美国的文化英文论文参考文献

文献综述的话就写美国电影和文化的联系，随着时代的变迁，文化导向开始改变，电影里的所反映的思想也开始不一样了。不过美国电影始终都宣扬的是英雄主义。反正综述嘛，就是一通抄，把别人的话概括概括、总结总结。有些就转换成自己的话就好了。至于外文文献直接google里搜，输关键字american culture，film，cinema应该有的。google scholar里面应该也有不少PHD文档的。我写论文常用的。

美国梦、乐观主义——美国电影《阿甘正传》反映的思想观念和价值观【摘 要】电影反映人们的生活，思想观念和价值观。透过电影，观赏者可以了解到不同国家人们的生活方式和他们对待生活的态度。美国电影《阿甘正传》中的主人公阿甘一生的传奇经历，给我们留下了非常深刻的印象。通过这部电影，我们了解到了美国世代传承的思想观念和价值观。本文旨在分析《阿甘正传》这部电影所反映的这些美国思想观念和价值观，包括美国梦和美国人的乐观主义。【关键词】美国电影 《阿甘正传》 美国梦 乐观主义20世纪以来的100年，世界传播事业和信息产业飞速发展。科学技术不断进步，将人类带入了信息社会。在信息时代，媒介扮演着越来越重要的角色。报纸、杂志、电视、电影等是较为先进的信息传播活动形态。其中电影也许是最具影响力的传媒。电影就像一个微观世界，表现出不同的社会价值观和思想观念。在美国电影中，“美国梦”和“乐观主义”是常被涉及的主题。那什么是“美国梦”呢？最具代表的关于“美国梦”的电影就是《阿甘正传》。《阿甘正传》 (1994)是由罗伯特•泽梅基斯导演，汤姆•汉克斯主演的一部“愚人电影”(反智电影)。该电影获得了巨大成功——在1995年的第67届奥斯卡金像奖角逐中，《阿甘正传》一举获得13项提名，包揽最佳影片、最佳男主角、最佳导演、最佳改编剧本、最佳剪辑和最佳视觉效果六项大奖，还夺得了当年全美10大票房影片的首位，并在有史以来最卖座的影片排行榜上名列第四，4年后该片又进入美国史上最伟大的百部电影之列。因此《阿甘正传》可以说是美国电影史上一部愚人电 影的神话。一、《阿甘正传》简介福瑞斯特•甘（阿甘）出生在上世纪中叶、美国南部阿拉巴马州的绿茵堡镇，由于父亲早逝，他的母亲独自将他抚养长大。阿甘的智商只有75，但凭借跑步的天赋，他顺利地完成大学学业并参了军，随后开赴越南战场。在军营里，他结识了“捕虾迷”布巴和神经兮兮的丹•泰勒中尉。布巴在越战中丧生，丹中尉失去了双腿，阿甘则因为救人成了战斗英雄。回国后，阿甘为了履行对布巴的承诺，买下了一艘破船开始捕虾。一系列机缘巧合后，他不但化解了丹中尉的怨气，还莫名其妙地累积了大量资产。不过，钱并不是阿甘所看重的东西。阿甘和女孩珍妮青梅竹马，可珍妮有自己的梦想，不愿平淡地度过一生……二、《阿甘正传》的主题亲情、友情和爱情一直是人类历史上永恒的话题。围绕着愚人文化这一背景，影片讲述了发生在阿甘身上的亲情、友情和爱情故事。阿甘自幼腿部残疾而且智商低下，小镇上的人都用异样的目光看待阿甘，只有两位女性关心、爱护他:母亲给予了他伟大的母爱，珍妮则以纯真的少女情怀温暖着他的心。在母亲心目中，阿甘不是负担，而是上天对她的馈赠，她倾尽全力抚养阿甘，总有办法找到最通俗易懂的语言让他明白生活中的一些道理人生就如同一盒巧克力，你永远无法知道你会尝到什么样的味道”，“笨有笨的作为（傻人有傻福）”，并且为了能够为他争取于正常儿童同样的生活学习机会，她甚至答应陪校长睡觉。《阿甘正传》表达了许多不同的主题，其中被导演反复强调的就是对生活永不放弃。这部电影不仅给人以情感上的教育，而且也是一部关于美国 20世纪50年代到1982年的社会史，非常值得一看。阿甘智商虽低，但他心地单纯，信念坚定，做到了很多正常人想不到、做不到的事，在运动、战场、商场都取得了非凡的成就。阿甘的人生历程中穿插着美国战后的一些重大事件，如猫王、披头士乐队、种族问题、越战与反战、水门事件、乒乓外交等等。阿甘的故事象一面多棱镜一样折射出生活的各个方面，引发观众对自己生活的思考。 三、《阿甘正传》反映的美国思想观念和价值观——“美国梦”和“乐观主义”从《阿甘正传》中我们能够想到人们追逐已久的美国梦以及乐观主义。美国梦是上个世纪的神话，是许多欧洲人为了追寻更好的生活而来到美国的目标。美国地广人稀，到处都充满着爆富的机会。今天，美国梦依然存在，大量亚洲人和拉美人把美国看成是实现梦想的摇篮。那到底什么是美国梦呢？虽然已有些许变化，但却有一个永不变化的主题：或成为富人，或成为体育英雄，或成为著名演员，或有参观白宫和得到美国总统接见的机会 ，或通过勤奋刻苦成为一家跨国公司的董事。怎样来实现这些梦想呢？人们需要做什么呢？人们应该成为世界上跑得最快的人，或者要有最高的智商吗？谁能回答这些问题？看过《阿甘正传》后你就能知道，有这样一个人，他参与了几乎所有的美国大事，他很富有，参观过白宫，还是一个体育英雄。他的生活是一个很好的例子，他告诉人们，在美国任何人都可以成功，即使你的智商极低。他就是阿甘。美国是一个具有“未来取向”的国家，这也决定了美国人的乐观向上、积极进取等价值观。但在60年代，青年一代为了表达对美国社会的种种黑暗和越南战争的不满和反叛，以及对现实和未来的迷惘与困惑.选择的是一种逃避现实、追求享乐、否定理性、强调本能的幻灭之路。性的解放、毒品带来的幻游和远离现实社会的流浪和群居生活是他们所选择的生活方式。这也就是影片中珍妮和她的“嬉皮士”同伴的生活方式。但低智商的阿甘与他们完全不同。也许他的智商使他无法了解珍妮和那个时代的青年所做的事情，但他身上一直洋溢着一种美国人所特有的乐观向上、积极进取。虽然阿甘的智商极低，但另一方面，阿甘又是聪明的。他参观了一所退伍兵专用医院，用他高超的乒乓球技艺来愉悦他们。与此同时，电视里正在报道阿姆斯特朗登上月球的消息。然而没人观看这个人类的世纪创举，他们都被这个低能儿的球技深深吸引。此时科学是乏味的，体育更加伟大。阿甘相信，蠢人才做蠢事，傻人有傻福。这也正是电影导演对阿甘成功生活的诠释。他自己不认为自己是蠢人，他可以做任何他想做的事。这就是在美国成就一番事业，取得成功的砝码。无论你是白人还是黑人，聪明还是愚蠢，你只需做到最好，然后取得成功。阿甘教给人们成功的钥匙就是：你自己去决定你是做聪明人还是傻子吧。美国人总是思考着未来的目标，他们说：“我们要把人类送到月球上去。”他们做到了。他们的国家在一片狭小的土地上由十三个殖民地建立起来，如今美国却是世界上最大的国家之一。美国梦是真实的，古巴人来到美国成为棒球明星；每天数以千计的墨西哥人越过边境线寻找工作，寻求更好的生活。只要你做出决定，拥有自己的目标，一切都能实现。参考文献：[1]顾宁.美国文化与现代化.北京：辽海出版社，2006.[2]张奎武.英美概况.长春：吉林科学技术出版社，2003.[3]赵英男.英文影视赏析.北京：清华大学出版社，2005.[4]朱永涛.英语国家社会与文化入门.北京：高等教育出版社，1998.[5]董力燕，刘铭.《阿甘正传》中的成功哲学[J].文教资料，2007.[6]端木义万.美国社会文化透视[J].南京大学出版社，1999.[7]刘洋.寻找迷失的英雄——《阿甘正传》的新英雄观及其文学内涵[J].齐齐哈尔大学学报(哲学社会科学版)，2004。

你可以从以下几个方面着手：1.•the difference between the United Kingdom, Great Britain, and England:回答：• The United Kingdom: a country that consists of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. • Great Britain: the name of the island northwest of France and east of Ireland that consists of three somewhat autonomous（自治的） regions: England, Wales and Scotland. • England is part of Great Britain, which is part of the United Kingdom. • The U.K. includes England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. England. Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland are not countries but the United Kingdom is. • The Highlanders: the Scots who live in the mountainous regions of the Highlands in Northern Scotland. • They are proud, independent and hardy people who maintain their strong cultural identity. They mainly live by farming sheep in mountain areas or fishing on the coasts and islands.• The reputation of the Scots: inventive, hardworking, serious-minded and cautious with money. (In the past, they were pioneer settlers and empire builders in places like America, Canada, Australia, South Africa and New Zealand.)• their distinctive national dress: kilt• Bagpipes• The Scots can be recognized by and their particular style of speech and accent . 2宗教：回答：• The Catholic Church: refers to the Christian church headed by the Pope. All members of the church accept the gospel of Christ and the teachings of the Bible. Any revolt against the traditional Christian faith was “heresy”. • In the Middle Ages, the Popes was extremely powerful. In the 16th century, some of the actual beliefs and practices of the Catholic Church were questioned by Protestant doctrines and there was a great deal of persecution by Catholics. • The Protestant Church: refers to the Christian church whose faith and practice originated with the principles of the Reformation. As the Pope’s political power and religious authority declined in the `6th, Protestant churches sprang up in Northern Europe in opposition to the established Roman Catholic Church. In Britain, Protestantism gradually became the dominant faith in the Elizabethan age. • Christianity: refers to all doctrines and religious groups based on the teaching of Jesus Christ. It was founded in the 1st century in Palestine. Jesus Christ is accepted by Christians as the son of God, and his teaching is contained in the Bible, the holy book of Christianity. In Europe, Christianity is divided into three major groups. Roman Catholic Church, Protestant Church and Orthodox Eastern Church(东正教).3.学校的不同：回答：British Educaion• Public schools: are the secondary boarding schools that prepare students chiefly for universities. They are supported entirely by fees and private funs.• The name “public school” is traditional one with little meaning today, since far from being public these schools are restricted to a comparatively small section of the population.• “Public school” is a traditional name with little meaning today, because far from being public, public schools are restricted to a comparatively small section of the population.• Some people feel, the greatest argument for public schools is the strikingly high proportion of ex-public-school boys occupying senior posts in the government, the armed forces, the church, t he universities, the professions, and even in business. They say, this proves the superiority of a public school education.• It was the public schools that laid the foundations of English education.• In England, parents who are rich and conservative in politics will most probably send their children to public schools. • Three famous public schools in Britain: Eton, Harrow and Rugby.• Prep schools: also called preparatory schools, they are private elementary schools in Britain, which prepare their students for public schools.• The prep school curriculum differs considerably from that of the junior school, and there is a distinctive boarding atmosphere. At the age of thirteen, the students will take the “common entrance” examination for admission to a “public school”.• The prep school curriculum differs considerably from that of the junior school, since its main target is not the “eleven plus,” but the “common entrance” examination at the age of 13, for admission to a public schools.• The public schools today are no longer as superior and exclusive as they used to be. • Firstly, their perfect system, their house system and their tradition of sport have been widely adopted in state secondary schools, and ,many grammar schools have academic records which many a public school might envy.• Secondly, many so-called public schools are dependent on an annual grant from the central government, in return for which they award between a quarter and a half of their places to pupils paying reduced fees or none at all. • Thirdly, all public schools too, except a few of recognized standard, are liable to be inspected by the State.• There is thus a gradual progress away from exclusiveness in British education.• Oxford University was founded in the twelfth century. It contains about thirty separate colleges.• Cambridge University was founded in the thirteenth century. It contains about twenty separate colleges.• There four Scottish universities dating from the 15th and 16th centuries. They are St Andrews, Glasgow, Aberdeen, and Edinburgh. • London University has far more students than any other British universities. • “red brick”: is a slightly contemptuous term to refer to the large group of nineteenth-and-twentieth-century universities and university colleges in Britain.• “red brick” describes their construction, which is contrasted with the more dignified and solidlooking ancient stone architecture of Oxford and Cambridge. • The two widely admired features of Oxford and Cambridge : are te college system and the tutorial system.• The college system of Oxford and Cambridge: is one whereby all students live in college during at least part of their course. The value of this system lies in fostering a community spirit in which a useful mingling of intelligence can take place. • The tutorial system of Oxford and Cambridge: is one whereby each student gets personal tuition once a week in his tutor’s own room.• Open University: was founded in Britain in 1969 for people who may not get the opportunity for higher education for economic or social reasons. It is open to everybody, and does not demand the same formal qualifications as the other universities. It is non-residential. Lectures are broadcast on TV and radio. At the end of the course, successful students are awarded a university degree.4.• The Welfare State回答：• 1) Britain: a welfare state in the sense that it should ensure, as far as it can, that nobody should be without the means for the minimum necessities of life as the result of unemployment, old age, sickness or over —large families. • 2) The system of national insurance pays out benefits to people who are unemployed, or unable to earn because they are old or sick.• 3) Free or nearly free medical and dental care is provided for everyone under the National Health Service. • 4) Supplementary benefits are provided for people who live below the minimum standard.the retirement pension• 1) It may be received by any man from the age of 65 (provided he has made his weekly contributions to the fund) if he ceases to work, and by any woman from the age of 60. • 2) A man who continues to work after the age of 65 gets no pension at first, but when he is over 70 he gets a bigger pension. • 3) People may receive additional pensions by paying higher contributions while they are working. • 4) There are in addition non-state methods of providing for retirement pensions.Family allowances• (1) They are paid directly out of public money contributed by taxpayers. • (2) For the first child of a family, nothing is paid, but an allowance is made for all children after the first. • (3) The payments continue until a child leaves school and are subject to income tax. • (4) There are special payments for widows who have children;payments continue until a child leaves school and are subject to income tax. • (5) There are special payments for widows who have children."meals on wheels"• "meals on wheels" : refers to meals which are prepared by the public authorities in a central kitchen and then distributed to infirm old people by women who belong to voluntary organizations, using their own cars. • "meals on wheels" (1) It is a kind of unpaid service voluntarily performed by public- spirited people. (2) Meals are distributed to infirm old people in old peoples' homes by women who belong to voluntary organizations, using their own cars.• The grades of the doctors in hospitals : the “housemen“(实习医生) or residents(住院医生) are in the lowest grade and the Consultants are in the highest grade. • "housemen" or residents: refers to those newly-qualified doctors who spend a year or two living in hospitals gaining experience under supervision.• the Consultants(会诊医生) must not work in the hospital for the whole of their time. They may work in the hospital either for the whole of their time or for part of their time.3.