经济环境下的财务会计.Financial accounting in an economic context = 原书第6版:(美)杰米·帕拉特(Jamie Pratt)著/来明佳,彭红英,徐虹等译 财务会计 北京;机械工业出版社:2009 978-7-111-24756-2 CNY78.00 12,545页 共14章,分为五部分。第一部分是财务会计概述;第二部分介绍财务报表的计量、结构及其使用;第三部分详细地介绍与资产有关的事项;第四部分介绍负债和股东权益;第五部分介绍收益和现金流量表。 管理会计.Management accounting = 第5版:安东尼·A. 阿特金森(Anthony A.Atkinson...[等]著/王立彦,陆勇,樊铮译 管理会计 北京;清华大学出版社:2009 978-7-302-18858-2 CNY59.00 20,523页 包括:创造价值的信息、成本管理的概念与成本习性、传统的成本管理系统、作业成本系统、利用预算实现组织目标等。 高级会计学.Advanced accounting = 第9版:(美)Joe B.Hoyle,(美)Thomas F.Schaefer,(美)Timothy S.Doupnik著/王鑫改编 会计学 高等学校 英文 北京;北京大学出版社:2009 978-7-301-14752-8 CNY56.00 490页 实证会计理论.Positive Accounting Theory:罗斯·L. 瓦茨(Ross L. Watts),杰罗尔德·L. 齐默尔曼(Jerold L. Zimmerman)著 会计学 英文 北京;中国人民大学出版社:2009 978-7-300-10133-0 CNY49.00 22,381页 内容包括:会计理论的作用、竞争性假说的辨识、会计与政治活动、会计选择的经验检验等。 税务会计.TAX ACCOUNTING = 第七版 SEVENTH EDITION:盖地[主编] 税务会计 上海;立信会计出版社:2009 978-7-5429-2240-3 CNY38.00 9,676页 系统介绍税务会计有关基础知识,其内容包括纳税基础、增值税会计、消费税会计、关税会计、营业税会计、资源税会计、土地增殖税会计、出口货物免退税会计和税务筹划等。
英文参考文献格式要求
参考文献是毕业论文的重要组成部分,对其进行统计分析,不仅有利于本科生的教育和管理,而且能为图书馆文献保障和读者服务等工作提供一定的参考依据。下面是英文参考文献格式要求,希望大家重视。
一、参考文献的类型
参考文献(即引文出处)的类型以单字母方式标识,具体如下: M——专著C——论文集N——报纸文章 J——期刊文章D——学位论文R——报告
对于不属于上述的文献类型,采用字母“Z”标识。 对于英文参考文献,还应注意以下两点:
①作者姓名采用“姓在前名在后”原则,具体格式是:姓,名字的`首字母.如:MalcolmRichardCowley应为:Cowley,M.R.,如果有两位作者,第一位作者方式不变,&之后第二位作者名字的首字母放在前面,姓放在后面,如:FrankNorris与IrvingGordon应为:Norris,F.&I.Gordon.;
②书名、报刊名使用斜体字,如:MasteringEnglishLiterature,EnglishWeekly。
二、参考文献的格式及举例
1.期刊类
【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名,出版年份,卷号(期号):起止页码. 【举例】
[1]王海粟.浅议会计信息披露模式[J].财政研究,2004,21(1):56-58. [2]夏鲁惠.高等学校毕业论文教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育,2004(1):46-52.
[3]Heider,E.R.&D.C.Oliver.Thestructureofcolorspaceinnamingandmemoryoftwolanguages[J].ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearch,1999,(3):62–67.
2.专著类
【格式】[序号]作者.书名[M].出版地:出版社,出版年份:起止页码. 【举例】[4]葛家 澍 ,林志军.现代西方财务会计理论[M].厦门:厦门大学出版社,2001:42.
[5]Gill,R.MasteringEnglishLiterature[M].London:Macmillan,1985:42-45.
3.报纸类
【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[N].报纸名,出版日期(版次). 【举例】
[6]李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N].光明日报,1998-12-27(3).
[7]French,W.BetweenSilences:AVoicefromChina[N].AtlanticWeekly,198715(33).
4.论文集
【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[C].出版地:出版者,出版年份:起始页码. 【举例】
[8]伍 蠡 甫.西方文论选[C].上海:上海译文出版社,1979:12-17.
[9]Spivak,G.“CantheSubalternSpeak?”[A].InC.Nelson&L.Grossberg(eds.).VictoryinLimbo:Imigism[C].Urbana:UniversityofIllinoisPress,1988,pp.271-313.
(1)Aim J H.Valuation of knowledge:A business performance—orientedmethodology[C].USE:proceedings of the 35th Hawaii InternationalConference.on Systems Science,2002:1~5(2)Raymond McLeod,Jr.George,Schell.Management Information System[J].Prentice Hal l,Inc.,2002:238~256(3)Tiwana A.The essential guide to knowledge management:E-business andCRM application[M].Atlanta:Prentice—Hall,2001:2--.4(4)Scharlacken,John W,The Seven Pi llars of Global Supply ChainPlanning[M].Supply Chain Management Review,1998:22(5)Accounting Information Systems Jones F L,Cincinnati Ohio:South-Westem CollegePublishing,2003 请采纳 谢谢~~
你用EI检索啊(要钱)。
经济环境下的财务会计.Financial accounting in an economic context = 原书第6版:(美)杰米·帕拉特(Jamie Pratt)著/来明佳,彭红英,徐虹等译 财务会计 北京;机械工业出版社:2009 978-7-111-24756-2 CNY78.00 12,545页 共14章,分为五部分。第一部分是财务会计概述;第二部分介绍财务报表的计量、结构及其使用;第三部分详细地介绍与资产有关的事项;第四部分介绍负债和股东权益;第五部分介绍收益和现金流量表。 管理会计.Management accounting = 第5版:安东尼·A. 阿特金森(Anthony A.Atkinson...[等]著/王立彦,陆勇,樊铮译 管理会计 北京;清华大学出版社:2009 978-7-302-18858-2 CNY59.00 20,523页 包括:创造价值的信息、成本管理的概念与成本习性、传统的成本管理系统、作业成本系统、利用预算实现组织目标等。 高级会计学.Advanced accounting = 第9版:(美)Joe B.Hoyle,(美)Thomas F.Schaefer,(美)Timothy S.Doupnik著/王鑫改编 会计学 高等学校 英文 北京;北京大学出版社:2009 978-7-301-14752-8 CNY56.00 490页 实证会计理论.Positive Accounting Theory:罗斯·L. 瓦茨(Ross L. Watts),杰罗尔德·L. 齐默尔曼(Jerold L. Zimmerman)著 会计学 英文 北京;中国人民大学出版社:2009 978-7-300-10133-0 CNY49.00 22,381页 内容包括:会计理论的作用、竞争性假说的辨识、会计与政治活动、会计选择的经验检验等。 税务会计.TAX ACCOUNTING = 第七版 SEVENTH EDITION:盖地[主编] 税务会计 上海;立信会计出版社:2009 978-7-5429-2240-3 CNY38.00 9,676页 系统介绍税务会计有关基础知识,其内容包括纳税基础、增值税会计、消费税会计、关税会计、营业税会计、资源税会计、土地增殖税会计、出口货物免退税会计和税务筹划等。
论文题目:试论市场经济条件下的企业财务管理方向摘 要随着社会经济的高速发展,知识经济的到来极大了提高了社会生产力,也给企业带来了无限的发展机会。如何在优胜劣汰的市场竞争中实现企业经营规模的快速扩大和经济效益的高速增长,除了选择风险小、盈利性强的投资项目和采用先进的科学技术外,加强企业的内部会计控制是关键。进一步认识企业内部会计控制对企业加强经营管理,提高经营效率的重要意义, 构建企业内部会计控制体系是新《会计法》《内部会计控制规范———基本规范(试行)》等法规对企业提出的重要任务之一,也是企业适应新的竞争形势、防范经营风险的迫切需要。构建企业内部会计控制体系必须对企业内部会计控制的目标、内容、方法等问题进行深入研究, 分析其存在的问题及原因,从而有针对性地提出具体的完善措施关键词: 内部会计控制; 存在问题; 完善措施with the high-speed development of social economy, the arrival of the kownledge economy has improved social productivity greatly, have brought the limitless development opportunity to enterprise too. How to realize the fast enlargement of enterprise's business scale and high growth of economic benefits in the market competition of selecting the superior and eliminating the inferior, choose risk little, profitability strong investment project and adopt advanced science and technology, it is a key to strengthen the accounting control in the enterprise. Accounting control strengthens management and administration to enterprises to further know inside enterprises, improve the important meaning of business efficiency, construct inside enterprises the accounting control system is a new " accounting law " <
会计论文外文参考文献
会计论文外文参考文献都有哪些呢?下面是我整理的会计论文外文参考文献,欢迎参考借鉴!
[1]徐静.我国企业社会责任会计信息披露探析[J].企业导报.2012(15) :22-25.
[2]张明霞.李云鹏.企业社会责任会计信息披露问题研究[J].经济研究导刊.2011(20):40-43.
[3] 路秀平.任会来.我国社会责任会计信息披露模式现实选择 [J]. 会计之友 (上旬刊).2012(12):89-92.
[4]马海波.英美社会责任会计信息披露特色比较研究[J].财会学习.2012(10):18-22.
[5]陈长宏.陈环.张科.论食品质量与食品安全性[J].现代农业科技.2013(12):112-114.
[6]黎勇平.企业社会责任会计信息披露与企业市场价值的相关性研究 [J]. 南华大学2012:33-34.
[7]刘勇.我国企业社会责任会计信息披露研究[D].西北大学 2013.
[8]周新颖.我国煤炭行业上市公司社会责任会计信息披露研究[D].南华大学 2011.
[9]刘尚林.公梅.企业社会责任会计信息披露模式的选择[J].财会月刊.2009(36):68-71.
[10]金曼.我国社会责任会计核算体系的研究[D].上海海事大学 2013.
[11]陈锡江.企业社会责任成本研究[D].西南财经大学 2010.
[1]吴水澎,陈汉文,邵贤弟.企业内部控制理论的发展与启示[J].会计研宄,2000(5):2-8.
[2]林钟高,郑军.基于契约视角的企业内部控制研究[J].会计研宄,2007 (10): 53-60.
[3]杨雄胜.内部控制理论研宄新视野[J].会计研宄,2005(07): 49-54+97.
[4]林斌,饶静.上市公司为什么自愿披露内部控制鉴证报告.一基于信号传递理论的实证研宄[J].会计研究,2009 (2): 45-52.
[5]刘志梧,许良虎.内部控制概念口径分析及内部控制评价指标框架构建[J].财会月刊,2012 (04): 52-53.
[6]池国华.中国上市公司内部控制指数的功能定位与系统构建[J].管理世界,2011(06):172-173.
[7]李斌.上市公司内部控制评价研究[J].统计与决策,2009(22): 176-178.
[8]孙志梅,李秀莲,王昕.基于AHP法的国有企业内部控制评价指标体系构建[J].财会通讯,2012 (19): 23-25.
[9]蔡吉甫.我国上市公司内部控制信息披露的实证研究[J].审计与经济研宄,2005(02):85-88.
[10]杨有红,毛新述.自愿性内部控制信息披露的有用性研宄[A].中国会计学会内部控制专业委员会.首届内部控制专题学术研讨会论文集[C].中国会计学会内部控制专业委员会,2009: 13.
[11]黄新銮,梁步腾,姚杰.中美内部控制法律框架的比较与借鉴[J].会计研宄,2008(9): 88-91.
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管理会计是指通过一系列专门方法,利用财务会计提供的资料及其他资料进行加工、整理和报告,并帮助决策者作出各种专门决策的一个会计分支,还在苦恼管理会计的论文参考文献搜索哪些比较实用,就看看我为你们搜集整理出来的管理会计论文参考文献实用范例吧,希望对你有帮助。
[1] 邓桂清. 走出财务管理、管理会计、成本会计内容重叠的困惑[J]. 中国集体经济. 2010(10)
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[5] 高晨,汤谷良. 管理控制工具的整合模式:理论分析与中国企业的.创新--基于中国国有企业的多案例研究[J]. 会计研究. 2007(08)
[6] 余绪缨. 关于培养高层次管理会计人才的认识与实践[J]. 财会月刊. 2007(22)
[7] 余绪缨. 管理会计学科建设的方向及其相关理论的新认识[J]. 财会通讯(综合版). 2007(02)
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[9] 郝桂岩. 对管理会计规范化的几点思考[J]. 财会月刊. 2005(27)
[10] 李艳. 管理会计规范化的本质研究[J]. 特区经济. 2005(07)
[11] 颉茂华. 管理会计理论框架及其要素的构建[J]. 财会通讯(学术版). 2005(05)
[12] 王斌,高晨. 论管理会计工具整合系统[J]. 会计研究. 2004(04)
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[15] 胡玉明. 管理会计发展的历史演进[J]. 财会通讯. 2004(01)
[16] 杜颖,张佳林. 经济增加值在企业业绩评价中的应用[J]. 财经理论与实践. 2003(01)
[17] 《管理会计应用与发展典型案例研究》课题组. 我国集团公司预算管理运行体系的新模式--中原石油勘探局案例研究[J]. 会计研究. 2001(08)
[18] 王斌,李苹莉. 关于企业预算目标确定及其分解的理论分析[J]. 会计研究. 2001(08)
[19] 《管理会计应用与发展的典型案例研究》课题组,林斌,刘运国,谭光明,张玉虎. 作业成本法在我国铁路运输企业应用的案例研究[J]. 会计研究. 2001(02)
[20] 胡玉明. 21世纪管理会计主题的转变--从企业价值增值到企业核心能力培植[J]. 外国经济与管理. 2001(01)
[1] 本报记者 罗晶晶. 会计监督研究应重点关注基础理论、创新机制等五大问题[N]. 中国会计报, 2010, (2010-08-13) . [2] 黄露 财政部驻浙江省财政监察专员办事处. 常做常新的会计监督[N]. 中国会计报, 2009, (2009-09-11) . [3] 安才 安徽省财政厅监督检查局. 会计监督实践与三维监督体系[N]. 中国会计报, 2009, (2009-12-04) . [4] 柴慧. 建立完善会计监督长效机制[N]. 中国财经报, 2007, (2007-10-12) . [5] 汪永飞 安徽省财政厅监督检查局. 完善内控建设 提高会计资讯质量[N]. 中国会计报, 2010, (2010-01-08) . [6] 叶伟 黄春 江西省景德镇市财政国库支付中心高阶会计师、景德镇陶瓷学院讲师. 后金融危机时代, *** 主导会计监督如何完善[N]. 中国会计报, 2010, (2010-01-22) . [7] 本报记者 梁红建. 建立内外约束机制 规范会计资讯失真[N]. 协商新报, 2010, (2010-04-20) . [8] 本报记者罗晶晶. “会计监督这面旗帜不能倒!”[N]. 中国会计报, 2010, (2010-02-05) . [9] 吴雪香 财政部驻海南省财政监察专员办事处. 与会计资讯质量检查一起不断创新发展[N]. 中国会计报, 2010, (2010-01-15) . [10] 财政部驻上海市财政监察专员办事处副专员 卞文甫. 会计监督:新路径引领新成效[N]. 中国会计报, 2009, (2009-07-31) . [1] 海南省会计学会秘书长 邓天林. 会计监督缺位引发的思考[N]. 中国财经报, 2008, (2008-12-19) [2] 苏财. 省内会计监督全面启动[N]. 江苏经济报, 2009, (2009-04-21) [3] 朱晓. 要强化会计监督[N]. 中国国门时报, 2009, (2009-06-16) [4] 黄露 财政部驻浙江省财政监察专员办事处. 常做常新的会计监督[N]. 中国会计报, 2009, (2009-09-11) [5] 李元成 财政部驻江苏省财政监察专员办事处副监察专员. 推进内控制度建设离不开强化会计监督[N]. 中国会计报, 2009, (2009-12-11) [6] 记者罗晶晶. 浙江专员办对会计监督物件开展“回访”[N]. 中国会计报, 2009, (2009-11-20) [7] 山西省农牧业技术综合服务培训中心 赵福燕. 搞好会计监督必须做到“四个结合”[N]. 山西日报, 2009, (2009-12-28) [8] 安才 安徽省财政厅监督检查局. 会计监督实践与三维监督体系[N]. 中国会计报, 2009, (2009-12-04) [9] 记者 冯珉. 会计监督查出违规资金14亿[N]. 安徽日报, 2008, (2008-12-20) [10] 财政部驻上海市财政监察专员办事处副专员 卞文甫. 会计监督:新路径引领新成效[N]. 中国会计报, 2009, (2009-07-31)
Businesses recognize impairment when the financial statement carrying amount of a long-lived asset or asset group exceeds its fair value and is not recoverable. A carrying amount is not recoverable if it is greater than the sum of the undiscounted cash flows expected from the asset’s use and eventual disposal. FASB defines impairment loss as the amount by which the carrying value exceeds an asset’s fair value. CPAS need not check every asset an entity owns in each reporting period. When circumstances change indicating a carrying amount may not be recoverable, CPAS should test the asset for impairment. A test may be called for when one or more of these events our: A significant decrease in the market price of a long-lived asset. A significant change in how a pany uses a long-lived asset or in its physical condition.
:ki./ 中国知网知道么?你点开有分类,搜寻也可以的
去中国知网上下载吧
[1]罗飞.《成本会计》.北京:高等教育出版社,2000.187—201,333—338 [2]王立彦,刘志远.《成本管理会计》.北京:经济科学出版社,2000.256—276,367—374 [3]龚曼君.《管理会计学》.广州:暨南大学出版社,1999.324—350,459—474 [4]马海清,朱光林.《决策会计学》.北京:经济管理出版社,1997.420—434 [5]Gary M.cokins.《作业成本管理》.辽宁:辽宁人民出版社,2000.中译本
参考文献: 1、邓春华, 《财务会计风险防范》,中国财政经济出版社 ,2001年版。 2、王春峰, 《金融市场风险管理》,天津大学出版社, 2001年版。 3、王卫东, 《现代商业银行全面风险管理》,中国经济出版社,2001年版。 4、常勋,《财务会计四大难题》,中国财政经济出版社,2005年1月第二版。 5、《金融企业会计制度操作指南》,经济科学出版社,2004年3月第一版。 中华人民共和国财政部制定, 《金融企业会计制度——证券公司会计科目和会计报表》,经济科学出版社,2003年11月版。
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你这个题目,不管知网也好! 万方学术论坛也好! 都有很多类似的,甚至百度文库都有不少的! ==================论文写作方法=========================== 论文网上没有免费的,与其花人民币,还不如自己写,万一碰到人的,就不上算了。 写作论文的简单方法,首先大概确定自己的选题,然后在网上查询几份类似的文章,通读一遍,对这方面的内容有个大概的了解! 参照论文的格式,列出提纲,补充内容,实在不会,把这几份论文综合一下,从每篇论文上覆制一部分,组成一篇新的文章! 然后把按自己的语言把每一部分换下句式或词,经过换词不换意的办法处理后,网上就查不到了,祝你顺利完成论文!
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[4] 李社新,王豪杰,李杰. 某支线飞机超临界机翼设计研究[J]. 西北工业大学学报, 2009,(05) . [5] 张启业. 飞机事故问题的设计探究[J]. 物理教学探讨, 2009,(27) . [10] 张磊,庄达民,颜吟雪. 飞机座舱显示介面编码方式[J]. 南京航空航天大学学报, 2009,(04) . [1] 王芳. 飞行模拟器操纵负荷系统研究[D]. 南京航空航天大学, 2008 .
[7] 徐浩军,朱建太,曾凡. 飞机纵向摆动及飞行安全评估[J]. 航空学报, 2003,(03) .
财务管理论文英文参考文献
范文一
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会计论文外文参考文献
会计论文外文参考文献都有哪些呢?下面是我整理的会计论文外文参考文献,欢迎参考借鉴!
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免责声明:本文仅代表作者个人观点,与本网无关。
管理会计是指通过一系列专门方法,利用财务会计提供的资料及其他资料进行加工、整理和报告,并帮助决策者作出各种专门决策的一个会计分支,还在苦恼管理会计的论文参考文献搜索哪些比较实用,就看看我为你们搜集整理出来的管理会计论文参考文献实用范例吧,希望对你有帮助。
[1] 邓桂清. 走出财务管理、管理会计、成本会计内容重叠的困惑[J]. 中国集体经济. 2010(10)
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[10] 李艳. 管理会计规范化的本质研究[J]. 特区经济. 2005(07)
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Electronic Data Processing (EDP) ManagersCalifornia Occupational Guide Number 348Interest Area 111995 THE JOBIn every industry there is need for managers to plan and direct the activities of all organizational functions. Industries that use computers employ ELECTRONIC DATA PROCESSING (EDP) MANAGERS to control the various activities related to the operation of the firm's mainframe computer or its client-server network, as well as all of the peripheral equipment. Major users of EDP systems are banks, public utilities, transportation and insurance companies, large manufacturing firms, and government and educational establishments. Computer equipment manufacturers and independent computer service firms also operate computer centers on a fee or contract basis. While the EDP unit often operates as an independent center, serving all departments of the establishment under an executive officer, it is often attached to another department, such as accounting.In some firms, an EDP Manager may be responsible only for computer production: data entry, data control, equipment scheduling, and quality control. In such firms, another EDP Manager takes care of programming, program maintenance and systems analysis functions. Frequently, however, the EDP Manager is in charge of all of these activities.As head of computer production units, EDP Managers plan and direct the operation of the electronic data processing equipment, and select, train, supervise and evaluate the work of the computer operations staff. In planning the work of the department, EDP Managers evaluate the relative importance of various projects and determine job priorities. They review the requirements of each project, assign machine time and personnel to complete it, and coordinate all projects to produce a continuous work flow and meet deadlines established by management of user departments. Since idle machines are expensive to the organization, one of the prime responsibilities of the EDP Managers is the effective utilization of all data processing equipment through scheduling.When their departments encompass programming and systems analysis, EDP Managers generally review and approve all systems charts and programs prior to their implementation. They may also spend much time with the analysts working out the requirements of a proposed job, defining the problem and developing the program. If the EDP Manager is not directly responsible for new programs, he/she is usually consulted about the data operations or other aspects of a new program, and may confer with programmers and analysts regarding program problems that arise during a machine run.WORKING CONDITIONSEDP Managers work in well-lighted and well-ventilated rooms. However, the temperature where the data processing equipment is located is kept lower than normal in order to counteract the heat generated by the machine operations. EDP Managers are exposed to noises in the room from the low hum of the tape or disc drives to the high-speed sound of the printers. Meeting deadlines, satisfying the demands of user departments, and solving personnel problems are potential causes of stress in this occupation; therefore, EDP Managers should have emotional stability and patience as well as organizational ability. Effective job performance generally requires that EDP Managers be able to stand and move about with ease and have mobility of arms and hands. Good vision is essential since this job demands considerable reading and other close work.EMPLOYMENT OUTLOOKThe following information is from the California Projections of Employment published by the Labor Market Information Division. It includes Engineering, Mathematical and Natural Sciences Managers.Estimated number of workers in 1990 53,040Estimated number of workers in 2005 64,830Projected Growth 1990-2005 22%Estimated openings due to separations by 2005 14,230(These figures do not include self-employment nor openings due to turnover.)Even though more organizations are acquiring computers or enlarging their existing facilities, refinements in equipment and production methods which increase the output of the machines, may actually lessen, rather than increase the need for managers. The trend of large firms to consolidate their activities into regional service centers will also limit the growth of this occupation. However, because of industry expansion, there will continue to be a need for EDP Managers, especially those who stay abreast of technological changes. Most of the openings that will occur will be filled from within the organization.WAGES, HOURS, AND FRINGE BENEFITSEDP Managers' salaries tend to vary widely in line with such factors as the nature and size of the employing establishment, the level of the position and the degree of responsibility entailed. Salaries also vary depending upon the type of installation, i.e., utilizing a single computer manufacturer's line or using various computers manufactured by different companies. Beginning salaries start at approximately $2,500 to $4,000 per month.Those with experience may earn from $3,700 to $6,500 or more per month. Highly experienced individuals may earn up to $8,500 or more per month. Managers working for the State of California start at about $4,000 per month, and may promote to manager IV, which has a maximum salary of $6,404 per month. Those who have the higher salaries are generally responsible for directing programming and systems analysis as well as EDP operations. The work week is nominally 40 hours; however, most data processing managers find it necessary to work overtime to handle peak workloads and to compensate for unavoidable delays in the regular schedule.Fringe benefits usually include paid vacation a year, paid holidays, sick leave and health benefits. Some organizations provide a retirement and profit-sharing plans.ENTRANCE REQUIREMENTS AND TRAININGMost employers require EDP Managers to have a bachelor's degree in business administration, engineering, or computer science. Three to five years experience in data processing is usually required of EDP Managers. Demonstrated supervisory ability, along with the required experience and training is highly desirable. Managers should be familiar with program languages such as COBOL or FORTRAN. In most establishments, a broad knowledge of the firm's activities, gained through experience in accounting production, inventory control, or other specialized activities is considered an asset when combined with EDP experience.ADVANCEMENTBecause of the evolving nature of EDP programming and equipment, it is important that the EDP Manager engage in continuing self-education. Several lines of advancement may be open to the EDP Manager depending on the organizational structure of his firm. Where systems and procedures functions are separate from machine operations, management of this overall planning unit may constitute a promotion. If the EDP unit is a part of the accounting department, the manager may advance to chief accountant or controller provided he has the necessary accounting background. Elsewhere, the EDP Manager may be in line for promotion to other managerial or administrative posts since directing data processing activities provides the opportunity to become familiar with most of the firm's activities. Furthermore, as the job of the EDP Manager grows in complexity and scope, these constitute an upgrading in itself with no reassignment of duties.
1.Accounting legislation, accounting supervision research References[1] ZHAO Yu-min, "measures to strengthen accounting oversight", "Finance and Accounting Forestry", 2002 10;[2] Huzhou City Department of Finance Task Force, "to strengthen the supervision of the work of the city accounting Suggestions", "Zhejiang taxation and accounting", 2003 2;[3] ZHOU Li-jun, "On the accounting supervision and operational requirements", "Financial Theory and Practice", 2001 7;[4] Jian-Ping Gu, "On improving the mechanism of internal accounting supervision," "Accounting Research", 2001 10[5] high-bin. "China
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Businesses recognize impairment when the financial statement carrying amount of a long-lived asset or asset group exceeds its fair value and is not recoverable. A carrying amount is not recoverable if it is greater than the sum of the undiscounted cash flows expected from the asset’s use and eventual disposal. FASB defines impairment loss as the amount by which the carrying value exceeds an asset’s fair value. CPAS need not check every asset an entity owns in each reporting period. When circumstances change indicating a carrying amount may not be recoverable, CPAS should test the asset for impairment. A test may be called for when one or more of these events occur: A significant decrease in the market price of a long-lived asset. A significant change in how a company uses a long-lived asset or in its physical condition.