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Second Language Vocabulary Acquisition Strategies 二语词汇习得策略 [摘 要] 词汇是构成语言的基本单位，词汇习得在语言学习中占有重要地位。英国著名语言学家D.A. Wilkins (1972) 说过：“没有语法，人们不能表达很多东西；而没有词汇，人们则无法表达任何东西。”这就说明了词汇在学习中的重要性。本文旨在分析二语词汇习得策略并应用于不同水平的学习者。学习者根据自己的水平选择正确的习得方法和策略学习词汇，从而提高学习效率和习得效果。 关键字： 二语词汇习得 词汇习得策略 元认知策略 认知策略 Abstract Vocabulary is the basic unit of a language. Language acquisition plays an important role in language learning. Famous linguistics D. A. Wilkins said, “Without grammar, very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary, nothing can be conveyed (Lewis, 1993:16).” It speaks volumes for the importance of vocabulary in language learning. This paper aims to analysis the second language acquisition strategies and applies to different levels of learners. According to the different levels, the learners should choose the proper methods and strategies to promote learning efficiency and acquisition effect. Key words: Second Language Vocabulary Acquisition； Vocabulary Acquisition Strategies； Metacognitive strategy； Cognitive strategy Introduction With economic globalization and multi-polarization of the world, especially the population of the internet, English becomes more and more important, because it is considered as the tool for absorbing and communicating information. As we all known, vocabulary acquisition is one of the most noticed-question of the second language learners. “Vocabulary” appears in the area of linguists’ study. Nowadays, researchers still can not give a complete and reasonable definition of vocabulary. Since 1970s, the second language vocabulary acquisition research has gradually become the hot point and important subject in the second language vocabulary acquisition research area. These researches aim to discuss the efficiency vocabulary memory strategies to promote the memory skills and vocabulary levels. Then how to acquire vocabulary become popular among the researchers. Wenden &Rubin (1987), O’Malley& Chamot (1990) refer to the content of vocabulary acquisition strategies; Rubin (1987) and Oxford (1990) classify the memory strategy to the direct cognitive strategies. Especially, CohenAphek (1981), Porte (1988), O’Malley (1990), Vann (90), Cohen (1990), etc made a basic searching of vocabulary acquisition. In a word, there are various opinions in how to acquire vocabulary. Firstly, it talks about the importance of vocabulary. Secondly, what does it mean to “acquire” a word? This paper mainly aims to the detail analysis of the vocabulary acquisition from three aspects：Meta-cognitive Strategy; Cognitive Strategy and Social or Affective Strategy. Especially, it highlights the effect of the context and rending to vocabulary acquisition. This paper talks about the applications of the vocabulary acquisition strategies. And it puts forward some problems and difficulties of vocabulary acquisition. This paper also discusses the influencing factors to the acquisition. It includes the mother tongue, age, language contact, logical thinking ability, identity degree, and academic motivation . The purpose of this paper is to rise the awareness of English learners that the importance of vocabulary in language learning and the vocabulary acquisition strategies can not be neglected, and each strategies is deeply rooted in its language. Through the analysis of the theory of study, the paper tries to draw the learner’s attention to the strategies of the second language vocabulary acquisition and using the vocabulary in communication. In order to improve the acquisition efficiency, some strategies put into practice are introduced. The first presents the importance of vocabulary, some basic concepts of vocabulary and vocabulary learning, the second part tells what does it mean to know a word, the third part deals with the theory of vocabulary acquisition and presents the factors and differences influencing the vocabulary acquisition. The fourth part is detailed discussion of vocabulary acquisition strategies in different levels of learners. The last part is conclusion. Literature review 1. The importance of vocabulary As the first time, when we go to school and our English teacher will tell us that vocabulary is of great importance in learning English. After several years, we understand words gradually, especially when we study in high school. If we know a little about vocabulary, we may have poor English. That is because the listening, speaking, reading and writing show the necessary of learning vocabulary. Many researchers agree that lexis is at least as important as structure, because it is using wrong words and not wrong grammar that usually breaks down communication. Mistakes in lexis much more often lead to misunderstanding and may be less generously tolerated outside classroom than mistakes in syntax. (Carter, 1987). As Stephen Krashen remarked, “When students travel, they don’t carry grammar books, they carry dictionaries. A significant role of vocabulary in both teaching and learning processes was first stated by Stephen Krashen in The Natural Approach (1985): “Vocabulary is basic for communication. If acquirers do not recognize the meaning of the key words used by those who address them they will be unable to participate in the conversation.” Words are basic tools in human communication; therefore they determine the main part of people’s life-relationships between people and associations with the surrounding world that people live in. The larger one’s vocabulary, the easier it is to express one’s thoughts and feelings. In real communication, correctly and idiomatically used vocabulary can even decrease some structural inaccuracy and grammar errors. (Zhang Jiying, 2002). So learners should enrich and expand their knowledge of words as much as possible in order to communicate effectively in a foreign language. 2. What does it mean to “know” a word? Knowing a word is not a simple phenomenon. In fact, it is quite complex and goes far beyond the word’s meaning and pronunciation. (Zhang Jiying, 2002). Richards (1976) think knowing a word means also knowing the frequency of words and their likely collocates; being aware of the functional and situation limitations that apply; knowledge of the “syntactic behavior”; derivational forms and word class; associative and connotative knowledge; semantic value-breaking down words into minimal units as with componential analysis (see Katz&Fodor1963or Leech1974); knowing the other (possible) meaning associated. Nagy and Scott (2000) identify several dimensions that describe the complexity of what it means to know a word. First, word knowledge is incremental, which means that readers need to have many exposures to a word in different contexts before they “know” it. Second, word knowledge is multidimensional. This is because many words have multiple meanings and serve different functions in different function in different sentences, texts, and even conversations. Third, word knowledge is interrelated in that knowledge of one word connects knowledge of other words. What all of this means is that “knowing” a word is a matter of degree rather than an all-or-nothing proposition (Beck&Mckeown, 1991; Nagy&Scott, 2000). The degree of knowing a word are reflected in the precision with which we use a word, how quickly we understand a word, and how well we understand and use words in different modes and different purpose. The memory strategy, cognitive strategy, social strategy and metacognitve strategy are used more frequently than the affective strategy and compensative strategy. Conclusion This paper has attempted to provide some theories of second language vocabulary acquisition and some strategies. Such as metacognitive strategy, cognitive strategy, and social strategy. However, this paper also put forward some microcosmic strategy. As a matter of fact, vocabulary acquisition should combine the context. In addition, this paper hasn’t mentioned that culture is also an important factor in vocabulary acquisition. In the study of second language vocabulary acquisition, we should pay attention to the process and the acquiring results. This paper focuses on the study of the second language vocabulary acquisition strategies. Bibliography [1] A.U. Chamot. The Learning Strategies of ESL Students. In A. L. Wenden & J. Rubin, (eds), Learner Strategies in Language Learning, 1987. [2] Cater. R. and M. McCarthy. Vocabulary and Language Teaching. New York: Longman, 1987. [3] Nation, L. S. P. Teaching and Learning Vocabulary. New Newbury House Publishers, 1990. [4] O’Malley, J. & Chamot, A. U.. Learning Strategies in Second Language Acquisition [J]. Cambridge University Press, 1990:12-15. [5] 陈桦，张益芳.中国儿童英语词汇记忆策略探究[J].外语学刊,2001(4). [11] 戴曼纯. 论第二语言词汇习得研究[J]. 外语教学与研究，2002(2). [12] 徐德凯.大学英语词汇教学理论与实践[M].长春：吉林出版集团有限责任公司，2009. [6] 王文宇.观念、策略与英语词汇记忆[J].外语教学与研究，1998(1). [13] 文秋芳. 英语学习策略论.上海：上海外语教育出版社，1996. [7] 吴霞，王蔷.非英语专业本科生词汇水平研究. 外语教学与研究，1998(1). [15] 张纪英.英语词汇学教学与研究[M]. 武汉：华中科技大学出版社,2007. [16] 朱厚敏. 英语词汇学习策略研究[M] 长春：吉林大学出版社，2009.
像语音学，音位学，以及形态学，句法都不好下手建议写社会语言学或是心理语言学方面的，可以深入对比一下中西方思维的差异之类的，应该是一个好的论点加油~~
关于英语语言学的论文，论文题目和主要内容已列出，供参考。链接附后1.题目：语言学英文版论文。主要内容：该论文主要讲词汇是构成语言的基本单位，词汇习得在语言学习中占有重要地位。英国著名语言学家D.A. Wilkins (1972) 说过：“没有语法，人们不能表达很多东西；而没有词汇，人们则无法表达任何东西。”这就说明了词汇在学习中的重要性。本文旨在分析二语词汇习得策略并应用于不同水平的学习者。学习者根据自己的水平选择正确的习得方法和策略学习词汇，从而提高学习效率和习得效果。http://wenku.baidu.com/link?url=SXkEsiMcpfqhM3IdT5ZZ97aNTmwfO_74dvJoNSWoCp2FIyudzpd1uBSgh2ccFJS6RN7xNBPb9WFk_matYEwCRT0EMxynK7D_vYN7D59Og5G2.题目：.英语专业毕业论文(语言学)——谈判英语文化差异。主要内容：该论文主要讲国际商务谈判中文化差异的影响，就是汉语习惯思维和西方语言文化之间表达的准确性对商务谈判带来的影响。http://wenku.baidu.com/view/ef2d20e09b89680203d825be.html4.题目：外国语言学及应用语言学硕士论文：商务英语信函的词汇特点研究，主要内容：商务英语信函词汇的选择和应用多呈现如下7种特点：1)简单词汇的选择。2)具体词汇多于笼统词汇。3)褒义词多于贬义词。4)缩写词的选择。5)确切词汇多于模糊词汇。6)礼貌、客气的词汇多于不礼貌的词汇。7)商业术语的选择。产生的原因多取决于商务活动的和商业伙伴的合作关系。商务活动的双方均为达至双赢的进行合作。这是本文所分析的词汇特点产生的主要原因。
一、翻译类毕业论文选题 1．Study on Translation of Trade Marks and Culture 商标翻译与文化研究2．The Social and Cultural Factors in Translation Practice 影响翻译实践的社会和文化因素3．On the Translation of English Idioms 论英语习语的翻译4．Study on Features and Translation of English Idioms 英语习语翻译特点研究5．The Comparison and Translation of Chinese and English Idioms 中英习语翻译与比较6．Study on Loyalty in English-Chinese Translation 中英互译的忠实性研究7．Cultural Equivalence in Translation 翻译中的文化对等性研究8．Literature Translation and the Important of it文学翻译与重要性研究9．On the Du Fu’s Poems Translation论杜甫的诗词翻译10．The Analysis of Techniques for Learning a Foreign Language Through Translation 通过翻译学习外语的技巧分析11．中英颜色词的文化差异及翻译Cultural Differences and Translation in Chinese and English Color words翻译中不可译性的文化阐释12．An Cultural Perspective on Untranslatability 中英动物文化内涵的不同及翻译13．Cultural Connotation and Translation in Chinese and English Animals浅论翻译中的译者主体性发挥的度14．On Degree of Translator's Subjectivity in Translation修辞策略在广告英语中的效用探究15．A Probe of the Effect of Rhetorical Devices in English Advertisement16．Error Analysis of the English Translation of the Information about Scenic Spots in Wuhan武汉旅游景点资料的英译错误分析17．Semantic--Transliteration-the Most Favorable Method for Translating Foreign Words into Chinese音意兼译—外来词中译之首选方法18．A Tentative Study on the Cohesion and Coherence in Sun Zhili’s Chinese Translation of Pride and Prejudice浅论《傲慢与偏见》孙致礼中译本的衔接与连贯19．Chinese Translation of Attributive Clauses in English for Science and Technology科技英语中定语从句的汉译20．Film Titles and Their Translation——A cross-cultural perspective从跨文化角度分析电影片名及其翻译21．Translating Expressions on Public Signs from Chinese into English汉语公示语英译22．论文化差异与翻译Cultural differences and translation 23．商标名的翻译原则与品牌文化The Translation Principle of Brand Names and Brand Culture24．英文电影片名的翻译策略与翻译方法研究 On Translation of English Film Names25．意美、音美、形美--英文商标的汉译Beauty in Sense, Sound and Form--On Translation of English Trademarks into Chinese26．中文商标英译探On the Translation of Trademarks from Chinese into English二、文化类毕业论文选题27．国际商务谈判中的双赢语用策略The Win-Win Pragmatic Strategies in International Business Negotiation 28．Grice 的合作原则在国际商务谈判中的应用The Application of Grice’s Cooperation Principle in International Business Negotiation 29．中西文化面子观差异对比分析An Analysis on Differences between Chinese and Western Ideas on Face30．中西文化中女性角色意识差异及其对职业发展影响Differences between Chinese and Western Role Awareness of Women and the Effects on Their Career Development 31．英语学习中文化障碍Cultural Obstacles in English Learning32．从中西委婉语的对比透视中西文化差异Understand Chinese and English Cultural Differences through the Comparison between Chinese and western Euphenism33．中英禁忌语比较A Comparison between Chinese and English taboos34．从隐私权看中西文化差异A Comparison between Chinese and Western Cultural Differences from the Aspect of Privacy right 35．中西社会习俗比较A Comparison Between Chinese and Western Social Conventions36．言语行为理论及其应用Speech Act and its Application37．湖北经济学院英语自主学习现状调查A Survey on the Students’ English Autonomous Learning in Hubei University of Economics 38．湖北经济学院双语课程学习现状调查A Survey on Bilingual Courses’ Learning in Hubei University of Economics39．1The Cultural Connotation of English Etymology and the Teaching of English Vocabulary英语词源的文化内涵与词汇教学 40．English idioms—A Mirror Reflecting British Culture英语习语与英国文化反映41．On Values of Chinese from Perspective of Lexicon从词汇角度读中国人的价值观42．On Cultural Differences of Body Language between English and Chinese论中英体态语文化差异43．The Analysis on the Differences of Interpersonal Relationship between Eastern and Western People东西方人际关系要素差异探析44．Approach to Cultural Differences in Sino-U.S. Business Negotiation and its Impacts中美商务谈判中的文化差异及其影响探析45．Asymmetrical Features of Politeness Principle in Cross-cultural Communication跨文化交际中的礼貌原则的非对称性研究46．English and Chinese Euphemisms: A Comparison between Their Cultural Implications从英汉委婉语对比中透析中西文化差异47．On the Cultural Differences of the Etiquette Norms in Chinese and English Nonverbal Communication 中英非语言交际礼俗规范的文化差异研究48．A Comparative Study on the Different Cultural Connotations of Basic Chinese and English Color Words英汉基本颜色词文化内涵对比研究49．Characteristic and Cultural Differences of the English and Chinese Idioms 中英文习语的特点以及文化差异50．Chinese and Western Culture Values in Advertising Language从广告语中看中西方文化观51．The Differences of Family Values between China and American中国和美国家庭观差异52．The Comparison of Chinese and Western Interpersonal Relationships中西人际关系比较53．Cultural Difference Between Chinese and English on Politeness从中英文礼貌用语中看文化差异54．谈跨文化交际中的“面子”观 On Face Perception in Cross-cultural Communication55．委婉语在跨文化交际中的应用 The Application of Euphemism in Cross-cultural Communication56．从英汉习语看东西方文化异同 Differences and Similarities between Eastern and Western Cultures in Chinese and English Idioms57．中英文化中的礼貌对比研究A Contrastive Study of Politeness in English and Chinese Cultures58．解析文化差异引起的语用失误The Study of Pragmatic Failure: From the Perspective of Cultural Differences59．从文化角度论英汉语中的性别歧视On the Sexism in Chinese and English from the Cultural Perspective60．中美商务谈判中的文化因素探析Approach to Cultural Factors for the Sino-American Business Negotiation61．英汉道歉语的对比研究A contrastive study of apologies in English and Chinese62．跨文化交际中颜色词的运用Application of colors in intercultural communication63．英汉寒暄语的差异研究Some difference of small talks between Chinese and English64．不同交际风格中恭维语及其回应的研究Compliment and its response with different communication styles65．英汉动物词汇文化内涵意义对比研究The cultural connotations of animals in Chinese and English66．英语委婉语的功能与效果研究On functions and effects of euphemism in English67．中外幽默的跨文化对比A intercultural comparison between Chinese and foreign humor68．英语副语言交际研究A survey on communication of paralanguage三、语言类毕业论文选题69．语篇分析中的语境功能研究The function of context in discourse analysis70．语篇分析在英语阅读教学中的运用研究Discourse analysis in the application of teaching English reading 71．英语广告语言特点分析An analysis on the feature of English advertisement72．非语言交际与身势语研究Nov-verbal communication and gesture language73．英语委婉语研究About English euphemism
初中英语词汇教学研究论文
摘要：
词汇教学是初中英语的重要部分，是学生学好英语的基础。但是往往有很多学生因为各种原因，在词汇的学习中遇到很多障碍，难以激发兴趣，导致教学效率不高。因此，教师在教学过程中要采用各种教学手段，激发学生学习兴趣，调动学生的学习积极性，提高教学效率。
关键词：
初中英语；词汇教学；教学手段
要掌握一门语言，词汇是最基本的要素。人们的活动、交流等也是通过由词汇构成的语句来实现的，因此，掌握不了一定数量的词汇，是没有办法学好语言的。由此可见，词汇在英语教学中有阵非常重要的作用。在这里，笔者谈几点自己在英语词汇教学中的方法。
一、直观教学法直观教学方法就是用一些实物、图片等展开的教学手段
如在学习“chair”这个单词时，我一边指着前排一位学生坐的椅子，我先是自问自答，等学生都熟悉了以后，我再提问。通过这样反复训练，学生不仅掌握了“chair”这个单词的性质，单数复数，而且还在相互提问的过程中能够熟练地运用。总之，直观法教学既形象生动，又情趣浓厚，不但能营造和谐的.教学氛围，还能提高教学效率。
二、构词法英语中很多词汇之间都有密切的关系，在构词上有很对规律可言因
因此，教师在教学的过程中可以针对这些构词上的规律让学生学习词汇，也可以举出一些相关的词汇引导学生自己去总结、发现。这样的方法学生不仅学习得快，而且还培养了他们的能力。如学习care这个单词时，可利用构词法引申出beauty—beautiful—beautifully—beautify，这既可以减轻学生的记忆负担，同时也学习了词汇构成的知识。
三、在“游戏”中学词汇游戏是学生喜闻乐见的一种教学形式，能够在一定程度上激发学生的学习兴趣，有效提高教学效率
课堂上做游戏可帮助学生在轻松有趣的活动中掌握一些较难掌握的词汇。例如，在学习了身体部位名称后，可做Pollysays游戏。先四人小组做这个游戏，再让各小组中做得最好的学生到全班同学面前表演，看谁是最棒的。每次可以从下列句子中补充两个新单词。教师可边说边做动作，先让学生明白这句话的意思，然后教师发指令，先全班，再个别学生做动作。经过几次反复练习后，再让学生小组做这个游戏。句子学得越多，这个游戏就越精彩。这样的游戏对学生来说，趣味很足。学生积极性很高，几天下来，他们就能够将那些补充的新单词都牢固地掌握了。在这个过程中，教师也可以引导学生将自己以前学过的新的词汇补充到里边，过一段时间后再重复此游戏，以巩固所学内容。
四、创设情境提高教学效率情境教学是一种有效提高教学效率的教学手段
在教学过程中，根据教学内容和学生认知规律恰当地设置情境，可以使学生觉得新颖有趣，亲切自然。
五、引进竞争机制竞争是激发学习积极性的有效手段，有助于学生学习成绩的提高
因此，要创设合理的竞争机制，运用正确的竞争手段，采用灵活的竞争方式。课堂上引进竞争机制，采取师生竞争、生生竞争（男女竞争和小组竞争）个人竞争或自我竞争，可把听、说、读、写的内容都融于其中，调动学生参与课堂活动，并培养学生的团体合作精神。学生乐于参与，这样就能调动了学生的积极性和自主学习。学生评价中也引进竞争机制，建立一套检查学生记忆单词的制度。新课标要求给予学生以激励性的评价，使学生获得学习英语的自信心。引进竞争机制，调动每个学生的学习激情，积极参与竞争，取得高的评价，从而达到目的。总之，在英语教学中教师要重视词汇教学，注意词汇教学的趣味性和多样化．要让学生善于思考，教师首先要勤于思考，勇于创新。教师要不断改进教学方法，激发学生的学习兴趣和积极性，更新教学观念，注意培养学生的观察、记忆、思维、想象和创造能力，培养学生独立解析、扩展词汇的能力，使学生在初中阶段为今后的英语学习打下坚实的基础。
在研究英语单词记忆方法探究论文时，可以参考以下外文文献：1. Le Ny, F. (2014). Exploring vocabulary learning: A comparison of various approaches. International Journal of English Language Education, 2(1), 87-99.2. Kormos, J., & Csizér, K. (2016). The effectiveness of direct and indirect vocabulary learning tasks: A meta-analysis. Applied Linguistics, 37(5), 631-655.3. Hulstijn, J. H., & Laufer, B. (2001). Some empirical evidence for the involvement load hypothesis in vocabulary acquisition. Language Learning, 51(3), 539-558.4. Robinson, P. (2003). Attention and memory in second language learning: The role of language aptitude. Applied Linguistics, 24(2), 166-195.5. Schmitt, N. (1997). Vocabulary learning strategies. In N. Schmitt & M. McCarthy (Eds.), Vocabulary: Description, Acquisition and Pedagogy (pp. 199-227). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.6. Rott, S., & Lomicka, L. (2013). Vocabulary learning strategies and language learning outcomes. Language Learning, 63(4), 839-867.7. Wenden, A. (1991). Learner strategies for learner autonomy. London: Prentice Hall.8. Nation, I. S. P. (2006). How large a vocabulary is needed for reading and listening? Canadian Modern Language Review, 63(1), 59-82.
英语单词记忆法： 在学习英语的过程中，英语词汇的记忆是非常重要的。词汇作为构建英语知识大厦的基石，应给予特别重视。因此，是否能够巧妙的记忆英语词汇成为一个人能否快捷突破英语的关键。然而，很多学习者在掌握一定数量词汇后，还是不能摆脱"死记硬背"的记忆模式，结果浪费时间，耗费精力，效果也不甚良好。笔者从新的视角出发，阐述英语单词记忆的原则与技巧，以此引导教育工作者加强重视，改进方法，为学子摆脱"机械记忆"的灌输式记忆模式指津。 “概论记忆”是一种心理过程，是从"识记"到"回忆"的过程。而英语单词的记忆又不同于其它知识系统的记忆。受汉语学习习惯的影响，加之忽视规律，缺乏意志力等因素困扰，使广大学习者很难走出"死记硬背"的误区。我们在改进记忆方法之前，一定要使注意力集中，目标明确并激发记忆的兴趣，为征服英语词汇记忆做好准备。 记忆方法举例 英语单词记忆方法众多，最重要的是要遵循原则，找到适合自己的方法。 1、词根词缀记忆法 顾名思义，通过记住词根词缀，并据此推测含此类词根词缀的新词的意思，加以强化记忆。 词根有两种，一种是可以引申出许多同根词的词根，同时它也是一个独立的单词，例如ease作为独立单词，它又是easy，easily，easiness的词根。 另一种是不能独立使用的词根，但它有一个基本意义，在不同的单词中意思大致相同。如：单词mirror（镜子）与 mirage（海市蜃楼），这里的"mir"这个词根相当于"marvellous" "surprising"，是"奇异的，惊奇的"的意思。 2、音形义记忆法 音形义记忆法，主要是从单词的读音、词形、词义入手，遵循联想、对比、归纳等原则进行的汇总记忆法。 3、谐趣记忆法 谐趣记忆法是根据读音、词形、词义的关系，利用诙谐、荒诞的曲解来记忆词汇。 4、感观记忆法 感观记忆法是把耳、口、眼、手调动起来，把听、说、读、写统一起来，达到记忆目的的方法，这样做的好处是沟通大脑皮层各部分之间的联系，减少遗忘。 5、分类记忆法 分类记忆法是按主题，所属范围等条件对词汇进行分门别类汇总，然后综合记忆的方法。我们从医疗，购物外贸等方面归类，也可以按时间、决心、态度等主题进行汇总，然后根据记忆原则记忆。 更多的，详细的可以看看下面的网址，里面有些举例：）
谈谈记忆英语词汇的有效方法论文
众所周知，英语的学习离不开最基本的词汇，就像修建高楼离不开砖、瓦一样，首要条件就是要求掌握一定数量的词汇，当词汇积累到一定量后，再由词构成句，句构成段，段构成篇。然而，在十多年的英语教学过程中，每天和学生最纠结的还是词汇和语言规律的掌握，特别是随着学习的不断深入，需要记住和复习的新旧知识量越来越大，而且随着记忆时间的延长，遗忘也开始产生。有些学生开始觉得记忆词汇越来越没信心，并逐渐放弃了英语学习。因此，如何根据英语词汇的特点和记忆的有关规律，科学系统地安排时间，提高记忆效果，是学好英语的关键。本文就平时的教学心得谈几点自己的看法。
在心理学教育中，将记忆分为识记、保持、回忆等基本过程，人类的记忆是一个信息加工系统，它分为三个记忆阶段：第一阶段是瞬间记忆，也称感觉记忆，它是指外部刺激，经输入系统传到感觉储存器，信息只停留很短时间，只保持一瞬间的`感觉。第二阶段是短时记忆，这时的信息是以知觉或选择性注意的形式出现的，此时，记忆痕迹的特征为：它会随时间而自动消退。第三阶段是长时记忆，这种记忆是在不断地重复的过程中形成的记忆，它储存时间较长，甚至一生都不会忘记。由于学生所具有的个体差异性，记忆力也有区别，除了受先天素质影响外，更重要的是受环境和教育的影响，特别是在教师指导下的教育方法有关。记忆是一个较复杂的过程，它需要我们掌握记忆的特点，通过对记忆材料从形式、结构、意义等多方面的归纳分类，不断强化，把它们牢记在脑子里，头脑里有了牢固的知识，才能灵活确切地加以运用。具体方法为：
一、培养兴趣，激发动机，提倡在理解的基础上记忆
“兴趣是最好的老师”，兴趣的培养在各种学习中都很重要，只有当学生对学习有了兴趣，他们才会主动地去学，认真地去记，发自内心的需要才是真正的需要。教育学原理指出，记忆是以智力为前提的，而智力活动在情绪高涨和全神贯注的情况下，效果最佳。这就要求我们注意激发学生的记忆动机，创造出愉快的学习气氛，消除他们对记忆单词的畏难情绪。有些学生在初次接触新单词时，连读都不会就开始记忆，这样即便当时记住了，但很快就会遗忘。这就是要求学生对词汇的读音要熟悉，意义要弄清楚，理解了词汇的基本情况后，在理解的基础上再记忆，这样效果会好很多。另外，在讲课文、讲故事、唱英语歌、排练英语节目、出英语墙报等时，高频率出现需要学生记住的词汇，让学生们在愉快的气氛中产生自然记忆，并时时告诫学生，记忆词汇，随处都行。与此同时，我们还应注意告诫学生，记忆过程并不是一个独立的过程，它需要结合我们的听、说、读、写，全面配合。
二、听、说、读、写全面配合，多个器官全面协调
英语单词的记忆，其实就是词的音、形、义三者在大脑皮层上建立联系的过程。记单词前，你首先要会读这个词，读会后，关上书还能会读，也就是背着读。先看着读，用眼和嘴，然后背着读，用脑、耳和嘴，然后用手或笔在作业本、桌子写这个单词的字母构成，此时用的是手，把读音和词形结合在一起，达到口、手、眼、耳、脑并用，不仅掌握单词的基本拼写规则，主要词义和附带词义、同音异义的对比、同义词与反义词的对比，而且找出新旧词的内在联系、合成词加前缀或加后缀、同根词和派生词等一系列构词特点，加以感知印象，进而在大脑皮层上留下深刻的痕迹，使瞬间记忆向短时记忆、长时记忆转化。
三、不断重复，增加“再现”，争取达到长时记忆
记得十多年前，我曾问我的老师：“如何记单词才能记得牢？”老师曾告诉我：“要想单词记得牢，只有不断重复”。现在，学生也经常问我这个问题，我会用老师教我的这句话来回答他们，有的学生经常问：“为什么单词记了要忘记？”想过目不忘是不现实的，因为我们所记的内容总是受到干扰，总是在不停地遗忘。记忆过程中，不断重复相关信息就是同遗忘作斗争的过程，为了使再现真正达到防止遗忘、巩固记忆的目的，就必须熟悉这些词汇在教材中的分布情况，并对它们出现的频率进行分类，以便能适时、适量、适度、有序、有效地进行再现。
德国心理学家艾宾浩斯的“遗忘曲线”表明，遗忘的进程是不均衡的，在识记后的最初阶段，遗忘较快，而后逐渐减慢。根据“先快后慢”这一规律，应采取“预防为主、趁热打铁”的措施，进行及时补救，使知识在被遗忘之前得到及时的再现。一般情况下，头一天记下的单词大部分能保持到第二天，如果能在第二天遗忘之前，即第一个遗忘临界点及时进行回忆和复习巩固，又能保持三至四天，如能在第二个遗忘临界点进行巩固，则这次记忆能保持一个星期以上。为此，一定要掌握保持记忆、再现巩固的最佳时期，提高记忆效果。
科学家的研究表明，人的记忆潜力是非常大的，只要我们讲究记忆的科学性，认真了解记忆的特点和基本规律，掌握正确的记忆方法，记忆能力会得到进一步的改善和加强，记忆单词的能力，甚至学习英语的能力将有质的飞跃。
figure和figure out是我和我的学生在写英文论文时常用的词汇，这两者都可以表示"计算"，但是两者在延伸含义和用法上存在着不同，具体如下：
一：含义解释
figure 英 [ˈfɪɡə(r)] 美 [ˈfɪɡjər] n.图形;数字;数字符号 v.是重要部分;是…的部分，推算
figure out 英 [ˈfɪɡə(r) aʊt] 美 [ˈfɪɡjər aʊt] 解决;算出;想出;理解;断定
相同点：两者都可用于表示"计算"。
不同点：figure多指对事物进行计算的结果；figure out 指的是算出,想出,理解的意思。
二：用法区分
“figure”：figure多用于对事物计算的结果，作为名词第三人称单复数同行。
“figure out ”：figure out是动词后接副词的结构，如果宾语是代词，只能放中间。
三：典型例句
1、figure
——It did not figure high on her list of priorities.
这没有列入她最优先考虑办理的事项。
——Last year's sales figures are illustrated in Figure 2.
图2显示了去年的销售数字。
——This year's sales figures go beyond all our expectations.
今年的销售额大大超过我们的预期。
2、figure out
——We can figure out a best solution for the problems.
我们可以想出一个最好的解决问题的方案。
——No one could figure out how he got to be so wealthy.
谁也不知道他怎么会变得如此富有。
——It took them about one month to figure out how to start the equipment
他们花了大约1个月的时间才搞清楚如何启动设备。
For instance/For example,Thus,However,Besides,Indeed,Though/althoughOn top of that,As far as...Even,Obviously,nonetheless,As a result,Likewise,Since,
1.The existence of time delay would deteriorate the performance of system or even be the important source of instability. 时滞的存在可能会破坏系统性能，甚至造成不稳定 2.Time delays are frequently encountered in many fields of science and engineering, and they are often a source of degradation in system performance or instability. 时滞现象频繁出现在许多科学和工程的领域中，并且它通常是导致系统性能下降或不稳定的原因。 3. In both delayed control and delayed measurement, the delay is usually considered undesirable since it has the tendency to deteriorate the system performance or even destabilize the system. 在具有延时的控制和测量中，时滞是不受待见的，因为它具有使系统性能恶化甚至使系统不稳定的趋势。 4. The last decade has shown an increasing research activity on time-delay and/or sampled-data systems analysis and control due to both emerging adapted theoretical tools and also practical issues in the engineering field and information technology (see Sipahi, Niculescu, Abdallah, Michiels, and Gu (2011) and Zhang, Branicky, and Phillips (2001) and references therein). 在过去的十年中，由于出现了新的适应性理论工具以及工程领域和信息技术领域的实际问题，因此在时延和/或采样数据系统分析和控制方面的研究活动不断增加（请参见Sipahi，Niculescu，Abdallah，Michiels ，以及Gu（2011）和Zhang，Branicky和Phillips（2001）以及其中的参考文献）。 5.Recently, there has been rapidly growing interest in the stability of the system with time-varying delays, which has strong background in engineering field , such as a networked control system, see for example [1,2]. 最近，时滞系统的稳定性问题引起了广泛的关注，这在工程领域有很强的背景，如网络控制系统 6.The derived delay-dependent criteria based on the LKF approach are usually expressed in forms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs), whose conservatism is often judged by the upper bound of the time-varying delay.1.The method of Lyapunov-Krasovskii function (LKF) is one of the most popular approaches. In LKF, some useful terms are not ignored but considered, which makes the result much less conservative. LF泛函方法是重要的方法。考虑一些被忽略的项，能够降低保守性1. Delays can cause oscillations or bad performance in a system. This makes it necessary to study stability of time-delayed systems. In addition to stability, for some applications, it may be crucial to determine the convergence rate or the transient decaying rate of system states. 时滞会产生差的系统性能。研究时滞系统是必要的。除了稳定性以外，对于某些应用而言，确定系统状态的收敛速率或瞬态衰减速率可能至关重要。 1. Cross-coupling control idea is widely used to design the synchronization controller, which can be seen in literatures[2–8,11,13–17,20,22]. 交叉控制思想已经广泛被用于设计同步控制器，如文献[2-8] 2. Steel rolling mill control is an example of measurement delay, which is found in Sbarbaro-Hofer [240]. 轧机控制是测量延迟的一个例子，可以在Sbarbaro Hofer[240]中找到。 3. Analysis of the delayed resonator as well as its applications are reported in [216, 217, 63, 125]. [216，217，63，125]对延迟谐振器及其应用进行了的分析。 4. For example, the finite dimensional systems could represent a dynamic controller for a system modeled by a PDE ( see d’Andréa Novel, Boustany, Conrad, and Rao (1994), Krstic (2009) and references therein ). 例如，有限维系统可以代表由PDE建模的系统的动态控制器（请参见d'AndréaNovel，Boustany，Conrad和Rao（1994），Krstic（2009）及其参考）。 5. Instead , a system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) can model a component coupled to a phenomenon described by PDEs as in Daafouz, Tucsnak, and Valein (2014). 相反，如Daafouz，Tucsnak和Valein（2014）所述，常微分方程组（ODE）可以对与PDE描述的现象耦合的组件进行建模。 6. In the past few decades, fruitful results have been obtained for the robust stability of uncertain systems with time-varying delays by using the LKF approach. 过去几十年，时滞不确定系统的鲁棒稳定性已经取得丰硕研究成果，通过使用LKF方法 7.The core idea behind an event-triggered control is that the update of control commands is only executed after the occurrence of an event rather than the lapse of time in a periodic fashion注意：介绍具体的现有研究工作，不是简单的堆叠，需要有层次，逻辑，目的。简单的说，要通过现有的结果，凸显出研究的必要性和重要性。基本上可以采取总—分—总的结构， 总：研究的主要方向，思路，方法 分：针对不同的方向，列举参考文献；注意不应随意列举，要有代表性，并且对文章有所点评，指出不足或优点。这部分的目的仍然是要突出 自己文章的优越性。 总：综上所述，本文研究的目的是为了解决现有文献中的哪些不足 1. The time domain method based on Lyapunov stability theory is abroad exploited . Among some inequality-based stability conditions, the linear matrix inequality (LMI) approach becomes a powerful and popular means to tackle the stability issues of power systems with time-varying delays (see [4], [6], and [9]–[12]). 基于Lyapunov稳定理论的时域方法广泛研究。一些基于不等式的稳定性条件中，线性矩阵不等式的方法是解决具有时变时滞电力系统稳定问题的有效工具 2. To handle the time-varying and random delays, the time domain indirect methods based on Lyapunov stability theory and linear matrix inequality techniques (LMIs) have been proposed as an effective method to obtain approximate value of the delay margin [13]. 为了处理时变时滞和随机时滞，基于Lyapunov稳定理论的时域直接方法和线性矩阵不等式技术已经成为获得时滞裕度近似值的一个有效方法 3. In order to diminish the conservatism for the stability conditions of time-varying delay systems, many approaches were developed. The main efforts have been focused on two aspects: one is the techniques of constructing L–K functional , such as delay-division functional, functional with matrices dependent on the time delays [13], functional including the ones with triple-integral terms [14], and quadratic terms which is multiplied by a higher degree scalar function [15] .The other is the analyzing methods for estimating the derivatives of L–K functionals with respect to time , such as improved majorization technique, free weighting matrix method [16], integral inequality including Jensen inequality [11], Wirtinger inequality [17], auxiliary function-based integral inequality [18], and convex combination ideas incorporating linear convex analysis [19], reciprocal convex technique [20], and quadratic convex approach [21]. 许多方法被用来减少时变时滞系统稳定判据的保守性。主要工作集中在两个方面：一是L-K泛函的构建，如：时滞分割函数，其函数矩阵决于时滞[13]，具有三重积分项的函数[14]，和高阶标量函数相乘的二次项[15]。另一方面是估计L-K泛函时间导数的分析方法，如：改进的专业化技术，自由加权矩阵方法[16]，Jensen不等式[11]，Wirtinger不等式[17]，基于辅助函数的积分不等式[18]以及结合线性凸分析的凸组合思想[19] ，倒凸技术[20]和二次凸方法[21]。 4. The last decade has seen a tremendous emergence of research devoted to the construction of Lyapunov–Krasovskii functionals which aims at reducing the inherent conservatism of this approach. 过去10年中，大量研究致力于构造L-K泛函，旨在减少固有保守性 4.1 Apart the choice of the functional, an important source of conservatism relies also on the way to bound some cross terms arisen when manipulating the derivative of the Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional. 除了泛函的选择，保守性的另一个来源是处理L-K泛函导数时产生的交叉项 1. Zhang et al. [1] have developed chaotic speed synchronization controller for multiple induction motors by using stator flux regulation. xx[1] 利用 定子磁通量调节技术 开发 了 用于 多个感应电动机的混沌速度同步控制器。 2. Starting from a semi-group modeling of the PDEs, the authors of Gahlawat and Peet (2017) construct a very general Lyapunov functional whose parameters are optimized via a sum of square procedure ( see also Ahmadi, Valmorbida, & Papachristodoulou, 2016). 起始于PDEs的半群模型，(2017)中的作者构建了一个非常一般化的Lyapunov 泛函，其参数通过平方和流程优化 1. In combination with a simple choice of Lyapunov–Krasovskii functionals, this inequality leads to new stability criteria for linear time-delay and sampled-data systems. 结合简单选择的Lyapunov–Krasovskii函数，这种不等式能够得到线性时滞和采样数据系统的新稳定性标准。1. 在现有文献中 reported in the literature 2. 近年来/多年 in the last decade 3.研究结果被推广 The result of this study can be generalized for … 4. 本文旨在讨论 It is the aim(intend, purpose) of this paper to discuss (present, describe) 5. 已经得到 have concluded, gained, obtained, yielded, arrived at, generated, acquired, achieved 6. 结果表明 This result(fact, demonstration, illustration, classification, comparison, analyses) gives (shows) 7.公式是基于 The formulas is derived for … according to … 1. Do not hesitate to contact me if I can be of any assistance.
sample 1: 题目: English Vocabulary Learning Strategies (英语词汇学习策略) The mathematicians that study language and have lots of computing power are forming English language databases. These databases can be used for machine language translation, formulas to rank collocation, most used priority word lists, word grouping tendencies and other linguistics research. These frequency-based wordlists contain the words that are most used in English. Frequency-based wordlists can help you target specific English vocabulary by indicating which words you should try to learn first. Vocabulary analysis and summaries from the "Brown Corpus 1990". Table 1 Words - Percent of words in average text 86,741 - 99.99% 43,831 - 99.0% 15,851 - 97.8% 6,000 - 89.9% 5,000 - 88.6% 4,000 - 86.7% 3,000 - 84.0% 2,000 - 79.7% 1,000 - 72.0% 10 - 23.7% Table 1 shows us that in most written English just a few word types account for most of the English words in any text. Ten words account for 23.7 % of the words on any page and just 1000 word families account for more than 70% of the words used. The ESL in Canada English Immersion camps experimented with the 1000 word lists and used them for the core vocabulary for spelling, poetry writing and public speaking contests. The constant reinforcement and repetition with variable context was quickly absorbed by the beginner students and greatly increased their confidence when speaking or writing. Altavista's Babelfish or Google by Systran machine translation performs with an error rate of 20 to 30 percent. The large error rate is due to how a word's meaning varies with context. One example: "The spirit is willing but the flesh is weak" translated from English to Russian and back again only to yield "The vodka is good but the meat is rotten." So far Babelfish has 19 language pairs available and it has taken decades to develop language-pair rules for each of the 9,900 language word pairs. Some observations for language students and language teachers is the translation pool for just average translations is 9900 words. The big variable is context, which means that a word can be used in various formats: "formal, industry specific jargon, slang, idioms, act a different part of speech performing a different function within that particular meaning. If every word has an average of five context variables then the student really has to learn 50,000 items. As final conclusions: second language learning takes time and effort and there should be plenty of translation jobs for the next 20 years if you are willing to invest the seven to nine years to be proficient. In the following example the word "weather" can be used in about eight different contexts and be used to mean, define or explain about thirty different situations or conditions. To properly study vocabulary students require background information and context. "Weather" As a Noun Definition 1. the state of the atmosphere at a particular place and time as characterized by sunshine, moisture, temperature, precipitation, and other variables. Similar Words: elements, climate Definition 2. unpleasant, turbulent, or violent atmospheric conditions. Example: We needed shelter from the weather. Similar Words: gale, elements, blow, windstorm , storm As a Transitive Verb Inflected Forms: weathered, weathering, weathers Definition 1. to dry, season, or modify by exposing to weather. Similar Words: season , dry Definition 2. to discolor, deteriorate, or harm by exposing to weather. Similar Words wash , rot , erode, deteriorate Definition 3. to endure past the end of; survive. Example Their marriage weathered the hard times. Synonyms: withstand , survive, stand, outlast , endure , ride out Similar Words: overcome, surmount, outlive, sustain, brave As an Intransitive Verb Definition 1. to resist deterioration when exposed to weather. Example: The colour has been able to weather the intense sun shine. Definition 2. to display the effects of exposure (deterioration or change in color) Similar Words: rot, corrode, fade, deteriorate As part of Idiomatic Expressions Phrase used as an idiom: "under the weather" = sick or not well sample 2: 题目: Using the keyword method to learn vocabulary(重点记忆学习法) The keyword mnemonic is undoubtedly an effective means of learning the words of a foreign language How well you remember depends on how well you learned them, not on whether you have learned the words using a keyword mnemonic or rote repetition or some other method Even using a keyword mnemonic, you still need to rehearse the information to be learned The keyword mnemonic is not always the best method of learning particular words Skilled learners may be best to use the keyword mnemonic selectively, for particularly difficult words The keyword mnemonic requires individual instruction and practice, to use effectively Using a verbal (sentence) link is at least as effective as an image, and is easier for many people Whether using a sentence or an image, the critical factor is that the keyword interact with the definition or own-language word. sample 3: 题目: experience of learning vocabulary and grammar (英语词汇及语法的学习经验) I could say what I’ve been instructed is a focus on deductive ways. In junior high school, my teacher listed out the key rules of each lesson and would did the fill-in the blank exercise in the class. Since I was not a quick thinker, what I could do was merely imitate the examples given by the teacher. This meant that I didn’t know “why” I was supposed to make a sentence in this way. When days went to high school, the mode of instruction didn’t change much. The teacher would point out the crucial rules as well, but he didn’t do much practice in class. In the scope of vocabulary teaching, he just read through the words and sample sentences. You must be curious about how I could last my interest in learning English under this way of instruction? I think what prompt me to keep on learning is owing to my highly motivated attitude. Because I like the language and its culture, I’ll do my best to learn it well through self-study. Though the inspiration from teachers is essential in some ways, the attitude of learners will be the momentum to maintain a lifelong learning. I don’t like the ways I’ve been taught because I learn the rules by rote-learning. Actually, I didn’t object the use of rote-learning. But, it should be under the condition of meaningful practice so that I know “why” the rules are supposed to be used in this way. As for the ways how I will teach in the future, I’m still struggling to explore my answers. No matter what, I will put much emphasis on learner-centered aspects and inductive teaching.
太多啦，最简单的就是英汉词汇对比啊，同一个词或同一类词在英语和汉语中的意思是有区别的，比如数词，颜色词，动物词，等等；也可以写词汇教学，比如中小学如何教授词汇的方法；比较难的是词汇构成，那个比较抽象。
初中英语词汇教学研究论文
摘要：
词汇教学是初中英语的重要部分，是学生学好英语的基础。但是往往有很多学生因为各种原因，在词汇的学习中遇到很多障碍，难以激发兴趣，导致教学效率不高。因此，教师在教学过程中要采用各种教学手段，激发学生学习兴趣，调动学生的学习积极性，提高教学效率。
关键词：
初中英语；词汇教学；教学手段
要掌握一门语言，词汇是最基本的要素。人们的活动、交流等也是通过由词汇构成的语句来实现的，因此，掌握不了一定数量的词汇，是没有办法学好语言的。由此可见，词汇在英语教学中有阵非常重要的作用。在这里，笔者谈几点自己在英语词汇教学中的方法。
一、直观教学法直观教学方法就是用一些实物、图片等展开的教学手段
如在学习“chair”这个单词时，我一边指着前排一位学生坐的椅子，我先是自问自答，等学生都熟悉了以后，我再提问。通过这样反复训练，学生不仅掌握了“chair”这个单词的性质，单数复数，而且还在相互提问的过程中能够熟练地运用。总之，直观法教学既形象生动，又情趣浓厚，不但能营造和谐的.教学氛围，还能提高教学效率。
二、构词法英语中很多词汇之间都有密切的关系，在构词上有很对规律可言因
因此，教师在教学的过程中可以针对这些构词上的规律让学生学习词汇，也可以举出一些相关的词汇引导学生自己去总结、发现。这样的方法学生不仅学习得快，而且还培养了他们的能力。如学习care这个单词时，可利用构词法引申出beauty—beautiful—beautifully—beautify，这既可以减轻学生的记忆负担，同时也学习了词汇构成的知识。
三、在“游戏”中学词汇游戏是学生喜闻乐见的一种教学形式，能够在一定程度上激发学生的学习兴趣，有效提高教学效率
课堂上做游戏可帮助学生在轻松有趣的活动中掌握一些较难掌握的词汇。例如，在学习了身体部位名称后，可做Pollysays游戏。先四人小组做这个游戏，再让各小组中做得最好的学生到全班同学面前表演，看谁是最棒的。每次可以从下列句子中补充两个新单词。教师可边说边做动作，先让学生明白这句话的意思，然后教师发指令，先全班，再个别学生做动作。经过几次反复练习后，再让学生小组做这个游戏。句子学得越多，这个游戏就越精彩。这样的游戏对学生来说，趣味很足。学生积极性很高，几天下来，他们就能够将那些补充的新单词都牢固地掌握了。在这个过程中，教师也可以引导学生将自己以前学过的新的词汇补充到里边，过一段时间后再重复此游戏，以巩固所学内容。
四、创设情境提高教学效率情境教学是一种有效提高教学效率的教学手段
在教学过程中，根据教学内容和学生认知规律恰当地设置情境，可以使学生觉得新颖有趣，亲切自然。
五、引进竞争机制竞争是激发学习积极性的有效手段，有助于学生学习成绩的提高
因此，要创设合理的竞争机制，运用正确的竞争手段，采用灵活的竞争方式。课堂上引进竞争机制，采取师生竞争、生生竞争（男女竞争和小组竞争）个人竞争或自我竞争，可把听、说、读、写的内容都融于其中，调动学生参与课堂活动，并培养学生的团体合作精神。学生乐于参与，这样就能调动了学生的积极性和自主学习。学生评价中也引进竞争机制，建立一套检查学生记忆单词的制度。新课标要求给予学生以激励性的评价，使学生获得学习英语的自信心。引进竞争机制，调动每个学生的学习激情，积极参与竞争，取得高的评价，从而达到目的。总之，在英语教学中教师要重视词汇教学，注意词汇教学的趣味性和多样化．要让学生善于思考，教师首先要勤于思考，勇于创新。教师要不断改进教学方法，激发学生的学习兴趣和积极性，更新教学观念，注意培养学生的观察、记忆、思维、想象和创造能力，培养学生独立解析、扩展词汇的能力，使学生在初中阶段为今后的英语学习打下坚实的基础。
图式理论在初中英语词汇教学的应用论文
摘要 ：本文针对图式理论及其在初中英语词汇教学中的运用展开论述，并分析图式理论对于初中英语词汇教学的价值，尝试从语音、内容、形式三个图式着手，分析图式理论在初中英语词汇教学中的运用策略，试图为初中英语词汇教学的创新教学提供一定的参考与借鉴。关键词：图式理论初中英语词汇教学作者简介：陈融，哈尔滨师范大学，硕士，研究方向：二语习得。浅谈图式理论在初中英语词汇教学中的应用陈融（哈尔滨师范大学黑龙江哈尔滨150000）摘要：本文针对图式理论及其在初中英语词汇教学中的运用展开论述，并分析图式理论对于初中英语词汇教学的价值，尝试从语音、内容、形式三个图式着手，分析图式理论在初中英语词汇教学中的运用策略，试图为初中英语词汇教学的创新教学提供一定的参考与借鉴。
关键词 ：图式理论；初中英语；词汇教学
一、图式理论对初中英语词汇教学的意义
《义务教育英语课程标准》针对语言技能的运用有明确规定，指出学生要实现听、说、读、写的全面运用。但是，在语言学科的学习过程中，词汇学习是实现听、说、读、写的前提与基础，它是语言知识的核心组成，同时也是语言技能全面发展的基础。D.A.Wilkins(1972)曾说过：如若语法不存在，人们的很多内心想法将无法被表达，但是，如果词汇不存在，人们的所有内心想法都将无法表达。由此我们可以看出，词汇是语言的核心组成部分，在英语教学实施的过程中，它的作用举足轻重，不可轻视。《义务教育英语课程标准》中针对英语词汇积累有明确的规定，指出，在九年级学习完成之后，学生要熟练运用1500～1600个单词，同时要掌握200～300个习惯用语。虽然如此，在实践操作的过程中，这一点却并未切实达到，英语词汇长期以来都是教学的重难点，初中生在学习、背记词汇时缺乏必要的动力，词汇量的掌握还有待大幅度提升，词汇量已经成为学生听、说、读、写技能全面提升的一个重要的阻碍。学生在记英语词汇时，其采取的记忆模式仍然是以机械式记忆为主要途径，而还有很大一部分学生虽然记住了单词，却根本不会正确地使用，在词汇的学习过程中整体效率不高，学习效果欠佳。当前，初中英语教学一直在寻求创新之路，教学模式也在不断发生着改变，教师逐渐开始不再是课堂的主体，以学生为主导的教学模式不断被普及，但是，词汇教学的整体效率依然较低，没有从根本上解决这一问题，学生的独立思考能力培养以及合作能力提升还有待进一步加强。基于此，新的词汇教学模式亟待被研究、被探索。以图式理论为基础的初中英语词汇教学在学术界受到了较高的认可，运用该教学模式可以有效提升学生记忆单词的效率，提升学生的词汇量。
二、图式理论在初中英语词汇教学中的应用
图式最早是认知心理学的专业词汇，德国哲学家ImmanuelKant率先提出“图式”理论。他的观点指出，新信息、新思想的不断发展之下，只有确保信息可以与自己已知信息存在关联，才能确保其真正的意义。图式是人们在思考与解决问题的过程中必然会使用的信息，它也是人们认知的前提，全球范围内的语言学家对图式展开了分类，目前尚未形成统一的意见，其中鲁梅尔哈特所提出的分类是目前接受度最高的，他指出，图式可划分为语言图式、内容图式、形式图式三种。（1）构建语言图式。在三种图式中，语言图式是其他两种图式的前提与基础，在英语词汇教学中起着至关重要的作用。语言图式中包含了语音、词汇以及语法等语言知识，假如不存在语言图式的引导，在学习的过程中，学生将无法良好地理解英语中的'字母、词汇以及句型，他们也无法将自己脑内已知的模式图式信息调动出来，所以，他对于语言的获取方面的涉及内容非常之少。举例而言，在初中英语词汇教学活动开展的过程中，老师首先可以对字母及其搭配组合的发音规律展开一定的讲解与说明，随后，借助于大量的案例分析的形式，对不同的单词展开多方面的对比与分析，从而让学生习惯运用字母拼读发音规律的形式来学习新单词。举例而言，knee，knight，knit，know几个单词之中，其字母k属于不发音字母，因此，我们可以针对于此进行总结：k在n前的情况之下，它通常是不发音的。当学习knife的时候，我们还可以将与之读音相近的单词进行对比分析，比如knee，从而让学生借助于图式了解“字母k在n前的情形之下通常不发音”的规则。在此教学情境之下，学生们也会加深对knee这个单词的印象，与此同时，knife同样会在其原有图式中列入。在学生头脑里所存在的这些单词具有其相应的拼读规则，而词汇量不断扩大的过程中，这些便形成了语音图式。同时，在词汇量不断增多的情形之下，学生的语音图示也会越来越庞大。学生在记忆单词以及学习其他语言相关知识的时候也更加简单。（2）构建内容图式。内容图式是指研究主题的背景知识、世界知识，它可以帮助人们更好地理解语言。在英语教学过程中，我们常会发现，人们虽然学会了某个单词，会背、会写、会翻译，却不会用，在不同的语境中看到这一单词，人们认识，却并不理解它在此处的具体含义，更枉论运用这个单词来表达自己内心的情感与观点。学生没有形成内容图式便是导致这一结果的一个重要的原因，学生无法将词汇中所蕴含的信息与其所学知识进行关联。例如“Catshidetheirclaws.”这句话很多学生的翻译都不够准确，甚至无从下手，这就是由于学生们缺乏文化背景知识的原因所导致的。“猫藏住它们的爪子”只是其字单词，而学生如果再次在其他地方看到与之相同的前缀，便会直接激活相关图式。再以in这一前缀为例，学生如果把握了其图式，便可以更好地学习、掌握这一前缀之下的单词。由此我们可知，构建词根、词缀图式对于学生词汇量的扩充、单词的记忆等都有重要的帮助。
三、结语
综上所述，英语词汇教学是英语学习的基础，是学生切实提升听、说、读、写技能的重要支撑，图式理论是当代推行的一种新型英语教学模式，将其在英语词汇教学中合理地运用，能够有效地提升当代英语词汇教学的效率，提升学生的记忆能力，有效扩大学生的词汇量。从而全面提升英语教学效果，提升英语教学效率，让学生更好地把握英语词汇，进而全面提升其听、说、读、写技能。
参考文献：
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