floyd论文的参考文献有哪些

足球运动是一项古老的体育活动，源远流长。据说，希腊人和罗马人在中世纪以前就已经从事一种足球游戏了。他们在一个长方形场地上，将球放在中间的白线上，用脚把球踢滚到对方场地上，当时称这种游戏为“哈巴斯托姆”。 到19世纪初叶，足球运动在当时欧洲及拉美一些国家特别是在资本主义的英国已经相当盛行。直到1848年，足球运动的第一个文字形式的规则《剑桥规则》诞生了。 然而众多的资料表明，中国古代足球的出现比欧洲更早，历史更为悠久。我国古代足球称为“蹴鞠”或“蹋鞠”，“蹴”和“蹋”都是踢的意思,“鞠”是球名。“蹴鞠”一词最早记载在《史记·苏秦列传》里，汉代刘向《别录》和唐人颜师曾为《汉书.枚乘传》均有记载。到了唐宋时期，“蹴鞠”活动已十分盛行，成为宫廷之中的高雅活动。 1958年7月，国际足联现任主席阿维兰热博士来中国时曾表示：足球起源于中国。当然，由于封建社会的局限，中国古代的蹴鞠活动最终没有发展成为以“公平竞争”为原则的现代足球运动。这个质的飞跃是在资本主义的英国完成的。 现代足球运动的诞生 从17世纪中后期开始，足球运动逐步从欧美传入世界各国，尤其是在一些文化发达的国家更为盛行。越来越多的人走向球场，投身到这一富有刺激性和畅快感的运动中去，以至于一度将足球运动开展得好坏作为衡量一个国家文化发达与否的标志。在这种情况下，英国人率先为足球运动的发展作出了重要贡献。 1863年10月26日，英国人在伦敦皇后大街弗里马森旅馆成立了世界第一个足球协会——英格兰足球协会。会上除了宣布英格兰足协正式成立之外，制定和通过了世界第一部较为统一的足球竞赛规则，并以文字形式记载下来。英格兰足球协会的诞生，标志着足球运动的发展进入了一个崭新的阶段因而,人们公认1863 年10月26日，即英格兰足球协会成立之日为现代足球的诞生日。 第一届FIFA世界杯，足球传奇的开始 尽管国际足联在1904年便宣告正式成立，但在此后的20年间还没有进行过任何一项国际性的足球比赛 。 1924年在巴黎举行的奥林匹克运动会上，足球终于成为正式比赛项目。这是一次空前的足球盛会，来自各大洲的球队齐聚巴黎，争夺代表最高荣誉的金牌。比赛无疑是成功的，超过50,000名热情的观众观看了最后的决赛，乌拉圭击败瑞士队获得了冠军。但是到了1928年，许多国家都拒绝参加在阿姆斯特丹举行的奥运会。很显然，随着职业足球的不断发展，现在是时候成立一项独立的国际足球赛事了。 1928年5月26日，国际足联代表大会在阿姆斯特丹召开。会上经过投票通过了于1930年举办一项新赛事的决议，该赛事将对国际足联下属的所有成员国开放。1929年5月18日，在巴塞罗那召开的会议上，乌拉圭被投票选举为首届FIFA世界杯赛的主办国。

一、弗洛伊德的人格结构理论在弗洛伊德晚期的思想中，他构建了一个三元人格模型，即：本我（id）、自我（ego）和超我（super-ego）。他认为一个完整的人格应该是由本我、自我及超我三大系统构成的，在一个健全的人的身上，这三大系统会形成一个统一和谐的结构，一旦这种统一和谐的状态被打破，人就会陷入精神失常。 三元人格模型的基础是本我，即原我。从弗洛伊德在《精神分析引论》对本我进行描述的那段话，我们可以看出本我是混乱的，像一口永远在沸腾的大锅，不会变得平静，永远喧嚣着。从《自我与本我》一文中，我们进一步了解到了本我是按照生命的快乐原则行事，以追求本能冲动和被压抑的欲望的满足为目的，它是一个人最真实的世界，其在本质上是不受制约的本能冲动。换句话说，本我是潜意识形态下的本能和思想，它并不是人类心理的某个区域这么简单，它实际上是由驱动力构成的某个进程，而这种驱动力又通常以性驱动力为主。 所以，本我构成了我们人格中追求本能、欲望、好勇斗狠的那部分。不过幸运的是，本我一直都处在被压抑的状态中，只能在短暂、琐碎的行动中表现出来。 为什么说本我一直处在压抑状态呢？下面就需要介绍另外两个系统——自我与超我。 自我位于本我和超我之间，它以“现实原则”为指导而不受“快乐原则”的影响。但是由于本我可以设法进入自我，影响自我，使得自我的绝大部分精力其实花费在控制和压制本我上，还要通过适当的满足来安抚本我。这也表明虽然任何能成为意识的东西都在自我之中，但在自我中还有一部分是属于无意识状态的，所以要想成为一个现实的，有道德的人，必须要摆脱这一部分。. 自我寻求把外界的影响施加给本我及其倾向，并努力用现实原则代替在本我中不受限制地占据主导地位的快乐原则。在自我中，知觉起的作用就是在本我中本能所起的作用。自我代表我们所谓的理性和常识的东西，它和含有情欲的本我形成对照。 自我是有组织、有计划的，而不是本能或冲动的，它使人的行为更加的理智，既能获得更大的快乐，又能控制自己的行为以适应社会的环境，如果没有自我的保护，任由本我妄自追求欲望的满足，只会使本我遭受灭顶之灾，因此自我其实是本我与现实世界之间的桥梁。 除此之外，自我之中还存在着一个等级，一个自我内部分化的阶段，即超我或自我理想。 超我源于本我，从自我中分化出来，在三元人格模型中处于最高层次，然后又指导自我、帮助自我限制本我。它由规范、价值和理想构成，所以超我实际上遵循的是“道德原则”。但这并不意味着超我等于良知，虽然超我比自我具有更加强烈的社会取向，但它并不比本我更善良、宽容、理性，事实上它是以一种毫不妥协的原则追求道德伦理上的完美。 在弗洛伊德看来，人格结构虽然是由本我、自我和超我三大部分构成，但这三个部分的界限并不是泾渭分明的，它们是有机组合在一起的，图表1展现了三者的关系。图表 1 从上图可知，本我、自我与超我三者之间并不是静止不懂的，而是始终处于冲突、协调的状态之中。本我在于寻求本能欲望的满足；超我在于监督控制自我，使其按照内化的社会规则行事，并与外部的现实环境相适应；而自我既要反映本我的欲望，尽力满足本我，又要接受超我的监督，促进人格内部协调并保证与外界的交往活动的正常。 在《自我与本我》中，弗洛伊德用“马和骑马的人”的比喻来形容自我与本我的关系。这样在它和本我的关系中，自我就像一个骑在马背上的人，它得有控制马的较大力量；所不同的是，骑手是寻求用自己的力量做到这一点的，而自我则使用借力。这种类比还可以进一步加以说明。如果一个骑手不想同他的马分手，他常常被迫引导它到他想去的地方去；同样如此，自我经常把本我的愿望付诸实施，好像是它自己的愿望那样。 简单来说，本我是马，自我是骑手，骑手给马指明方向，自我需要驾驭本我，但事实上，马有可能不会乖乖听话，这时双方必有一者需要妥协。 由于超我与本我存在永恒的冲突，而自我处于两者之间，要同时接受两者的影响，这使得自我的压力过大，也使得人常常因为欲望和道德的冲突而倍感痛苦， 弗洛伊德是这样论述自我的角色的：“有一句格言告诫我们，一仆不能同时服侍两个主人，然而可怜的自我却处境更坏，它服侍着三个严厉的主人，而且要使它们的要求和需要相互协调。这些要求总是背道而驰并似乎常常互不相容，难怪自我经常不能完成任务。它的三位专制的主人是外部世界、超我和本我。” 如果这个冲突太过剧烈或者持续太久，就会导致神经症的爆发。 所以只有三“我”保持平衡的时候，人才能健康发展，否则，人就会处在失调的状态。 二、弗洛伊德的人格结构理论的例证 本小结将利用弗洛伊德的人格结构理论来分析几个例子。 我们先来看看第一次十字军东征的例子。据《罗马帝国衰亡史》记载，耶路撒冷城破之后，“骑士们摧毁了大清真寺，其中的七十盏明灯和巨大的金银制成的花瓶全部被毁坏或抢掠一空。他们就这样回馈了坦克雷德的奋勇，就这样展示了他的宽宏。一场血腥的屠杀被这些朝圣者们献祭给基督徒的上帝。在这场屠杀里，反抗只会激起骑士们的怒火，无论是老人孩子还是女人都无法幸免。骑士们让自己沉浸在这混乱肮脏的杀戮里整整三天，然后成堆溃烂的尸体造成了新的大规模传染病。七万穆斯林被交付了屠刀，无辜的犹太人在他们教堂里被烧死，而那些幸存下来的人，只能感谢他们的家产，或是骑士们杀戮之后的疲惫。” 为什么会出现这种情况？这时候的人到底是受到本我的支配、自我的支配还是超我的支配？私以为此时人格中本我和超我是同时沿着完全一致的方向前行的，换句话说，此时人既受到本我的支配，也受到了超我的支配。 在我们看到耶路撒冷的惨状时，我们更倾向于相信此时的人仅仅是受到了本我的支配，他们发动东征是为了满足自己得到救赎和获得东方大量的财富的欲望，在这种情形下，他们是为本我所驱。 但我们再来看另一段记载，“在十字军的时代，无论是东方还是西方教会的教徒们，都确信十字军们品德优秀、师出有名。或许有些异议淹没在对圣经无尽的滥用和巧辩上，但人们都坚信自己对于信仰和生存权利的守卫、对于圣城无可争议的拥有，也相信那些异教徒穆斯林敌人渎神的罪恶。 ”这段话表明了，在当时的社会规则下，他们的行为是被社会所认可且接纳的。从表面看起来，“收复圣地，援助东方基督教徒”的行为似乎是受到超我的支配，因为超我正是由价值、规范和理想构成的。 这样的话，无论是从受本我支配还是受超我支配的方面解释都是不恰当的，我们就需要采取另一种解释了。他们通过这样的做法，既服从了他们已经内化的社会规则，又从中获得了感官和心理上的快乐。此时，本我具有了超我的功能，人们的自我无法正确客观的判断自己的行为，这是非常危险的情形。 然而实际情况还要远比这个复杂，他们获得了来自做正确的事情（超我满足）和做快乐的事情（自我满足）双重的满足，表现出弗洛伊德人格结构理论的复杂性，本我、自我、超我不能单纯的分开来分析或者两两简单的相加，不管是本我征服超我，还是超我征服本我，其情形都是错综复杂的。 再来看看另一个简单的例子。逛街的时候我看到了水果摊上的苹果，现在我非常想去吃，这时我会选择拿钱去买，而不是去偷，因为我认为偷东西是一件很不道德的事情。 根据人格结构理论来分析。当我看到苹果产生想吃的愿望之时，是受到了本我的驱使，我想要满足我的这种愿望；为了吃到苹果，我选择了拿钱去买而不是去偷，这是受到了自我的影响，自我苦苦的挣扎，既要满足我的这个愿望，又要采取与外部现实环境相适应的最好的方式；当我想到偷东西是一件非常不道德的行为的时候，这是超我在起作用，超我并不考虑我是否必须得到这个苹果，它仅仅让我将我已经内化了的社会道德规范再次涌现并服从。 可以看到，其实我们行为基本都可以用人格结构理论来分析，这也是弗洛伊德对人性的剖析，通过以上的解释和例子，我们可以充分了解到了弗洛伊德对人的理解。 总而言之，弗洛伊德认为，本我是人的本性，人不需要消灭本我，当然这也是不可能被消灭的，我们必须学会管束本我。这个管束，可以靠自我，也可以靠超我。自我是通过后天的学习和对环境的接触发展起来的，自我会出于现实考虑而约束本我，而超我对本我的管理是通过道德评价的方式，当然，这个必须要有个度，不然面对过于强烈的超我，会造成抑郁自杀或者暴行的不良后果，三者必须处于平衡的状态。 参考文献： [1] 西格蒙德•弗洛伊德, 精神分析引论新讲[M],安徽文艺出版社 1987-1 [2] 西格蒙德•弗洛伊德, 自我与本我[M]，上海译文出版社 2011-10 [3] 爱德华•吉本, 罗马帝国衰亡史（第六卷）,[M]吉林出版集团有限责任公司, 2008-04 [4] 亨克•德•贝格, 被误读百年的弗洛伊德 [M]金城出版社, 2010-6

有关英国文化The culture of the United Kingdom is rich and varied, and has been influential on culture on a worldwide scale. It is a European state, and has many cultural links with its former colonies, particularly those that use the English language (the Anglosphere). Considerable contributions to British culture have been made over the last half-century by immigrants from the Indian Subcontinent and the West Indies. The origins of the UK as a political union of formerly independent states has resulted in the preservation of distinctive cultures in each of the home nations. Language Main article: Languages in the United Kingdom The United Kingdom has no official language. English is the main language and the de facto official language, spoken monolingually by an estimated 95% of the UK population. However, some nations and regions of the UK have frameworks for the promotion of their autochthonous languages. In Wales, English and Welsh are both widely used by officialdom, and Irish and Ulster Scots enjoy limited use alongside English in Northern Ireland, mainly in publicly commissioned translations. Additionally, the Western Isles council area of Scotland has a policy to promote Scottish Gaelic. Under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, which is not legally enforceable, the UK Government has committed itself to the promotion of certain linguistic traditions. Welsh, Scottish Gaelic and Cornish are to be developed in Wales, Scotland and Cornwall respectively. Other native languages afforded such protection include Irish in Northern Ireland, Scots in Scotland and Northern Ireland, where it is known in official parlance as "Ulster Scots" or "Ullans" but in the speech of users simply as "Scotch", and British Sign Language. The Arts Literature Sherlock Holmes, played here by Jeremy Brett, was created by British author Arthur Conan Doyle.Main article: British literature The earliest native literature of the territory of the modern United Kingdom was written in the Celtic languages of the isles. The Welsh literary tradition stretches from the 6th century. Irish poetry also represents a more or less unbroken tradition from the 6th century to the present day, with the Ulster Cycle being of particular relevance to Northern Ireland. Anglo-Saxon literature includes Beowulf, a national epic, but literature in Latin predominated among educated elites. After the Norman Conquest Anglo-Norman literature brought continental influences to the isles. English literature emerged as a recognisable entity in the late 14th century, with the rise and spread of the London dialect of Middle English. Geoffrey Chaucer is the first great identifiable individual in English literature: his Canterbury Tales remains a popular 14th-century work which readers still enjoy today. Following the introduction of the printing press into England by William Caxton in 1476, the Elizabethan era saw a great flourishing of literature, especially in the fields of poetry and drama. From this period, poet and playwright William Shakespeare stands out as arguably the most famous writer in the world. The English novel became a popular form in the 18th century, with Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe (1719), Samuel Richardson's Pamela (1740) and Henry Fielding's Tom Jones (1745). After a period of decline, the poetry of Robert Burns revived interest in vernacular literature, the rhyming weavers of Ulster being especially influenced by literature in Scots from Scotland. The following two centuries continued a huge outpouring of literary production. In the early 19th century, the Romantic period showed a flowering of poetry comparable with the Renaissance two hundred years earlier, with such poets as William Blake, William Wordsworth, John Keats, and Lord Byron. The Victorian period was the golden age of the realistic English novel, represented by Jane Austen, the Brontë sisters (Charlotte, Emily and Anne), Charles Dickens, William Thackeray, George Eliot, and Thomas Hardy. World War One gave rise to British war poets and writers such as Wilfred Owen, Siegfried Sassoon, Robert Graves and Rupert Brooke who wrote (often paradoxically), of their expectations of war, and/or their experiences in the trench. The Celtic Revival stimulated new appreciation of traditional Irish literature, however, with the independence of the Irish Free State, Irish literature came to be seen as more clearly separate from the strains of British literature. The Scottish Renaissance of the early 20th century brought modernism to Scottish literature as well as an interest in new forms in the literatures of Scottish Gaelic and Scots. The English novel developed in the 20th century into much greater variety and was greatly enriched by immigrant writers. It remains today the dominant English literary form. Other well-known novelists include Arthur Conan Doyle, D. H. Lawrence, George Orwell, Salman Rushdie, Mary Shelley, Zadie Smith, J. R. R. Tolkien, Virginia Woolf and J.K. Rowling. Important poets include Elizabeth Barrett Browning, T. S. Eliot, Ted Hughes, John Milton, Alfred Tennyson, Rudyard Kipling, Alexander Pope, and Dylan Thomas. Religion Main article: Religion in the United Kingdom Although today one of the most 'secularised' states in the world, the United Kingdom is traditionally a Christian country, with two of the Home nations having official faiths: Anglicanism, in the form of the Church of England, is the Established Church in England. The Queen is Supreme Governor of the Church of England. Presbyterianism (Church of Scotland) is the official faith in Scotland. The Anglican Church in Wales was disestablished in 1920. The Anglican Church of Ireland was disestablished in 1871. Other religions followed in the UK include Islam, Hinduism, Sikhism, Judaism, and Buddhism. While 2001 census information [2] suggests that over 75 percent of UK citizens consider themselves to belong to a religion, Gallup International reports that only 10 percent of UK citizens regularly attend religious services, compared to 15 percent of French citizens and 57 percent of American citizens. A 2004 YouGov poll found that 44 percent of UK citizens believe in God, while 35 percent do not [3]. The disparity between the census data and the YouGov data has been put down to a phenomenon described as "cultural Christianity", whereby many who do not believe in God still identify with the religion they were bought up as, or the religion of their parents. [edit] Food Main article: British cuisine Although there is ample evidence of a rich and varied approach to cuisine during earlier historical periods (particularly so amongst wealthy citizens), during much of the 19th and 20th century Britain had a reputation for somewhat conservative cuisine. The stereotype of the native cuisine was of a diet progressing little beyond stodgy meals consisting of "meat and two veg". Even today, in more conservative areas of the country, "meat and two veg" cuisine is still the favoured choice at the dinner table. Traditional British fare usually includes dishes such as fish and chips, roast dishes of beef, lamb, chicken and pork, as well as regional dishes such as the Cornish pasty and Lancashire Hotpot. On 8 January 1940, four months after the outbreak of World War II, a system of food Rationing was introduced to conserve stocks and feed the nation during the critical war years. Rationing persisted until July 4, 1954 [4] when a fourteen year period of relative privation (which profoundly affected a generation of people attitude to 'a culture of food') finally came to an end. With the end of rationing, Britain's diet began to change, slowly at first during the 1950s and 1960s, but immeasurably by the closing decades of the 20th century. During the transitional period of the 1970s, a number of influential figures such as Delia Smith (perhaps Britain's most famous homegrown exponent of good food), began the drive to encourage greater experimentation with the new ingredients (e.g. pasta) increasingly being offered by the supermarkets. The evolution of the British diet was further accelerated with the increasing tendency of the British to travel to continental Europe (and sometimes beyond) for their annual holidays, experiencing new and unfamiliar dishes as they travelled to countries such as France, Italy, and Spain. Towards the mid to late 1990s and onwards an explosion of talented new 'TV chefs' began to come to prominence, (with figures as diverse as Jamie Oliver, Ainsley Harriott, Ken Hom, Nigella Lawson, Madhur Jaffrey, Nigel Slater, and Keith Floyd) this brought about a noticeable acceleration in the diversity of cuisine the general public were prepared to try and their general confidence in preparing food that had would once have been considered pure staples of foreign cultures, particularly the Mediterranean European, South and East Asian diets. As a result, a new style of cooking called Modern British emerged. This process of increased variety and experimentation in food inevitably dovetailed with the very profound impact that the post-war influx of immigrants to the UK (many from Britain's former colonies in the Caribbean and Indian sub-continent) had on the national cuisine. The new communities propelled new and exciting dishes and ingredients onto restaurant tables and into the national consciousness. In many instances, British tastes fused with the new dishes to produce entirely new dishes such as the Balti, an English invention based on Indian cuisine that has since gained popularity across the world. Many of these new dishes have since become deeply embedded in the native culture, culminating in a speech in 2001 by Foreign Secretary, Robin Cook, in which he described Chicken Tikka Masala as 'a true British national dish' [5]. With the rich diversity of its peoples and its (arguably) relatively successful attempts at creating a true multicultural society, married to a reputation as an experimental and forward thinking nation, the future of British cuisine looks positive. [edit] Education University College, Oxford was founded in the 13th centuryMain article: Education in the United Kingdom The education system in the United Kingdom varies in important respects between England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. Education is devolved to the Scottish Parliament and the assemblies in Wales and Northern Ireland. Education is compulsory for all children between the ages of five and sixteen. Most children in the UK are educated in state funded schools financed through the tax system and so parents do not pay directly for the cost of education. Less than ten percent of the UK school age population attend independent fee-paying schools. Many prominent independent schools, often founded hundreds of years ago, are known as public schools of which Eton, Harrow and Rugby are three of the better known. Most primary and secondary schools in both the private and state sectors have compulsory school uniforms. This is a contentious point with generations of school children who would like to see them abolished, only to support their retention once they become parents, this is due to people wanting to have a 'uniform' appearance in schools and it reduces the brand logo culture from coming out in educational establishments. Due to the multicultural nature of England, some allowances have had to be made in the uniform regulations to accommodate the needs of some children's religious beliefs. [edit] England Main article Education in England Most schools came under state control in the Victorian era, a formal state school system was instituted after the Second World War. Initially schools were separated into infant schools (normally up to age 4 or 5), primary schools and secondary schools (split into more academic grammar schools and more vocational secondary modern schools). Under the Labour governments of the 1960s and 1970s most secondary modern and grammar schools were combined to become comprehensive schools. Although the Minister of Education is responsible to Parliament for education, the day to day administration and funding of state schools is the responsibility of Local Education Authorities. Northern Ireland Main article Education in Northern Ireland Scotland Main article Education in Scotland Wales Main article Education in Wales Higher education The United Kingdom includes many historic universities. These include the so-called Oxbridge universities (Oxford University and Cambridge University) which are amongst the world's oldest universities and are generally ranked at or near the top of all British universities. Other universities include the University of St Andrews, the oldest university in Scotland. Academic degrees are usually split into classes: first class (I), upper second class (II:1), lower second class (II:2) and third (III), and unclassified (below third class). [Sport Main article: Sport in the United Kingdom The national sport of the UK is football, and the UK has the oldest football clubs in the world. The home nations all have separate national teams and domestic competitions, most notably the Scottish Premier League, the FA Cup and the FA Premier League. The first ever international football match was between Scotland and England in 1872. The match ended goalless. Other famous British sporting events include the Wimbledon tennis championships, the Grand National, the London Marathon, the ashes series of cricket matches and the boat race between Oxford and Cambridge universities. A great number of major sports originated in the United Kingdom, including: Football (soccer), squash, golf, boxing, rugby (rugby union and rugby league), cricket, snooker, billiards, badminton and curling. National costume The kilt is a traditional Scottish garmentThere is no specifically British national costume. Even individually, England, Wales and Northern Ireland have only vestiges of a national costume; Scotland has the kilt and Tam o'shanter. In England certain military uniforms such as the Beefeater or the Queen's Guard are considered by tourists to be symbolic of Englishness, however they are not official national costumes. Morris dancers or the costumes for the traditional English may dance are cited by some as examples of traditional English costume. Naming convention The naming convention in most of the United Kingdom is for everyone to have a given name, usually (but not always) indicating the child's sex, followed by a parent's family name. This naming convention has remained much the same since the 15th century in England although patronymic naming remained in some of the further reaches of the other home nations until much later. Since the 19th century middle names have become very common and are often taken from the family name of an ancestor. Traditionally given names were largely taken from the Bible however in the Gothic Revival of the Victorian era Anglo Saxon and mythical names became commonplace. Since the middle of the 20th century however given names have been influenced by a much wider cultural base. 英国式足球（Wall game）的英文介绍Wall gameWally (pronounced Wall - ey ) is a groupe of games played predominantly in secondary schools in England. The games are generally played during breaks and require a wall and tennis ball or football. Numbers involved in games range from four to 30-ish; however, numbers become unmanageable beyond 15.How to playUsing a tennis ball The game is played against a stretch of wall with a smooth flat surface underneath. The wall should preferably be above two meters (although skilled players never use more than meter). The ball is 'served' by throwing the ball hard at the ground and making it bounce on to the wall; this is normally done from two to three meters away from the wall. Players then have to hit the ball in the cupped palm of their hand towards the wall ensuring that it bounces on the ground before it hits the wall. A player is out if they fail to hit the ball, fail to make the ball bounce before hitting the wall, or miss the wall. The winner is the last person left in.A tennis raquet can be used instead of handsUsing a football The rules are the same although the ball is kicked rather than hit with the handDetailed RulesThe length of wall is changeable depending on the number of players but generally stays under eight meters. Players can call for a re-serve if they feel there was a bad serve; this can only be done before the ball is hit. The person who is nearest to the ball is the one that has to hit it. Failure to do so results in them being out. Players can step out of the way of the ball if there is someone behind them, thus making the person behind them responsible for hitting the ball. If two players begin to claim the other person was nearer to the ball then both players are out. The ball is sometimes aimed at other players because they are out if the ball hits them. If the ball hits the joining of the wall and floor (a '50/50') players can call for the round to start again. Playing StyleThe game is played differently to the way the rules would suggest. The playing style is fast and furious and when well-played the ball is hit very hard and low to the ground three or four meters away from the wall. Playing occasionally changes to the ball being hit very softy close to the wall requiring players to be very close to the wall; this is generally used tactically as players can then hit the ball hard so that it shoots off almost parallel to the wall catching out people who had not been playing close to the wall. This tactic generally only last a round or part of one as it is considered unsporting.VariationsThere are a few variations of the game although they are played with less frequency than the main game. 'Stings' is played exactly the same as the normal game except at the end of a game the first person has to stand against the wall while the winner gets one shoot against them with the ball. '3D' wally is generally played in corridors or classrooms, in this variant of the game 2 or 3 walls are used as well as the roof.