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【关键词】  医学英语论文； 标题写作； 修辞原则； 策略Abstract：As an important component part of a medical research paper，the English title plays a crucial role in promoting international academic exchanges. Its main functions are to summarize and reveal the subject, guide reading, and to be used for storage and retrieval. This paper mainly investigates the strategies of title writing for medical English research paper and presents four principles：focuse on subject，be accurate，be concise，be appropriate.Key words： Medical English research paper;   Title writing;   Rhetorical principle;   Strategy人们读书看报，首先要看的是标题，题目常常能概括地反应文章的内容。题目取得好，简练又吸引人，才会引起读者的兴趣。标题“居文之首，句文之要”，被人们比喻为文章的眼睛。标题在学术论文中同样起着至关重要的作用。随着经济全球化的发展，医学界国际交流活动日趋频繁，在交流活动中起主导作用的学术期刊更加“规范化、标准化”，国内越来越多刊物须附英文标题和摘要。因此，学术论文的标题英译也越来越重要。医学论文题名具有高度概括集中反映文献主题的功能，指导读者查找文献资料的导读功能和信息储存提供编制文献检索的功能［1］。本文主要探讨医学论文英文标题写作中应遵循的主要修辞原则及表达策略，以期更好地发挥学术论文标题的功能，促进学术交流。1  突出主题原则及修辞策略    题名是论文最重要的、浓缩的信息点，是读者最先得到的直接信息，即文章的主要观点和主要论点。因此，标题应简明扼要、重点突出、反映论文主题。根据国际医学期刊编辑委员会制定的《生物医学期刊投稿的统一要求》中对文题的要求：简练和反映论文主题，英文标题应切题准确，反映文章的中心内容，便于索引，利于论文广泛流通。    好的标题不仅能起到“画龙点睛”的作用，还可以提高论文索引的利用价值。通常读者总是先浏览期刊的文章标题，在对其感兴趣后才会通读全文。因此，在标题英译时，应从以下两个方面注意修辞策略：    在信息传递上，要充分反映论文的创新内容，重要内容前置，突出中心；准确使用题名的必要结构要素来完整表达医学文献主题，在医学论文中最常见的结构类型是由研究对象、研究目的和研究方法三要素组成的题名。在表达方式上，多用名词、名词词组、动名词来表达。文字安排应结构合理、选词准确、详略得当，重要的词放在文题的起始，如association, application, determination，effect，detection，establishment等词所引导的短语都是研究的中心内容。2  准确规范原则及修辞策略    准确是修辞的基本原则，也是翻译必须遵循的原则。科技文体写作更应遵循这一原则，因为学术研究特别强调准确，不能模糊不清、模棱两可。措辞准确、表达客观、逻辑严密、行文简洁、词义明确、含义固定是科技文体所共有的文体特征［2］。医学英语除了具备以上特征外，它还有大量的专业词汇、术语以及特定的词汇结构体系、语法规则和语篇结构。因此，在医学论文题名写作时语言表达要合乎医学论文写作的规范标准。论文标题英译要在正确理解原文的基础上进行，必须忠实地传达原文的内容，保持原文的风格。具体可采取以下方法：    首先，格式要求规范。标题译文可采用首字母大写，其余的用小写（首字母缩略词全大写，专有名词的首字母大写）；也可采用标题首字母大写，其余实词首字母大写，虚词小写(4个字母以上的介词或连词的首字母大写)；排列时可根据具体学术期刊的规范分别采用居中排与左对齐的方式；书名应用斜体表示。    其次，选词应强调专业化。与其它学科的英语术语相比，医学英语术语特征相对明显，专业化是医学英语的一大特色。因此，熟知医学英语术语，选择专业词汇，避免使用通俗语是医学工作者治学严谨的表现。例如，“先天性皮肤并指畸形” 应译为“syndactyly of fingers”而不是“congenital skin webbed fingers”；“大黄”“丹参”分别为“Rhubarb”和 “Salvia miltiorrhiza”，而不是“Da Hunag” 和“Dan Shen”。另一方面，科技英语用词强调词义单一、准确，忌用多义词。根据科技英语的这一修辞特点，在英译时应用词义明确单一的词来代替词义较多的词，如用to transmit, to convert, to obtain, to insert, to consume, to absorb, application, sufficient, superior来替代常用的to send, to change, to get, to put in, to use up, to take in, use, enough, better。    此外，用词要准确。注意不使用非标准化的缩略语，应使用公认的缩略词语、代号、符号、公式等。国际上《核心医学期刊文摘》中，对缩写词的使用非常谨慎，对非公认的缩略词语，第一次出现必须先写全名，缩写附后加括号。如丙型肝炎病人：hepatitis C virus (HCV)，维甲酸：all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)。    语言的习惯搭配也是医学论文英语标题写作特征的一种重要表现形式。在英语中，有相当数量的动词、名词、形容词都有其固定的介词搭配，在使用此类词语时一定要多加注意，以避免错误。医学英语标题多采用逻辑动宾关系的名词性组合形式，常见的搭配如：patients with, cases of, operation on, cure for, response to, effect on, research in/into/on, approach to, observation(s) of/on/in, treatment of等等。下面的标题译文很好地说明了正确使用介词搭配能有助于准确明了地反映论文的主题。    例： The acupuncture effect on left ventricular function in patients with coronary heart disease and angina pectoris （针疗对冠心病心绞痛患者左心功能状态的影响）    “影响”为中心词，但它在文中的意思为“疗效”，因为“针疗”是一种治疗疾病的方法，“针疗的疗效”可译为“acupuncture effect (on)”。“左心功能状态”是表类属的定语，应紧跟“影响”。“患者patients (with)”修饰“左心功能状态”，“冠心病心绞痛”修饰“患者”。层层修饰关系在译文中均以介词表示，译文准确而明晰。［3］3  简明有效原则及修辞策略    好的标题应是高度概括、言简意赅、便于检索。在完整、准确地概括全文内容的基础上，用尽量少的文字恰当反映所研究的范围和深度，不可夸大其词，以偏概全，也不可缩小研究范围，以偏代全。做到简明有效主要从以下两个方面着手：    在信息处理上，遵循科技写作中语言运用的最小信息差原则以谋求语言运用的最大信息量的输出和最佳交际效果，即“作者应该写的都能写出来，读者对作者所表达的意思都能读明白”［4］。    在选词用语上，文题力求语言精炼，中心词突出，一般在10个单词以内，通常不超过16个单词。标题起始处的冠词“A”“The”可以省略，但文题中间的“the”不能省。采用短语翻译题名，医学论文英语标题采取的主要短语结构有：名词+动词不定式；名词或名词短语+过去分词；现在分词短语；介词短语结构；名词或名词短语+介词短语；以动词形式开始的短语结构等。以短语形式来表达一个句子,结构言简意赅,内部组织严密,而且可以把更多的信息融于一体,使彼此的逻辑关系更明确,表达更细密,更有利于达到交际目的。    由于医学英语要求客观和精确，一些旨在加强语言感染力和宣传效果的修辞格不常见。但是，医学英语强调注重有效的语法和词汇修辞，如英语讲求结构平行对称。论文标题中并列的内容，应注意到语法结构上的对称，即名词与名词并列，动名词与动名词并列，不要混杂使用。例如：The Role of Arthroscopy in Diagnosing and the Treatment of Joint Diseases in Children（关节镜在儿童关节疾病诊治中的作用）宜改为：The Role of Arthroscopy in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Joint Diseases in Children。修改后两个动名词并列，既简化了文字，符合修辞原则，而且还更为醒目。平行结构的使用可以增强修辞效果，不仅使主题更加突出，而且还富有美感，引起读者兴趣。请看下面两个例子：例1：“Clinical, physiological, and radiological study of a new purpose-designed artificial bowel sphincter”例2：“Socioeconomic status，standard of living，and neurotic disorder”例1中3个形容词平行排列加强了语音的节奏感，也明确了与中心词的修饰关系，既美观又醒目；例2中的3个并列名词短语排列有序、结构工整、逻辑关系明确，读者能很快抓住论文的中心。4  得体原则及修辞策略    一个修辞行为的有效性，还取决于它是否合乎语体的规范，是否符合言语交际环境的规定，是否符合社会交往的礼仪，是否符合文化的习俗，是否符合双方的审美倾向。［5］如用戏曲语体撰写科技论文是不得体的。科技论文的行文要符合科技文体的特点，保持文体的严肃性，是为得体。医学论文的英语题名写作与翻译要求标题与论文的内容协调一致，包括风格的一致，语言表达应符合英语习惯。因此，在医学论文标题英译时，要考虑其语法、修辞特点，尽可能体现出英语的固有风格，避免中式英语的弊病。下面介绍几种表达得体的主要修辞策略。    英文标题的写作可以不拘一格，但应突出主题，服从英语的表达习惯，避免使用中国式的英语表达形式。比如，汉语医学论文标题中常常出现“初探”、“探讨”、“经验”、“体会”等词以示谦逊，而在国外的医学刊物中使用带有“浅谈”“初探”这类句式的题名会被认为所论述的内容没有多大参考价值，缺乏严肃性。这是因为欧美人认为科技论文应立足于事实材料，不必谦虚客套。    汉语论文主标题与副标题之间一般用破折号，而英文的主标题与副标题之间通常用冒号表示。病例数在汉语中一般放在正标题中，在英语中大多放在副标题中，如：Post transfusion hepatitis: A report of 60 cases （输血后肝炎60例报告）。    由于受汉语语法的限制和语言习惯的影响，在中文标题中常含有“……的研究”和“……的观察”等词语，题名英译时应省略“Regarding …”、“Observation(s) of …”、“Investigation of …”、“Studies on …”、“Research(es) on …”、“Some thoughts on …”、“Introduction to …”等冗余套语，使之更简洁且符合英语的表达习惯。    名词化结构较多地使用抽象名词表达动作和状态，这也是英语表达和汉语表达上的主要差别之一。在汉语中用行为动词表达的意思在英语中多转换为名词。英汉语的用词顺序有很大的不同。在汉语中，定语置于中心词之前，而在英语中，“中心词+后置定语”的结构应用非常广泛。例如：葡萄糖在体外和体内对神经细胞瘤的疗效：Effect of Glucose on Neuroblastoma in Vitro and in Vivo；心脏病患者肌酐激酶同功酶的测定：Detection of Creatine Kinase Isoenzymes Inheart Disease；严重脑外伤患者大断面骨折接骨时间选择：Timing of Osteosynthesis of Major Fracture in Patients with Severe Brain Injury。    总之，标题在论文中起着至关重要的作用。论文的标题应能准确地概括论文的内容，提纲挈领、点明主题、吸引读者、便于检索。要写好译好英文标题，作者不仅要有严谨的治学态度，还要掌握专业英语知识，熟悉医学英语文体的写作特点，熟记常用的句式结构及英语习惯表达方法，在正确理解论文主旨的基础上，力求重点突出，行文准确、规范、简洁、得体。

Objective To evaluate acute and long2term angiographic and clinical outcomes of longstent or multiple overlapped stents (length ≥ 20 mm) implantation for diffuse atherosclerosis lesions inoctogenarians. Methods Long stent or multiple overlapped stents implantation was performed on 111diffuse native coronary lesions ( Group O : 47 lesions in 44 octogenarians ; Group Y: 64 lesions in 58 patientsaged under 60) . Baseline demographic , lesion characteristic , angiographic and procedural details weresimilar in these 2 groups. Six2month clinical and angiographic follow2up was completed in all cases. In2hospital and long2term outcomes were evaluated. Results Procedure success was 100 %for both groups.None had in2hospital major adverse cardiac events (MACE) . There was no significant difference inangiographic binary restenosis ( ≥50 % diameter stenosis) rate between the groups at follow2up ( Group Ovs. Group Y, 1218 % vs1 1019 % at 32month , 2918 % vs. 2616 % at 62month , P > 0105) . The rates oftarget lesion revascularization and MACE at follow2up were less in Group Y, but it showed no statisticalsignificance (718 % vs. 1016 % and 816 % vs. 1114 % at 32month , 1516 % vs. 2314 % and 2017 % vs.2510 % at 62month , respectively , P > 0105) . Conclusions Long stent implantation for diffuse lesionsin octogenarians appears safe and feasible , with high procedural success and favorable long2term outcomes.

s why more and more people are being active in various kinds of sports and exercises.

If people follow these three ways of keeping fit. Some practice shadowboxing and swordplay while others run. Every morning many people get up early and take much exercise.

First, block the flow of blood, and therefore should be given up, walk or dance to music. This strengthens the heart. They advise people to eat more fruit and vegetables and less meat such as beef and pork because meat contains more fat than poultry and fish.

Medical researchers have proved that what people eat affects their health, it is essential to do the following. Some play basketball or volleyball or table tennis? Different people may give different answers to this question. Unfortunately few people follow this advice. Through sports and exercise, people bee healthier and stronger;s health a great deal. Smoking and drinking alcohol injure one'. Fat can build up in the arteries. That'.

Getting rid of bad habits like *** oking and drinking alcohol is also an important way to keep healthy, reduces the chance of heart attack. Research shows that getting plenty of exercise make the heart beat faster and the lungs work harder. In my opinion, it is absolutely necessary to take some exercise every day, and cause a heart attack or stroke. In the afternoon, others go in for gymnastics or track events,there are also many people keen on sports, and helps lower blood pressureHow to Keep Healthy

Nowadays more and more people are concerned about their health. But how to keep healthy, they greatly improve their health, jog

All people in urban and rural areas will enjoy basic medical care and health services by 2020.While increasing government responsibility and spending, we will also encourage greater participation of private capital from both home and abroad in the sector.The reform covers a wide range of subjects including insurance, drug manufacturing, distribution and supervision, and legislation of medical management.To put into place basic medical and health care systems covering both urban and rural residents, and ensure that every resident has access to safe。

The disturbing phenomenon has caused wide social concern. There are several underlying causes behind it. Nowadays, people tend to care more about their health and expect a longer life span, thus causing a boom in medical treatment. People are willing to spend more money on health care. Some hospitals take advantage of this and offer patients more unnecessary physical examinations in order to make more profits. 令人不安的现象引起了广泛的社会关注。

有几个背后的原因。如今，人们更关心他们的健康，期望寿命更长，从而导致了医疗的繁荣。

人们愿意花更多的钱在医疗保健上。一些医院利用这一优势，为患者提供更多不必要的体检，以使更多的利润。

In my view, it's high time that urgent measures should be taken to improve the present situation. First, doctors should live up to patients' expectations and put saving people's lives above anything else. Second, the authorities should shoulder its responsibility to ensure that hospitals provide people with high-quality medical care at a reasonable price. 在我看来，现在应该采取紧急措施来改善目前的形势了。首先，医生应该对病人的期望值，并把人的生命放在其他任何东西上面。

其次，当局应承担起它的责任，确保医院为人民提供高质量的医疗服务，以合理的价格。

The disturbing phenomenon has caused wide social concern. There are several underlying causes behind it. Nowadays, people tend to care more about their health and expect a longer life span, thus causing a boom in medical treatment. People are willing to spend more money on health care. Some hospitals take advantage of this and offer patients more unnecessary physical examinations in order to make more profits.

令人不安的现象引起了广泛的社会关注。有几个背后的原因。如今，人们更关心他们的健康，期望寿命更长，从而导致了医疗的繁荣。人们愿意花更多的钱在医疗保健上。一些医院利用这一优势，为患者提供更多不必要的体检，以使更多的利润。

In my view, it's high time that urgent measures should be taken to improve the present situation. First, doctors should live up to patients' expectations and put saving people's lives above anything else. Second, the authorities should shoulder its responsibility to ensure that hospitals provide people with high-quality medical care at a reasonable price.

在我看来，现在应该采取紧急措施来改善目前的形势了。首先，医生应该对病人的期望值，并把人的生命放在其他任何东西上面。其次，当局应承担起它的责任，确保医院为人民提供高质量的医疗服务，以合理的价格。

Campus Life 有关校园生活的英语作文

Early in senior high school, we longed to be enrolled in a university. Now the dream has e true. But how do we college students like our campus life?

Certainly, some relish it, finding it colorful and rewarding. Besides study, they spend considerable amount of time improving themselves in various aspect. Yet others do not think much of their college life, thus do not benefit as much. In their eyes, the university is just a bigger high school. The only difference is that they have more time at their disposal without parents looking over their shoulder.

As to me, college life is ideal if only I have abundant books to read, some bosom friends to keep me pany, a couple of conscientious professors to instruct me, and an easy access to the Inter.

范文二：

My station in university campus inch territory, breathes and feels a here freshness. The university life like this started. The life four years time already the picture got down certainly has run the line, you along this path endless long journey, the university time will say regarding me will be fresh, the biography first time was far away the hometown, trod studies the road. I to the university life am fuzzy, after investigates many times, everybody is o characters ----- is bored to the university life feeling, perhaps has that a reason! Three years high school life is such intense stimulates. Recollected also a little is afraid, facing high school's intense sprint, diligently was admitted to a school dream of the university, everybody is the like this struggle, assaults the dream. At the present, steps into the university campus, studies the life has had the bored feeling.

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF PRODUCTION PLANNING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF SURVEYING AND MAPPING PROJECTKEY WORDS: GIS,Design,Analysis,Application,Management,ProductionABSTRACT:With the development of photogrammetry and spatial information sciences, we have found many new methods to solve the technical problem in surveying and mapping project. But there is a little research on the project management. Traditional management method is plex and time-consuming. Now, we need use new technique to improve the management method for enhancing management level. Taking “National Western Surveying and Mapping Project on 1:50000 Topological Maps Blank Area” as an example, this paper focus on production planning management. The project is remarkable, not only the task and extent is tremendous, but also the staff and stuff are excessive. The Blank Area has atrocious weather and extreme hypsography. All of the conditions increase the project management difficulty. For reasonable planning and logical budget, we designed and realized a production planning management system to give the decision support to the managers. This paper studies the system'e69da5e6ba903231313335323631343130323136353331333330336362s requirement *** ysis, system structure and function in detail.1. INTRODUCTIONNowadays, Geographical Information Systems(GIS) are powerful and useful as means of information, visualization and research tools(Quan Bao,2004). Most GIS sofare is more suited to providing limited types of output than as a tool to support, at anything other than a superficial level, tactical or strategic decision-making processes. To improve the usefulness of GIS as a decision support tool, o needs are apparent. First, decision-makers require methods that allow them to easily select alternatives across a number of relevant criteria. Second, it is necessary to explicitly recognize that most decision-making processes involve multiple participants. Since problem solving id often characterized by multiple and conflicting objectives, methods that contribute toward more a pletely aiding decision system are required.。