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高中毕业的学生，词汇量要达到3，500；大学英语四级要求5，000~5，500；英语专业四级考试要求7，000~8，000；专业英语八级需要13，000或更高，这是一个基本的要求
我也学习了，我过了专八，不过现在似乎词汇量没那么大了。上班以后能用的就那几个，其他的多少有点忘了。
8000+吧The Black BookSilent ChildBehind The Closed DoorThe Criminal DefenseInto The Water 17年5月2日出版原版英文书阅读分享，你可以关注下。推荐流行原版小说。w.e.c.h.a.t: englishmare
全英文写作词汇量六级的水平加上熟悉本专业的词汇就可以，以工科专业为例，写论文是在阅读大量外文期刊的基础上总结和研究的结果，都是比较常见的单词，毕竟写论文是为了论文问题，让大家都能看懂。能写全英文的论文不代表口语和听力就非常好，但是用英文正常交流是没问题的
oy with them, grieve with
呵呵，说真的，这要看学校要求啦！因为学校的有不同的等级之分，所以国家对学校所培养的学生毕业论文的要求也是不一样的！一般来说地方院校的外语系论文是3000字左右，省一级的学校的话要求大概是4000到5000左右，而且论文的要求是大不一样的！所以建议你最好咨询一下系里或学校！
10页的论文，一般4000多字，最多要求5000字。按现在word软件的文档，一般一页400多字，10页的论文只有4000多字。其它的文字软件，如wps等都是一样的。
写论文，如果你是用手写，在信笺纸上字写得又小又密的话，10页则写不了4000字，字数会少得多的。现在人们一般是用电脑打字了。
英文论文简介：
英语论文的写作，主要用于参加国际学术研讨会，促进中外学术文化交流；在国际学术刊物上发表，在国际上共享科研成果，英语论文也是达到学术交流的目的，另外英语论文还包括英语相关专业人员必要地用英语撰写学术报告或毕业论文等等。
不同的学科或专业领域、不同的刊物对英语论文的内容、格式等有不同的要求，不同领域的研究论文在文体和语言特点上既有许多共性，也不乏各自特点。
既然是专业，就要永无止境。
学校又要求规定的啊 看各个学校的
一般的本科毕业论文是8000字有的学校要求1.2万字有的2万字,不过最一般的是1万字左右就ok了。（我们这里都是发的纸让写的，写满即可）
论文格式及要求
论文写作是一项较为严谨的学术性工作，就连格式也是有着一定要求。以下是我收集整理的论文格式及要求，供大家参考和借鉴。
一、论文撰写要求
(三)毕业论文应由学生本人在指导教师的指导下独立完成，不允许多人合作，更不允许相互抄袭、剽窃。如有抄袭，一经发现按作弊处理。
(四)毕业论文应当做到观点新颖、明确，材料翔实、有力，结构完整、严谨，语言通顺，格式规范。
(五)毕业论文内容主要包括：封面、目录、摘要、关键词、正文、参考文献、致谢。字数：5000-8000字。
1.摘要：摘要是论文的重要组成部分，它是以提供文献内容梗概为目的，不加评论和补充解释，简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。应具有独立性和自明性，即它自身就能独立成文，不阅读全文就能获得必要的信息。一般以200-300字左右为宜。
撰写摘要的注意事项：
(1)要客观、如实地反映一次性文献，排除本学科领域已成为常识的内容，切不可把应在引言中出现的内容写入文摘，不要对论文作诠释和评论(尤其是自我评价)。
(2)要着重反映新内容和作者特别强调的观点。
(3)不得简单重复论文题名已有的信息。
(4)书写要合乎语法，保持上下文的逻辑关系;结构严谨，表达简明，语义确切;一般不分段落。
(5)要用第三人称，应采用“对……进行了研究”、“报道了……现状”等，不必用“本文”、“本人”等作为主语。
(6)要使用规范化的名词术语，新术语或尚无合适汉字术语的，可用原文或译出后加括号注明原文。
2.关键词：是从论文中选取出来用以标示论文主要内容的名词性术语，不能使用“影响”、“对策”等非专业术语。一篇论文应有3～5个关键词。
3.目录：毕业论文要设目录，目录只列至三级标题，不得使用章、节等。目录标题后要标明页码。
4.正文：正文一般应包括引言、本论和结论三个部分。毕业论文的主体部分应划分不同层次，而且要尽可能加上小标题，明确内容要点。尽量不使用①②或字母。
5.参考文献：每篇论文应列示至少5个以上所引用的参考文献资料，必须注明引用教材(或著作、期刊等)的'作者名、书名(或著作名、篇名)、出版单位(期刊名)、时间。引用其他参考材料也应注明资料来源。
二、论文写作规范
(一)格式及纸张要求
1.一篇完整的论文由四个部分构成，即目录、内容提要、正文、参考文献。
2.四个部分的编辑统一用word文档形式，页面设置为A4纸的默认设置(即页边距上、下各为2.54cm，左右各为3.17cm)。
3.统一用A4纸单面打印，编辑文档时统一用中文下的全角。
4.目录和内容提要分别作为一个独立的word文档进行编辑，且只占一页A4纸，这两个文档不要注明页码。
5.正文要注明页码，首页显示页码，页码居中。
6.参考文献算作正文的最后一页，且要注明页码，但是要单独占一页，从第一行写起。
(二)具体要求
论文应主题明确，文字精练，数据可靠，篇幅以5000-8000字。论文应包括七大部分(按顺序)：封面、目录、题目摘要关键词等、正文、结论、参考文献及致谢。具体格式(按顺序)如下：
第一页：封面
1、论文题目(小二号字、加粗、宋体、居中)
2、学校(四号字、加粗、宋体)(以下同)
3、系别
4、专业
5、作者
6、指导老师
7、学号
8、班级
第二页：目录
标题:目 录(三号 黑体 居中)
格式要求：
目录格式要求(最好用word“插入”功能自动生成目录)：
(1)一般设为3级目录;
(2)同级别的标题上下对齐，不同级别的标题上下错开两个汉字的位置;
(3)第一级别的标题要顶格，或缩进两个汉字的位置;
(4)字体要上下对齐;
(5)标题全用小四、宋体，第一级别的标题加粗;
(6)序号中的“.”点占半个汉字的位置。
例如：
1.研究背景和意义..............................................1
1.1 研究背景..............................................1
1.2 研究意义..............................................2
2.成本会计发展的必然性........................................2
2.1 知识经济的冲击........................................3
2.2 电子网络的发展........................................3
结论..........................................................8
参考文献......................................................9
致谢.........................................................10
第三页：论文题目、姓名、班级、摘要、关键词
题目：论文题目 例如：成本会计发展趋势的思考(三号、黑体、加粗、居中)
姓名、系别、班级(小四、宋体、居中)
(空一行)
摘 要(三号、黑体、加粗、居中)
阐述文字用小四号，宋体，开头缩进两个汉字的位置
摘要尽量写成报道性的，主要是所论主题和结论。字数一般在150左右;
例如：在新经济形势下，成本会计的发展成为必然的趋势，这有宏观因素也有微观因素………
(空二行)
关键词：(3到5个，小三，黑体，开头缩进两个汉字的位置).
第四页：正文
注意：正文第一部分必须为“研究背景和意义”
1、一级标题
1.研究背景和意义 (一级标题是三号字、黑体、加粗、居左顶格)
2、二级标题
1.1 研究背景(二级标题是小三号、黑体、加粗、居左顶格 在1.1和研究之间空半个字)
3、三级标题
1.1.1 (如果有三级标题，则为四号、黑体、加粗、顶格居左 在序号与文字间空半个字)
4、四级标题
a.......(如果有四级标题，为小四号、黑体、加粗、前面空两个汉字位置)
5、论述的文字
论述的文字，用小四号字，宋体，每段开头，缩进两个汉字的位置
以下正文的规范相同。例如：
企业内部控制是指一个单位为了实现其经营目标，保护资产的安全完整，保证会计信息资料的正确可靠，确保经营方针的贯彻执行，保证经营活动的经济性、效率性和效果性而在单位内部采取的自我调整、约束、规划、评价和控制的一系列方法、手续与措施的总称。而成本会计是指为了求得产品的总成本和单位成本而核算全部生产费用的会计，成本会计的中心内容为成本核算。二者在企业运营中相互联系，密不可分，其中综合运用最广的是作业成本法。
结论(正文后另起一页)
标题：结 论(三号、黑体、加粗，居中)
内容;开头缩进两个汉字位置，小四，宋体)
参考文献(结论后另起一页)
标题：参考文献 (三号、黑体、加粗、居中)
内容：【1】…………(小四、宋体、前面空两个汉字位置，下同)
参考文献著录原则：选择主要的、近期(3～5年)发表的相关文献，所引文献要按在正文中出现的先后次序编号。
致谢(参考文献后另起一页)
标题：致 谢(三号、黑体、加粗、居中)
内容：(小四、宋体 开头缩进两个汉字的位置)
(三)论文提交
参加“专家组答辩”的论文须提交给系部一式三份，左侧装订，用学院统一下发的论文封皮外包(不装订)，并需提供电子版论文到会计系教学秘书办公室;参加“电话答辩”的同学要交给系部论文二份，用学院统一下发的论文封皮外包(不装订)。
(四)写作过程要求
原则上论文写作过程中，同学应至少每两周和论文指导老师面谈一次。如果因特殊情况不能面谈者，须经论文指导老师同意改为其他方式接受指导。
未按要求主动与论文指导老师定期联系，又无正当理由者，论文按“不及格”论处。
1.毕业论文是你大学的最后一门课程，十分重要。论文的方向是自己的专业方向，比较前瞻的观点加以论述，求证。相信你的论文观点已经确定，下一步就是搜集相关资料，尽可能的丰富你的观点，一般文科类的毕业本科论文在1W字左右 理科的少一些 2. 毕业论文撰写的内容及要求：2.1 题目题目应简短、明确、有概括性，并能恰当、准确的反映本论文的研究内容。题目不超过25个字，除非确有必要，一般不设副标题。2.2摘要与关键词2.2.1 摘要摘要是论文内容的简要陈述，是一篇具有独立性和完整性的短文。摘要应包括论文的创新见解、主要论点及理论与实际意义。摘要中不宜使用公式、图表、不标注引用文献编号。避免将摘要写成目录式的内容介绍。2.2.2 关键词关键词是供检索用的主题词条，应采用能覆盖论文主要内容的通用词条。关键词一般列3—5个，按词条的外延层次排列（外延大的排在前面）。2.3 正文正文包括绪论、正文主体与结论等部分。2.3.1 绪论绪论一般作为第一章。绪论应包括：本设计（论文）的目的与实际意义；对所研究问题的认识及要达到的技术要求；本设计（论文）的主要研究内容；简述本课题在国内外文献综述；有时也简单介绍研究方法、材料的依据等。2.3.2 论文主体论文主体是论文的主要部分，应结构合理，层次清楚，重点突出，文字简练、通顺。论文主体的内容应包括以下各方面：本研究内容的设计原理及总体方案设计与选择论证；本研究内容的各部分的（包括硬件和软件）设计计算；本研究内容试验方案设计的可行性、有效性以及试验数据处理及分析；本研究内容的理论分析。对本研究内容及成果应进行较全面、客观的理论阐述，应指出本研究内容中的创新、改进与实际应用之处，阐述本课题研究中尚存在的问题及进一步开展研究的见解和建议。对于将其他领域的理论、结果引用到本研究领域者，应说明该理论的出处，并论述引用的可行性与有效性。自然科学的论文应推理正确，结论清晰，无科学性错误。 管理和人文学科的论文应包括对研究问题的论述及系统分析，比较研究，模型或方案设计，案例论证或实证分析，模型运行结果分析或建议改进措施等。2.3.3 结论学位论文的结论单独作为一章排写，但不加章号。结论是对整个论文主要的成果的总结。在结论中应明确指出本研究内容的成果，或新见解、新观点，对其应用前景和社会经济价值等加以预测和评价，并指出今后进一步在本研究方向进行研究工作的展望与设想。结论内容一般在2000字以内。2.4致谢对指导教师或协助完成设计（论文）工作的组织和个人表示感谢。内容简洁明了、实事求是。2.5 参考文献参考文献是毕业设计（论文）不可缺少的组成部分，所引用的文献必须是本人真正阅读过的，近期发表的与设计（论文）工作直接有关的文献。所它反映毕业设计的取材来源、材料的广博程度和材料的可靠程度，列入主要的文献在10篇以上，其中外文文献在2篇以上。2.6 附录附录是对于一些不宜放在正文中，但又直接反映完成工作的成果内容。如图纸﹑实验数据﹑计算机程序等材料附于毕业设计之后，附录所包含的材料是毕业设计（论文）的重要组成部分。3 书写规定3.1 设计（论文）书写设计（论文）必须由本人手抄或在计算机上输入，用A4纸编排。论文摘要用中英文两种文字给出，编排上中文在前，英文摘要另起一页。3.2 摘要摘要的字数一般为500字左右。以能将规定的内容阐述清楚为原则，摘要页不需写出论文题目。英文摘要与中文摘要的内容完全一致，在英文语法、用词上应正确无误。3.3 目录目录应包括论文中全部章节的标题及页码，含：摘要（中、英文）正文章节题目（要求编到第三级标题，即□.□.□ ）致谢参考文献3.4 论文正文3.4.1 章节及各章标题论文正文分章节撰写，每章应另起一页。各章标题要突出重点、简明扼要。字数一般在15字以内，不得使用标点符号。3.4.2 层次层次以少为宜，根据实际需要选择。参见表1的格式。层次要求统一，但若节下内容无需列条的，可直接列款、项。层次用到哪个层次视需要而定。3.6 引用文献毕业设计（论文）中有个别名词或情况需要解释及引文时，可加注说明，注释可用页末注（将注文放在加注页的下端）或篇末注（将全部注文集中在文章末尾），而不可行中注（夹在正文中的注）。引用文献标示应置于所引内容最末句的右上角，用小五号字体，所引文献编号用阿拉伯数字置于方括号“[ ]”中，如“人工智能方法[ 1 ]”，当提及的参考文献为文中直接说明时，其序号应该用4号字与正文排齐如“由文献[8，10~14]可知”。3.7 名词术语科技名词术语应采用国家标准或部颁标准中规定的术语或名称。标准中未规定的术语要采用行业通用术语或名称。全文名词术语必须统一。一些特殊名词
Good evening, all the appraiser committee members. I come from HUST, majoring in foreign linguistics and applied linguistics. I am *** and my supervisor is prof.***. With her sincere and intellectual guidance, for nearly one whole year's hard work, I have finished my paper. Finally, it is the show time. This evening I will present my efforts to you all and I gratefully welcome any correction. The title of my paper is A Study of the Causes of the Gothic Style in A Rose for Emily from a Feminist Perspective. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Firstly, I am fond of literature works , especially gothic literature works. Secondly, I am quite familiar with this short story as this is one of the texts in our intensive teaching course and I have taught this text for more than 3 times . Last but not the least ,as a female , I am keen on the study of feminism. For the above facts, I select the subject of A Study of the Causes of the Gothic Style in A Rose for Emily from a Feminist Perspective as the title of my paper.
英语论文答辩开场白（精选7篇）
在现在社会，许多人对开场白的掌握需求逐渐增多，开场白应该达到明确您的'意图，使目标愿意和您交流，允许您提出问题的目的。那么，开场白一般是怎么写的呢？以下是我帮大家整理的英语论文答辩开场白，欢迎大家分享。
Good morning,
Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. (或Welcome to attend the oral defense.) :
I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this thesis.
My topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points(Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van )The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic’s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures’ background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes’ failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.
Thank you!
Good morning, all appraiser committee members. I am xxxx and my supervisor is xxx. With her constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.
The title of my paper is On Transformation of Parts of Speech in Translation. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. Each language has its own special structure. And there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. In order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators. So the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in English to Chinese based on different characteristics of English and Chinese. For the above facts, I select the subject of“On Transformation of parts of speech”as the title of my paper.
I hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in English to Chinese translation. Through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation skills.
The way of thinking and expressing is quite different between Chinese and English. English is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. While Chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often used.
So when we make translation in English to Chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of speech.
Next, it is an outline of my paper. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into five parts.
Part one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and transformation.
Part two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of translation.
Part three gives four basic ways of transformation of parts of speech through illustrative examples. There are transformed English words into Chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives and adverbs.
Part four presents some problems about transformation and gives some advise to solve the problems.
Part five draws some conclusions that transformation between parts of speech is necessary for us to achieve good translation. It is demonstrated that we can have a good master of transformation and improve the translation. In addition, we must continuously study and explore in all kinds of translation practices.
OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions.
Good evening, all the appraiser committee members. I come from HUST, majoring in foreign linguistics and applied linguistics. I am xxx and my supervisor is prof.xxx. With her sincere and intellectual guidance, for nearly one whole years hard work, I have finished my paper. Finally, it is the show time. This evening I will present my efforts to you all and I gratefully welcome any correction.
The title of my paper is A Study of the Causes of the Gothic Style
in A Rose for Emily from a Feminist Perspective. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Firstly, I am fond of literature works , especially gothic literature works. Secondly, I am quite familiar with this short story as this is one of the texts in our intensive teaching course and I have taught this text for more than 3 times . Last but not the least ,as a female , I am keen on the study of feminism. For the above facts, I select the subject of A Study of the Causes of the Gothic Style in A Rose for Emily from a Feminist Perspective as the title of my paper.
I hope by studying this short story we can know more about American southern women in certain history and culture and more importantly help women in modern society get a deeper understanding about ourselves ,help us raise our independence and confidence and show more concern for our mental health.
Next , I will present it to you. Here is an outline of my presentation. They are literature review, gothic tradition , the gothic style in the story and the causes of the gothic style .
This paper consists of six parts. Part one presents an introduction to the author William Faulkner and A Rose for Emily by pointing out the purpose and significance of this study. Part two is literature review which introduces the relevant research about this novel at home and abroad and then points out the theoretical basis and methods. Part three gives a timeline of the gothic tradition in literature and explains the main characteristics of gothic works. Part four explains the three aspects of the gothic style in the novel,that is, the death theme, grotesque characters and mystic atmosphere. Part five then explains in detail the causes of the gothic style in this novel: patriarchal oppression, the myth of southern ladyhood and Emily’s attitude towards love. Finally, in the conclusion, the author summarizes the previous parts and emphasizes the significance of the argument of the thesis again.
Ok, thats all. Now you may raise your questions ! I am ready! Thank you !!!
Good morning, appraises committee members and schoolmates. I come from class 08951, and I am Yu Lianfei.
Today, the title of my paper is On the Network Novels. In recent years, the network literature is developing rapidly. Network novel is one of the fast of them. In the middle schools, high schools and even universities, there is no lack of network novels addicts. For the above facts, I select the subject of “on the network novels” as the title of my paper.
Then, I will show it to you. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into four parts, as the concept of network novels, the classification of their authors, the development of network novels and the prospects of that.
The first part, the definition. Its concept can be divided into the generalized and the narrow. And it can also be divided into boys’ and girls’ in another way.
The second part, the classification of their authors. Generally speaking, there are four kinds of authors. The first kind is some people who have favor of literature, they are writing but not for fame. Then, there is some one has favor for literature and also be for fame. The third kind is some people who have explicit goals at the beginning of his writing. And the last kind are some people who just want to express their view, their viewpoint and their feeling with no desire of being published. They take up the most of the authors.
The third part, the development. The network novels’ development can not separate form the development of the net and the literature websites. Its developing process may be divided into three stages approximately. The first stage is from 1996 to 2000. This times literary work often did not strive for (were also not aware of) the fame and fortune, and moreover received the control of tradition. The second stage is beginning of 21st century, mainly contains 2001 and 2002. In this period, the whole network presented the situation of “chaos”. The third stage is from May, 2003 and continues until now. In this period, many schools come into the world, and when a school became a hit there must be many people mimic it.
The last part, the forecast. Looking from the internal strength pattern, the outstanding writers in our country mainly hold one kind of critique and the pessimistic manner to the network novels at present. If each big literature website enlarges their own supervision, the vulgar works, the pornography and bad works like those things, meanwhile hanker for new person’s new article as well as depth ones, the network novels can be accepted by more people.
Not a low-level novel but a kind of enjoyment.
Good morning.
Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. (或Welcome to attend the oral defense.)
I am XXX. Firstly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor XXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this thesis. My topic is XXXXXXXXX.
The whole thesis consists of --- parts.
The first part will give a brief introduction of ------. And the second part is going to analyze ----------.
In the third part, ---------will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about --------. Then the author will dig into the root causes of ------- in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal --------of ---------in the last part. Thank you!
Good afternoon, all appraiser committee members.I am xsj and my supervisor is zy. With his sincere and intellectual guidance, I have finished my paper.Now,it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and gratefully welcome any correction.
The title of my paper is Heavenly War and Earthly Conflict, an Insight into John Miltons Paradise Lost. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Firstly, I am fond of literature works. Secondly, I am quite familiar with this story as one of texts in British and American literature Selections. Last but not least, I am keen on the study of human nature and the profound significance and instructions for us from John Milton. For the above facts, I select the Heavenly war and earthly conflict an insight into John Miltons Paradise Lost as the title of my paper.
I hope by studying this great poem we can know more about this Literature masterpiece,and I also want to show my own understanding about it.
Next, here is an outline of my presentation and I devide my paper into four parts. Part one presents an introduction of John Milton and Paradise Lost. Part two introduces the main contents of the book of Paradise Lost. Part three gives my own analysis of major characters in Paradise Lost. Part four draws some conclusions by my careful reading and thinking.
OK, that is all. Thank you. Now you may raise your questions. I am ready.
Good morning.
all appraiser committee members. I am xxxx and my supervisor is xxx. With her constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.
英语毕业的论文答辩稿（精选6篇）
毕业论文答辩是一种有组织、有准备、有计划、有鉴定的比较正规的审查论文的重要形式。为了搞好毕业论文答辩，在举行答辩会前，校方、答辩委员会、答辩者（撰写毕业论文的作者）三方都要作好充分的准备。下面是我整理的英语毕业的论文答辩稿（精选6篇），欢迎大家分享。
Good evening, all the appraiser committee members. I come from HUST, majoring in foreign linguistics and applied linguistics. I am xxx and my supervisor is prof.xxx. With her sincere and intellectual guidance, for nearly one whole year's hard work, I have finished my paper. Finally, it is the show time. This evening I will present my efforts to you all and I gratefully welcome any correction.
The title of my paper is A Study of the Causes of the Gothic Style.
I hope by studying this short story we can know more about American southern women in certain history and culture and more importantly help women in modern society get a deeper understanding about ourselves ,help us raise our independence and confidence and show more concern for our mental health.
Next , I will present it to you. Here is an outline of my presentation. They are literature review, gothic tradition , the gothic style in the story and the causes of the gothic style .
This paper consists of six parts. Part one presents an introduction to the author William Faulkner and A Rose for Emily by pointing out the purpose and significance of this study. Part two is literature review which introduces the relevant research about this novel at home and abroad and then points out the theoretical basis and methods. Part three gives a timeline of the gothic tradition in literature and explains the main characteristics of gothic works. Part four explains the three aspects of the gothic style in the novel，that is, the death theme, grotesque characters and mystic atmosphere. Part five then explains in detail the causes of the gothic style in this novel: patriarchal oppression, the myth of southern ladyhood and Emily’s attitude towards love. Finally, in the conclusion, the author summarizes the previous parts and emphasizes the significance of the argument of the thesis again.
Ok, that's all. Now you may raise your questions ! I am ready! Thank you !
晚上好，所有的评估委员会成员。我来自HUST，主修外国语言学和应用语言学。我是xxx，我的主管是教授。 xxx。凭着她的真诚和智慧的指导，近一年的辛苦工作，我已经完成了我的论文。最后，这是展示时间。今天晚上，我将向大家致以衷心的感谢，我衷心地欢迎您的加入。
我的论文的标题是哥特式风格的研究
我希望通过研究这个短小的故事，我们可以在某些历史和文化中更多地描述美国南方妇女，更多地要求帮助现代社会的妇女对自己有一个广泛的了解，帮助我们提高我的独立性和信心，并更多地关注我们的心理健康该
接下来，我将向您介绍。这是我演讲的大纲。他们是文学评论，哥特式传统，哥特式风格的故事和哥特风格的原因。
本文由六部分组成。第一部分提出了作者威廉·福克纳(William Faulkner)和艾米莉·艾丝丽(A Rose)的作者，指出了这项研究的目的.和意义。第二部分是文献综述，对国内外这本小说进行了相关研究，并指出了理论依据和方法。第三部分给出了小说中哥特式传统的时间表，即死亡主题，独特的人物和神秘的气氛。部分原因，详细介绍了这本小说中哥特式风格的原因：父权制的压迫，南方女士的神话和艾米莉对爱情的态度。最后，在结论中，笔者对以前的部分进行了梳理，再次强调了论文论证的意义。
好的，就是这样。现在你可以提出你的问题!我准备好了!谢谢 ！
Good morning,
Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. (或Welcome to attend the oral defense.) ：
I am Wu Lin. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professor Hu Anjiang, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this thesis.
My topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points(Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van Winkle).
The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic’s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures’ background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes’ failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.
Thank you!
good afternoon, all appraiser committee members. i am xxxx and my supervisor is xxx. with her constant encouragement and guidance, i have finished my paper. now, it is the show time. i will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.the title of my paper is on transformation of parts of speech in translation. i choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. each language has its own special structure. and there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. in order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators. so the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in english to chinese based on different characteristics of english and chinese. for the above facts, i select the subject of“on transformation of parts of speech”as the title of my paper.i hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in english to chinese translation. through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation skills.the way of thinking and expressing is quite different between chinese and english. english is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. while chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often used.so when we make translation in english to chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of speech.next, it is an outline of my paper. in the main part of this paper, i divide it into five parts.part one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and transformation.part two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of translation.part three gives four basic ways of transformation of parts of speech through illustrative examples. there are transformed english words into chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives and adverbs.part four presents some problems about transformation and gives some advise to solve the problems.part five draws some conclusions that transformation between parts of speech is necessary for us to achieve good translation. it is demonstrated that we can have a good master of transformation and improve the translation. in addition, we must continuously study and explore in all kinds of translation practices.ok! that is all. thank you!
stant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it's show time. You and I will work hard to welcome any correction.The topic of my thesis is 《Angela carter to mythology research - the female archetype in “new eve passion”, for example》。 I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons.Angela Carter （1940-1992） is an outstanding feminist writer whose influence on Britishwomen's writing was “pivotal in this opening and transformation” [“23]. The year 2014 represents the 22”^ anniversary of Angela Carter's death. In those twenty-two years, her works have been widely taught internationally and brought about much critical debate. In a survey conducted by Cristina Bacchilega and Danielle M. Roemer [2],Carter is one of the most commonly taught women writers on North American programs. She has endowed us with an amazingly large number of legacies in her comparatively limited life, setting foot in various fields such as novels,short stories,children stories, dramas, non-fictions and so on. The acute observations with great insights,as well as the devastating wit and poignant mockery in Carter's works have made her stand out as an iconic figure in English literature. Many scholars and critics have devoted themselves to the research on Angela Carter from many perspectives,including gothic, magic realism, feminism,post-modernism and so on. As a prolific writer who is always ready to blur the boundaries between different genres, Carter has left us a wonderful world to delve into.With the emergence of western women's movement as well as the development of feminist criticism in the 1960s,the feminist approach has become a potent weapon for those who are concerned with the emancipation and legal rights of women. Though women's social status has considerably improved due to the contribution made by countless predecessors,the fundamental problem still lingers on. Carter, with her versatile and avant-garde reputation, is best known as a feminist writer. Concerning the dilemmas and predicaments faced by women nowadays,it is very necessary for us to probe into her insightful and penetrating reflections on femininity as well as the relationship between two genders. The Passion of New Eve, as one of Carter's most representative works, is of great value in the research of her feminist thoughts and propositions.Next, is my paper outline. In the main part of this article, I put it into five parts.Chapter one is an introduction to the thesis, covering the research background, theobjective and significance as well as the organization of the thesis.Chapter two presents a broad picture of Angela Carter's life and her works, as well as the background information about The Passion of New Eve. It also reviews previous studies on Angela Carter and her works at home and abroad, summarizing achievements in the past and pointing out new directions in the future.Chapter three conducts a retrospective study on feminism and archetypal criticism. The author attempts to work out the origin and development of feminism, demonstrating the important role feminism plays in Carter's life. Then is the history of archetypal criticism,as well as those classic female archetypes in mythology. Regarding those fossilized and monotonous images as impediments to women's freedom and liberation,Carter endeavors to shatter them in her demythologizing strategy and appeals for a rational attitude toward heterosexual relationship.Chapter four is the main body of the thesis. Through an in-depth analysis on The Passion of New Eve,it demonstrates Carter's demythologizing of “The Temptress,,,”Mother Goddess“and ”Eve“ respectively in the text. Leilah,the embodiment of Delilah,the famous temptress in the Bible,cannot escape the fate of being objectified by men and herself. By exposing”temptresses“ as mere victims rather than symbols of viciousness. Carter condemns the oppression and exploitation of women in a patriarchal society. ”Mother“ in Beulah serves as a severe satire on those mother goddesses in mythology. Carter smashes the legend by revealing the surgically-made essence of mother and the patriarchal values lurking behind her alleged matriarchal kingdom, warning against the peril and impracticality of extremist matriarchy.And her most convincing example goes to Eve, the most important female character in the Bible, Her transformative journey from a chauvinist to a real woman in the story illustrates that gender, rather than a hereditary feature, is the result of social influence and unremitting imitations. Carter concludes the story with proposing ”androgyny“ as a solution to the current problems,implying that mutual respect and understanding is the only way to achieve the harmony between the two genders.Chapter five comes to a general conclusion, summarizing the limitations of the theses as well as some suggestions for further study.OK! That is all. Thank you!
Good morning, distinguished professors and teachers, thank you for attending the oral defense. I’m xxx and come from class x. My supervisor is professor Li. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Prof. Li.With his consistent guidance and valuable suggestions, I have finished my paper. Now I will present my efforts to you and gratefully welcome any suggestion.
The title of my paper is xxxxxxxxxxxxx. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons.
Firstly, I am very interested in the study of ambiguity. Ambiguity is a common phenomenon in all natural languages. As is known to all, in our daily conversations, ambiguity is often employed to achieve the effect of humor, thus creating a relaxing atmosphere and letting people feel at ease. Some jokes caused by ambiguity is very interesting.
Secondly, I have read several articles about ambiguity written by linguistics and scholars. I found my knowledge of ambiguity is very limited, superficial and nonsystematic. What I knew is just the tip of the iceberg. So I plan to learn more about ambiguity by this research.
Thirdly, I found many scholars have carried out numerous studies of ambiguity, but a majority of these studies are focused on single language separately. Articles about comparison between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity are not sufficient. So it is necessary to make further study.
For the above facts, I select this title.
Next, I will present the outline of my thesis. It consists of 7 parts.
The first part gives a brief introduction to the ambiguity and structure of the thesis.
The second part is literature review, briefly introducing the development of study of ambiguity and some scholars’s main views.
The third to fifth parts focus on three types of ambiguity in English and Chinese: phonological ambiguity, lexical ambiguity, syntactic ambiguity. In every broad type, I respectively list some detailed branches and cite some vivid English and Chinese examples to explain these ambiguity phenomena. But I put more focus on the third part and point out two differences of ambiguity between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity.
The part six will point out positive results by using ambiguity deliberately in daily conversations, advertisements and literary works.
The last part is the conclusion.
I hope by this contrastive research, we will have a better understanding of ambiguity in English and Chinese and apply it to our life and study.
When reading the final draft, I still find my argument is not so comprehensive and improvements are needed. So welcome your precious suggestion.
That’s all. Thank you.
Good morning,Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. （或Welcome to attend the oral defense.） :I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this thesis.My topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points（Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van ）The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.
这个要看答辩老师这么问了！不过一般都是这些自我陈述、自由答辩、论文刚要等
毕业论文是Graduation thesis 若要在论文里指论文就可以直接说thesis或者paper
1、 常用的动词：
show,present,illustrate,summarize,demonstrate, contain, provide,list, report, give, reveal,display, indicate, suggest, describe, …
as从句：
As shown in …/ As can be seen in …/ As revealed by;
2、表示原因/缘由的短语：
be due to ，be attibuted to，be accounted for，be a consequence of;
3、表达可能性的方法：
It is certain that …
It is almost certain that …
It is very probable/ highly likely that …
It is probable/likely that …
It is possible that …
It is unlikely that …
It is very/highly unlikely that …
4、用于表达可能性的.另一种途径：
There is a definite possibility that …
There is a strong possibility that …
There is a good possibility that …
There is a slight possibility that …
There is little possibility that …
5、总结常用的词汇：
Overall,In general,On the whole, In the main,With … exception(s),The overall results indicate，
1. 递进关系
in addition另外, furthermore此外, again, also, besides, moreover此外 , similarly, finally最后
2. 比较关系
in the same way, likewise同样地, similarly, equally, in comparison比较起来, just as同样地
3. 对照关系
whereas然而, in contrast与此相反, on the other hand, instead同样, however然而, nevertheless然而, unlike, even though即使, on the contrary, while
4. 因果关系
because, because of, for, since, due to, owing to, thanks to, as a result(of), accordingly, hence, so, thus
5. 强调
certainly, above all, indeed, of course, surely, actually, as a matter of fact, chiefly, especially, primarily, in particular, undoubtedly, absolutely, most imprtant
6. 举例
for example, for instance, that is, namely, such as, in other words, in this case, by way of illustration.
7. 总结
to sum up, to conclude, in a word, in short, in brief, all in all, in all, to put it in a nutshell, in summary
8. 推断
therefore, as a result(of), consequently, accordingly, so, otherwise
9. 动词
investigate, discuss, analyze,explore, show, conduct,propose,affect,introduce, define,predict, focus on
“毕业论文”的英文：Graduation Dissertation
Dissertation 读法 英 [,dɪsə'teɪʃ(ə)n] 美 ['dɪsɚ'teʃən]
n. 论文，专题；学术演讲
短语：
1、academic dissertation 学位论文 ; 学术论文
2、Graduation Dissertation 毕业论文
3、Doctorate dissertation 博士论文
4、Dissertation Committee 论文委员会
5、dissertation topics 毕业论文题目
词义辨析：
article, paper,dissertation, essay, prose, thesis这组词都有“文章”的意思，其区别是：
1、article 多指在报刊、杂志上发表的非文艺性的文章，包括新闻报导、学术论文等。
2、paper 正式用词，多指在学术刊物上发表或在学术会议上宣读的专题论文，也指高等学校的学期论文，或学校里的作文练习。
3、dissertation 书面语用词，指独立研究后所写的较为详细的专题文章；也可指学位论文。
4、essay 指任何一种非小说性的，篇幅不长、结构简练的文章，如论说文、报道、评论、讽刺性杂文等。
5、prose 专指散文。
6、thesis 既可指毕业论文、学位论文，又可指一般的为阐述学术观点而写的论文。
例句：
1、Exploring "Trinity Working Mode" of Integrating Graduation Field Work, Graduation Dissertation and Employment on Graduation.
毕业实习、毕业论文与学生就业三位一体工作模式探索。
2、On Problems in Writing Graduation Dissertation
关于撰写毕业论文应该注意的问题。
随着我国社会的不断进步以及政治、经济、科学技术等方面的发展，对具有独立个性的复合型人才的需求也随之增长。英语教学在中国大学 教育 领域已经占据着主导地位20多年。下文是我为大家搜集整理的关于英语专业 毕业 论文的内容，欢迎大家阅读参考!
浅议 商务英语 的译翻译技巧
[摘 要] 随着国际贸易和国际营销等跨国商务运作的日益频繁,商务英语翻译作为一种交流手段和媒介起着至关重要的作用。同时商务英语是一门具有专门用途的英语,形成了自身的文体特征,它要求选词恰当、精确,具有用语礼貌、表意清晰。因此商务英语翻译必须具有一定的翻译技巧,才能在商务交流中体现它的实用效果。
商务英语是为国际商务活动这一特定的专业学科服务的专门用途英语,所涉及的专业范围很广,并具有独特的语言现象和表现内容、文体复杂。商务英语翻译要求翻译者具备丰富的商务理论和商务实践知识,为了提高翻译质量,翻译者必须具备一定的自身条件。
第一,翻译者的汉语功底要好。很多人往往忽视这一点,认为汉语是自己的母语,凭着自己原来的底子应付翻译中的问题,是绰绰有余的。然而在真正的翻译过程中,为了一个词语或者一个句型,冥思苦想了半天也得不到一个满意的结果。有时好不容易想出来了也觉得不够理想。由此可见,汉语表达能力和对汉语理解能力的大小直接影响翻译的好坏。下功夫学好汉语,打好汉语基础对于翻译是十分重要的。
第二,英语语言能力要强。全面的语法知识和大量的词汇量缺一不可。如果只有大量的词汇量,而没有较好的英语语法知识。翻译过程中译者的理解肯定是错误百出,而且牛头不对马嘴。因此我们要提高在英汉翻译中对于英文 句子 理解的准确性及汉英翻译中英文表达的准确性。
第三,知识面要广。Www.11665.CoM商务英语翻译中要很好的做到这一点,就要掌握商务理论和贸易实务等理论知识及贸易实践 经验 。同时译者还要具有丰富的 百科 知识,对天文地理、古今中外不说通晓,也要了解其中的一些基本知识。没有一定的常识,译者的语言水平即使再高,也是无法做好翻译工作的。
一、一词多义
同一个词,由于语境不同,其词义可千差万别。试看下面几个例子:
1.they cannot obtain credit at all in the trade. 他们生意信誉已荡然无存。
2.they have opened the covering credit with the bank of china,london.
他们已从伦敦中国银行开立了有关信用证。
以上两个句子credit 词义都有所区别。
二、词类转译
词类转译是国际商务翻译中常见的译词技巧。常见的有名词与动词、介词与动词的互相转译。
1.名词与动词的互相转译, 如:
before the payment of these tariffs, the imported goods will bein the custody of the customs.
交关税前, 进口货物由海关保管。( 由于语法限制, 只有用名词形式,但译成汉语时,“payment”译作“交”)
2 . 介词与动词的互相转译
在许多场合下, 介词转译成动词时, 需要依据上下文进行引申,具体地进行翻译。如:
we should advise you to get in touch with them for your requirements.
建议你方与他们取得联系, 洽购所需商品。
三、词义引伸
在商务英语翻译中,有时会遇到某些词在词典上难以找到贴切具体上下文词义,如生搬硬套,译文往往语意不清,甚至导致误解。在这种情况下,需要根据上下文和逻辑关系,从该词固有基本含义出发,进一步加以引伸。例如:
the arrivals do not conform to the sample.
如果将arrival这个词的词义直接放入译文,显然不能正确表达原文的意义,所以需要进一步的引申。
四、词量增减
在商务英语翻译实践中,词量增减也是很重要的一个翻译技巧。翻译过程中要根据原文上下文意思、逻辑关系以及译文语言句法特点和表达习惯,在翻译时有时增加原文字面没有出现但实际内容已包含词,或者减去原文虽有但译文语言表达用不着词。
1.增词
根据具体上下文,可增加动词、形容词、名词或别词类,但在什么时候增加什么样词,才能恰到好处,而不超出一定界限,则需要在长期的翻译过程中实践和积累。如:all cash bonus shall be subject to income tax.所有现金红利,均须缴纳所得税。(根据汉语行文习惯,增加动词)
2.减词
减词译法可以使译文言简意赅,改变翻译中逐字翻译作造成的累赘、拖沓或不符合行文习惯,甚至产生歧义的现象。 如:on condition that you sign this receipt, i will pay the money.
你在 收据 上签字,我就付款。
五、商务英语中的常用术语翻译
商务英语翻译中包含大量的词汇,因此对于常见词汇的精确运用在翻译中很重要。作为商务英语翻译工作者就要大量的掌握这些具有商务含义的普通词和复合词和缩略词语。
如价格常用术语fob,cif 有其特定的专业内容,又如c.w.o定货付款;b/l 提货单;l/c 信用证;c.o.d 货到付现;w.p.a 水渍险;blue chip 蓝筹股、绩优股;bad debt 呆账,等等。总之,商务英语翻译不能拘泥于形式,在保证原文的信息量最大限度地传递到译文中的前提下,翻译者可以灵活运用译入语,已达到语义信息、风格信息和文体信息的最大程度的对等,同时商务英语翻译要遵循商务专业用语。所以要求商务英语翻译工作者要掌握大量的专业词汇及翻译技巧。
参考文献:
[1]葛 平: 外贸英语 函电[m].上海 财经 大学出版社,2004
[2]余富林等着:商务英语翻译[m].北京:中国商务出版社,2003
[3]李 平:国际经贸英语教程[m].中国国际广播出版社,1999
[4]王学文:新编经贸口译教程[m].中国对外经济贸易出版社,2001
[5]陈苏东 陈建平:商务英语翻译[m].高等教育出版社,2005
[6]王治奎:大学英汉翻译教程[m].山东大学出版社,2004
[7]曾蕙兰:进出口 实用英语 [m].外文出版社,2003
[8]冯庆华:实用翻译教程[m].上海外语教育出版社,2003
浅议商务英语函电的清楚原则
摘要: 撰写高水平的商务英语函电通常要遵守七个原则, 其中清楚原则是最基本的原则之一, 但国内以清楚原则为依据进行的应用研究尚不多见。本文针对清楚原则的运用, 分别从词语与句子等方面进行了论述。 文章 认为: 商务英语函电应尽量使用简单词语, 并注意代词的指代; 句子表达要求重点突出, 而且要有一定的连贯性。
商务英语函电是国际贸易的重要沟通工具。撰写高水平的商务英语函电通常要遵守七个原则, 其中, 清楚原则是七个原则中最基本的原则之一。在现有的商务英语函电研究成果中, 以清楚原则为依据进行的应用研究较少看到。为此, 笔者拟探讨清楚原则在商务英语函电中的运用, 以帮助国际商务人士提高商务英语函电写作水平。
一、商务英语函电的清楚原则
清楚原则包含三方面: ( 1) 一个句子包含一个意思; ( 2) 句子之间应有逻辑关系; ( 3) 以简单、直接的 方法 表达。[1]清楚的表达, 能避免误会, 甚至贸易纠纷。比如说, “fluctuation in theexchange rate after the date of contract signing will be for the buyer’saccount.”[1] “fluctuation in the exchange rate”包括了汇率的上涨和跌落两种情况。如果不表达清楚, 买卖双方就会对汇率的涨落产生纠纷。Www.11665.COM避免不必要的经济纠纷, 商务英语函电撰写的过程中要始终贯彻清楚的原则。上述例子若想表达“合同生效后汇率的波动由买方承担”, 原句子可改为“any increase ordecrease in the exchange rate after the date of contract signing willbe for the buyer’s account.”
二、清楚原则的运用
( 1) 词语的运用
1)词语的准确无误
当你明确了要表达的想法时, 要注意选用清晰、简单的词语, 准确无误地表达你要传达的信息。避免用一些复杂、深奥的词汇。有些写信人认为复杂、深奥的词汇会让信件看起来更有水平, 更重要些。然而, 复杂的词汇会增加对方读信的难度,甚至引起理解上的误会。通常, 商务英语函电的撰写适合采用简单易懂的词汇。
2) 代词的指代
注意代词指代的对象和关系代词前后的逻辑关系。一般来说, 代词和关系代词用以修饰离它们最近的名词, 并且与所指代的名词保持人称上和数量上的一致。但代词的不恰当运用, 会引起表达上的歧义。试看以下的句子: they informedmessrs. smith and richardson that they would receive an answerin a fewdays.[1]在这个句子中, 第二个“they”指代谁呢? 是整个句子的主语“they”还是“messrs. smith and richardson”呢? 这里就产生了歧义。如何清楚地表达? 比如原意想表达“smith和richardson两位先生将在近期内得到答复”, 原句子可改为:“they informed messrs . smith and richardson that the latterwould receive an answer in a fewdays.”这样的话, “the latter”指代“messrs. smith and richardson”, 指代清楚, 句子意思明确。
3) 修饰词的位置
同一修饰词在句子的不同位置, 句子意思和侧重点将完全不同。试比较以下两个句子: ①we can supply 100 tons of theitemonly. ②we can supply only 100 tons of the item.在第一个句子中, “only”修饰“the item”, 意思是只提供这种项目, 没有 其它 的项目。而在第二个句子中, “only”是修饰“100 tons”, 意思是只提供100吨, 没有更多了。故修饰词在句子中的位置不同,其所修饰的词就不同, 意思也将有所不同, 书写商务英语函电时一定要注意这一点。
此外, 修饰词的位置应该是紧跟着或者靠近它所修饰的词语。试比较以下两个句子: ①they bought a bicycle in a smallshop in beijing which costs $ 25.00. ②they bought a bicycle for$25.00 in a small shop in beijing. “$25.00”是修饰“bicycle”, 说明这一辆自行车的价格, 应该靠近它所修饰的词语“bicycle”。第一个句子“which costs $ 25.00”应移到“bicycle”后面。第二个句子不用定语从句, 直接用介词“for” 带出自行车的价格“$25.00”, 修饰词位置正确, 整个句子简洁、清楚易懂。
( 2) 句子的逻辑结构
分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语要保持一致。[4]试分析以下句子: “being an expertin international trade, i’m sure youhave experience of solving this kind of problem.”在这个句子中,句子的主语是“i”, 而分词的逻辑主语是“you”。为保持分词的逻辑主语与句子主语一致, 原句子可改为: “being an expert ininternational trade, you certainly have experience of solving thiskind of problem.” 或者“as you are an expert in internationaltrade, i’m sure you have experience of solving this kind of problem.”。
其次, 注意句子间意思的连贯性。例如: they wrote a letter.it was addressed to mr. woods. he is the sales manager.这三个短句缺乏意思上的连贯性, 每个句子都有它独立的意思,读信人很难区分哪个句子是最重要的信息。上述句子可改为: “they wrote a letter to mr. woods, the sales manager.”改写后的句子意思清楚明确: “他们给销售部经理woods先生写了一封信。”
此外, 清楚的表达要求重点突出, 读信人不会遗漏重要的信息。我们书写商务英语函电时可以通过调整句子结构, 突出要强调的部分。比如: “we sent you 5 samples yesterday of thegoods which you requested in your letter ofmay 25 by air.”该句子包括了很多信息, 有①we sent you, ②5 samples, ③yesterday, ④the goods which you requested in your letter ofmay 25, ⑤by air。一个句子包含多种信息, 读信人很容易忽略其中某些信息。对此, 重要的信息应放在句子的前面, 通过句子结构加以强调。上述句子重要的信息有①we sent you, ②5 samples, ⑤by air。原句子可改写为: “we sent you, by air, 5 samples of goods whichyou requested in your letter ofmay 25 yesterday.”经过改写的句子重点突出, 句子意思更清晰明确。
最后, 句子中简洁的情节有利于清楚的表达。如“we haveyour check of october 17 in the amount of $500, and wish at thistime to thank you for it.”原句子是表达“我方收到贵方10月17日开具的500美元支票一张, 特此感谢。”“特此感谢”原句子用“wish at this time to thank you for it”, 用词繁琐, 使得整个句子意思不明确。如果这一个情节简化为“thank you”, 原句子改为“thank you for your check of october 17 for $500.”修改后的句子意思更清楚易懂。
三、结束语
本文针对清楚原则在商务英语函电写作中的运用, 分别从词语与句子进行了论述, 得出以下主要结论: (1) 尽量使用简单词语, 并注意代词的指代; (2) 句子表达要求重点突出, 而且要有一定的连贯性。
参考文献:
[ 1] 胡鉴明.商务 英语写作 [m] .广州: 华南理工大学出版社, 2001: 4.
[ 2] sue kay.实用商务英语写作[m] .北京: 北京理工大学出版社, 2003: 63.
[ 3] 王晓英.商务英语写作教程[m] .南京: 东南大学出版社, 2001: 4.
[ 4] 廖瑛.实用外贸英语函电( 第二版) [m] .武汉: 华中科技大学出版社, 2003: 8.
摘要: 撰写高水平的商务英语函电通常要遵守七个原则, 其中清楚原则是最基本的原则之一, 但国内以清楚原则为依据进行的应用研究尚不多见。本文针对清楚原则的运用, 分别从词语与句子等方面进行了论述。文章认为: 商务英语函电应尽量使用简单词语, 并注意代词的指代; 句子表达要求重点突出, 而且要有一定的连贯性。
商务英语函电是国际贸易的重要沟通工具。撰写高水平的商务英语函电通常要遵守七个原则, 其中, 清楚原则是七个原则中最基本的原则之一。在现有的商务英语函电研究成果中, 以清楚原则为依据进行的应用研究较少看到。为此, 笔者拟探讨清楚原则在商务英语函电中的运用, 以帮助国际商务人士提高商务英语函电写作水平。
一、商务英语函电的清楚原则
清楚原则包含三方面: ( 1) 一个句子包含一个意思; ( 2) 句子之间应有逻辑关系; ( 3) 以简单、直接的方法表达。[1]清楚的表达, 能避免误会, 甚至贸易纠纷。比如说, “fluctuation in theexchange rate after the date of contract signing will be for the buyer’saccount.”[1] “fluctuation in the exchange rate”包括了汇率的上涨和跌落两种情况。如果不表达清楚, 买卖双方就会对汇率的涨落产生纠纷。Www.11665.COM避免不必要的经济纠纷, 商务英语函电撰写的过程中要始终贯彻清楚的原则。上述例子若想表达“合同生效后汇率的波动由买方承担”, 原句子可改为“any increase ordecrease in the exchange rate after the date of contract signing willbe for the buyer’s account.”
二、清楚原则的运用
( 1) 词语的运用
1)词语的准确无误
当你明确了要表达的想法时, 要注意选用清晰、简单的词语, 准确无误地表达你要传达的信息。避免用一些复杂、深奥的词汇。有些写信人认为复杂、深奥的词汇会让信件看起来更有水平, 更重要些。然而, 复杂的词汇会增加对方读信的难度,甚至引起理解上的误会。通常, 商务英语函电的撰写适合采用简单易懂的词汇。
2) 代词的指代
注意代词指代的对象和关系代词前后的逻辑关系。一般来说, 代词和关系代词用以修饰离它们最近的名词, 并且与所指代的名词保持人称上和数量上的一致。但代词的不恰当运用, 会引起表达上的歧义。试看以下的句子: they informedmessrs. smith and richardson that they would receive an answerin a fewdays.[1]在这个句子中, 第二个“they”指代谁呢? 是整个句子的主语“they”还是“messrs. smith and richardson”呢? 这里就产生了歧义。如何清楚地表达? 比如原意想表达“smith和richardson两位先生将在近期内得到答复”, 原句子可改为:“they informed messrs . smith and richardson that the latterwould receive an answer in a fewdays.”这样的话, “the latter”指代“messrs. smith and richardson”, 指代清楚, 句子意思明确。
3) 修饰词的位置
同一修饰词在句子的不同位置, 句子意思和侧重点将完全不同。试比较以下两个句子: ①we can supply 100 tons of theitemonly. ②we can supply only 100 tons of the item.在第一个句子中, “only”修饰“the item”, 意思是只提供这种项目, 没有其它的项目。而在第二个句子中, “only”是修饰“100 tons”, 意思是只提供100吨, 没有更多了。故修饰词在句子中的位置不同,其所修饰的词就不同, 意思也将有所不同, 书写商务英语函电时一定要注意这一点。
此外, 修饰词的位置应该是紧跟着或者靠近它所修饰的词语。试比较以下两个句子: ①they bought a bicycle in a smallshop in beijing which costs $ 25.00. ②they bought a bicycle for$25.00 in a small shop in beijing. “$25.00”是修饰“bicycle”, 说明这一辆自行车的价格, 应该靠近它所修饰的词语“bicycle”。第一个句子“which costs $ 25.00”应移到“bicycle”后面。第二个句子不用定语从句, 直接用介词“for” 带出自行车的价格“$25.00”, 修饰词位置正确, 整个句子简洁、清楚易懂。
( 2) 句子的逻辑结构
分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语要保持一致。[4]试分析以下句子: “being an expertin international trade, i’m sure youhave experience of solving this kind of problem.”在这个句子中,句子的主语是“i”, 而分词的逻辑主语是“you”。为保持分词的逻辑主语与句子主语一致, 原句子可改为: “being an expert ininternational trade, you certainly have experience of solving thiskind of problem.” 或者“as you are an expert in internationaltrade, i’m sure you have experience of solving this kind of problem.”。
其次, 注意句子间意思的连贯性。例如: they wrote a letter.it was addressed to mr. woods. he is the sales manager.这三个短句缺乏意思上的连贯性, 每个句子都有它独立的意思,读信人很难区分哪个句子是最重要的信息。上述句子可改为: “they wrote a letter to mr. woods, the sales manager.”改写后的句子意思清楚明确: “他们给销售部经理woods先生写了一封信。”
此外, 清楚的表达要求重点突出, 读信人不会遗漏重要的信息。我们书写商务英语函电时可以通过调整句子结构, 突出要强调的部分。比如: “we sent you 5 samples yesterday of thegoods which you requested in your letter ofmay 25 by air.”该句子包括了很多信息, 有①we sent you, ②5 samples, ③yesterday, ④the goods which you requested in your letter ofmay 25, ⑤by air。一个句子包含多种信息, 读信人很容易忽略其中某些信息。对此, 重要的信息应放在句子的前面, 通过句子结构加以强调。上述句子重要的信息有①we sent you, ②5 samples, ⑤by air。原句子可改写为: “we sent you, by air, 5 samples of goods whichyou requested in your letter ofmay 25 yesterday.”经过改写的句子重点突出, 句子意思更清晰明确。
最后, 句子中简洁的情节有利于清楚的表达。如“we haveyour check of october 17 in the amount of $500, and wish at thistime to thank you for it.”原句子是表达“我方收到贵方10月17日开具的500美元支票一张, 特此感谢。”“特此感谢”原句子用“wish at this time to thank you for it”, 用词繁琐, 使得整个句子意思不明确。如果这一个情节简化为“thank you”, 原句子改为“thank you for your check of october 17 for $500.”修改后的句子意思更清楚易懂。
三、结束语
本文针对清楚原则在商务英语函电写作中的运用, 分别从词语与句子进行了论述, 得出以下主要结论: (1) 尽量使用简单词语, 并注意代词的指代; (2) 句子表达要求重点突出, 而且要有一定的连贯性。
参考文献:
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[ 3] 王晓英.商务英语写作教程[m] .南京: 东南大学出版社, 2001: 4.
[ 4] 廖瑛.实用外贸英语函电( 第二版) [m] .武汉: 华中科技大学出版社, 2003: 8.