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论文中的研究方法英文

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论文中的研究方法英文

你好,外国电视剧英语论文有哪些研究方法,具体来说,我认为从欧美影视剧中学习英语就是一个非常好的方法,可以很有效的也非常有助于英语能力的提升。

introduction of how objectives will be achieved (methodology) Method (how the results were achieved): explanation of how data was collected/generated · explanation of how data was analyzed explanation of methodological problems and their solutions or effects SOME EXAMPLES OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF RESEARCHanalysis: classes of data are collected and studies conducted to discern patterns and formulate principles that might guide future actioncase study: the background, development, current conditions and environmental interactions of one or more individuals, groups, communities, businesses or institutions is observed, recorded and analyzed for stages of patterns in relation to internal and external influences.comparison: two or more existing situations are studied to determine their similarities and differences.correlation-prediction: statistically significant correlation coefficients between and among a number of factors are sought and interpretedevaluation: research to determine whether a program or project followed the prescribed procedures and achieved the stated outcomes.design-demonstration: new systems or programs are constructed, tested and evaluatedsurvey-questionnaire: behaviors, beliefs and observations of specific groups are identified, reported and interpreted. experiment: one or more variables are manipulated and the results analyzed.theory construction: an attempt to find or describe principles that explain how things work the way they do.trend analysis: predicting or forecasting the future direction of events.

您的开题报告有什么要求呢开题报告是需要多少字呢你可以告诉我具体的排版格式要求,希望可帮到你,祝顺利开题报告主要包括以下几个方面: (一)论文名称 论文名称就是课题的名字 第一,名称要准确、规范。准确就是论文的名称要把论文研究的问题是什么,研究的对象是什么交待清楚,论文的名称一定要和研究的内容相一致,不能太大,也不能太小,要准确地把你研究的对象、问题概括出来。 第二,名称要简洁,不能太长。不管是论文或者课题,名称都不能太长,能不要的字就尽量不要,一般不要超过20个字。 (二) 论文研究的目的、意义 研究的目的、意义也就是为什么要研究、研究它有什么价值。这一般可以先从现实需要方面去论述,指出现实当中存在这个问题,需要去研究,去解决,本论文的研究有什么实际作用,然后,再写论文的理论和学术价值。这些都要写得具体一点,有针对性一点,不能漫无边际地空喊口号。主要内容包括:⑴ 研究的有关背景(课题的提出): 即根据什么、受什么启发而搞这项研究。 ⑵ 通过分析本地(校) 的教育教学实际,指出为什么要研究该课题,研究的价值,要解决的问题。 (三) 本论文国内外研究的历史和现状(文献综述)。 规范些应该有,如果是小课题可以省略。一般包括:掌握其研究的广度、深度、已取得的成果;寻找有待进一步研究的问题,从而确定本课题研究的平台(起点)、研究的特色或突破点。 (四)论文研究的指导思想 指导思想就是在宏观上应坚持什么方向,符合什么要求等,这个方向或要求可以是哲学、政治理论,也可以是政府的教育发展规划,也可以是有关研究问题的指导性意见等。 (五) 论文写作的目标 论文写作的目标也就是课题最后要达到的具体目的,要解决哪些具体问题,也就是本论文研究要达到的预定目标:即本论文写作的目标定位,确定目标时要紧扣课题,用词要准确、精练、明了。 常见存在问题是:不写研究目标;目标扣题不紧;目标用词不准确; 目标定得过高, 对预定的目标没有进行研究或无法进行研究。 确定论文写作目标时,一方面要考虑课题本身的要求,另一方面要考率实际的工作条件与工作水平。 (六)论文的基本内容 研究内容要更具体、明确。并且一个目标可能要通过几方面的研究内容来实现,他们不一定是一一对应的关系。大家在确定研究内容的时候,往往考虑的不是很具体,写出来的研究内容特别笼统、模糊,把写作的目的、意义当作研究内容。 基本内容一般包括:⑴对论文名称的界说。应尽可能明确三点:研究的对象、研究的问题、研究的方法。⑵本论文写作有关的理论、名词、术语、概念的界说。 (七)论文写作的方法 具体的写作方法可从下面选定: 观察法、调查法、实验法、经验总结法、 个案法、比较研究法、文献资料法等。 (八)论文写作的步骤 论文写作的步骤,也就是论文写作在时间和顺序上的安排。论文写作的步骤要充分考虑研究内容的相互关系和难易程度,一般情况下,都是从基础问题开始,分阶段进行,每个阶段从什么时间开始,至什么时间结束都要有规定。课题研究的主要步骤和时间安排包括:整个研究拟分为哪几个阶段;各阶段的起止时间 希望可以帮你。您的调查报告有什么要求呢调查报告是需要多少字呢调查报告准备往哪个方向写你可以告诉我具体的排版格式要求,希望可帮到你,祝顺利怎么写开题报告呢?首先要把在准备工作当中搜集的资料整理出来,包括课题名称、课题内容、课题的理论依据、参加人员、组织安排和分工、大概需要的时间、经费的估算等等。第一是标题的拟定。课题在准备工作中已经确立了,所以开题报告的标题是不成问题的,把你研究的课题直接写上就行了。比如我曾指导过一组同学对伦教的文化诸如“伦教糕”、伦教木工机械、伦教文物等进行研究,拟定的标题就是“伦教文化研究”。第二就是内容的撰写。开题报告的主要内容包括以下几个部分:一、课题研究的背景。 所谓课题背景,主要指的是为什么要对这个课题进行研究,所以有的课题干脆把这一部分称为“问题的提出”,意思就是说为什么要提出这个问题,或者说提出这个课题。比如我曾指导的一个课题“伦教文化研究”,背景说明部分里就是说在改革开放的浪潮中,伦教作为珠江三角洲一角,在经济迅速发展的同时,她的文化发展怎么样,有哪些成就,对居民有什么影响,有哪些还要改进的。当然背景所叙述的内容还有很多,既可以是社会背景,也可以是自然背景。关键在于我们所确定的课题是什么。二、课题研究的内容。课题研究的内容,顾名思义,就是我们的课题要研究的是什么。比如我校黄姝老师的指导的课题“佛山新八景”,课题研究的内容就是:“以佛山新八景为重点,考察佛山历史文化沉淀的昨天、今天、明天,结合佛山经济发展的趋势,拟定开发具有新佛山、新八景、新气象的文化旅游的可行性报告及开发方案。”三、课题研究的目的和意义。课题研究的目的,应该叙述自己在这次研究中想要达到的境地或想要得到的结果。比如我校叶少珍老师指导的“重走长征路”研究课题,在其研究目标一栏中就是这样叙述的:1、通过再现长征历程,追忆红军战士的丰功伟绩,对长征概况、长征途中遇到了哪些艰难险阻、什么是长征精神,有更深刻的了解和感悟。2、通过小组同学间的分工合作、交流、展示、解说,培养合作参与精神和自我展示能力。3、通过本次活动,使同学的信息技术得到提高,进一步提高信息素养。四、课题研究的方法。在“课题研究的方法”这一部分,应该提出本课题组关于解决本课题问题的门路或者说程序等。一般来说,研究性学习的课题研究方法有:实地调查考察法(通过组织学生到所研究的处所实地调查,从而得出结论的方法)、问卷调查法(根据本课题的情况和自己要了解的内容设置一些问题,以问卷的形式向相关人员调查的方法)、人物采访法(直接向有关人员采访,以掌握第一手材料的方法)、文献法(通过查阅各类资料、图表等,分析、比较得出结论)等等。在课题研究中,应该根据自己课题的实际情况提出相关的课题研究方法,不一定面面俱到,只要实用就行。五、课题研究的步骤。课题研究的步骤,当然就是说本课题准备通过哪几步程序来达到研究的目的。所以在这一部分里应该着重思考的问题就是自己的课题大概准备分几步来完成。一般来说课题研究的基本步骤不外乎是以下几个方面:准备阶段、查阅资料阶段、实地考察阶段、问卷调查阶段、采访阶段、资料的分析整理阶段、对本课题的总结与反思阶段等。六、课题参与人员及组织分工。这属于对本课题研究的管理范畴,但也不可忽视。因为管理不到位,学生不能明确自己的职责,有时就会偷懒或者互相推诿,有时就会做重复劳动。因此课题参与人员的组织分工是不可少的。最好是把所有的参与研究的学生分成几个小组,每个小组通过民主选举的方式推选出小组长,由小组长负责本小组的任务分派和落实。然后根据本课题的情况,把相关的研究任务分割成几大部分,一个小组负责一个部分。最后由小组长组织人员汇总和整理。七、课题的经费估算。一个课题要开展,必然需要一些经费来启动,所以最后还应该大概地估算一下本课题所需要 的资金是多少,比如搜集资料需要多少钱,实地调查的外出经费,问卷调查的印刷和分发的费用,课题组所要占用的场地费,有些课题还需要购买一些相关的材料,结题报告等资料的印刷费等等。所谓“大军未动,粮草先行”,没有足够的资金作后盾,课题研究势必举步维艰,捉襟见肘,甚至于半途而废。因此,课题的经费也必须在开题之初就估算好,未雨绸缪,才能真正把本课题的研究做到最好。调查法 调查法是科学研究中最常用的方法之一。它是有目的、有计划、有系统地搜集有关研究对象现实状况或历史状况的材料的方法。调查方法是科学研究中常用的基本研究方法,它综合运用历史法、观察法等方法以及谈话、问卷、个案研究、测验等科学方式,对教育现象进行有计划的、周密的和系统的了解,并对调查搜集到的大量资料进行分析、综合、比较、归纳,从而为人们提供规律性的知识。 调查法中最常用的是问卷调查法,它是以书面提出问题的方式搜集资料的一种研究方法,即调查者就调查项目编制成表式,分发或邮寄给有关人员,请示填写答案,然后回收整理、统计和研究。 观察法 观察法是指研究者根据一定的研究目的、研究提纲或观察表,用自己的感官和辅助工具去直接观察被研究对象,从而获得资料的一种方法。科学的观察具有目的性和计划性、系统性和可重复性。在科学实验和调查研究中,观察法具有如下几个方面的作用:①扩大人们的感性认识。②启发人们的思维。③导致新的发现。 实验法 实验法是通过主支变革、控制研究对象来发现与确认事物间的因果联系的一种科研方法。其主要特点是:第一、主动变革性。观察与调查都是在不干预研究对象的前提下去认识研究对象,发现其中的问题。而实验却要求主动操纵实验条件,人为地改变对象的存在方式、变化过程,使它服从于科学认识的需要。第二、控制性。科学实验要求根据研究的需要,借助各种方法技术,减少或消除各种可能影响科学的无关因素的干扰,在简化、纯化的状态下认识研究对象。第三,因果性。实验以发现、确认事物之间的因果联系的有效工具和必要途径。 文献研究法 文献研究法是根据一定的研究目的或课题,通过调查文献来获得资料,从而全面地、正确地了解掌握所要研究问题的一种方法。文献研究法被子广泛用于各种学科研究中。其作用有:①能了解有关问题的历史和现状,帮助确定研究课题。②能形成关于研究对象的一般印象,有助于观察和访问。③能得到现实资料的比较资料。④有助于了解事物的全貌。 实证研究法 实证研究法是科学实践研究的一种特殊形式。其依据现有的科学理论和实践的需要,提出设计,利用科学仪器和设备,在自然条件下,通过有目的有步骤地操纵,根据观察、记录、测定与此相伴随的现象的变化来确定条件与现象之间的因果关系的活动。主要目的在于说明各种自变量与某一个因变量的关系。 定量分析法 在科学研究中,通过定量分析法可以使人们对研究对象的认识进一步精确化,以便更加科学地揭示规律,把握本质,理清关系,预测事物的发展趋势。 定性分析法 定性分析法就是对研究对象进行“质”的方面的分析。具体地说是运用归纳和演绎、分析与综合以及抽象与概括等方法,对获得的各种材料进行思维加工,从而能去粗取精、去伪存真、由此及彼、由表及里,达到认识事物本质、揭示内在规律。 跨学科研究法 运用多学科的理论、方法和成果从整体上对某一课题进行综合研究的方法,也称“交叉研究法”。科学发展运动的规律表明,科学在高度分化中又高度综合,形成一个统一的整体。据有关专家统计,现在世界上有2000多种学科,而学科分化的趋势还在加剧,但同时各学科间的联系愈来愈紧密,在语言、方法和某些概念方面,有日益统一化的趋势。 个案研究法 个案研究法是认定研究对象中的某一特定对象,加以调查分析,弄清其特点及其形成过程的一种研究方法。个案研究有三种基本类型:(1)个人调查,即对组织中的某一个人进行调查研究;(2)团体调查,即对某个组织或团体进行调查研究;(3)问题调查,即对某个现象或问题进行调查研究。 功能分析法 功能分析法是社会科学用来分析社会现象的一种方法,是社会调查常用的分析方法之一。它通过说明社会现象怎样满足一个社会系统的需要(即具有怎样的功能)来解释社会现象。 数量研究法 数量研究法也称“统计分析法”和“定量分析法”,指通过对研究对象的规模、速度、范围、程度等数量关系的分析研究,认识和揭示事物间的相互关系、变化规律和发展趋势,借以达到对事物的正确解释和预测的一种研究方法。 模拟法(模型方法) 模拟法是先依照原型的主要特征,创设一个相似的模型,然后通过模型来间接研究原型的一种形容方法。根据模型和原型之间的相似关系,模拟法可分为物理模拟和数学模拟两种。 探索性研究法 探索性研究法是高层次的科学研究活动。它是用已知的信息,探索、创造新知识,产生出新颖而独特的成果或产品。 信息研究方法 信息研究方法是利用信息来研究系统功能的一种科学研究方法。美国数学、通讯工程师、生理学家维纳认为,客观世界有一种普遍的联系,即信息联系。当前,正处在“信息革命”的新时代,有大量的信息资源,可以开发利用。信息方法就是根据信息论、系统论、控制论的原理,通过对信息的收集、传递、加工和整理获得知识,并应用于实践,以实现新的目标。信息方法是一种新的科研方法,它以信息来研究系统功能,揭示事物的更深一层次的规律,帮助人们提高和掌握运用规律的能力。 经验总结法 经验总结法是通过对实践活动中的具体情况,进行归纳与分析,使之系统化、理论化,上升为经验的一种方法。总结推广先进经验是人类历史上长期运用的较为行之有效的领导方法之一。 描述性研究法 描述性研究法是一种简单的研究方法,它将已有的现象、规律和理论通过自己的理解和验证,给予叙述并解释出来。它是对各种理论的一般叙述,更多的是解释别人的论证,但在科学研究中是必不可少的。它能定向地提出问题,揭示弊端,描述现象,介绍经验,它有利于普及工作,它的实例很多,有带揭示性的多种情况的调查;有对实际问题的说明;也有对某些现状的看法等。 数学方法 数学方法就是在撇开研究对象的其他一切特性的情况下,用数学工具对研究对象进行一系列量的处理,从而作出正确的说明和判断,得到以数字形式表述的成果。科学研究的对象是质和量的统一体,它们的质和量是紧密联系,质变和量变是互相制约的。要达到真正的科学认识,不仅要研究质的规定性,还必须重视对它们的量进行考察和分析,以便更准确地认识研究对象的本质特性。数学方法主要有统计处理和模糊数学分析方法。 思维方法 思维方法是人们正确进行思维和准确表达思想的重要工具,在科学研究中最常用的科学思维方法包括归纳演绎、类比推理、抽象概括、思辩想象、分析综合等,它对于一切科学研究都具有普遍的指导意义。 系统科学方法 20世纪,系统论、控制论、信息论等横向科学的迅猛发展,为发展综合思维方式提供了有力的手段,使科学研究方法不断地完善。而以系统论方法、控制论方法和信息论方法为代表的系统科学方法,又为人类的科学认识提供了强有力的主观手段。它不仅突破了传统方法的局限性,而且深刻地改变了科学方法论的体系。这些新的方法,既可以作为经验方法,作为获得感性材料的方法来使用,也可以作为理论方法,作为分析感性材料上升到理性认识的方法来使用,而且作为后者的作用比前者更加明显。它们适用于科学认识的各个阶段,因此,我们称其为系统科学方法。

英文论文写作也是先做出摘要引言,然后提出一些理论,最后通过一定的论点查找到问题,解决问题的一个过程,提出问题是依据现状来说,解决问题需要解决你提出的问题,这是论文的一个核心,在致谢方面,需要特别注重一下就行了,那么英文论文中研究方法有哪些?下面我们就为大家介绍一下。一、英文论文中研究方法有哪些?外语教学和科研中的两大研究方法(一)定性方法 (Qualitative approach)定性研究的基本情况:1. 研究者调查之前没有带什么框框;2. 研究者可以作为局外人观察要研究的现象,让一切事情让本来的规律去发生,发展,研究者不加控制和干扰;3. 研究者也可以参与到所调查的活动之中或者以观察者的身份参与活动;4. 在一般性的调查之后,可以进行深入的个案调查 (case study); 5. 所采取的方法是综合法和归纳法,最后成果多是描述性的或在描述过程中揭示一定的规律(即提出假设或结论) .英文论文(二)定量方法 (Quantitative approach)通过一连串的数字,表格,图标来说明问题,如《广告语言中的语用预设》 ,陈新仁 ,1998分类:统计方法 (statistical method) :人口普查实验方法 (experimental method) :交际教学法比翻译法好定量研究的基本情况:1.定量法通常是从假设出发,事先有个看法;2.定量法往往是要控制和操纵变量的;3.定量强调研究的客观性,远离数据,远离当事人,是局外人的视角;4.所得数据信度高,具有可重复性;5.所得结论具有普遍性。(三)定性方法和定量方法的比较定性方法 定量方法现象学观点 逻辑实证主义观点1. 强调亲身参与活动而获得经验;2. 只有通过个人主观经验才能认识人类行为;3. 了解就是移情;4. 依赖定性数据。1. 强调用实验方法来获取数据;2. 只有摆脱主观状态才能了解社会现象的因果关系;3. 了解要保持距离;4. 依赖定性数据。综合法 分析法1. 从部分到整体;2. 整体观;3. 面向内部结构;4. 了解过程;5. 假设一种动态现时。1. 从整体到部分;2. 成分观;3. 面向外部结构;4. 了解结果;5. 假设一种静态现实。归纳法 演绎法1. 以观察材料为出发点;2. 事先没有形成看法;3. 探索性的,扩展性的,描述性的;4. 可以生成假设;5. 成果,描述或假设。1. 以假设为出发点;2. 事先进行预示;3. 简约性的,推断性的,验证性的;4. 假设检验;5. 成果,理论。自然观察 操纵和控制1. 观察面广,但较分散;2. 变量不加控制,有利于了解变量的复杂关系,但也容易顾此失彼;3. 注意内容,但容易忽视形式;4. 主观,但解释力强;(四)定性研究和统计研究中的调查手段1.观察 (observation): participant and non-participant observation; not knowing what is not known and structured observation 访谈 (interview): open, structured and semi-open interview2. 笔记和日记 (log): detail is everything; chronological order3. 录音和录像4 . 口 头 自 陈 (verbal reporting): 边 想 边 说 (think aloud), 内 省 (introspection) , 回 忆(retrospection)5. 问卷 (questionnaire): open, closed and semi-closed(五)实验研究真正的实验研究:研究者对自变量的控制;对被试者的随机抽样外 语 研 究 中 的 研 究 只 能 是 准 实 验 研 究 (quasi-experimental research) 和 前 实 验 研 究(pre-experimental research) 准实验研究交际法比传统的翻译法好Objectives: 交际法比翻译法好Subjects: 两组(班)学生,各种条件(年龄,性别等)都是等值的,尤其是成绩也差不多。Instruments : Procedure: 前测,分别教学一段时间,后测Results and discussion

研究中英文化差异的方法论文

隐喻的中西方文化差异Abstract: Metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon but also a way of thinking, which is one of the basic methods for human survival and cognition. It is rooted in language, thought and culture. Through the analysis and comparison of the use and concept of metaphor in different countries, we find that its universality and commonality of the metaphor as a basic human cognitive activities. However, metaphor in different languages reflects a different way of thinking and behavior and different cultural patterns. Owing to the different two modes of thinking and culture, there are some differences in understanding and formation that can not be ignored. Therefore, this paper will discuss the questions above.Keywords: metaphor, cross-cultural differences, translation. 1. Preamble Metaphor is a common phenomenon, a large number of people use metaphor to express his feelings and ideas. British scientists rhetoric Richards (IARichards) once said, "We have day-to-day in almost every conversation in three sentences may be a metaphor." According to statistics, life around the use of 4,700,000 new metaphor, 2,140,000 stereotypes of metaphor. Research in recent years, there is a great metaphor. This article introduced in the definition of metaphor on the basis of summing up the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western metaphor, and that its culture, precisely because of the prevalence of metaphor, how to translate metaphor has become a very important issue in the latter part of the article is aimed at The translation of metaphor put forward a translation of the three strategies. This paper studies aimed at trying to comparative analysis of English and Chinese in a large number of day-to-day language of metaphor to express, find out the differences and similarities, in order to be able to accurately translate the article in good metaphor to explore a little. This article is about the metaphor from the point of view to explore the differences in the way Thinking allows us to a deeper understanding of language, culture, the relationship between thinking and can more clearly understand the different ethnic language, culture, way of thinking, and so on On the nature of translation. 2. Metaphors in Chinese and Western studies In 1980, Lakoff & Johnson (George Lakoff & Mark Johnson) made a "living metaphor" (Metaphors We Live By) of the book, a modern metaphor to open a new chapter in the school. Domestic academia on the "metaphor" This is also a review of the system, such as Lin Wu's book "Study abroad metaphor Looking at the" beam-setting "metaphor research," Li of China and India "The main subjects Metaphor" and so on. However, the Chinese metaphor for the academic study of rare. "Chinese scholars on the study of metaphor, I am afraid the real contribution should be through the metaphor of the Chinese characteristics of research and study, through the metaphor of the Chinese and other languages in the comparative study of metaphor, metaphor for the establishment of a more general theory of the strong, and even unique The basis. "Lin Wu in the book" metaphor of the basic research the status quo, and the focus of the trend "in the main text, put forward a model of cultural metaphors with the relationship:" The language of metaphor is the emergence of expression into the system, which not only reflects the psychological Structure, but also reflect the different cultural models also play a role. " 2.1 metaphor in the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures 2.1.1 relationship Correspond to (corresponding) refers to the relationship between the two languages, English and Chinese in the meaning and metaphor in the use of the same meaning in the culture and image, and so on and-one mapping. This is because the survival of mankind itself, as well as all the external conditions, including the geographical environment, climate change, and the whole of human society and cultural background are certain there is a common, which formed a common humanity of their own and the outside world on many issues. In the "angry" mood, the English are angry that physiological responses, such as: grind one's teeth. (Teeth), bare one's teeth. (Ziyaliezui) an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth), reflecting the Chinese culture on the basis of common experience. 2.1.2 non-correspondence English-Chinese metaphor, after all, rooted in two different languages on the soil, resulting in very different cultural backgrounds, fully corresponds to the few metaphors, the vast majority do not have common cultural identity in order to form the corresponding non-(non-corresponding ) Relations. Non-relationship metaphor can be roughly divided into three categories: 2.1.2.1 Vehicle counterpart, Yu Yi does not correspond to English and Chinese in some cases there is the same as a metaphor, but in their own language and culture in the meaning of the metaphor means is different, even different. Peacock in the Chinese culture is auspicious, a symbol of beauty, especially the Dai people to express jumped Pavaner desire to better their own. If the Chinese people will be likened to a peacock, it means that beautiful light. However, in English, peacock (Peacock) is a symbol of pride, often interpreted as arrogance, love to show off. For example, They were eager to take the young peacock down a peg. (They want to pressure a pressure that the arrogant young guy's momentum). 2.1.2.2 counterpart Yu Yi, the vehicle does not correspond to English-Chinese two nations due to their differences, from different angles to look at things the same, it will be a different analogy. As a result both English and Chinese language there is a different vehicle, but Yu was referring to was basically the same as the meaning of the case, that is the same kind of non-correspondence. Such as: a person described as the hearts of anxious, restless, Chinese is "ants on the hot pan" and English is "a cat on the bricks". There are similar: To kick down the ladder. Guohechaiqiao. 2.1.2.3 Yu Yu Yi and do not correspond to Some of the metaphors Yu-Yu has a meaning and it refers to the language and culture are closely related, in another culture often can not find corresponding Yu and Yu Yi, which resulted in a culture known as the default Phenomenon. For example: in English "my rib" I am referring to Yu's wife, it comes from the "Bible" story, that is, Adam (Adam)'s wife Eve (Eve) God is with a piece of Adam's rib made. The Chinese did not, "the Bible" cultural background, and there was no analogy with rib habit, so the formation of a corresponding gap. Similarly, "ugly duckling" (Ugly Duckling) refers to the metaphor will get ahead of Little, "early bird" refers to the diligent Yu, in the words into Chinese language, culture, as a result of the default, can not find a corresponding relationship between metaphor . 2.2 Chinese and Western cultures in the common metaphor Metaphor and culture to a large extent, human beings have a common understanding, rooted in the people's own day-to-day experience. In this connection, often between different ethnic groups are the same. Both English and Chinese language in a lot of abstract thinking that the metaphorical expression is the same. For example: the human child in the period to form a position on the concept of input in that direction in the form of many of them easily understood, including the position expressed by metaphor, which has become a fixed pattern of thinking. For example: The term direction (up, down) to describe people's social status, physical, emotional, and other abstract concepts to the case when the good is up; Sad is down. We Chinese are also not difficult to find a similar sentence: "Gas Prices "," enhance the social status "and" vision "and" depressed. " Since the objective laws of nature with the relative unity of different cultures to understand the nature of the course is similar to the cognitive experience. 2.3 in the metaphor of the difference between Chinese and Western cultures As the English-Chinese geographical and cultural differences, living in two different cultures in practice there are a lot of differences, and different life experiences and let people understand the objective world, a different language carries different nationalities Cultural characteristics and cultural information. Understanding of metaphor is not out of socio-cultural backgrounds. For example, social and cultural impact of the color words is deep-rooted, some color words in different cultures in an entirely different meaning, has a distinctive feature of our national culture. Such as: English, said in green "inexperienced" and "shallow knowledge", such as: "a green hand", "I was very green when I started working there." The Chinese like to express the meaning of the word is "yellow" Such as: "Huangmaoyatou" and "flower girl". Cultural background knowledge is the metaphor to create a rich source of thinking, as the Eastern and Western cultures are different, metaphors in English and Chinese applications there are also significant differences. 2.4 The metaphor of the cross-cultural differences between Chinese and Western influence Language is a cultural change in the development of the complex, subject to political, economic, historical, environmental and other factors. Chinese and Western styles are different, but in many ways to infiltrate interaction and integration, language differences and cultural metaphor for the inevitable impact is complex and diverse. 2.4.1 metaphorical expression of cultural conflict Different nationalities in the world to observe a different perspective and ideas, different cultures there are a lot of conflict or inconsistency metaphor. If the animal metaphors, in English Long (dragon) is a kind of evil, will belch out smoke monster. "Bible", the dragon is the devil, is a symbol of evil and terror, there is a terrible vicious meaning. The Chinese dragon is in power, the auspicious symbol of Chinese traditional culture, the Chinese have "Wangzichenglong", "descendants of the Dragon." The same analogy in different cultures, different meaning, of two cultures "Dragon" to give a different connotation. 2.4.2 differences in living conditions caused by differences in metaphor In English is a lot of metaphor and marine-related, such as: all at sea (at a loss what to do); drink like a fish (drinking cow); fish in the air (Shuizhonglaoyue); give up the ship (give up). In Chinese, there are a lot of the horse or cattle pose a metaphor, such as: "a willing ox" (a willing horse) Gan means to serve the community; "old ox" (a working horse) refers to the hard work; "bragging "(Talk horse), and so on. This is due to different geographical location and natural environment caused by different cultural metaphor. Britain is an island, ultimately, dependent on the sea, and China is a large agricultural country, farming culture deeply feudal society. 2.4.3 different religious and cultural differences arising from the metaphor Religious culture of human culture is an important part of it by referring to the nation's religious beliefs, such as the formation of the sense of culture, "the Bible" in the story, with its language and meaning has become a feature of daily life in the West in terms of . For example, power of the keys (the keys to the kingdom of heaven; the rights of the Pope), in the right church, but in the wrong pew (in general is right, but not the details), and so on. Chinese culture and Buddhism, Taoism and more affected by the impact of Confucianism, the Chinese, there are a lot of related argot. "Jiehuaxianfo"; "临时抱佛脚"; "做一天和尚撞一天钟" and so on. It is due to the diversity of culture, resulting in the differences between English and Chinese metaphor. This difference to the cross-cultural communication has brought the impact. As a foreign language students, do not understand the difference between metaphor and language will make mistakes, sometimes mistakenly made good as pleasant, caused by either one or both of the conversation unpleasant; also sometimes mocked as a praise. When a native language other operators do not understand the language contained in the cultural differences, it is often difficult for such language to accurately convey the meaning of the understanding, difficulty to the cross-cultural exchange. 3. Metaphor of the three methods of translation The translation of metaphor not only accurately and effectively convey the original language, but also loyal, accessible, complete reproduction of the original language and cultural connotation and significance. But in the West because of cultural differences and different, so the translation of metaphor in English on the need to consider not only its literal sense, and so on, but also in the West should pay attention to their cultural differences. American Eugene Nida said: "Translation is the exchange between the two cultures. The real success of the translation, even more familiar with the two cultures is more important to master two languages. Because only in terms of its role in the culture In the background will only be meaningful. "Therefore, the translation of metaphor to combining Chinese and Western cultures, and cultural backgrounds to leave the translation, can not be achieved between the two languages of the real exchange. 3.1 Literal Translation The so-called "literal" is asked in the language when conditions permit, in the translation to maintain the original content, but also to maintain the original form, in particular, to maintain the original metaphor, the image of the nation, and other local color. In the literal translation method to maintain the original expression of the culture and at the same time, target enriched the vocabulary and expression, such as: "a Pandora's box" (Pandora's Box); "chain reaction" (chain reaction). In the original text and asked the information contained in the same culture, we should adopt the literal translation method. (1) You are my sunshine, my only sunshine. : You are my sun, my only sunshine. In Chinese and English, the sun is warm, beautiful, in both languages, they disseminate information on culture are the same. As a rule, and asked in the original text in the form of grammatical structure, similar to the style or color on basically the same, the law should adopt the literal translation. (1) He is another Shylock. : He is also a Shylock. (Note: Shakespeare's Shylock is "The Merchant of Venice" in a very harsh mean business People. ) (2) To carry coals to Newcastle. : Coal to Newcastle. (Note: "Newcastle" is a British coal, coal is superfluous here.) 4. Conclusion Metaphor as a way to figures of speech or skills, a unique feature of grammar, which features make the sentence more flexible and constructive, but the United States. Is a metaphor to express more complex ideas and things, a powerful tool. Wherever and whenever people in their daily lives are often used metaphor. As Mr. Lin Zhuang said: "The metaphor is no longer expanding his knowledge and understanding of a passive process. To help us in the form of new knowledge, the metaphor has played an active role so that we can better a better understanding of the objective world." In English and Chinese Metaphorical significance of the difference is due to cultural differences between East and West, that mode of thinking, moral values and sense of difference. However, different cultural impact of what is the concept of metaphor, it is still a need to examine and address the problem. At the same time, in the metaphor of the process of translation must pay special attention to cultural differences. The best translation is to be able to accurately reflect the true meaning of the author, as well as its cultural and stylistic characteristics of the translation, that is, the translation of metaphor to make as much as possible the original language and to achieve the target language culture, and so on.

Western novels in comparison First, Western novels in the history of the development of Western novels are based on myths and legends of its origin. In ancient times, science developed, out of fear of nature, the working people out of the imagination is the key to many of the world "God", describing the personification of God is a myth; who will describe the deified, that is legend. China opened the world's Pan story, the story of San Juan Five Emperors, the West Greek mythology, Roman mythology, Norse mythology, and so on are all typical works. East and West, the original novel, is closely linked with the history, as historical records complement the event. China Pre-Qin prose in the fable, the Han dynasty in the history books, biographies, the Wei and Jin Zhi, Zhi-person novel; the West of ancient Babylon, "the United States and Ji Jia disabilities epic", in ancient Greece, "Homer's epic," "Aesop's Fables "And so on, fall into this category, fiction, novels such novels have been about the characteristics of fiction, it is still not the literary creation, directly from the private collection record, so this type of fiction plot is relatively simple, writing rough comparison. Ban Gu said, "On the Street Lane words, hearsay are made of" is a novel kind of accurate assessment of the image. China's Tang Dynasty, the novel is only from history and literature become a creativity. Tang Dynasty culture has developed, the author's ideas are more open, the legend came into being at this time, Li Zhaowei "Liu Yi Chuan", Po Chu's "Everlasting Regret," Wolf's "Everlasting Regret Chuan" And so on, are made in accordance with the creation of the legend. For the fictional story of the Tang Dynasty more emphasis on imagination and literary talent, not just the history of the nature of things, but as the history of Zhi Zhi who is also the novel did not stop. The Legend of the Song Dynasty to the novel on a gradual decline, which followed the rise of this so that after processing will become a scholar so many novel and Romance novels such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Outlaws of the Marsh", "Journey to the West." The author of such novels is the use of private creative and re-created to describe the circumstances of the touching scenes of brilliant and vivid active in shaping the character known, there are obvious story-telling style of language. Here by the redevelopment, it will become an independent literary creation rather than things to come together with the civil process, the representative of this type is the "Golden Lotus", it was an open and ordinary life on the road, the reality is that literature has come a long way The development of the latter's "A Dream of Red Mansions" in ancient China Geng Shiba realism to the novels of the summit. "54" after the novelist began to learn from China's western fiction writing practices, and gradually out a new path. Western novels, is the "Renaissance" after the rapid development of mature. The development of the Middle Ages novel near-stagnation in the West, 14, the end of the century "Renaissance" to overthrow the literature of the Church of control, 15, appeared in the western end of the century to promote freedom of thought and the liberation of personality in order to describe the reality of life and portray characters from all walks of life for the content of the Humanist novels, is to tie in with this type of novel anti-feudal Europe at the time of arising at the same time it also set the novel in the West to human describing the tone of the main things. Jiaqiu Italy's "Decameron", Spain's Cervantes "Don Quixote" is the kind of representative works of fiction. The resulting novel is a classical, elegant favor of its national language to standardize the writing of this novel in 17th century France's most well-developed. As a note on behalf of Corneille's "Cid" neoclassical story of the rise of Western novels have been a language substantially improved. The beginning of the 18th century to promote popular science knowledge, enlightenment of the public consciousness for the purpose of the Enlightenment novels, of which there are relatively well-known German Goethe's "Faust", the United Kingdom Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe" and the Swift "Gulliver's Travels" and so on, this type of novel to the emergence of the bourgeois revolution at the time to mold public opinion. In the 19th century, romantic fiction, realistic novels and critical realism novel turn to occupy the leading position in the field of fiction. Romantic novels, such as France Victor Hugo's "Notre Dame de Paris", Goethe's "juvenile Witt of trouble" and so on, imaginative, unusual ideas, language and imaginative, strong feelings. Efforts to reflect the reality of the novel is the essence of life, and depict typical life of a typical phenomenon in the United Kingdom Dickens, France and Germany are of such novels as a representative of the writer. Critical realism novels exposed the efforts of the decadent feudal system and capitalist society, the dark, in-depth criticism of the reality of evil, France Balzac and Maupassant, the United Kingdom of Charlotte, Bronte,. Russia's Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, the United States of a large number of writers such as Mark Twain's works belong to this category. Value today, the three novels in the West is still the most important of the three types of literary fiction. East-West novel on the history of the development of more or less the case. Second, the characteristics of the novel in the West In addition to the basic characteristics of the novel, the story of the West also have their own characteristics are as follows: 1, the traditional Chinese novel attention to the characters, language and the details of the description, in contradiction to the conflict to display the images, but the character of a single, small changes in the absence of the main flu. Western novels are more people pay attention to the psychological description, stressed that mining figure in the subconscious mind, good at writing full, the changes in the strong sense of the main characters. Again, "coach Lin Feng Snow Mountain Temple" in the figure is only through dialogue and action leads to contradictions and conflicts, but Anna Karenina Wogui before a series of conflicts only with his description of the psychological will be able to express their clear; for poetry in Lin In the performance of her literary talent, and Paul with his inner monologue of the ideal; Zhang Zhong-Yong has only the character, but Jane Eyre's character is the brave, strong, warm, kind-hearted, and so many of the character and rubbing and Cheng's. In short, people in the area described in the West has its own unique features. 2, China compared with Western fiction novel plot twists and turns more and more complete story. Plot twists and turns, the story is complete fiction China's unique traditional arts. The Wei and Jin Zhi Zhi people on the novel twists and turns with vivid characteristics. Tang legend in the layout of many of the famous, magnificent anomaly, rigorous and clever, dramatic plot development. The contents of the Ming and Qing Dynasties novels scattered irregular, undulating waves, Cuoluoyouzhi, careful structure, an integral whole. "A Dream of Red Mansions", everywhere She Fu, Hui turning point, the story of Jia's best writing. Western plot in respect of the outstanding works, although there are many, but it can not be compared with the Chinese novel. 3, concise and lively Chinese language novel, rich in content and rich Western novels. Chinese folk artists absorbed the novel language, at the same time inherited the fine traditions of ancient prose, often a few words will be able to outline the incident or the people. Western novels in the author includes a broad range of knowledge, involve the community in many ways, so rich in content and rich people can gain knowledge in many areas. Engels said he was in Balzac's novel about 19th century France's domestic situation than he received any reports are more. Western novels have different characteristics, and also in the West different aesthetic concepts to a certain extent related. 4, Western novels have been the rule of the feudal culture of oppression destroyed. Chinese feudal culture makes the development of the novel is extremely difficult, Ming and Qing Dynasties more people to write stories for shame, so many great writers living, creating the conditions are not covered, many of the great works of authors who do not know. Western novels in the feudal culture makes almost the whole of the Middle Ages in the development of extremely slow, and many talented writers were forced to church services, wrote some of the religious nature of the article dry hole. Third, Western novels in the future prospects for the development of End of the Qing Dynasty, China and the West have begun to understand the other side of the system, the advantages of the novel in the West have been constantly learn from each other. Of course, due to historical reasons, the Chinese side of the draw a little more. To this day, the novelist in the West efforts are still two researchers in the novel's artistic charm, although the different languages of each other's appreciation of the arts to a certain extent, but the United States are interlinked. We have every reason to believe that in the near future, the novel art in the West will ultimately learn from each other and integrate, develop and reach new artistic heights. References: "Foreign Literature" Shanghai Translation Publishing House Zhou Xu Liang "Contemporary Literature election," Zhang Zhong, such as Beijing University Publishing House "Chinese literature history of the development of" Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House Liu Jie "Literary History of Europe" People's Literature Publishing House Yangzhou Han Wu Da-yuan Zhao Rui radish "Three high school language textbook used by the five dates of the" People's Education Press仅供参考,请自借鉴。希望对您有帮助。

浅谈中英文化差异新教学大纲规定,九年义务教育初中英语教学的目的是培养学生运用英语进行交际的初步能力。英语考试也逐渐向这个方向靠拢。每种语言都背负着其民族的历史、文化。要谈到英语教学就不能回避中英文化的差异问题。(一)中英文化存在的一些差异一、从词汇的文化负载中看差异词汇中往往负载着许多文化内涵。如在中国虎代表的是百兽之王,词汇中常常出现将门虎子、虎踞龙蟠、虎虎生威等词语。但在英语中虎的地位被狮子所代替。如英国的别称以及前段时间播映的动画片《狮子王》。又如狗在中文中多含贬义:狗腿子、狗奴才等;而在英国文化中狗是人类最忠实的朋友。再如力大如牛(译成:as strong as horse)、a busybody并非大忙人而是“好管闲事的人”、black tea并非黑茶而是红茶、黄色书刊不是yellow book而是dirty book……;因而如果根据字面直译就会闹出大笑话。二、从姓名及称谓中看差异1、结构形式上的差异我们知道,姓名由姓(Family name)与名(Given name)组成。英国人的排列方式是名(Given name)+姓(Family name)而中国人的却与之相反是姓(Family name)+名(Given name)。为什么会存在着这种差异呢?这与两个国家人民的价值观念有关。由于相较而言英国封建制度存在的时间较短,资本主义发展得较早,尤其是文艺复兴时期宣扬个人主义至上的思想,崇尚以个人为中心深深地影响了英国人。因此这个国家的国民具有强烈的个体本位主义,反映在名字上就出现了名在前的形式。而我们中国具有漫长的封建历史,儒家思想根深蒂固。强调中庸之道,反对个人主义。最重视的是家族的传承,体现的是一种群体本位主义。由此出现了将家族标识-姓放在前面而代表个人的名放在后的形式。2、姓氏使用的差异由于我国早在远古姓氏出于图腾,进入封建社会后常以出生地、封地、官职、封号等作为姓氏的来源,将姓作为一种荣誉。因此在姓氏的选择和使用上显得极为谨慎和谦恭。而英国人却在姓名的使用上充分显示了其自我、自由的特征。有人以职业为名,如:Cook库克(厨师);有人以家庭关系为名,如:Johnson约翰逊Jackson杰克逊;有人以天气、季节为名:Snow斯诺(雪)Frost梅弗罗斯特(霜)、Summer萨默(夏天);有人以圣经人物为名:Bible拜布尔(圣经);以长相为名:Strong斯特朗(强壮的)、Longfellow朗费罗(大个子);以神话人物为名:Apllo阿波罗(太阳神)、Hymen海门(婚姻之神)、Mars马尔斯(战神);以动、植物名称为名:Bull布尔(公牛)、Wolf沃尔夫(狼)Rose罗斯(玫瑰花);有的以日期为名:May梅(五月)、Sunday森迪(星期日);以物体名称为名:Stone斯通(石头)、House豪斯(房屋)等林林总总,形形色色,不论美丑。有姓驼背的、有姓坏蛋的、有姓胖、姓瘦的、有叫教堂,有叫灌木(Bush)的……因而我们在翻译英国人姓名时往往用音译而不用直译法。而在取名时又存在着一个更大的差异,那就是在中国社会中子孙及其他位卑者要避尊者讳,不能直呼长辈及位尊者的名讳。例如:唐太宗名李世民,结果观世音菩萨也被改名为观音菩萨;唐朝诗人白居易一生不咏海棠只是因为他的母亲名为海棠。而在英语国家长辈则以子孙使用自己的名字为荣,于是出现了类似查理一世、查理二世的称谓,以及爷孙同名的事来。3、称呼上的差异在非正式场合、平辈人中英两国人都喜欢相互以名字来称呼以示亲密。但在上下辈中的称呼上,就存在着较大的差异。在中国人中需要严守上下辈分的差别,对长辈要用尊称不能直呼其名;在英语国家中则不一定严格照此实行,在非正式场合中或双方关系较为密切的情况下,则常以名字来相互称呼,对父母、师长、领导、长辈等均是如此。常常出现对父母直呼其名的情况。在对亲戚的称呼中,中国人分得很细而英语国家则是较为粗略。例如:uncle一词的中文含义就有伯伯、叔叔、舅舅既有有血缘关系的也有无血缘关系的,是个统称。这与两个国家人民的家族观念有着很深的关系。此外,中国人喜欢以职务和身份来称呼,如王老师、老王等;而英语国家则不会如此,如王老师-Mr./Miss/Mrs Wang 而不叫Teacher Wang(但在我们初中人教版教材中就曾出现这种错误)。语言是一种工具,由于社会的发展必然出现一些新的词汇,而留心身边日常生活中出现的英语词汇是十分必要的。如:E-mail(电子邮件) teletext(图文电视)homepage(主页) mobile telephone(移动电话)……三、日常交谈规则习惯由于我们日常对语言的听说能力注重得还是不够,尤其是对某些词句在具体语境中如何运用仍没有引起足够的重视。故而在实际运用中常常出现使用了一些句子无论是从语法角度来说还是从语言角度来说并没什么问题的句子但却与英语国家的风俗习惯不相符或是想当然地套用一些母语的语言形式即通常所说的Chinese English,犯一些令人啼笑皆非的错误来。举几个例子来说明。例如:1、对赞扬和感谢的反应就存在着有趣的差异。中国人将自谦当作一种美德,因而在遇到外国人的赞扬与感谢时,外国人说:You did so well. 中国人的第一反应就是:Oh,no.或是Well,just so so.而这一反应将引来赞美者的不快。正确的回答应是:Thank you.2、电话的开场白上的差异Hello, this is May speaking. Is that Mary?这是英语中一个简单的电话开场白。中文意义为:您好,我是梅。你是玛丽吗?这里就不能简单地运用中文想当然地用上I am和Are you的句式。3、其他差异对于中国人来说纯粹属于自己的隐私似乎没有,而英国人却极为重视个人隐私。中国人见面喜欢问的年龄、收入、婚姻家庭状况等问题在英国人看来是让人极其恼火的事情。对于这种问题的答案往往是:It’s none of your business.(这不关你的事。)还有一些习惯用法。如:圣诞快乐应为Merry Christmas而不是Happy Christmas同样是快乐不能通用仅仅是因为习惯而已(初中英语沿海版教材中就曾出现这一错误)。当然,作为分析性语言的中文与作为综合性语言的英语在语法上还存在着相当大的差别。在这里就不详细说明了。(二)如何在教学中解决这些问题浅谈中英文化的差异的意义在于:由于存在差异,我们的母语-中文势必对我们学习英语产生一些负迁移作用,如何通过了解差异,在教学中 避免母语产生的负面影响提高学习效率?主要做好以下两点工作:首先,在搞好英语日常教学的基础上,有目的地在教学中渗透一些交际文化背景。可以让学生进行一些辅助性的课外阅读,或组织英语原声电影、录像、VCD的观看,运用网络,通过一些有声的无声的,有形的无形的,字面的形象的社会文化内涵渗透到学生心中,让学生尽可能地触摸到最原汁原味的英语世界。其次,为学生提供尽可能多的练习机会。在课堂上用纯英语教学,创造一些英语听说氛围。通过创造模拟情景,鼓励学生大胆开口实践,使学生身临其境反复练习,形成良好的英语语感,增强学生在实践中的应对能力。总之,在英语教学中忽视中英文化差异的教学将会直接影响到教学质量,影响学生交际应用能力的提高。唯有注重提高学生对语言背后所蕴含的文化背景、社会知识的了解,才能真正让学生在语言学习运用中立于不败之地。最终达到学习的目的。

Chinese and Western cultural differences in the performance of every aspect of daily life from the greeting 、 term diet and cultural differences in the way of thinking in the abstract, such as differences everywhere, from the West focus on the following colors to express the difference between Chinese and Western cultural differences in areas such as a wedding set. First, in the West to express the color difference Different colors in different languages is not expressed in the same way. The representative of China in a sense, the West has a meaning that even the "color" to understand the meaning of the contrary. (A) red (red) Whether in China or in the English-speaking countries, often in red and festive celebrations or day-related. Calendar, red font used these days, therefore, red letter day: refers to the "Day" or "happy occasion." It also refers to the red "liabilities" or "loss" because people are always negative in red to register. So there are these phrases: red figure deficit in the red loss In common with the Chinese "red" words, translated into English, may not necessarily use the "red" for example: brown sugar brown sugar red wine red wine (B) yellow Yellow in English and Chinese in the extended meaning of the differences are considerable. In English, yellow can be said that the "timid, cowardly, despicable," meaning, for example: a yellow dog despicable, cowardly people a yellow livered coward Chinese yellow symbol of the term is sometimes vulgar, vulgar and obscene, indecent indecency means, such as yellow film, erotica, yellow CD, and so on. These in the name of "yellow" in English and "yellow" has nothing to do. However, in another English word blue is the color used to indicate the kind of meaning in Chinese, such as the blue jokes (dirty joke), blue films (yellow film). Second, the cultural differences in Western wedding First of all, in Western wedding culture and the first in the West in thinking about the differences: the Chinese people more conservative, like excitement, more old-fashioned thinking, so in the history of China for thousands of years the entire wedding customs did not change much. The thinking in the West is more open to the requirements of the wedding will be lower, they will be the climax of the wedding in the church: the sacred as the "wedding march" into the red carpet, Jiao Mei's father, the bride linked hands Rose walked slowly to the groom, the bride's father, daughter to the groom's hand on hand, her daughter's life will be entrusted to the groom, all eyes followed the couple, filled with well-being in their face. Second, the result of cultural differences wedding in the West because the West in a different religion. China is mainly Buddhist, but the West is mainly Christian. Therefore, the Western wedding is to be held in the church and the priest is Zhuhun Ren. China's traditional customs of the most important part of the Bai Tiandi is, the worship heaven and earth even after the ceremony has become.中西方文化差异表现在方方面面,从日常生活的打招呼用语、饮食文化等差异到思维方式等抽象方面的差异无所不在,下面着重从中西方颜色表达的差异,中西方婚礼文化差异等方面阐述。 一、中西方颜色表达的差异 不同颜色在不同语言中表达的方式并不一样。在中国代表一种意义,在西方又表示一种涵义,甚至对“颜色”的涵义理解恰恰相反。(一)red(红色)无论是在英语国家还是在中国,红色往往与庆祝活动或喜庆日子有关。日历中,这些日子常用红色字体,因此,red letter day:指的是“纪念日”或“喜庆的日子”。红色还指“负债”或“亏损”,因为人们总是用红笔登记负数。于是就有了这些词组:red figure赤字 in the red亏损汉语中常用的带“红”字的词语,翻译成英语,可不一定用“red”例如:红糖brown sugar 红酒red wine (二) yellow黄色在英语和汉语中的引申含义差别比较大。英语中,yellow可以表示“胆小、卑怯、卑鄙”的意思,例如:a yellow dog 可鄙的人,卑鄙的人a yellow livered 胆小鬼汉语中黄色一词有时象征低级趣味、色情庸俗、下流猥亵的意思,如黄色电影、黄色书刊、黄色光碟等等。这些名称中的“黄”与英语中的“yellow”无关。然而,英语中另一个颜色词blue却常用来表示汉语中这类意思,如blue jokes(下流的玩笑), blue films(黄色电影)等。 二、中西方婚礼文化差异 首先,中西方婚礼文化差异首先和中西方人在思维方面的差异有关:中国人比较保守,喜欢热闹,思维较古板,所以在中国历史几千年的时间里整个婚礼的习俗并没有多大的变化。而西方人的思想则比较开放,对于婚礼的要求也比较低,他们婚礼的高潮则是在教堂中:随着神圣的《婚礼进行曲》步入鲜红的地毯,娇美的新娘挽着父亲手捧玫瑰慢慢向新郎走去,新娘的父亲将女儿的手放在新郎的手上,将女儿的一生托付给新郎,所有人的目光注视着这对新人,幸福洋溢在他们的脸上。其次,造成中西方婚礼文化差异的原因是中西方不同的宗教。中国是以佛教为主,而西方则是基督教为主的。所以西方的婚礼是在教堂中举行而主婚人则是神甫。中方的传统婚俗中的最重要环节就是拜天地,拜了天地以后就算是礼成了。

英国论文的研究方法

英文论文写作也是先做出摘要引言,然后提出一些理论,最后通过一定的论点查找到问题,解决问题的一个过程,提出问题是依据现状来说,解决问题需要解决你提出的问题,这是论文的一个核心,在致谢方面,需要特别注重一下就行了,那么英文论文中研究方法有哪些?下面我们就为大家介绍一下。一、英文论文中研究方法有哪些?外语教学和科研中的两大研究方法(一)定性方法 (Qualitative approach)定性研究的基本情况:1. 研究者调查之前没有带什么框框;2. 研究者可以作为局外人观察要研究的现象,让一切事情让本来的规律去发生,发展,研究者不加控制和干扰;3. 研究者也可以参与到所调查的活动之中或者以观察者的身份参与活动;4. 在一般性的调查之后,可以进行深入的个案调查 (case study); 5. 所采取的方法是综合法和归纳法,最后成果多是描述性的或在描述过程中揭示一定的规律(即提出假设或结论) .英文论文(二)定量方法 (Quantitative approach)通过一连串的数字,表格,图标来说明问题,如《广告语言中的语用预设》 ,陈新仁 ,1998分类:统计方法 (statistical method) :人口普查实验方法 (experimental method) :交际教学法比翻译法好定量研究的基本情况:1.定量法通常是从假设出发,事先有个看法;2.定量法往往是要控制和操纵变量的;3.定量强调研究的客观性,远离数据,远离当事人,是局外人的视角;4.所得数据信度高,具有可重复性;5.所得结论具有普遍性。(三)定性方法和定量方法的比较定性方法 定量方法现象学观点 逻辑实证主义观点1. 强调亲身参与活动而获得经验;2. 只有通过个人主观经验才能认识人类行为;3. 了解就是移情;4. 依赖定性数据。1. 强调用实验方法来获取数据;2. 只有摆脱主观状态才能了解社会现象的因果关系;3. 了解要保持距离;4. 依赖定性数据。综合法 分析法1. 从部分到整体;2. 整体观;3. 面向内部结构;4. 了解过程;5. 假设一种动态现时。1. 从整体到部分;2. 成分观;3. 面向外部结构;4. 了解结果;5. 假设一种静态现实。归纳法 演绎法1. 以观察材料为出发点;2. 事先没有形成看法;3. 探索性的,扩展性的,描述性的;4. 可以生成假设;5. 成果,描述或假设。1. 以假设为出发点;2. 事先进行预示;3. 简约性的,推断性的,验证性的;4. 假设检验;5. 成果,理论。自然观察 操纵和控制1. 观察面广,但较分散;2. 变量不加控制,有利于了解变量的复杂关系,但也容易顾此失彼;3. 注意内容,但容易忽视形式;4. 主观,但解释力强;(四)定性研究和统计研究中的调查手段1.观察 (observation): participant and non-participant observation; not knowing what is not known and structured observation 访谈 (interview): open, structured and semi-open interview2. 笔记和日记 (log): detail is everything; chronological order3. 录音和录像4 . 口 头 自 陈 (verbal reporting): 边 想 边 说 (think aloud), 内 省 (introspection) , 回 忆(retrospection)5. 问卷 (questionnaire): open, closed and semi-closed(五)实验研究真正的实验研究:研究者对自变量的控制;对被试者的随机抽样外 语 研 究 中 的 研 究 只 能 是 准 实 验 研 究 (quasi-experimental research) 和 前 实 验 研 究(pre-experimental research) 准实验研究交际法比传统的翻译法好Objectives: 交际法比翻译法好Subjects: 两组(班)学生,各种条件(年龄,性别等)都是等值的,尤其是成绩也差不多。Instruments : Procedure: 前测,分别教学一段时间,后测Results and discussion

你好,外国电视剧英语论文有哪些研究方法,具体来说,我认为从欧美影视剧中学习英语就是一个非常好的方法,可以很有效的也非常有助于英语能力的提升。

1、选题根据专业与拟定方向选题,搭建清晰的写作框架。2、文献学习学术文献的检索与阅读方法,筛选出有效文献并根据文献的使用途径进行整理、分类。3、提案根据已有的思路和框架理清 Proposal 的写作方法,明确研究方法、4、会议Proposal 提交后,分析导师的 Feedback ,明确后续研究指明方向。5、写作学习写作方法,重点 Introduction 和 Literature review 的写作要领和注意事项。6、建模解析数据分析中所使用公式、模型、及数据的获取方式,学习Methodology 的写作方法7、写作检查前四部分的论文内容, Discussion , Conclusions 及 Abstracts 的写作方法。8、检查进行第一次全面检查,重点检查全文的内容、语法和词汇,改善并校对论文的提交格式检查。

毕业论文主要研究方法有以下:一、语言学(语言学一般理论的研究)。二、英美文学(英美文学的文化研究、作品分析等)。三、翻译学(翻译理论与实践探讨、译本研究以及名家名著翻译作品对比研究等)。四、英美文化(英美加澳新等西方国家文化以及与汉文化的比较研究)。五、教学法(英语教学法、测试学等方面的研究)。

论文研究方法中的案例研究法

论文研究方法包括哪些

论文研究方法包括哪些,大学生活的最后一年同学们是要写毕业论文的,而毕业论文对于每位同学来说都有很大的意义,下面大家就跟随我一起来看看论文研究方法包括哪些的相关知识吧,希望对大家能有所帮助。

一、规范研究法

会计理论研究的一般方法,它是根据一定的价值观念或经济理论对经济行为人的行为结果及产生这一结果的制度或政策进行评判,回答经济行为人的行为应该是什么的分析方法。

二、实证研究法

实证研究法是认识客观现象,向人们提供实在、有用、确定、精确的知识研究方法,其重点是研究现象本身“是什么”的问题。实证研究法试图超越或排斥价值判断,只揭示客观现象的内在构成因素及因素的普遍联系,归纳概括现象的本质及其运行规律。

三、案例分析法

案例分析法是指把实际工作中出现的问题作为案例,交给受训学员研究分析,培养学员们的分析能力、判断能力、解决问题及执行业务能力的培训方法,具体说来:

四、比较分析法

是通过实际数与基数的对比来提示实际数与基数之间的差异,借以了解经济活动的成绩和问题的一种分析方法。在科学探究活动中常常用到,他与等效替代法相似。

五、思维方法

思维方法是人们正确进行思维和准确表达思想的重要工具,在科学研究中最常用的科学思维方法包括归纳演绎、类比推理、抽象概括、思辩想象、分析综合等,它对于一切科学研究都具有普遍的指导意义。

六、内容分析法

内容分析法是一种对于传播内容进行客观,系统和定量的描述的研究方法。其实质是对传播内容所含信息量及其变化的分析,即由表征的有意义的词句推断出准确意义的过程。内容分析的过程是层层推理的过程。

七、文献分析法

文献分析法主要指搜集、鉴别、整理文献,并通过对文献的研究,形成对事实科学认识的方法。文献分析法是一项经济且有效的信息收集方法,它通过对与工作相关的现有文献进行系统性的分析来获取工作信息。一般用于收集工作的原始信息,编制任务清单初稿。

八、数学方法

数学方法就是在撇开研究对象的其他一切特性的情况下,用数学工具对研究对象进行一系列量的处理,从而作出正确的说明和判断,得到以数字形式表述的成果。科学研究的对象是质和量的.统一体,它们的质和量是紧密联系,质变和量变是互相制约的。要达到真正的科学认识,不仅要研究质的规定性,还必须重视对它们的量进行考察和分析,以便更准确地认识研究对象的本质特性。数学方法主要有统计处理和模糊数学分析方法。

信息研究法

信息研究方法是利用信息来研究系统功能的一种科学研究方法。美国数学、通讯工程师、生理学家维纳认为,客观世界有一种普遍的联系,即信息联系。当前,正处在“信息革命”的新时代,有大量的信息资源,可以开发利用。信息方法就是根据信息论、系统论、控制论的原理,通过对信息的收集、传递、加工和整理获得知识,并应用于实践,以实现新的目标。信息方法是一种新的科研方法,它以信息来研究系统功能,揭示事物的更深一层次的规律,帮助人们提高和掌握运用规律的能力。

个案研究法

个案研究法是认定研究对象中的某一特定对象,加以调查分析,弄清其特点及其形成过程的一种研究方法。个案研究有三种基本类型:

(1)个人调查,即对组织中的某一个人进行调查研究;

(2)团体调查,即对某个组织或团体进行调查研究;

(3)问题调查,即对某个现象或问题进行调查研究。

描述性研究法

描述性研究法是一种简单的研究方法,它将已有的现象、规律和理论通过自己的理解和验证,给予叙述并解释出来。它是对各种理论的一般叙述,更多的是解释别人的论证,但在科学研究中是必不可少的。它能定向地提出问题,揭示弊端,描述现象,介绍经验,它有利于普及工作,它的实例很多,有带揭示性的多种情况的调查;有对实际问题的说明;也有对某些现状的看法等。

模拟法(模型方法)

模拟法是先依照原型的主要特征,创设一个相似的模型,然后通过模型来间接研究原型的一种形容方法。根据模型和原型之间的相似关系,模拟法可分为物理模拟和数学模拟两种。

定量、定性分析法

在科学研究中,通过定量分析法可以使人们对研究对象的认识进一步精确化,以便更加科学地揭示规律,把握本质,理清关系,预测事物的发展趋势。

定性分析法就是对研究对象进行“质”的方面的分析。具体地说是运用归纳和演绎、分析与综合以及抽象与概括等方法,对获得的各种材料进行思维加工,从而能去粗取精、去伪存真、由此及彼、由表及里,达到认识事物本质、揭示内在规律。

跨学科研究法

运用多学科的理论、方法和成果从整体上对某一课题进行综合研究的方法,也称“交叉研究法”。科学发展运动的规律表明,科学在高度分化中又高度综合,形成一个统一的整体。据有关专家统计,现在世界上有2000多种学科,而学科分化的趋势还在加剧,但同时各学科间的联系愈来愈紧密,在语言、方法和某些概念方面,有日益统一化的趋势。

案例分析类型的论文是一种常见的论文研究方法,我们经常能从一些法律专业、教育专业甚至mba方向的论文里看到这种写法。常见的模式为:介绍案例通过案例找到要研究的问题分析问题出现的原因提出解决问题的对策,按照这个模式,论文的基本框架就出来了。本文从写作内容和格式着手,对案例分析类型的论文写作进行介绍。

1、案例分析论文来源

案例素材必须是学生亲身经历(如通过本人所从事的工作或深入实际的调查研究课题等)获得;案例素材所涉及的单位,建议原则上为某一企业,对特别有现实意义的案例,也可以是针对某一行业、某一科研院所、高等学校或政府的某一经济主管部门;案例素材应真实可靠,应取得所在单位负责人的支持与同意。应不违反有关的法律或损害所在单位的利益。必要时可对该单位的名称、有关人物的真实身份及姓名、相关数据等进行掩饰性处理。

2、案例分析报告内容组成

(1)情景描述--分析给出的案例中的情景(企业介绍,案情介绍)

(2)原因分析--分析出现该问题的原因(企业现状问题,案情形成原因)

(3)提出备选方案--分析问题的解决方法并提出可行的备选方案

(4)评估并加以选择--进行备选方案的评估及选择

3、案例正文

案例正文是案例主体部分的核心,应介绍案例的人物、组织以及事件的经过。可以按照时间顺序或事情发展的逻辑顺序组织案例的主要内容。尽量加入一些数字和图表,以加深读者对案例的理解。

(1)案例正文的叙述,要做到全面、周密、客观,避免加大作者的主观分析评价。同时,还要注重情节的真实感和生动性

(2)案例正文中涉及的组织、人物和统计数据等,可以作适当的技术性处理。例如,隐去组织和人物的真实名称而采用化名,对真实的统计数据作同比放大(或缩小)处理。

(3)案例正文中的内容也可根据编写需要进行适当标注。

4、进行案例分析

案例分析是在案例介绍完以后,对案例进行系统且深入的分析。分析报告是只针对案例正文的,这就要求我们案例中出现的重要内容,需要在分析报告里得到充分的体现;分析报告中出现的素材,也必须是案例正文里包含的。在探讨案例中问题的过程中,不能脱离案例本身,不能过度地引申。

英文中论文的研究方法都有什么

一、语言学(语言学一般理论的研究)。二、英美文学(英美文学的文化研究、作品分析等)。三、翻译学(翻译理论与实践探讨、译本研究以及名家名著翻译作品对比研究等)。四、英美文化(英美加澳新等西方国家文化以及与汉文化的比较研究)。五、教学法(英语教学法、测试学等方面的研究)。英语专业论文参考选题1. A Brief Analysis of the Heroine Personality in Jane Eyre 《简爱》的主人翁个性分析。2. A Brief Comment on O’Henry Short Stories 亨利的短篇小说述评。3. A Comment on Hardy’s Fatalism 评哈代的宿命论。4. A Comparison between the Themes of Pilgrimage to the Wes t and Pilgrim’s Progress 《西游记》与《天路历程》主题的比较。5. A Probe into the Feminist Idea of Jane Eyre 《简爱》男女平等思想的探索。

你好,外国电视剧英语论文有哪些研究方法,具体来说,我认为从欧美影视剧中学习英语就是一个非常好的方法,可以很有效的也非常有助于英语能力的提升。

翻译论文研究方法有哪些_论文研究方法有哪些文库_大学论文研究方法有哪几种写论文时具体使用的研究方法是什么调查法调查法是科研中最常用的方法之一。 是一种有目的、有计划、系统地收集研究对象现实情况和历史情况资料的方法。 调查方法是科研常用的基本研究方法,综合运用历史法、观察法等方法和对话、问卷调查、案例研究、测试等科学方式,规划、周密、系统地进行教学现象…… .论文翻译中常用的翻译方法是什么论文翻译中常用的翻译方法是根据英汉两种语言的不同思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式,在翻译时添加一些词、句子或句子,更加准确地表达原文中的含义汉语文学专业论文的研究方法是什么1、文献法文献法是一种古老而富有生命力的科学研究方法。 每个社会活动都想留下永久的痕迹,但各种各样的文献都不可或缺。 人的活动和认识的无限性与个人的生命和认识的有限性的矛盾决定了我们在研究死亡事实时必须依赖文献。 比较研究法作为一种思维方式,比较研究通晓教育研究的全部…… .论文中的研究方法翻译本文采用的研究方法主要是概念…… .theresearchmethodofthistexthasadoptedmainlyincludes : conceptanalysismethod,evidence anal“本论文主要研究内容如下”如何翻译正确?您可以这样翻译theminstarerecontofthispareareasfollows或theminstocontofthisthesareasfollows论文中的研究方法翻译^_^theresereationmetofthisthethasedpatedmainlyincludes : conceptanalysismethod,evidence analysis method,comparison analysis method ww毕业论文的研究方法应该怎么写?研究思路、研究方法、技术路线和实施步骤1、研究如何确定研究课题科学研究是问题―问题―课题教学是研究(掌握方法很重要,否则不是研究)。 进步和成果增长。 教育科学研究的课题主要来自两个方面: a .实践的来源—客观存在或潜在的教育实际问题,教育教育实践本身存在的问题…… .英语论文开头报告的研究方法和手段如何翻译?你的开题报告有什么要求? 开题报告书需要多少字? 具体形式的要求是什么? 我希望你能帮助我。 顺利的开题报告主要包括以下几点。 (1)论文名称是课题名称的第一,名称必须正确规范。 正确地说,论文的名称必须明确论文研究的问题是什么、研究的对象是什么、论文是什么…… .英语专业论文、研究用语的翻译、研究方法是什么?研究方法Method这就够了英语毕业论文题目:从XX理论到散文翻译以XXX为例的文献综述是怎么写的?翻译方向的英语毕业论文可探讨某理论应用于英语翻译。 (选题越具体越好),但还是要注意一些问题: 1。 这个理论不太古老,可以表达你的新意2 .例如从名家的翻译中选择,典型的3 .请从这个理论本身开始:论述这个理论的提出和发展现状,并且重点研究翻译的起源,最后进行总结。 …是.

英文论文写作也是先做出摘要引言,然后提出一些理论,最后通过一定的论点查找到问题,解决问题的一个过程,提出问题是依据现状来说,解决问题需要解决你提出的问题,这是论文的一个核心,在致谢方面,需要特别注重一下就行了,那么英文论文中研究方法有哪些?下面我们就为大家介绍一下。一、英文论文中研究方法有哪些?外语教学和科研中的两大研究方法(一)定性方法 (Qualitative approach)定性研究的基本情况:1. 研究者调查之前没有带什么框框;2. 研究者可以作为局外人观察要研究的现象,让一切事情让本来的规律去发生,发展,研究者不加控制和干扰;3. 研究者也可以参与到所调查的活动之中或者以观察者的身份参与活动;4. 在一般性的调查之后,可以进行深入的个案调查 (case study); 5. 所采取的方法是综合法和归纳法,最后成果多是描述性的或在描述过程中揭示一定的规律(即提出假设或结论) .英文论文(二)定量方法 (Quantitative approach)通过一连串的数字,表格,图标来说明问题,如《广告语言中的语用预设》 ,陈新仁 ,1998分类:统计方法 (statistical method) :人口普查实验方法 (experimental method) :交际教学法比翻译法好定量研究的基本情况:1.定量法通常是从假设出发,事先有个看法;2.定量法往往是要控制和操纵变量的;3.定量强调研究的客观性,远离数据,远离当事人,是局外人的视角;4.所得数据信度高,具有可重复性;5.所得结论具有普遍性。(三)定性方法和定量方法的比较定性方法 定量方法现象学观点 逻辑实证主义观点1. 强调亲身参与活动而获得经验;2. 只有通过个人主观经验才能认识人类行为;3. 了解就是移情;4. 依赖定性数据。1. 强调用实验方法来获取数据;2. 只有摆脱主观状态才能了解社会现象的因果关系;3. 了解要保持距离;4. 依赖定性数据。综合法 分析法1. 从部分到整体;2. 整体观;3. 面向内部结构;4. 了解过程;5. 假设一种动态现时。1. 从整体到部分;2. 成分观;3. 面向外部结构;4. 了解结果;5. 假设一种静态现实。归纳法 演绎法1. 以观察材料为出发点;2. 事先没有形成看法;3. 探索性的,扩展性的,描述性的;4. 可以生成假设;5. 成果,描述或假设。1. 以假设为出发点;2. 事先进行预示;3. 简约性的,推断性的,验证性的;4. 假设检验;5. 成果,理论。自然观察 操纵和控制1. 观察面广,但较分散;2. 变量不加控制,有利于了解变量的复杂关系,但也容易顾此失彼;3. 注意内容,但容易忽视形式;4. 主观,但解释力强;(四)定性研究和统计研究中的调查手段1.观察 (observation): participant and non-participant observation; not knowing what is not known and structured observation 访谈 (interview): open, structured and semi-open interview2. 笔记和日记 (log): detail is everything; chronological order3. 录音和录像4 . 口 头 自 陈 (verbal reporting): 边 想 边 说 (think aloud), 内 省 (introspection) , 回 忆(retrospection)5. 问卷 (questionnaire): open, closed and semi-closed(五)实验研究真正的实验研究:研究者对自变量的控制;对被试者的随机抽样外 语 研 究 中 的 研 究 只 能 是 准 实 验 研 究 (quasi-experimental research) 和 前 实 验 研 究(pre-experimental research) 准实验研究交际法比传统的翻译法好Objectives: 交际法比翻译法好Subjects: 两组(班)学生,各种条件(年龄,性别等)都是等值的,尤其是成绩也差不多。Instruments : Procedure: 前测,分别教学一段时间,后测Results and discussion

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