发布时间：
Recently,the problem of__________has aroused people's concern. However, different people hold different attitudes toward. A lot of people seem to think that__________________ There is no doubt that enough concern must be paid to the problem of______________.It does us much harm(good)I quite agree with the statement that ________________,The reason are chiefly as follows, to start with___________,in addition_________,perhaps the primary reason is ___________,It has more advantages than disadvantages(disadvantages thanadvantages)。In my opinion, Taking all these factors into consideration, We naturally came to the conclusion that_________________. Obviously, it is high time that we took some measures to solve the problem. 最近，_______问题已引起人们的关注，然而，人们的态度各不相同，很多人似乎以为_________ 毫无疑问，对________问题应该给予足够的重视。它对我们很有坏处（好处）。我十分赞同这一论述_________________，主要的原因包括_____________一个原因是_________ 另一个原因_________或许最主要的是_________________.它的利多弊少。弊多利少 在我的观点，把所有这些因素加以考虑，我们自然会得出结论_______________________。显然，现在我们提出解决问题方案正是时候。
一、引出开头1：It is well-known to us that……（我们都知道……）==As far as my knowledge is concerned, …（ 就我所知…）2：Recently the problem of…… has been brought into focus. ==Nowadays there is a growing concern over ……（最近……问题引起了关注）3：Nowadays（overpopulation）has become a problem we have to face.（现今，人口过剩已成为我们不得不面对的问题）4：Internet has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has brought a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.（互联网已在我们的生活扮演着越来越重要的角色，它给我们带来了许多好处但也产生了一些严重的问题）5：With the rapid development of science and technology，more and more people believe that……（随着科技的迅速发展，越来越多的人认为……）6：It is a common belief that……==It is commonly believed that……（人们一般认为……）7：A lot of people seem to think that……（很多人似乎认为……）8:It is universally acknowledged that + 句子（全世界都知道...）二、表达不同观点1：People's views on……vary from person to person. Some hold that……However, others believe that……（人们对……的观点因人而异，有些人认为……然而其他人却认为……）2：People may have different opinions on……（人们对……可能会持有不同见解）3：Attitudes towards （drugs）vary from person to person.==Different people hold different attitudes towards（failure）（人们对待吸毒的态度因人而异）4:There are different opinions among people as to……（对于……人们的观点大不相同）三、表示结尾1：In short, it can be said that……（总之，他的意思是……）2：From what has been mentioned above, we can come to the conclusion that……（从上面提到的，我们可以得出结论……）3：Taking all these factors into consideration, we naturally/reasonably come to the conclusion that……（把所有的这些因素加以考虑，我们自然可以得出结论……）4：Hence/Therefore, we'd better come to the conclusion that……（因此，我们最好的出这样的结论……）5:There is no doubt that (job-hopping)has its drawbacks as well as merits.（毫无疑问，跳槽有优点也有缺点）6：All in all, we cannot live without……,but at the same time we must try to find out new ways to cope with the problems that would arise.（总之，我们没有……无法生活，但同时我们必须寻求新的解决办法来面对可能出现的新问题）四、提出建议1：It is high time that we put an end to the (trend).（该是我们停止这一趋势的时候了）2：There is no doubt that enough concern must be paid to the problem of……（毫无疑问，对……问题应予以足够重视）3：Obviously ,if we want to do something … it is essential that……（显然，如果我们想要做么事，很重要的是……）4：Only in this way can we ……（只有这样，我们才能……）5：Sparenoeffortto+V（不遗余力的）五、预示后果1：Obviously，if we don't control the problem, the chances are that……will lead us in danger.（很明显，如果我们不能控制这一问题，很有可能我们会陷入危险）2：No doubt, unless we take effective measures, it is very likely that ……（毫无疑问，除非我们采取有效措施，否则我们很可能会……）3：It is urgent that immediate measures should be taken to stop the situation（很紧迫的是应立即采取措施阻止这一事态的发展）六、表示论证1：From my point of view, it is more reasonable to support the first opinion rather than the second.(在我看来，支持第一种观点比第二种更有道理)2：I cannot entirely agree with the idea that……（我无法完全同意这一观点）3：As far as I am concerned/In my opinion,……（就我来说……）4：I sincerely believe that……==I am greatly convinced (that)子句.（我真诚地相信……）5：Finally, to speak frankly, there is also a more practical reason why ……（最后，坦率地说，还有另外一个实际的原因……）七、给出原因1：The reason why + 句子 ~~~ is that + 句子 （...的原因是...） 2:This phenomenon exists for a number of reasons .First,…….Second,…….Third，……。这一现象存在有很多原因的，第一……第二……第三……3：For one thing,…… For another thing，…… ==On the one hand,……On the other hand……一方面……另一方面……4：I quite agree with the statement that……The reasons are chiefly as follows.我十分赞同这一论述，即……。其主要原因如下。八、列出解决办法和批判错误观点做法1：The best way to solve the troubles is……解决这些麻烦的最好办法是……2：As far as something is concerned,……就某事而言，……3;It is obvious that……很显然……4：It may be true that……but it doesn't mean that……可能……是对的，但这并不意味着……5;It is natural to believe that……but we shouldn't ignore that……认为……是自然的，但我们不应忽视……6：There is no evidence to suggest that……没有证据表明……九、表示好处和坏处1：It has the following advantages.它有如下优势2：It is beneficial/harmful to us.==It is of great benefit/harm to us.它对我们有益处3:It has more disadvantages than advantage.他有很多不足之处十、表示重要、方便、可能1：It is important(necessary/difficult/convenient/possible)for sb to do sth.对于某人做……是……2：It plays an important role in our life.十一、采取措施1：We should take some effective measures.我们应该采取有效措施2：We should try our best to overcome/conquer the difficulties.我们应该尽最大努力去克服困难3：We should do our utmost in doing sth.我们应该尽力去做……4：We should solve the problems that we are confronted/faced with.我们应该解决我们面临的困难十二、显示变化1：Some changes have taken place in the past five years.过去五年发生了很多变化2：Great changes will certainly be produced in the international communications.在国际交流中理所当然会发生很多大的变化3：It has increased/decreased from…to…他已经从…增加/减少到…4：The output of July in this factory increased by 15%.这个工厂7月份产量以增加了15%十三、表明事实现状1;We cannot ignore the fact that……我们不能忽略这个事实……2：No one can deny the fact that……没人能否认这个事实……3：This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in.4:becloselyrelatedto~~（与...息息相关）十四、进行比较1：Compared with A,B……与A比较，B……2;I prefer to read rather than watch TV.十五、常用英语谚语1：Actions speak louder than words.事实胜于雄辩2：All is not gold that glitters.发光的未必都是金子3：All roads lead to Rome.条条大路通罗马4：A good beginning is half done.良好的开端是成功的一半5：Every advantage has its disadvantage有利必有弊6：A miss is as good as a mile.失之毫厘，差之千里7：Failure is the mother of success.失败是成功之母8:Industry is the parent of success.勤奋是成功之母9:It is never too old to learn.活到老，学到老10:Knowledge is power.知识就是力量11:Nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it.世上无难事，只怕有心人
英语议论文写作是英语专业学习者学习中很重要的一项技能，恰当运用评价资源能增强作者表达对事件的态度和立场，开启话题，可以感染和说服读者。以下是我为大家整理的关于英语议论文范文，给大家作为参考，欢迎阅读!
英语议论文范文篇1
My opinion on copying others' homework
It is konwn to us all that some students copy others' homework,their reasons are as below:first of all,the homework is too much and always difficult;the second,they are not intrested in the lessons;and the third,the aim of finishing their homework is to please the teacher.
In my opinion,copying others' homework is not good,because it's against the rules of the school.We should be honest and work hard to get high scores.If we have difficulties,we can even ask the teacher or our classmates for their help.
英语议论文范文篇2
Now it is common that students copy homework from their classmates. I think it is a terrible thing . Because homework is their own task and the check for what they learn in class.
If they copy others' homework , the teachers won't get the fact so they can't help the students to improve. Besides ,if the students can't finish their homework, they can't get the chance to go over their lessons so they can't make progress. So don't copy others' homework.
英语议论文范文篇3
In the picture we can see that a man is fishing attentively by the lake.Behind him there is a scholar who is stealing the fish in the man’s bucket.It is obvious that the drawer of the picture tries to reveal a serious problemin the academic circle of our country — plagiarism. In recent years academiccheats have become rampant. Quite a lot of graduate students and scholars“use” others’ ideas, articles and papers without acknowledging the sourceof information.
They copy them without the fear that they might be caught.For a long time we paid less attention to the problem of plagiarism, butnow we are increasingly aware of its negative effects. Plagiarists’misconduct simply mean “stealing” others’ intellectual and academicaccomplishments, which not only depreciates their own humanity but contaminatesthe climate of the academic circle. Academic falsification is like an epidemicdisease that spreads fast and will destroy the healthy development of academicstudies. What’s worse, these plagiarists have set a very disreputable exampleto the younger generation.
So what attitude should we hold towards it? From my point of view, weshould resolutely battle against this ill phenomenon. Education of moralityshould be strengthened among the scholars and students. Those who steal others’academic achievements should be given severe punishment whenever they arespotted. If necessary, we can resort to the law to protect the interest of theoriginal writer and inventor. We must recognize that fighting againstplagiarism requires our persistent efforts.
翻译
在画中我们可以看到一位男子正在专心地在湖边钓鱼，在他身后有一位学者模样的人正从钓鱼人的鱼桶中偷鱼。显然，作这幅画的人是想揭示我国学术界的一个严重的问题—— 剽窃。近年来学术欺诈盛行，有不少研究生、学者“利用”别人的想法、文章和论文而不注明信息来源。
他们抄袭他人作品，不怕被抓。对剽窃问题很长时间以来我们关注甚少，现在我们越来越多地意识到它的负面影响。剽窃行为其实就是“偷”他人的知识和学术成就。剽窃不仅贬低人格，而且污染学术风气，它会像传染病那样迅速蔓延，破坏学术研究的健康发展。更糟的是，这些剽窃者给年轻的一代树立了坏榜样。
对比观点题型（1） 要求论述两个对立的观点并给出自己的看法。1． 有一些人认为。。。2． 另一些人认为。。。3． 我的看法。。。 The topic of ①-----------------（主题）is becoming more and morepopular recently. There are two sides of opinions about it. Some people say Ais their favorite. They hold their view for the reason of ②-----------------（支持A的理由一）What is more, ③-------------理由二). Moreover, ④---------------(理由三). While others think that B is a better choice in the following three reasons.Firstly,-----------------(支持B的理由一). Secondly (besides),⑥------------------（理由二）. Thirdly (finally),⑦------------------(理由三). From my point of view, I think ⑧-----------（我的观点）. The reason is that ⑨----------(原因). As a matter of fact, there are some other reasons to explain my choice. For me, the former is surely a wise choice .（2） 给出一个观点，要求考生反对这一观点Some people believe that ①----------------（观点一）. For example, they think ②-----------------（举例说明）．And it will bring them ③-----------------(为他们带来的好处). In my opinion, I never think this reason can be the point. For one thing,④-------------(我不同意该看法的理由一). For another thing, ⑤-----------------(反对的理由之二)．Form all what I have said, I agree to the thought that ⑥------------------(我对文章所讨论主题的看法)．阐述主题题型要求从一句话或一个主题出发，按照提纲的要求进行论述．1． 阐述名言或主题所蕴涵的意义．2． 分析并举例使其更充实． The good old proverb ----------------（名言或谚语）reminds us that-------------(释义). Indeed, we can learn many things form it. First of all,-----------------(理由一). For example, -------------------(举例说明). Secondly,----------------(理由二). Another case is that ----------(举例说明). Furthermore , ------------(理由三)． In my opinion, ----------------(我的观点). In short, whatever you do, pleaseremember the say------A. If you understand it and apply it to your study orwork, you”ll necessarily benefit a lot from it.解决方法题型要求考生列举出解决问题的多种途径1． 问题现状2． 怎样解决(解决方案的优缺点)In recent days, we have to face I problem-----A, which is becoming more andmore serious. First, ------------(说明A的现状)．Second, ---------------(举例进一步说明现状)Confronted with A, we should take a series of effective measures to cope withthe situation. For one thing, ---------------(解决方法一). For another -------------(解决方法二). Finally, --------------(解决方法三).Personally, I believe that -------------(我的解决方法). Consequently, I’m confidentthat a bright future is awaiting us because --------------(带来的好处).说明利弊题型这种题型往往要求先说明一下现状，再对比事物本身的利弊，有时也会单从一个角度（利或弊）出发，最后往往要求考生表明自己的态度（或对事物前景提出预测）1． 说明事物现状2． 事物本身的优缺点（或一方面）3． 你对现状（或前景）的看法Nowadays many people prefer A because it has a significant role in our dailylife. Generally, its advantages can be seen as follows. First ----------------(A的优点之一). Besides -------------------（A的优点之二）.But every coin has two sides. The negative aspects are also apparent. One ofthe important disadvantages is that ----------------(A的第一个缺点)．To make mattersworse,------------------(A的第二个缺点)．Through the above analysis, I believe that the positive aspects overweigh thenegative ones. Therefore, I would like to ---------------(我的看法)．(From the comparison between these positive and negative effects of A, weshould take it reasonably and do it according to the circumstances we are in.Only by this way, ---------------(对前景的预测)．)议论文的框架 (1) 不同观点列举型（ 选择型 ） There is a widespread concern over the issue that __作文题目___. But it is well knownthat the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person. Amajority of people think that _ 观点一. In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows: in the first place, ___原因一_______.Furthermore, in the second place, ___原因二___. So it goes without saying that ___观点一_____. People,however,differintheiropinionsonthismatter.Somepeoplehold the idea that ___观点二_______. In their point ofview, on the one hand， ___原因一_______. On the other hand,____原因二_____. Therefore, thereis nodoubtthat ___观点二______. As far as I am concerned, Ifirmlysupporttheviewthat __观点一或二______.Itis not only because ________, but also because _________. The more _______, the more ________. （2）利弊型的议论文 Nowadays, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)___作文题目______. In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题_____. Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspects as follows. Firstly, ___优点一______. And secondly ___优点二_____. Just As a popular saying goes, "every coin has two sides", __讨论议题______ is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects. To begin with, ___缺点一______. In addition, ____缺点二______. To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of __讨论议题____ into full play, andreduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time. In that case, we willdefinitely make a better use of the ____讨论议题___.( 3 ) 答题性议论文 Currently, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)__作文题目_______ .It is really an important concern to every one of us. As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem. As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this problem.First of all, 途径一. In addition, another way contributing to success of the solving problem is 途径二. Above all, to solve the problem of ___作文题目______, we should find anumber of various ways. But as far as I am concerned, I would prefer to solvethe problem in this way, that is to say, ____方法_____.( 4 ) 谚语警句性议论文 It is well know to us that the proverb: " ___谚语_______" has a profoundsignificance and value not only in our job but also in our study. It means ____谚语的含义_______. The saying can be illustrated through a series of examples as follows. ( also theoretically ) A case in point is ___例子一______. Therefore, it is goes withoutsaying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____谚语_____.With the rapid development of science and technology in China, an increasingnumber of people come to realize that it is also of practical use to stick tothe saying: ____谚语_____. The more we are aware of thesignificance of this famous saying, the more benefits we will get in our dailystudy and job..
一，议论文的格式：
议论文的格式应由三个部分组成：
2.论证部分。
3.结论部分。
二，一般说来，议论文可分三个基本段落来写：
1.第一段引出话题，
2.第二段立论且加以论证，
3.第三段给出明确的结论。
第二段是中心段落，应试者应将主要的内容放在第二段中，同时也要注意开篇及结尾段落的完整性，且应尽量做到首尾呼应，切忌前后矛盾。
三，写作攻略：
初中生在写议论文时要首先考虑自己的观点是什么，明确观点后要围绕观点进行论证，最后再进行总结。议论文在写作手法上以议论为主，但有时也要运用说明，叙述，描写等手法。初中议论文的写作格式一般为三段式：开头，主体和结尾。
四，一般写作步骤如下：
1.确定主题，引出论点。
2.通过摆事实，讲道理来支持自己的观点。所用的事实，原因，理由应紧密地同结论联系在一起。
3.得出结论。要简明扼要，回扣全文。
扩展资料：
1.模板范文
Many students think that they do not need to learn Engish, because they don't plan to go abroad。
But as to me, I am not in favour of this point of view。I think that English is very important to us, so we should learn English well。First of all, in the opening times, if you want to do business with foreigners, you must use English because most of them speak and write in English。
Secondly, in the world today most books are written in English。If you know much English, you can read newspapers and magazines in English。Most important of all, you can learn something more widely。
All in all, I hold the opinion that we should learn English well。 And I hope that all the students can use English freely。
参考资料：百度百科——英语作文
1、议论文的格式：
议论文的格式应由三个部分组成：<1> 立论部分;<2> 论证部分; <3> 结论部分。一般说来，议论文可分三个基本段落来写：
第一段引出话题;
第二段立论且加以论证;
第三段给出明确的结论。第二段是中心段落，应试者应将主要的内容放在第二段中，同时也要注意开篇及结尾段落的完整性，且应尽量做到首尾呼应，切忌前后矛盾。
2、写作攻略
初中生在写议论文时要首先考虑自己的观点是什么，明确观点后要围绕观点进行论证，最后再进行总结。议论文在写作手法上以议论为主，但有时也要运用说明、叙述、描写等手法。初中议论文的写作格式一般为三段式：开头、主体和结尾。一般写作步骤如下：
第一步：确定主题，引出论点；
第二步：通过摆事实、讲道理来支持自己的观点。所用的事实、原因、理由应紧密地同结论联系在一起；
第三步：得出结论。要简明扼要、回扣全文。
1、【模板范文】
Many students think that they do not need to learn Engish, because they don't plan to go abroad.
But as to me, I am not in favour of this point of view. I think that English is very important to us, so we should learn English well. First of all, in the opening times, if you want to do business with foreigners, you must use English because most of them speak and write in English.
Secondly, in the world today most books are written in English. If you know much English, you can read newspapers and magazines in English. Most important of all, you can learn something more widely.
All in all, I hold the opinion that we should learn English well. And I hope that all the students can use English freely.
2、【模板范文】
Nowadays,many students like to make friends online.About this different people have different opinions.
On the one hand,some
people think it's interesting totalk with friends online.So you will never feel lonely when youare alone.If you are lucky enough to make a friend from Englishspeaking country,you can improve your English greatly.Moreover, it's pretty cool to have several foreign friends.
But every coinhas two sides.Firstly,only a few people have made really goodfriends online.Many people are cheated by the ＂friends＂.Besides,it is terrible for students to spen
d much time makingfriends and talking online.
Some people say making friends online is making trouble.Ithink there is something in what they say.
therefore，however，furthermore，besides，what‘s more， in a meanwhile， in the point of mine，in a word，even though，last but not the least，to begin with ，to start with，at the end of，all above，above all ，
1、
The ancients said: when have we reported wrongs and wrongs, we must forgive people and forgive others. We all know that this is a kind of tolerance, a broad mind, a kind of unrestrained chic, a great kind. So what is tolerance?
古人云：冤冤相报何时了，得饶人处且饶人。大家都知道这是一种宽容，一种博大的胸怀，一种不拘小节的潇洒，一种伟大的仁慈。那么什么是宽容呢？
Since ancient times, tolerance has been respected by sages and even the common people as the principle and belief of life, which has become a part of the traditional virtues of the Chinese nation and a glorious canon of educating people and self-discipline.
自古至今，宽容被圣贤乃至平民百姓尊奉为做人的准则和信念，而已成为中华民族传统美德的一部分，并且视为育人律己的一条光辉典则。
2、
In one year, withers and thrives once each year, the grass is adorable. Grateful for the blue sky and white clouds, the eagle flies high in the cold jade world; Thanks for the towering mountains, the stream flows down from the mountain stream; With gratitude for the vast land, the soil sends out a refreshing fragrance in the fields.
心存对阳光雨露的感激，小草一岁一枯荣之后又萌发新绿；心存对蓝天白云的感激，雄鹰在清寒玉宇中展翅高飞；心系对巍峨高山的感激，溪水从山涧低吟下泻；心存对广袤大地的感激，泥土在田野里散发沁人的芳香。
Gratitude is the source of strength: the root of love: the root of courage. Be grateful to your parents, you will never let them down; Grateful to the society, you will gently lift up the elderly who fall to the ground; Appreciate life, you will smile to the storm, smile to the horizon that a beautiful rainbow.
感激是力量之源：爱心之根：勇气之本。感激父母，你将不再辜负父母的希望；感激社会，你会轻轻扶起跌倒在地的老人；感激人生，你将笑对狂风暴雨，笑迎天边那一道美丽的彩虹。
3、
Life is picturesque, there are thick ink splashing, there are light pen light description; Life is like a song, there are light chanting and shallow singing, there are also Huang zhongdalu. Don't you see Li Taibai: the life of Du Gongbu was full of thick ink, which created the greatness of life; Pei Duofei: Shelley's life, light pen light description, finally write the true meaning of life.
生命如画，有浓墨泼洒，也有淡笔轻描；生命如歌，有轻吟浅唱，也有黄钟大吕。君不见李太白：杜工部之一生，浓墨泼洒，铸就生命之伟大；裴多菲：雪莱之一生，淡笔轻描终写尽生命之真谛。
You can't see Tao Yuanming's "picking chrysanthemums under the East fence, leisurely seeing Nanshan" and Tan Sitong's "I smile from the horizontal knife to the sky, leaving my liver and gall in Kunlun".
君不见轻音浅唱之陶渊明“采菊东篱下，悠然见南山”，高歌猛进之谭嗣同“我自横刀向天笑，去留肝胆两昆仑”。
Life is a mountain, we can't estimate its length, we have to pursue its height. Life is the road, it is composed of small pieces of sand and stone, rather than spreading gold and silver, showing the perfection of life. Life is a boat, sailing in the vast sea, only through the baptism of the storm, will usher in the rising sun on the sea tomorrow.
生命是山，我们无法预估它的长度，我们只好追求它的高度。生命是路，它是由一块块不起眼的沙石组成的，而不是铺金布银，平平淡淡中尽显生命之完美。生命是一叶扁舟，航行于茫茫沧海之中，只有经历暴风雨的洗礼，才会迎来明天海上初升的太阳。
4、
Youth, is a strange illusion, give me a kind of empty uneasiness. Sometimes, I feel like I'm under the stage; Sometimes, I see myself on the stage in the dark corner. Finally, I learned that the stage is full of drama, no one can stay out of it, the amorous feelings flicker under the eyelashes, taking away the joy of the years, leaving only the surface of the scarred prosperity.
青春，是一场怪异的错觉，给我一种空荡荡的不安。有时候，我觉得我身在台下；有时候，我却在昏暗的角落里看到了台上的自己。终于，我懂得了台上台下皆是戏，没有人能够置身事外，风情在睫毛下闪烁，带走了岁月的清欢，只留下表面满目疮痍的繁华。
The surface of prosperity is too beautiful, but youth is an emotional carnival, lonely people in the quiet corner of the sad, silent interpretation of all the sad and helpless, lively, eventually return to calm.
表面的繁华过于美好，而青春却是一场有感情的狂欢，孤单的人在寂静的角落里兀自感伤，沉默诠释了所有的心酸和无助，热闹，终归归于平静。
Youth is too busy, we are too in a hurry, bustling mirage piled up in a moment with the collapse of memories. Finally, our youth is full of ruins, prosperity is no longer.
青春太忙，我们太匆匆，繁华堆砌的海市蜃楼一瞬间随着回忆土崩瓦解。终于，我们的青春满目疮痍，繁华不再。
5、
People on the journey, earthly flashy, to face depression, in the face of decadence, in the face of irritability, in the face of sadness, we are not like the butterfly, looking for a small flower of our own, settling down, smelling the faint fragrance of chrysanthemum, sleeping peacefully. Tired, holding a book; Tired, looking for a fragrant petal; Tired, full of a quiet eye; Find a resting place for the soul.
人在旅途，俗世浮华，要面对沮丧，面对颓唐，面对烦躁，面对忧伤，我们何不像蝶儿一样，寻找属于自己一朵小花，将自己安顿下来，嗅着淡淡的菊香，安然入眠。倦了，执一本书卷；累了，寻一香花瓣；烦了，盈一眸恬淡；给心灵找一个歇脚点。
A drop of dew is enough to wash and rinse the dusty heart; A meter of sunshine is enough to make the heart full of misery swim and turn. To give the soul a resting place, in fact, it doesn't need to be so spacious. A grain of sand and stone, a clear spring... When the soul has a resting place, the perspective of seeing the world becomes wider, and the mood turns into a pair of invisible wings, flying between heaven and earth!
一滴清露，足以将落满尘埃的心，洗一洗，涮一涮；一米阳光，足以把充满凄苦的心，游一游，转一转。给心灵一个歇脚点，其实并不需要多么宽敞，一粒沙石，一泓清泉……心灵有了歇脚点，看世界的视角变宽，心情化为一双无形的翅膀，翱翔于天地之间！
1.英文：In my mind, everyone shall have his own dream. I think that having a dream means that we have an idea, and then we will do all the things to achieve the target. As long as we have a goal to be realized, we won’t be blind at least. My dream is to become a successful stateman, helping those people who need help with their rights. Of course, to be a good stateman is very difficult, but I will do whatever I can do to keep everyone satisfied. That's my dream. I want to try my best to help the poor sick people of our country. China is a developing country which needs good stateman,especially in the countryside and distant villages. Now I’m a junior student on Grade One, My dream is also that although at present I’m good at study, I’ll still try my best to be the study winner. Now everything I do is close to my dream. I feel life is fill with hope and is colorful, and I have enough confidence to realize my dream. 翻译： 在我心目中，每个人都应当有自己的梦想。我认为有一个梦想就是我们有一个想法，然后我们将尽一切事情以达到目标。只要我们有一个目标得以实现，我们不会盲目至少。 我的梦想是成为一个成功的志愿者，帮助那些需要帮助的人。当然，做一个好是非常困难的，但我会尽我所能做到让所有人满意。这是我的梦想。我要尽我所能来帮助我国贫困病人。中国是一个发展中国家，需要有良好的志愿者，特别是在农村和偏远的乡村。 现在我已经是上初中一年级学生，也是我的梦想是，虽然目前我很善于学习，我还是会尽我最大努力，来做这项工作的赢家。现在我所做的一切是接近我的梦想。我觉得生活是充满希望，是丰富多彩的，我有足够的信心去实现我的梦想。2.英文： My familyI love my family, because I have a happy family.My father is an English teacher. His name is Jacky. He is thirty-eight. He likes playing basketball. What’s my mother job? Is she a teacher? Yes, you’re right! My mother is very kind and nice, she is thirty-seven. My mother is always laborious work. I love my parents!On Saturday and Sunday, I often go to the library and play the piano, My father go to play basketball. Sometimes, we watch TV and listen to music at home.I love my family. Because I’m very happy to live with my parents together!翻译： 我的家庭我爱我的家庭,因为我有一个快乐的家庭.我的爸爸是一名英语教师,他的名字叫Jacky.他今年38岁.他非常喜欢打篮球.我的妈妈是赶什么呢?她是一名教师吗?是的.你说对了!我的妈妈是一个很亲切、友善的人,她今年37岁.我妈妈总是勤劳的干活.我爱我的父母.在星期六和星期天里,我经常去图书馆和弹钢琴.我爸爸去打篮球.有时侯,我们都在家看电视和听音乐.我爱我家.因为我和爸爸妈妈一起生活得很开心! 3.英文：A farmer has five sons.They are Ted,Bob,Tom,John and Bill. John has no elder brother. He was four years older when his first younger brother was born. The number of Tom‘s elder brothers is equal to his younger brothers. Bill will be twenty-one years old next year, and he is five years older than Bob. Bob is two years younger than Tom. Ted was sad because he has no younger brother. There are twelve years between him and John. 翻译：一个农民有5个儿子。他们是Ted,Bob,Tom,John 和 Bill。John没有比他大的哥哥，他比第一个出生的比他小的那个弟弟大4岁，Tom哥哥的数量和他的弟弟的数量是一样的（就是他是老三）Bill 明年就21岁了，他比Bob大5岁，比Tom小2岁，Ted因为没有弟弟而难过 Ted 和John之间差了12岁4.英文：2010 will be end ,and 2011will be come .In the new year ,we must be have much wishes ,because new year means that things end and another things start.So we need to make a new year"s resolution in order to the second year will be better.I want to share my new year"s resolution with you. Firstly,i decide to try my best to learn english .because my english so poor that it affects my other subject.I willface many differences ,such as broadening my vocabulary, training my listening ,improving my write and so on. I must work hard because i don"t want to behind the times. Secondly ,i will give up watching football games because every time it takes me two hours ,which makes me not finish my homework .As a student ,study is our duty ,so i wii focused more on study and less on playing . In order to my future ,i will work hard！翻译： 2010年将结束，2011即将到了。在新的一年，我们必须有很多的愿望，因为新的一年意味着事情结束和另一个东西开始.所以我们需要作出新的一年“的计划，以便在第二个今年将是更好的新年与你分享。首先，我决定尽我所能地学习英语。因为我的英语很差，它会影响我的其他的科目.都有不小的差距，如扩大我的词汇，我的听力训练，提高我的写作等。我必须努力工作，因为我不想落后于时代。其次，我会放弃，因为每看一次我花了两个小时，这使我无法完成我的作业足球比赛作为一个学生。，学习是我们的职责，所以我的将会更注重学习和玩少一点。为了我的将来，我会努力的！5.英文：My winter holidays plans me studying for my English , I will make great efforts to learn English. Persist in listening to half hours of English every day. I will accomplish the school assignment that the teacher arranges best with the quickest speed. I can not forget to take the body exercise certainly also , I may take the body exercise coming drawing out 30- - 1 hours in time in every day. I play with the once computer coming certainly may draw out one small Duan time , watch one meeting TV or. Certainly need only 1 hour. This it is my winter holidays to plan!翻译：我为了我的英语学习，我将努力学英语。坚持每天听半个小时的英语。我将以最快速度最好的完成老师布置的作业。我当然也不会忘记锻炼身体，我会在每天的时间中抽出30--1小时来锻炼身体。我当然会抽出一小段时间来玩一下电脑，或者看一会电视。当然只要1小时。这就是我的寒假计划！ 6.英文：Welcome the World ExpoAs we all know that Shanghai will host the 2010 World Expo.The World Expo has a long history but it has never been held in Asia. So it is a great honor for our city.It is a great honor for all the Asians,too.As a host city,Shanghai will have more chances to develop quickly.The government has promised that it will be the best one among all the Expo that was host in other cities.As a student in Shanghai,I should learn English well so that I can be a volunteer in the World Expo.I want to help vistors that cone from all over the world.I will help them know more about Shanghai and China.I will do my best to welcome the World Expo. 翻译：迎世博会正如我们都知道，上海将主办2010年世界的博览会.这世博会有着悠久的历史，但从未在亚洲举行。因此，它是我们城市的巨大的荣誉。这也是所有的亚洲人非常荣幸。作为主办城市，上海将有更多的机会迅速发展。政府已作出承诺，这将是世博会中的所有其他城市这是最好的主机之一。作为一个在上海的学生，我要学好英语，这样我可以成为世博会志愿者。志愿者要帮助来自世界全国各地的的访问者认为谁将帮助他们了解更多关于上海和中国.我将尽我所能，迎接世博会。7.英文：There are many different kinds of food. My favorite food is fried rice.In China, most of the people in the south eat rice. And I like fried rice best. It’s really delicious. When I go home from school, I am always hungry. At that time I always make fried rice by myself. I often cook it carefully and it is so delicious. It makes me happy. After eating it, I am not hungry any more. Fried rice is my favorit翻译：有许多不同种类的食物。我最喜欢的食物是油炸rice.In中国，大多数人在南方吃米饭。而且我喜欢炒饭最好的。 这真是好吃。当我放学回家，我总是饿。当时我总是自己做炒饭。我经常做饭小心，它是如此美味。这让我高兴。吃完了，我不饿了。炒饭是我的最爱。 8.英文：In this world, everyone need energy to survive. where does the energy comes from? Everyday we eat a certain quantity of food, it would provide energy to our daily life. The food I love most is the vegetables. Without taking certain vegetables every day, you may cause health problems. Maybe it is not very delicious, but it's very important to us.翻译： 每个人都需要能量来生存在这个世界上。能力是从哪里来的呢？每天我们都会吃一定量的食物，它给我们的日常生活提供能量。 我最爱的食物是蔬菜。每天，你不吃一定量蔬菜的话，你的健康会出问题。也许它不是那么可口，但是它对我们来说很重要。 9.英文：I eat many kinds of fruits. They are pears, watermelons, apples, bananas, grapes, strawberries and so on. But I like grapes best. There are green grapes, red grapes and purple grapes. They all look beautiful. Grapes taste very nice . They are sweet and a little sour, They are good for our health . So grapes are my favourite fruit. 翻译：我最喜欢的食物我吃多种水果。他们是梨，西瓜，苹果，香蕉，葡萄，草莓等。但我最喜欢葡萄。有绿葡萄，红葡萄和紫色的葡萄。她们看上去都很漂亮。葡萄味道非常好。他们有点甜酸味，他们是很好的为我们的健康。因此，葡萄是我最喜欢的水果。 10.英文： My favourite holiday is Mid—Autumn Festival. It’s in September or October. We usually eat moon cakes, play with lanterns and watch the moon. The Mid-Autumn Festival is one of the two most important holidays in the Chinese calendar (the other being the Chinese Lunar New Year), and is a legal holiday in several countries. Farmers celebrate the end of the summer harvesting season on this date. Traditionally, on this day, Chinese family members and friends will gather to admire the bright mid-autumn harvest moon, and eat moon cakes and pomeloes together. It is also common to have barbecues outside under the moon, and to put pomelo rinds on one's head. Brightly lit lanterns are often carried around by children. Together with the celebration, there appear some special customs in different parts of the country, such as burning incense, planting Mid-Autumn trees, lighting lanterns on towers, and fire dragon dances. Shops selling mooncakes, before the festival, often display pictures of Chang'e, floating to the moon.翻译： 我最喜欢的节假日是中秋节。它在9月或8月。在这个时候，我通常吃月饼，玩花灯而且赏月。中秋节是一个最重要的两个节日在农历（另一个是中国农历新年） ，而且这是一个法定假日在几个国家。农民庆祝夏末收获季节就这一日期。传统上，在这一天，中国的家庭成员和朋友将会聚一堂，欣赏明亮中秋圆月。 采纳吧，我找了很长时间。。。
英语小 作文 在小学英语试题中所占的比重逐渐加大, 英语写作 也成为了小学高年级学生 英语学习 中越来越重要的一部分。下面，是我为你整理的 英语作文 10篇100字带翻译，希望对你有帮助!英语作文10篇100字带翻译篇1 People always confuse about the meaning of happiness, they don’t know how to define it. Some people think that when one has the successful career or does something that makes contribution to the society is the happiness. It is common that great acts are admired by the public and people are easy to feel the happiness. While in my opinion, happiness is very easy to achieve. When I stay with my family, we have the nice talk and I feel very happy. When I eat the delicious food that is cooked by my mother, I feel moved and happy. Happiness is around everywhere, we can feel it if we treat it right. 人们总是对幸福的意义感到困惑，他们不知道如何去定义。一些人认为当一个人拥有成功的事业或者对社会有所贡献的时候，才称得上幸福。自然地，伟大的行为被大众所信服，人们也很容易感到幸福。然而在我看来，幸福是很容易得到的。当我和家人呆在一起时，我们聊得很愉快，我感到幸福。当我吃到妈妈做的美味食物时，我很感动，也很开心。幸福无处不在，如果我们正确对待，就能感受得到。 英语作文10篇100字带翻译篇2 Once I read the story that the little eagles needed to practice flying in the cliff before they could fly. The successful ones could fly and became the strong birds while the failed ones would crash and then died. The mother eagles are brutal to the babies, but this is the price of growing up. The little eagles who fail to fly would not live long in the natural competition. It makes me think of the children, some parents spoil the kids and they don’t realize it will destroy their children. The children need to learn the lessons, so that they can be the tough person. The road of being mature needs the price. 曾经我读到一个 故事 ，小鹰需要在会飞前在悬崖上练习飞翔。成功的小鹰就能够起飞，变成强大的鸟，然而失败的小鹰就会掉下悬崖而身亡。母鹰是如此残忍地对待它们的孩子，但是这是成长的代价。那些无法飞翔的小鹰在自然的竞争中也活不久。这让我想到了小孩子，有些家长溺爱孩子，没有意识到这会毁了他们的孩子。孩子需要学到教训，这样他们才会成为坚强的人。成熟之路需要付出代价。 英语作文10篇100字带翻译篇3 My father is busy all the time, he always goes out very early and then goes home after very late. He doesn’t have much time to accompany me, my mother tells me that what he does is for the family, so I am considerate and get used to his absence. But recently, I found my father changed. He got more time to stay with me, he got home earlier and then taught me with my homework. I was so surprised and happy, this was the life I wanted all the time. I asked my father what happened, he said he wanted to spend more time with me, he realized it was the most important thing. 我的爸爸一直很忙，他总是早出晚下班。他没有什么时间陪伴我，妈妈告诉我爸爸所做的一切都是为了家庭，因此我体谅他，习惯了爸爸的缺席。但是最近，我发现爸爸变了。他有了更多的时间来陪伴我，他回家也早，还会教我做作业。我既吃惊也高兴，这就是我一直想要的生活。我问爸爸发生了什么事情，他说想要花更多时间来陪伴我，他意识到这才是最重要的事情。 英语作文10篇100字带翻译篇4 Recently, the live show is very popular, especially the show about the father how to get along with their children. The fathers are celebrities and they have the brilliant career. I am impressed by the fathers who are Olympic champions, their kids have the strong desire to win. When their fathers lose in the game, the kids will be very sad and can’t accept the result. No one can win all the time, we have to learn to accept the bad result. The kids think their fathers are NO.1, so they treat their fathers as the absolutely winners. Sometimes the strong desire is not good for the kids to grow up, they should have the positive attitude to the result. 最近，真人秀很流行，特别是有关父亲如何与他们孩子相处的节目。那些父亲都是名人，他们都有着杰出的事业。对于那些身为奥运冠军的父亲，我留下了很深的印象，他们的孩子有着强烈的愿望要去赢。当父亲们输掉比赛时，孩子们会很伤心，无法接受结果。没有人可以一直赢，我们要学会接受不好的结果。孩子认为他们的父亲是第一名，因此他们把父亲当作理所当然的赢家。有时候赢的强烈意愿并不利于孩子的成长，他们应该乐观对待结果。 英语作文10篇100字带翻译篇5 Last night, I read the news about a professor who wrote the paper 20 years ago. He did some research about asking people whether they were happy and he came up with the conclusion that happiness belonged to two kinds of people, they are the one who lived in peace and the other was who lived with great achievement. But 20 years later, he decided to revisit these people and he found that the conclusion about happiness he made before was wrong. Most people with great achievement felt not happy because they met setbacks. The professor came up with the new conclusion that the real happiness lies in the peaceful soul. This is the code of happiness. 昨晚，我阅读了一则新闻关于一位教授20年前写的一篇论文。他做了一些调查，询问人们是否感到幸福，然后他得出结论，幸福属于两类人，那就是趋于平淡的人和取得非凡成就的人。但是20年以后，他决定重新去 拜访 那些人，他发现他以前对幸福的结论是错的。大部有着非凡成就的人并不感到开心，因为他们遭遇了大挫折。这位教授得出新的结论，真正的幸福在于心灵上的平静。这就是幸福的密码。 英语作文10篇100字带翻译篇6 When I am making mistakes, my parents will never be angry with me. I am so thankful to them for they are so tolerant with me. I learn many things from my parents, they show me how to be a tolerant person. They will not blame me for the small mistake that I make, instead, they will educate me in the gentle way. Unlike some parents who are strict to their kids, they will be very angry and said the hurting words, making the children feel sad. Being tolerant to other people’s mistakes is the best way to solve the problem. People will appreciate the kind act and make things goes on the easy way. 当我犯错误的时候，父母从来不和我生气。我很感激他们如此宽容的对待我。我从父母那里学到了很多东西，他们给我展示了如何成为一个宽容的人。他们不会因犯我犯的错误而责怪我，相反的，他们会用温柔的方式 教育 我。不像其他父母，对孩子很严格，他们会生气，并且说伤人的话语，令孩子感到难过。宽容对待别人的错误是解决问题的最好 方法 。人们会欣赏这样善意的举动，让事情往简单的方向走。 英语作文10篇100字带翻译篇7 On the New Year’s Eve, after finishing the dinner, for most Chinese people, they will sit at home, watching the Spring Festival Gala with their families. The show has been a tradition for us, in our parents’ generation, Spring Festival Gala is popular, even though today many new forms of amusement are invented, which makes the gala less popular, yet the traditional show still wins people’s attention. It has become part of people’s life, most people will open their TV and watch it in the big day. I will watch the show, maybe most of the parts do not attract my attention, but it is the happy time for me to stay with my family. I enjoy the moment. 在 除夕 夜，吃完晚饭后，对于大部分中国人来说，他们会在家里坐着，和家人观看春晚。这个节目对我们来说已经成为了一个传统，在我们父母那一代，春晚就很受欢迎，即使今天，产生了很多新型的娱乐形式，使得春晚变得不再那么受欢迎，然而这个传统的节目仍然赢得人们的关注。春晚已经成为人们生活的一部分，大部分人会在除夕打开电视来观看它。我会观看春晚，也许节目大部分并不吸引我的眼球，但却是我和家人在一起的快乐时光。我享受这个时刻。 英语作文10篇100字带翻译篇8 When I was small, I was taught that we should help others, though it was not our duty, we should take no hesitation to do it. Today, the economy develops, but people become selfish, they care so much about their benefit, when it comes to help others, some will ask if there is a reward. It seems that they need some temptation to take the kind act. In my opinion, we should help others without asking a reward, when we help others, we will have the sense of satisfaction, what’s more, once we are in the trouble, people will help us, it is the best return. We are not alone, helping each other makes the world become beautiful. 当我还小的时候，我被教育我们应该帮助别人，虽然那不是我们的责任，但是我们应该毫不犹豫去做。今天，经济发展了，但是人们变得自私，他们很在意自己的利益，当谈到帮助别人的时候，一些人会问有没有回报。似乎他们需要一些诱惑才会去做这样善意的举动。在你我看来，我们应该帮助别人，不求回报，当我们帮助了别人，会有满足感，而且，一旦我们有困难，人们也会帮助我们，这是最好的回报。我们不是独自一人，互相帮助让这个世界变得美好。 英语作文10篇100字带翻译篇9 We live in a world that surrounded by people, we need to communicate with others, for the purpose of share our emotions and keep survive. While some people have social phobia, they are afraid of talking to others, they can’t make the social communication. This is such a big illness, but they can overcome it. First, they need to take the positive attitude to life, having more communication with others can enriches their knowledge, they can share happiness and sorrow with friends, when they are in trouble, friends will help them. Second, they should open their hearts, don’t be afraid of talking to others, once the mouths are opened, the world will be lit up. 我们生活在一个被人群包围的世界，我们需要和别人进行交流，为了和别人分享我们的情感和在这个世界生存。然而一些人有社交恐惧症，他们害怕和别人聊天，无法进行社交。这是很严重的病，但是他们可以克服。第一，他们需要对生活抱有积极的态度，和别人进行多点交流，可以丰富他们的知识，也可以和朋友分享喜怒哀乐，当遇到困难的时候，朋友会帮助他们。第二，他们应该打开心扉，不要害怕和别人交流，一旦开口，世界将被点亮。 英语作文10篇100字带翻译篇10 Before I was five years old, my parents gave me what I wanted, but as I became bigger, they changed their attitude towards me. My parents no longer satisfy me with all I want. When I want to buy a new dress, my mother won’t buy for me directly, she asks me to do something to exchange for it. Such as doing the housework or making progress in the study. What’s more, when I meet the difficulties, my parents won’t solve them for me immediately, instead, they will leave me to think about them and help me to solve them. What my parents do to me is right, it is my road to grow up. 在我五岁以前，我的父母给予我想要的东西，但是随着我长大，他们对待我的态度发生了改变。我的父母不再满足我想要的一切。当我想要买一条新裙子，妈妈不会立刻买给我，她会要求我去做一些事情，以此来交换。比如做家务或者学习上有所进步。而且，当我遇到困难了，我的父母不会立刻帮我解决，相反地，他们让我自己思考问题，然后帮助我解决。父母对我做的是正确的，这是我的成长之路。 看了“英语作文10篇100字带翻译”的人还看了： 1. 关于100字英语短文带翻译 2. 英语作文100字带翻译 3. 精选高中英语作文100词左右带翻译 4. 英语小短文100字励志 5. 语文作文100字
对于中考生来说，英语作文想要得高分，就要在平时多积累一些素材。下面整理了英语议论文作文模板，供大家参考。
Recently we’ve had a discussion about whether we should... (导入话题) Our opinions are divided on this topic.(观点有分歧)
Most of the students are in favour of it.(正方观点) Here are the reasons. First... Second... Finally...(列出2-3个赞成的理由)
However, the others are strongly against it. (反方观点) Their reasons are as follows. In the first place... What’s more... In addition...(列出2-3个反对的理由)
Personally speaking, the advantages overweigh the disadvantages, for it will do us more harm than good, so I support it.(个人观点)
There is no doubt that enough concern must be paid to the problem of ...毫无疑问，对……问题应予以足够的重视。
Obviously,.... If we want to do something... , it is essential that...显然，如果我们想做某事，很重要的是……
Only in this way can we... 只有这样,我们才能...
1.It is well-known to us that……（我们都知道……）==As far as my knowledge is concerned, …（ 就我所知…）
2.With the rapid development of science and technology，more and more people believe that……（随着科技的迅速发展，越来越多的人认为……）
3.A lot of people seem to think that……（很多人似乎认为……）
4.Recently the problem of…… has been brought into focus. ==Nowadays there is a growing concern over ……（最近……问题引起了关注）
5.People may have different opinions on……（人们对……可能会持有不同见解）
导语：议论文是 英语写作 中的一种体裁，下面是我收集整理的英语议论文万能写作模板，希望对你有帮助!
一.开头句型
1.As far as ...is concerned 就……而言 比如说：就我而言 As far as I concerned 2 It can be said with certainty that... +从句 可以肯定地说......
3.As the proverb says， 正如 谚语 所说的， 可以用来引用名言名句
4 .It has to be noticed that... 它必须注意到，...
5 .Its generally recognized that... 它普遍认为...
6 .Its likely that ... 这可能是因为...
7 .Its hardly that... 这是很难的......
8 Theres no denying the fact that...毫无疑问，无可否认
9 .Nothing is more important than the fact that... 没有什么比这更重要的是…
10 .whats far more important is that... 更重要的是…
二.衔接句型
1.A case in point is ... 一个典型的例子是...
3 But the problem is not so simple. Therefore，+句子 ( 然而问题并非如此简单，所以……) 4 .But its a pity that... 但遗憾的是… it’s a pity that….遗憾的是。。。
5 In spite of the fact that...尽管事实...... In spite of 尽管
6 .Further, we hold opinion that... 此外，我们坚持认为，...
7 .However , the difficulty lies in..+名词或者动名词 .然而，困难在于…
8.Similarly, we should pay attention to... 同样，我们要注意...
9 As it has been mentioned above...正如上面所提到的… (可以用来对前面所说的话进行补充说明)
10.In this respect, 从这个角度上
11.However, 然而…
三.结尾句型
1.I will conclude by saying... 最后我要说…
2.Therefore, we have the reason to believe that...因此，我们有理由相信…
3.All things considered,总而言之 = In a word=In conclusion
It may be safely said that...它可以有把握地说......
4.Therefore, in my opinion,因此，在我看来，
5.From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that….通过以上讨论，我们可以得出结论…
6.The data/statistics/figures lead us to the conclusion that….通过数据我们得到的结论是，....
7.It can be concluded from the discussion that...从中我们可以得出这样的结论
8.From my point of view, it would be better if...在我看来，如果……也许更好
四.举例句型
1. Here is one more example这里有不止一个的例子
2.Take … for example.就拿……为例子
五.常用于引言段的句型
1. Some people think that …. 有些人认为…
To be frank, I can not agree with their opinion for thee reasons below. 坦率地说，我不能同意他们的意见，理由如下。
2. I believe the title statement is valid because…. 我认为这个论点是正确的，因为… 1
3. I cannot entirely agree with the idea that ….我无法完全同意….这一观点的说法…
4. Along with the development of…, more and more….随着……的发展，越来越多…
5 It is commonly/generally/widely/ believed /held/accepted/recognized that….它通常是认为…
6. As far as I am concerned, I completely agree with the former/ the latter.就我而言，我完全同意前者/后者的观点。
六 表示比较和对比的常用句型和表达法
1. A is completely different from B. (A和B完全不同)
2 The difference between A and B is lies in +名词或者动名词 ( A和B不同的地方是。。。) .
七 演绎法常用的句型
1. There are several reasons for…, but in general, they come down to three major ones.有几个原因……，但一般，他们可以归结为三个主要的。
2. Many ways can contribute to solving this problem, but the following ones may be most effective.有很多方法可以解决这个问题，但下面的可能是最有效的。 ( 可以用在保护环境等话题的作文)
4. Generally, the advantages can be listed as follows.一般来说，这些优势可以列举如下。
5. The reasons are as follows. 。。。的理由如下 (可以用来列举理由原因)
八 因果推理法常用句型
1.Because/Since we read the book, we have learned a lot. 由于阅读这本书，我们已经学到了很多。
2. If we read the book, we would learn a lot. 由于阅读这本书，我们已经学到了很多。
3. We read the book; as a result / therefore / thus / hence / consequently / for this reason / because of this, weve learned a lot. 由于阅读这本书，我们已经学到了很多。
4. As a result of /Because of/Due to/Owing to reading the book, weve learned a lot. 由于阅读这本书，我们已经学到了很多。
在平平淡淡的日常中，大家都跟论文打过交道吧，论文一般由题名、作者、摘要、关键词、正文、参考文献和附录等部分组成。那么，怎么去写论文呢？下面是我收集整理的小学议论文作文10篇，欢迎大家借鉴与参考，希望对大家有所帮助。
经过数据统计，如果有老人摔倒在地，55.6%的人选择直接走开;23.4%的人会选择找到证人之后再扶;12。6%的人则选择拨打110;仅有5。4%的人选择毫不犹豫的主动扶起老人。
为什么会出现这样的现象呢?
原来是因为现在的“碰瓷”事件太多，弄得人们不得不防，甚至不知道该如何是好：如果扶了，那么对方讹诈自己怎么办?如果不扶，道德与心灵上又会受到谴责。那么，对于这种事件我们又该如何去面对呢?
在我个人看来，对于“老人摔倒扶不扶”这个问题，其中心点在于人们对于这种“碰瓷”事件的处理方法，当然，其中有一部分的原因和道德有关。
为了塑造一个和谐而道德的社会，对于摔倒的老人我们也不可以不管不顾，而且“碰瓷”事件也不是百分百会发生的，所以我们需要一个来解决此类事情的好方法：
一、老人摔倒，我们不应该马上去扶，应该迅速上前询问伤势，观察老人的状态。因为很多患有疾病的病人跌倒是不可以随便搀扶的，会导致病人的二次受伤，如果老人当时发生了骨折等情况，你的好心搀扶就有可能导致病情的恶化，在这样的情况下，绝不能轻易移动。
二、我们应该迅速观察老人的伤势之后再决定下一步应该如何进行。如果老人伤势并无大碍，他不需要搀扶也能够站起来;如果老人伤势较重，那么，你就应该联系老人的家属并及时联系警察和救护车，让他得到更专业的救护。
在这一过程中，你可以不搀扶老人，但是你完全可以选择守护在老人身旁，替他遮阳挡雨，递上水，保护老人的安全，做你力所能及的事情，而不是简单的搀扶，这才是正确的选择。
要知道，对于摔倒的老人，要“敢扶”也要“会扶，”对于此类事件我们要按情况处理，不应拘泥于老的处事方法，要有一定的应变能力，这样才可以造就美好社会。
以上是我的论点，谢谢!
像行驶在滚滚江河里的航船无法躲避浊流和漩涡一样，我们的心灵在现实的生活里也无法躲避庸俗的缠绕；曾经有多少燃烧着渴望卓越之火的灵魂，却在人生的岁月里被庸俗的浪花溅湿了理想的柴薪，窒息了进取的烈焰。然而，那些无论在任何境况下都不愿失去自己高贵心灵的追求者，却乘着永不沉没的生命方舟扬帆前进，任凭那庸俗的浊流在舟底暴涨翻卷，也只能将带那些沙尘埃土、腐枝败叶吞没。
高贵的心灵也许并不鄙视庸俗，就像雍容典雅的兰花不会鄙视善于献媚邀宠的月季，但高贵的心灵绝不会在庸俗的泥淖中沉沦。
高贵的心灵也许会与庸俗穿着同样色彩和款式的衣服，就像同一条藤上开放的争奇斗艳的花朵。但庸俗却如那随风飘落后陷于虚空的谎花，而高贵的心灵却是硕果累累。
高贵的心灵也许会常常会被庸俗所嘲笑，就像不修边幅的大学者常常会受到披金戴银、衣冠楚楚者的鄙视一样。但高贵的心灵不会去作任何寻求廉价赞美的努力，而是在庸俗的嘲笑里保持着自己的清醒和独立。
高贵的心灵根植于生命的大智大慧，而庸俗却产生于愚昧无知；高贵的心灵常常感受到自己的卑微，因此，他总是养护好自己胸中的浩然之气以保持自己人格的完整，而庸俗却处处表现着自己的不可一世的自大和鸡鸣狗盗般的“小聪明”……
高贵的心灵之所以高贵，正是因为它虽被庸俗所包围或缠绕，但却不会被庸俗所污染。
高贵的心灵是永不沉没的人性的方舟，任凭庸俗的流水泛滥横溢，它永远都将保持住自己的高度！
你们在学校一定看到过“创新”两个字吧！“创新”就是不断地发展，取得好的成绩。
我们时时刻刻都离不开“创新”。在学校学习时，同学们都要创新：写作文要创新，题材要新颖，内容不能写得一直是平常写的，要让人看了有一种“耳目一新”的感觉；写字不能写得一塌糊涂，要不断地练习，那样才能使你的字越写越漂亮。在工作时，工人们也要创新：如果是设计师，那就要把衣服设计到人们的“心里”去。现在的人适合哪种形式的衣服，老人、小孩又适合哪种衣服。总之，就是不仅要合适，而且又适合，颜色、款式都也不一般，因为现代的多数青少年都追求流行、时尚的那种衣、裤；如果是工程师，就要把人的房子造好。当然，不仅是造好，而且更是造得更完美。哪种房子应该造在哪种场合，房子是越造越高好还是中等高才画稿。我上次看到有一种房子就比较有特色：三层楼虽然都是橘黄色的，但形状和团都各不相同，很吸引人。
怎么样才能卓有成效的“创新”呢？你们在大街上或者在别处听到过许多流行音乐吧！有的人还为那动人心旋的乐曲所痴狂呢！流行乐曲竟有那么大的魔力吗？答案是肯定的。流行乐曲都表现了人们的激情。
所以，“创新”不仅要好，而且要吸引人，那样，“创新”就真正得体现出它所谓的“新”来。
创新吧，让我们创新吧！只有我的不断创新，才能使我们的明天变得更美更炫！
当我写下这个题目的时候，我想到了许多与他相关的话。哲学家康德说：“生气，是拿别人的错误惩罚自己。”是啊!优雅的康德大概是不会有暴风骤雨的，心情永远是天朗气清。观点才能懂得宽容。学会宽容，才能化解生活中的许多纠葛、怨恨、偏见、不快。
宽容是有限度的。对他人宽容的人，心胸开阔，能够包容他人的过失，这是宽容如水，通常的“宽容”，即原谅他人一时的过错，不锱铢必较，不耿耿于怀，和和气气地做一个大方的人。宽容如水的温柔，在遇到矛盾时往往比过激的报复更有效。它是一捧清泉，款款地?去彼此一时的敌视，使人们冷静下来，从而看清事情的本来缘由。
宽容是火，因为更深一层次的宽容意味着不仅不计较个人得失，更能用自己的爱与真诚来温暖别人的心。心平如水的宽容，已属难得;雪中送炭的宽容，更可贵，更令人动容。宽容恰是一团火焰，明亮而温暖。宽容，不仅融化了彼此的冰冻，更将爱的热力辐射进对方的心窝。
宽容是诗，宽容是一首人生的诗。至高境界的宽容，不是仅仅表现在日常生活的某一事件的处理上，而是升华为一种对宇宙的胸襟，对人生如诗般的气度。宽容的含义也不仅限于人与人的理解与关爱，而是内心对于天地间一切生宽容是生活的润滑剂。“人无完人”，一个人不可能尽善尽美。持有这样的一种极为可贵的精神境界。但是，宽容绝不是一味迁就。
宽容是相互的，如果我们宽容他人，也会得到他人的宽容。人与人之间如果都存一份宽容，世界将会更加安宁。我们应该相互尊重，相互宽容。
为生活的平淡与多舛而心存积隙的人啊，请你选择宽容吧，这丝毫无损于你的尊严，反而有助于你在漫长的生命之河中穿越平庸。具有宽容的思想境界，才会懂得人生的真谛，宽容也是一门生活的艺术。
当然，宽容同“方以律己，圆以待人”是不矛盾的，轻易原谅自己，那不是宽容，而是懦夫。“圆以待人”，也得选对对象。宽容不珍惜宽容的人，是姑息。所以，宽容本身，也是生活的一门学问。
在我们的人生道路上，在生活中，往往纷繁，又常常平淡。正因为宽容如水，使纷繁经过过滤变得纯净;正因为宽容似火，使平淡通过煅烧日趋鲜明;正因为宽容是生活的润滑剂，对别人宽容，实际也是对自己宽容。正因为宽容是相互的，对方相互宽容，更因为有这诗般的宽容，才赋予人生以艺术，赋予生命以永恒。
有人说，一个人对外人的态度，是其涵养的表现。更是一个人德行的修养境界的表现。表现的岂止是涵养，主要是一个人的内心世界。读薛泽通老师写的《心灵体操》，感悟人的真、善是一个人心态的本质，也是一个人的基础。人不能不相聚，因为我们不可能独自生存，无论在哪里，我们都与周围的人连在一起，相互依存。我们生活在一个友善的环境中。每个人都有自己生活环境和人事关系，每个人都要处理人与人之间的关系。所以我欣赏一句话：我为人人，人人为我。这句话道出了人与人之间的真谛。
对待同事、朋友，我们要真心。不论是适合自己的人还是对自己有不同意见的人，都要真心。只有真心才能换来对方的真情。真心不是做出来的，是内心世界的真情流露。不要总觉得自己是最聪明的，当今社会生活内容丰富多彩，人们生活在社会上，都有自己的追求、理想，自己的利益，所以造就了不同的人，不同的性格、不同的观念、不同是水准。但是人与人之间的交往，有一点是不变的：真心换真情。只有你真心对待别人，别人才会尊重你。
要作到真心就要你心胸坦荡，心理健康。遇事要先为别人着想，特别是遇到矛盾、挫折要多换位思考，换位思考你可能会得到不同的思想，也能更多的理解和宽容，也会得到应有的尊重。当然生活中也有很多不尽人意的事，如损人利己、当面一套背后一套、领导面前表白自己诬陷同事等等，表现出人性的阴暗和阴损。毕竟那是少数人，大多数人是好的，我们不能“一叶障目，不识泰山”吧。
对待真诚好朋友我们可能做得要好些，因为彼此都可敞开心扉，唱明观点，或许争执也不会影响朋友间的相交和友情。对待有缺点的朋友，想作到敞开心扉就难点。每个人都有自己的认识和思考，对待对自己有不同意见的人，要理智分析意见的好坏，不能一味的把别人的意见都看成是对自己的恶毒，要审视意见的不同性在哪里，发现自己的不足，提高自己的素养，尤其在工作中，这样的诤言是求之不得的，应该是人生的珍贵。那对待损坏自己利益的人，要作到真情倾诉不是很容易的。因为他的损人，或许影响我们的观念，厌恶、鄙视、憎恨都可以把你的观点和真心抹杀。这就更需要人的修养了。当然，如果有不同见解和意见的表达，一定要注意方法和方式，不能认为反正我是为你好，你就不能介意我的态度。其实，汉语的微妙在于其语言的丰富，这么多语言可让我们选择，我们为什么不选择那些易于理解、利于接受的话语呢?对待别人的缺点，即使自己是正确的，也要考虑怎么样便于别人接受。只要能够体谅别人的难处、经常换位思考，就能接近人心，别人也能体味你的真情。就象我们在这里发文后的点评，每一句话都是朋友的肺腑之言，那些产生共鸣的跟贴让我有成就感，但那些善意的谏言是我永远求之的珍宝，它让我找到自己的缺憾，不断完善自己的文笔，这是我最大的收获。依次类推，任何事情都是一样的道理。
我们共处一个地球，同在一片蓝天下生活，我们只有尊重、帮助他人，才能拉近我们共同的心灵路程，使我们彼此走得更近，共创和谐的生活。让大地充满阳光，让世界充满爱。
宽容是一种品质，一种涵养，它需要开阔的胸襟和虚怀若谷的气度。四川大学的校训就是“海纳百川，有容乃大”。大海，他有着广阔的胸襟，总是毫不犹豫地接纳所有的河流之水，这所大学之所以以她为校训，就是为了教育所有的学子，学会宽容他人。记得曾有一位著名的学者说过：“如果你的心胸是大海，那么，再大的苦难对你来说，也只不过是一朵小小的浪花;如果你的心胸是大海，那么，再大的苦难对你来说，那就太小了。”
人生在世就是要学着宽容别人，也许在你憎恶他人的同时，别人却毫不知情，所以与其有一颗憎恶他人的心，还不如改变自己，让自己去包容他人的不足，欧洲曾有一句格言说的好：“如果你没有穿上那个人的鞋子走上一英里的路，就不要去评价他。” “宽容是沟通的第一原则，正因为有这中精神，才能保存人类所有的思想精华”。
宽容似广阔的海洋，包容着彼此的差异，让我们努力培植人性中的善良“元素”，使生命呈现穿越时空的美丽。
1、文章开头引用名言独特新颖，具有先声夺人之效，接着从读书能享受人间的无穷乐趣和读书是一种信念两方面来写，结尾总结全文点明中心。文章层次清楚，语言流畅，称得上是一篇佳作。
2、开篇即点明了核心价值观在历史上的重要作用，很有分量。接下来作者说历史，说现在，此为面的交代;又写香港回归的这件事，是点的突破。这样写来，点面结合，更易把道理讲得清楚。
3、这是一篇很不错的议论文，文章开门见山提出了观点：生命是宝贵的，我们应该热爱生命，论证层次鲜明、清晰，麦克的论据很有说服力，语言流畅，结构完整。
4、这篇议论文以理取胜，观点辩证，语言灵活多变，富有自由灵动的色彩。文章开头摆出看法：相信自己不意味固执己见;听取意见也不代表亦步亦趋。。接着阐述我们为什么要听取别人的意见。文章语言简练，重点突出;恰当的引用更使中心得到突出;文末的问句发人深省。本文题目若能改成《相信自己，相信他人》，效果会更好。
5、作者通过讲述自己努力练习自行车，最终熟练掌握的故事，表达了只有克服困难，方能成功的观点。文章语言韵味十足，很好。但是作者对克服困难，努力练车技这个部分的描写太少，有些单薄，可以适当增加。
6、篇议论文阐述了人要不断地追求新目标，不断地去认识新的世界，所以就要一次次车发，赶往心中的下一个目的地。此文多用排比句，使感情更加强烈，语言富有节奏感。
7、这是一篇赞美水的文章，语言深刻、有内涵，文章富有哲理，堪称佳作。“可是，在水温和的外表下还藏有一个执着的心。”一句承前启后，使文章结构严谨。
8、这篇文章作者以“宁静”为话题，以一组排比开篇，不仅写出了宁静的美好，而且写出了宁静对人的心灵的净化。文中作者选取“自然的宁静”、“繁华与战火中的宁静”等，表达了作者对宁静的独特的理解和热爱之情。
9、这是一篇议论文。小作者在结尾处亮明自己的观点“让我们把握时间，去创造更加美好的明天。”中间部分运用了比喻论证、引用论证的论证手法，论述语言有理有据，告诉读者人生短暂，我们要珍惜时间。
10、本文开门见山引出本文的主要内容，小作者密切关注现代社会的热点问题，善于思考，紧密结合生活实际，向我们提出了环保的倡议，立意浅显而耐人寻味，引人思考。
11、本文文笔干练，充满力量感，非常好。文章张力十足，一字一句都在坚定的表态“只要生命不息就要坚持到底，我不是为了失败而来到这个世界上，在我的血霾里，已没有失败的血液在流动。”作者坚信自己可以水滴石穿，“一砖一瓦的构筑自己成功的殿堂。”因为他不会“因昨日的成功而感到满足，只会坚持到底!”三年级的学生能有如此文字功力，能有如此深刻的思想，非常好!
12、题记“今日欢呼诚信在，只缘妖雾又重来”，揭示了本文的创作意图——针对现实中缺乏诚信的现象进行鞭挞，呼吁诚信。 全文用文言写成，既显古朴典雅之风，又彰针砭时弊之志。
13、这篇文章作者以“舍弃”为话题，通过列举“亚历山大”、“小男孩”以及“服务员”的例子，告诉我们要懂得在合适的时候舍弃一些东西。文末点题，“成功往往蕴涵于取舍之间。”一句，简洁而富有丰富的意蕴，耐人寻味。
14、本篇议论文，精彩之处在于，立意角度新颖，“我们可能永远也赶不上我们崇拜、羡慕的人，但是我们可以不断超越自己，做一个最棒的自己。”论证过程中引用了丰富的事例。
15、这篇短小的议论文论理深刻，手法多样，精彩语句迭出，结构非常严谨。议论的角度也很关键。不妨学习一下：二段从人都需要磨练勇气的角度议论，三段以课堂为例举例论证，四段从万事开始时需挑战的角度议论，五段道理论证、举例论证兼有，六段从不要后悔的角度论述。()
16、这篇文章以“信任协作”为话题，开门见山，表明了作者的观点。然后，作者选取拿破仑、释迦牟尼、F4和巴西队等经典事例来论证自己的观点，论证层次清晰，论据多样，论述语言有理有据、有力。文末再次点题，再次表明作者的观点。
17、本文是一篇议论文，开篇点题，全文围绕“勤奋”这一进行探讨，用儿童的视角写出了自己的惨痛经历，我们可以看出小作者是一个能从日常小事中总结出人生道理的人。
18、这篇文章作者通篇用比喻和排比的修辞手法，生动形象地写出了自信的重要性，是“成功的秘诀”、“力量”、“做人的原则”等等。同时引用越王勾践的例子，更加突出了自信的'神奇之处，文末直抒胸臆“我自信，我能行!”
19、这篇文章作者以“舍弃”为话题，通过列举“亚历山大”、“小男孩”以及“服务员”的例子，告诉我们要懂得在合适的时候舍弃一些东西。文末点题，“ 成功往往蕴涵于取舍之间。”一句，简洁而富有丰富的意蕴，耐人寻味。
20、题记“今日欢呼诚信在，只缘妖雾又重来”，揭示了本文的创作意图——针对现实中缺乏诚信的现象进行鞭挞，呼吁诚信。全文用文言写成，既显古朴典雅之风，又彰针砭时弊之志。
21、这是一篇典型的论说类文章，本文主要论述了开卷有益，读书好处多的观点，有理有据，论述精确，本文作者能够用最有说服力的论据加以详细说明，从而有足够的说服力。
22、这篇议论文阐述了人要不断地追求新目标，不断地去认识新的世界，所以就要一次次车发，赶往心中的下一个目的地。此文多用排比句，使感情更加强烈，语言富有节奏感。
亲近是人世间交往的桥梁，是沟通心灵的言语，也是一种传统的美德。
然而，飞速的时代变化，使一根根钢筋筑成的高楼大厦，将人们隔成了一个个封闭式的铁笼，是人们好似“囚犯”一样置身其中，就连曾经是一家人的亲戚，都变得越来越神情淡漠了。
忽然，有一天，我发现自己错了。早晨，一位邮递员跟我一同走进了电梯，我有点含羞，并没有抬头看他，但他却主动向我打招呼。我一惊，忙回礼，他露出了善意的微笑，我也跟着笑了。
这是我的一次真实的经历，从中我体会到人与人之间的热情还是有的。只要你主动亲近别人，别人也会跟你真心地交流，而不是一味做一个被动的人。从那以后，不管是陌生人还是熟人，我一见面就会说“你好”等礼貌用语，慢慢地，大家就跟我熟悉了起来。
总是埋怨没有亲近感的人，不是因为寂寞，而是因为他没有掌握好亲近的钥匙，没有做好与人亲近的准备。造成寂寞的不是他人，正是他自己。
现在，有些小区搞起了“邻居节”，大家互相之间开始熟悉起来，亲近起来，邻里之间的关系变得更加融洽、和谐、幸福了。
曾有人用老子的话问孔子：“以德抱怨，何如?”孔子的回答却掷地有声。“以直报怨，以德报德。”可我们应当知道，他人对自己偏见的眼光，可以用同样的的方式归还，但这样只会使得本就相歧的两人更加形同陌路，只有用自己的大度去宽容，才能融解心与心之间的墙。
宽容是一种能力，它能让我们从苦难的牢笼里脱出。曼德拉曾在一次集会中，握着那些当年他的看守们的手肘，说：“当我走向自由的大门时，我就已经知道，如果不能把痛苦与抱怨留在身后，那么我其实仍在狱中。”这是怎样的一种人格!它崇高，但并不只属于耀眼的璀璨。我们之间，有多少人，没有败给别人的阻碍，却终究输给了自己不堪的过去?有多少人，本可在历经艰难之后东山再起?却又败给了不能饶恕自己再次砥砺奋进的努力?宽容，首先要体谅自己，不囿于过去，不纠结于曾经的自己，去以博大的胸怀展望美好的明天。
用自己的宽容去对待他人的过失吧!生活中，总会有那些人，那么些事不经意就引起了我们的苦恼，甚至有时让我们寝食难安、辗转反侧好些天，何必呢?人与人之的相遇，本就是一种缘份，一场久别的重逢，为什么要去斤斤计较?又为何要去闹的两败俱伤?
宽容是一种素养，它能让我们泥泞中孑然独立，也能让我们收获更多的信任与情谊。昔公子纠与公子小白逐鹿齐土，管仲曾几乎将公子纠射死，但公子纠不计前嫌任用管仲为相，终使得齐国在春秋纷争中独占一方，试想，若是公子纠为报一已之仇而将其斩杀，那么或许齐国会有所建树，但与现实一定判若云泥。就是这样的君王气度!为人们追求进取的行程中又增一份祝福，就是这样的凛然胸怀，为其个人的宽广情怀又添一枝芬香。
但是，我们的宽容，并不意味着对他人毫无底线的纵容。凡是什么事情，都终要一个有限度的，并不是所有的“怨”我们都必须以德报之，当步步的逼迫毫无止意之时，我们必须阐明我们的公平正直，以直化之。它们之间并不矛盾，而是相辅相成，但是，我们仍更要提倡宽容在先，正直在后，宽容的微笑，总是美于一切。
寒山与拾得之间的妙对，至今耐人品嚼，而那句“我只得忍他，由他，让他，避他”的宽容之道，也亦值得我们去发扬!
成功是来之不易的，只有付出了汗水、辛勤的劳动在家上写运气才有可能获得，因此只有意志坚定的人才能登上“顶峰”。
而当你面对成功时，又该怎么做呢？
有的人陶醉在成功中，因而不知前进、继续钻研。美国化学家戴维21岁时发现了氧化亚氮（笑气起麻醉作用），以后的几年内，戴维成功接连不断。在他23岁时，他被聘为皇家副教授，又被封为爵士、男爵。种种的头衔让这位科学家飘飘然了，他渐渐遗忘了科学家因有的谨慎轻率的宣布了错误的科研结果。因为戴维的飘飘然、忘记了作为一名科学家因有的谨慎，所以在代为30岁后在没有给人们带来惊奇的发现。
如果戴维不是陶醉在过去的成功、他将不会别局限，会有更高的成功！
有的人因谦虚谨慎连连告捷，这让的人有很多，大凡是那些众所周知的伟人，哪个不是如此？发现“镭”的居里夫人，以相对论著名的爱因斯坦等等。
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写作小论文有助于提高我们的学术水平，小论文的格式有哪些要求呢？下面是由我整理的1000字小论文格式 范文 模板，欢迎大家阅读。
摘要： 随着企业规模的不断扩大，各部门所需信息既相互交错，又相对独立。这就要求各部门所用的数据库既能高度自治地 工作，又能进行信息共享。本文主要介绍多DM3数据库系统间的信息共享机制。 不同DM3数据库系统间的信息共享通过协调器实现。所有这些被协调器连接在一起的数据库系统组成了一个联邦数据库。这样既能较好地满足企业的需要，也能在保证效率的前提下，提高数据的可用性。
关键词： DBMS 复制 联邦数据库
1.引言
随着经济的发展，企业的规模越来越大，其积累的信息也越来越多。存在着各部门所处理的信息多数只对本部门有效，仅有少数信息需给 其它 某些部门共享的问题。这种信息的分布性和独立性要求对所处理的数据进行分类，使各部门既能独立地处理本部门大多数数据，也使部门间能协调处理跨部门的事务。在这种情况下，对整个企业建立一个完全的紧密耦合的分布式数据库是很困难的，也是没必要的，特别是大型企业，这样的数据库的效率往往是很低的。
为解决这个问题，我们采用以下策略：每个部门使用一套紧密耦合的数据库系统，而在存在跨部门事务处理的数据库系统间用一个协调器联起来。这样就组成了一个横跨整个企业，各部门高度自治的联邦数据库系统。
DM2是由华中理工大学数据库多媒体技术研究所研制的数据库管理系统。它采用客户/服务器模型，客户机与服务器，服务器与服务器均通过网络互连，通过消息相互通讯，组成一个紧密耦合的分布式数据库系统。它的工作流程如下：客户机登录到一台服务器上，这台服务器便成为它的代理服务器;它接收来自客户机的消息，然后根据全局数据字典决定是自己独立完成该操作，还是与其它服务器协作处理这条消息，处理完成之后，再由代理服务器将处理结果返回给客户机。
而数据字典，作为记录数据库所有元数据的系统表，它向以上过程中提供各类有用的信息，引导它们向正确的方向运行，起着“指南针”的作用。它分为局部数据字典和全局数据字典。其中，局部数据字典用于记录一个服务器站点中数据库的控制信息，如表的模式，视图的模式及各个数据区的的文件名等信息。全局数据字典用于记录分布式数据库系统中各个服务器站点上有关全局数据的控制信息，如服务器站点信息，各服务器站点的全局表名及表内码记录，各服务器站点上的全局数据视图名及视图内码记录，用户名及口令记录，用户权限记录等信息。各个局部数据字典可以各不相同，但为了保证在各个服务器上所看到的全局数据库是一致的，因此，全局数据字典必须一致。我们所关心的是全局数据字典中的基表控制块TV_CTRL_BLOCK，它的内容主要包括：全局基表总数，每个全局基表名和其对应的表内码，该基表所在的服务器站点的编号等信息。它的功能是将各个服务器站点号与存储在其上的表名及表内码联系起来。这样，代理服务器从客户消息中找到被处理的表名，然后通过查询基表控制块TV_CTRL_BLOCK,就能知道该表存在哪个服务器上，以便将相关消息发给该服务器。
由于DM2上各个服务器站点的全局字典完全相同，任何全局表的信息都会记入全局字典。若用它来构建一个企业的数据库系统，则大量只对企业某部门有用的信息将会充斥在各部门所有服务器的全局字典中，增加了冗余。而且，当对全局表进行DDL操作时，为了确保全局字典的一致性，须对所有服务器的全局字典进行加锁。DM2对全局字典的封锁方式是采用令牌环方式，即令牌绕虚环(非实环)传输，某个服务器想对全局字典进行操作，必须等令牌到达该服务器才可以执行。每个部门建立的全局表绝大多数只对本部门有用，当对这些表进行DDL操作时，却要对所有服务器的全局字典进行封锁，通过令牌来实现对全局字典的互斥访问。假如，两个部门都要分别对本部门的内部表进行DDL操作，这应该是可以并行处理的操作，现在却只能串行执行。而且，当服务器数目庞大时，每个服务器等待令牌的时间将会很长。这严重损害了数据库的效率。
为弥补以上不足，在DM2的改进版本DM3中增加了协调器，用以联接各个独立的DM3数据库子系统，并协调各子系统间的各种关系，使各子系统既能高度自治地工作，又能进行有效的信息共享。
2.体系结构
本系统可看作多个数据库子系统被协调器联起来的，高度自治的一个联邦数据库系统。其中，每个子系统独立处理本系统内部的事务，而子系统间的信息共享由复制技术提供，副本间的一致性由协调器协调处理，处理所需的信息在初始化时写入协调器的组间数据字典中。当对某子系统中的一份数据副本进行修改时，该子系统会将修改通知协调器，由协调器对该数据的其它副本进行修改，从而保证了所有副本的一致性。
由以上可知，子系统彼此并不直接接触，而是各自都与协调器直接相联，由协调器统一管理子系统间的通信。这样，当子系统对副本进行修改时，不必关心相应的子系统处于何种状态，也不必等待回应消息，以及异常处理，所有这些都由协调器进行管理。因此，既提高了系统运行的效率，也保证了子系统的独立性。其体系结构如下图所示。
协调器主要有三大功能，首先，它对协调器和服务器进行初始化，并将有关信息存入组间字典;其次，它管理不同子系统间的通信，维护副本的一致性;最后，它在子系统出现崩溃时，进行异常管理及恢复工作。
图1 DM3多数据库系统体系结构
3.主要策略
多个DM3系统间的信息共享是通过副本实现的，副本的一致性是由协调器来维持的，是一种弱一致性。通常，多数据库系统间的一致性是通过协调器周期性地访问服务器的日志来完成的。由于副本的更新带有随机性，因此，若采用这种 方法 ，可能数据被修改多次，但其相对应的副本仍未被修改，这样就损害了数据的一致性;也可能数据并未被修改，但协调器已多次访问了服务器的日志了，这样就降低了系统的效率。
所以，本系统采用的方法是当数据被修改时，由服务器通知协调器有关信息，再由协调器通知相关系统，修改相关数据。这样，数据的修改及时(仍然是弱一致性)，而协调器也不会在数据未被修改的情况下访问服务器，提高了准确性。
为了使协调器正常工作，我们对底层数据库管理系统DM2进行了修改。在基表控制块TV_CTRL_BLOCK中增加一项IsReplication。建表时，该项初始化为false;当为该表建立一个副本时，该项赋值为true。具体算法如下。
3.1初始化算法。
协调器：
从用户或应用程序接收待连接的两个系统中的服务器名，需复制的表名;
分别登录到两个系统的服务器上;
向存有待复制表的服务器发预复制消息;
等待服务器消息;
若失败，发一条失败的消息给服务器和用户或应用程序，转11);
若成功，从消息中取出待复制表的有关信息，根据这些信息，发一条建表消息给另一个系统的服务器;
等待服务器消息;
若失败，发一条失败的消息给服务器和用户或应用程序，转11);
若成功，调数据转移程序，进行数据复制;
将有关信息写入组间字典。
退出。
服务器：
当服务器收到预复制消息后，将基表控制块TV_CTRL_BLOCK中的IsReplication赋为true。同时，取出待复制表的有关信息，组成应答消息发给协调器。
当服务器收到失败的消息后，将基表控制块TV_CTRL_BLOCK中的IsReplication赋为false。
3.2维护算法。
协调器：
从组间字典读出相关信息，根据这些信息，登录到相应系统上;
等待消息;
从某系统的服务器上收到一条修改消息后，通过查找组间字典，确定该消息的目的地，然后将它转发过去;
若失败，定时重发;
转2);
服务器：
1)等待消息;
2)当收到某客户或应用程序的消息后，检查它是否是修改数据的操作(如delete，update或insert等);
若不是，转7);
若是，检查基表控制块TV_CTRL_BLOCK中的IsReplication是否为true;
若不是，转7);
若是，向协调器发修改消息;
继续执行服务器程序的其它部分。
3.3恢复算法。
若协调器所联接的系统中有一个跨掉了，则对副本的修改无法及时地反映到跨掉的系统中来。这时，需要恢复算法来进行处理。
协调器：
当协调器发现有一个系统已经崩溃后，采取以下步骤。
将与该系统相关的变量open赋值为false;
打开记时器;
等待消息;
若收到的消息是其它系统发出的修改崩溃了的系统上的副本的命令，则依次将这些消息存储起来，转3);
若收到的消息是记时器发出的时间到的消息，则向崩溃的系统发登录命令;
若登录成功，将open的值改为true;
将存储的消息依次发送过去，转9);
若登录失败，转3);
退出。
4.结论
我们曾在三个DM3数据库系统上，用两个协调器进行联接。结果，运行情况良好，各副本最终都能保证一致，且各副本间存在差异的时间间隔很短。另外，在出现异常的情况下，协调器也能正常工作。
主要参考文献：
1.周龙骧等，分布式数据库管理系统实现技术，科学出版社，1998。
2.郑振楣，于戈，郭敏，分布式数据库，科学出版社，1998。
3.王珊等，数据仓库技术与联机分析处理，科学出版社，1998。