ziyaliezui) an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth), reflecting the Chinese culture on the basis of common experience. 2.1.2 non-correspondence English-Chinese metaphor, after all, rooted in two different languages on the soil, resulting in very different cultural backgrounds, fully corresponds to the few metaphors, the vast majority do not have common cultural identity in order to form the corresponding non-(non-corresponding ) Relations. Non-relationship metaphor can be roughly divided into three categories: 2.1.2.1 Vehicle counterpart, Yu Yi does not correspond to English and Chinese in some cases there is the same as a metaphor, but in their own language and culture in the meaning of the metaphor means is different, even different. Peacock in the Chinese culture is auspicious, a symbol of beauty, especially the Dai people to express jumped Pavaner desire to better their own. If the Chinese people will be likened to a peacock, it means that beautiful light. However, in English, peacock (Peacock) is a symbol of pride, often interpreted as arrogance, love to show off. For example, They were eager to take the young peacock down a peg. (They want to pressure a pressure that the arrogant young guy's momentum). 2.1.2.2 counterpart Yu Yi, the vehicle does not correspond to English-Chinese two nations due to their differences, from different angles to look at things the same, it will be a different analogy. As a result both English and Chinese language there is a different vehicle, but Yu was referring to was basically the same as the meaning of the case, that is the same kind of non-correspondence. Such as: a person described as the hearts of anxious, restless, Chinese is "ants on the hot pan" and English is "a cat on the bricks". There are similar: To kick down the ladder. Guohechaiqiao. 2.1.2.3 Yu Yu Yi and do not correspond to Some of the metaphors Yu-Yu has a meaning and it refers to the language and culture are closely related, in another culture often can not find corresponding Yu and Yu Yi, which resulted in a culture known as the default Phenomenon. For example: in English "my rib" I am referring to Yu's wife, it comes from the "Bible" story, that is, Adam (Adam)'s wife Eve (Eve) God is with a piece of Adam's rib made. The Chinese did not, "the Bible" cultural background, and there was no analogy with rib habit, so the formation of a corresponding gap. Similarly, "ugly duckling" (Ugly Duckling) refers to the metaphor will get ahead of Little, "early bird" refers to the diligent Yu, in the words into Chinese language, culture, as a result of the default, can not find a corresponding relationship between metaphor . 2.2 Chinese and Western cultures in the common metaphor Metaphor and culture to a large extent, human beings have a common understanding, rooted in the people's own day-to-day experience. In this connection, often between different ethnic groups are the same. Both English and Chinese language in a lot of abstract thinking that the metaphorical expression is the same. For example: the human child in the period to form a position on the concept of input in that direction in the form of many of them easily understood, including the position expressed by metaphor, which has become a fixed pattern of thinking. For example: The term direction (up, down) to describe people's social status, physical, emotional, and other abstract concepts to the case when the good is up; Sad is down. We Chinese are also not difficult to find a similar sentence: "Gas Prices "," enhance the social status "and" vision "and" depressed. " Since the objective laws of nature with the relative unity of different cultures to understand the nature of the course is similar to the cognitive experience. 2.3 in the metaphor of the difference between Chinese and Western cultures As the English-Chinese geographical and cultural differences, living in two different cultures in practice there are a lot of differences, and different life experiences and let people understand the objective world, a different language carries different nationalities Cultural characteristics and cultural information. Understanding of metaphor is not out of socio-cultural backgrounds. For example, social and cultural impact of the color words is deep-rooted, some color words in different cultures in an entirely different meaning, has a distinctive feature of our national culture. Such as: English, said in green "inexperienced" and "shallow knowledge", such as: "a green hand", "I was very green when I started working there." The Chinese like to express the meaning of the word is "yellow" Such as: "Huangmaoyatou" and "flower girl". Cultural background knowledge is the metaphor to create a rich source of thinking, as the Eastern and Western cultures are different, metaphors in English and Chinese applications there are also significant differences. 2.4 The metaphor of the cross-cultural differences between Chinese and Western influence Language is a cultural change in the development of the complex, subject to political, economic, historical, environmental and other factors. Chinese and Western styles are different, but in many ways to infiltrate interaction and integration, language differences and cultural metaphor for the inevitable impact is complex and diverse. 2.4.1 metaphorical expression of cultural conflict Different nationalities in the world to observe a different perspective and ideas, different cultures there are a lot of conflict or inconsistency metaphor. If the animal metaphors, in English Long (dragon) is a kind of evil, will belch out smoke monster. "Bible", the dragon is the devil, is a symbol of evil and terror, there is a terrible vicious meaning. The Chinese dragon is in power, the auspicious symbol of Chinese traditional culture, the Chinese have "Wangzichenglong", "descendants of the Dragon." The same analogy in different cultures, different meaning, of two cultures "Dragon" to give a different connotation. 2.4.2 differences in living conditions caused by differences in metaphor In English is a lot of metaphor and marine-related, such as: all at sea (at a loss what to do); drink like a fish (drinking cow); fish in the air (Shuizhonglaoyue); give up the ship (give up). In Chinese, there are a lot of the horse or cattle pose a metaphor, such as: "a willing ox" (a willing horse) Gan means to serve the community; "old ox" (a working horse) refers to the hard work; "bragging "(Talk horse), and so on. This is due to different geographical location and natural environment caused by different cultural metaphor. Britain is an island, ultimately, dependent on the sea, and China is a large agricultural country, farming culture deeply feudal society. 2.4.3 different religious and cultural differences arising from the metaphor Religious culture of human culture is an important part of it by referring to the nation's religious beliefs, such as the formation of the sense of culture, "the Bible" in the story, with its language and meaning has become a feature of daily life in the West in terms of . For example, power of the keys (the keys to the kingdom of heaven; the rights of the Pope), in the right church, but in the wrong pew (in general is right, but not the details), and so on. Chinese culture and Buddhism, Taoism and more affected by the impact of Confucianism, the Chinese, there are a lot of related argot. "Jiehuaxianfo"; "临时抱佛脚"; "做一天和尚撞一天钟" and so on. It is due to the diversity of culture, resulting in the differences between English and Chinese metaphor. This difference to the cross-cultural communication has brought the impact. As a foreign language students, do not understand the difference between metaphor and language will make mistakes, sometimes mistakenly made good as pleasant, caused by either one or both of the conversation unpleasant; also sometimes mocked as a praise. When a native language other operators do not understand the language contained in the cultural differences, it is often difficult for such language to accurately convey the meaning of the understanding, difficulty to the cross-cultural exchange. 3. Metaphor of the three methods of translation The translation of metaphor not only accurately and effectively convey the original language, but also loyal, accessible, complete reproduction of the original language and cultural connotation and significance. But in the West because of cultural differences and different, so the translation of metaphor in English on the need to consider not only its literal sense, and so on, but also in the West should pay attention to their cultural differences. American Eugene Nida said: "Translation is the exchange between the two cultures. The real success of the translation, even more familiar with the two cultures is more important to master two languages. Because only in terms of its role in the culture In the background will only be meaningful. "Therefore, the translation of metaphor to combining Chinese and Western cultures, and cultural backgrounds to leave the translation, can not be achieved between the two languages of the real exchange. 3.1 Literal Translation The so-called "literal" is asked in the language when conditions permit, in the translation to maintain the original content, but also to maintain the original form, in particular, to maintain the original metaphor, the image of the nation, and other local color. In the literal translation method to maintain the original expression of the culture and at the same time, target enriched the vocabulary and expression, such as: "a Pandora's box" (Pandora's Box); "chain reaction" (chain reaction). In the original text and asked the information contained in the same culture, we should adopt the literal translation method. (1) You are my sunshine, my only sunshine. : You are my sun, my only sunshine. In Chinese and English, the sun is warm, beautiful, in both languages, they disseminate information on culture are the same. As a rule, and asked in the original text in the form of grammatical structure, similar to the style or color on basically the same, the law should adopt the literal translation. (1) He is another Shylock. : He is also a Shylock. (Note: Shakespeare's Shylock is "The Merchant of Venice" in a very harsh mean business People. ) (2) To carry coals to Newcastle. : Coal to Newcastle. (Note: "Newcastle" is a British coal, coal is superfluous here.) 4. Conclusion Metaphor as a way to figures of speech or skills, a unique feature of grammar, which features make the sentence more flexible and constructive, but the United States. Is a metaphor to express more complex ideas and things, a powerful tool. Wherever and whenever people in their daily lives are often used metaphor. As Mr. Lin Zhuang said: "The metaphor is no longer expanding his knowledge and understanding of a passive process. To help us in the form of new knowledge, the metaphor has played an active role so that we can better a better understanding of the objective world." In English and Chinese Metaphorical significance of the difference is due to cultural differences between East and West, that mode of thinking, moral values and sense of difference. However, different cultural impact of what is the concept of metaphor, it is still a need to examine and address the problem. At the same time, in the metaphor of the process of translation must pay special attention to cultural differences. The best translation is to be able to accurately reflect the true meaning of the author, as well as its cultural and stylistic characteristics of the translation, that is, the translation of metaphor to make as much as possible the original language and to achieve the target language culture, and so on.

1、 (英语系毕业论文)中西戏剧发展快慢对比及其原因 摘 要 中西戏剧都有悠久的历史，无论是西方戏剧还是中国戏剧，都起源于民间，并与原始人祭祀神灵，欢庆节日的仪式密切联系在一起的。回顾希腊戏剧产生形成的历史，它发展快，成就高，在世界上的影响很... 类别：毕业论文 大小：95 KB 日期：2007-07-14 2、 (英语系毕业论文)从中美管理方式的不同透析中西方文化差异与整合 摘 要随着全球化的来临，中国与外界的交流越来越频繁，特别是在商界。本论文主要探讨中美在管理上的交流。如今的商界，如同一个大家庭，参与者遍布世界各地。正是由于这个原因，各国的管理模式也趋于一体化。但是... 类别：毕业论文 大小：85 KB 日期：2007-06-26 3、 (英语系毕业论文)在经济全球化下中西方文化差异与跨文化管理 摘 要伴随着世界经济的快速增长,跨国公司的飞速发展, 全球商业活动的猛烈激增，同时伴随着在文化多样化环境下的相关管理问题的出现，跨国公司的人员必须与来自不同文化背景的人打交道，这种文化差异时而会造成... 类别：毕业论文 大小：96 KB 日期：2007-06-26 4、 (英语系毕业论文)中西服饰文化差异对语言的影响 摘 要中西服饰受其各自不同哲学和文化的影响体现出不同的特征：儒家思想和大陆文明使中国服饰呈现出繁冗，宽博的特征。它不注重外表的装饰，以宽松的衣服遮掩身体的曲线，在思想上追求人格的完美，以“谦谦君... 类别：毕业论文 大小：90 KB 日期：2007-06-25 5、 (英语系毕业论文)快餐食品对中西方传统饮食文化的影响力 摘 要自古以来，中国就是一个以礼待人的礼仪之邦。而在不同的国家、不同的地区，礼仪的形式也有所不同。本文主要从礼仪的角度谈论了礼仪与中西方文化之间的联系及相互影响，目的是为了消除不同国家之间的不同... 类别：毕业论文 大小：88 KB 日期：2007-06-25 6、 (英语系毕业论文)从礼仪角度谈中西文化的差异性 摘 要自古以来，中国就是一个以礼待人的礼仪之邦。而在不同的国家、不同的地区，礼仪的形式也有所不同。本文主要从礼仪的角度谈论了礼仪与中西方文化之间的联系及相互影响，目的是为了消除不同国家之间的不同... 类别：毕业论文 大小：85 KB 日期：2007-06-23 7、 (英语系毕业论文)中西饮食文化及其差异 摘 要中国悠久历史5000年，西方世界五六百年的社会历程。中国有灿烂丰富、博大精深的饮食文化；西方国家则有精巧专维、自成体系的饮食文明。民以食为天，中国有自己独特丰富的饮食文化底蕴。然而今天除了中国... 类别：毕业论文 大小：100 KB 日期：2007-06-21 8、 (英语系毕业论文)中西酒店文化比较及探讨 摘 要在经济蓬勃发展的今天，旅游业风风火火地发展起来了，作为与旅游业相配套的酒店业也相应的完善起来，且更加趋于国际化。中国已经入世，这更给中国的酒店业带来一个新的发展契机，但世界上酒店发展规模空前，...