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翻译论文属于实践性。根据查询相关资料显示，翻译论文在论文选题必须是作者本人在科学探索活动中发现的，支持主要观点的论据必须是作者通过观察、考察、实验等研究手段亲自获得的，有实践依据。论文指进行各个学术领域的研究和描述学术研究成果的文章。
除了摘要外的全部。让自己的论文更具针对性、更具时效性，这样可以帮助自己在各方面尽快发表论文。其实我们对职称论文的写作、格式、篇幅等一定要熟知，只有掌握了相关的技巧，才有可能在投递论文的时候得心应手，如果时间紧迫，也可以尝试着投递到正规期刊上的。目前，在国内的中文核心期刊目录里，大多数的期刊都会列出目录清单并举办一定的会议或文章，比较受阅者青睐。期刊目录一般是由某研究机构或大学图书馆聘请专家，组成专门委员会进行考察认定。此期刊排名也非常靠前，而且这种排名基本上是与期刊在一段时期内发生变动，比如20世纪80年代开始的时候，美国《化学文摘》将它归属于《工程索引》。
翻译实践报告必须首译。因为外国语学院举办mti培养质量系列讲座显示：要特别注意选文的版权问题，一定要与原作者进行沟通，确定自己...
你好，游记翻译实践报告，应该不是期刊
英语专业论文选题可分为以下几个学科方向
英语是全球化时代绝大多数国际型活动的首选工作语言。作为公认的使用最普遍的国际通用语言或全球通用语，英语被广泛地运用于会议、期刊和图书出版、新闻传播等方面。以下是我精心整理的英语专业论文选题可分为以下几个学科方向，仅供参考，大家一起来看看吧。
一、 语言学(语言学一般理论的研究);
二、 英美文学(英美文学的文化研究、作品分析等);
三、 翻译学(翻译理论与实践探讨、译本研究以及名家名著翻译作品对比研究等);
四、 英美文化(英美加澳新等西方国家文化以及与汉文化的比较研究);
五、 教学法(英语教学法、测试学等方面的研究)。
英语专业毕业论文什么题目最好写?
作为英专毕业学姐，我认为翻译实践报告最好写，因为翻译一篇文章的论文只需要自己好好翻就行，不需要出门做实践调查问卷。
附：英语专业论文参考选题(Suggested Topics of Graduation Papers for English Majors)
1. A Brief Analysis of the Heroine Personality in Jane Eyre 《简爱》的主人翁个性分析
2. A Brief Comment on O’Henry Short Stories 亨利的短篇小说述评
3. A Comment on Hardy’s Fatalism 评哈代的宿命论
4. A Comparison between the Themes of Pilgrimage to the West and Pilgrim’s Progress 《西游记》与《天路历程》主题的比较
5. A Probe into the Feminist Idea of Jane Eyre 《简爱》男女平等思想的探索
6. A Study of Native American Literature 美国本土文学的研究
7. A Study of Student-Centered English Vocabulary Teaching 以学生为中心的英语词汇教学
8. A Study of the Translation of Sports Terms 体育专有名词的翻译
9. A Study of Transitional Words and Expressions 过渡词及表达法的研究
10. About the Breaking of American Dream from the Great Gatsby 从《了不起的盖茨比》看美国梦的破碎
11. About the Quality-oriented Education in English Language Teaching 英语教学中的素质教育
12. About Transform of Parts of Speech in Translation 论翻译中词性的转换
13. Application of English Idioms in Daily Life 英语习语在日常生活中的运用
14. Body Language Difference in Meaning in Cross-cultural Communication 体态语在跨文化交际中的意义差异
15. Characterization in Charles Dickens’ Novels 狄更斯小说中的人物塑造
16. Choice of Correct Words in Translation在翻译中如何准确选词
17. Comment on Bernard Shaw’s Dramatic Art 评肖伯纳的戏剧艺术
18. Comparing First and Second Language Acquisitions 二语习得与母语的比较研究
19. Cross-culture Failures by Chinese learners of English中国英语学习者跨文化交际中的误区
20. Cultural Differences and Idiomatic Expressions in Translation 论翻译中的文化差异及习惯表达法
21. Cultural Factors and Limitations in Translation 翻译的文化因素局限性
22. Developing Students’ Cultural Awareness through Foreign Language Teaching 通过外语教学培养学生的文化意识
23. Dialectics in Translation 翻译中的辩证法
24. Differences between Audio-lingual Method and Functional Approach 听说法与交际法的区别
25. Effects of Learner’s Motivation in Foreign Language Learning 外语学习中学习动机的影响
26. English Classroom Teaching: Teacher-dominant or Student-centered 英语课堂教学——教师主宰还是学生中心
27. Error Analysis in English Learning as a Foreign Language 英语学习中的错误分析研究
28. Euphemistic Expressions in Foreign Affairs 外事用语中的委婉表达
29. Features of Network English 网络英语的特点
30. Food Culture in America and China 中美饮食文化比较
31. How to Appreciate English Prose: Traditional and Modern Ways 如何欣赏英语散文——传统与现代方法比较
32. Humor and Satire in Pride and Prejudice 《傲慢与偏见》的幽默与讽刺
33. Influence of Mark Twain’s Works in China 马克吐温的`作品在中国的影响
34. Influence of Science and Technology on English Vocabulary 科学技术对英语词汇的影响
35. Information Theory and Translation 信息论与翻译
36. Inter-Translation of English and Chinese Proverbs 英汉谚语的互译
37. Jane Austen and the Heroine in Pride and Prejudice 简奥丝丁和《傲慢与偏见》的女主人
38. Lexical Gaps in Chinese and English Inter-Translation 英汉互译的词义差异
39. Linguistic Features of Abraham Lincoln’s Addresses 论林肯演说词的语言特征
40. Linguistic Features of Business Contracts 商务合同的语言特征
41. Linguistic Features of English Advertisements 英语广告的语言特征
42. Linguistic Taboos in Chinese and English Languages 谈汉英语言中的禁忌现象
43. Logical Fallacies in English Writing 英文写作中的逻辑谬误
44. Metaphoric Expressions in Poem … 论《…》诗中的暗喻
45. Methods and Procedures in Language Teaching 语言教学的方法及过程
46. Needs Analysis of Language Learners 语言学习者的需求分析
47. On Attitudes and Motivation in Second Language Learning 论第二语言学习的态度及动机
48. On Charles Dickens Style in … 论狄更斯的《…》中的语言风格
49. On T.S. Eliot’s Mythological Consciousness 论艾略特的神话意识
50. On Teacher-Learner Classroom Communication 论教师与学生之间的课堂交流
51. On the Character of Shylock in The Merchant of Venice 论《威尼斯商人》中的人物夏洛克
52. On the Criteria of Translation 议翻译标准
53. On the Development of Jane Eyre’s Character 论简爱的性格发展
54. On the Feasibility of Communicative Approach in China 谈交际法在中国的可行性
55. On the Functions of Ambiguity in English 论英语歧义的功能
56. On the Humour of Mark Twain 马克吐温的幽默观
57. On the Importance of Translation Theory 翻译理论的重要性
58. On the Learning Strategy of English as a Foreign language 谈英语的学习策略
59. On the Linguistic Features of the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 《哈克贝利费恩历险记》的语言特点
60. On the Poetry of Robert Frost (1874-1963) 评议弗罗斯特的诗歌
61. On the Poetry of William Wordsworth (1770-1885) 评议沃兹沃斯的诗歌
62. On the Principles for Translation 浅议翻译原则
63. On the Relations of Basic Language Skills 基本语言技能的关系
64. On the Similarities and Differences of the Speeches by Elder and Younger Bush 论老布什、小布什语言风格的异同
65. On the Style of Withering Heights 《呼啸山庄》的文体分析
66. On the Tragedy of Loman’s Family in Death of A Salesman 《推销员之死》中罗曼一家的悲剧
67. On the Vividness and Images in Poem … 论《…》诗文的生动性与比喻
68. On the Words and Expressions Belittling the Female 蔑视女性的词汇和表达法
69. On the Writing / Translation of Foreign Trade Contracts 论涉外经济合同写作/翻译
70. On Translation of Computer Terms 论计算机的术语翻译
71. On Translation of Tourist Guide 论旅游指南的翻译
72. On Translation of Trade Names and Names of Export Commodities 论商标、出口商品名称的翻译
73. On Winston Churchill’s Prose Writing 评邱吉尔的散文写作
74. Parallelism in English英语中的排比现象
75. Personality Factors to the Success of Foreign Language Learning 个性因素在外语学习中的作用
76. Points of View and the Mode of Discourse in Vanity Fair 论《名利场》的观点及言语方式
77. Politeness and Indirect Speech Acts 礼貌与间接言语行为
78. Pragmatic Failures in the Cross-cultural Communication 跨文化交际中的语用失误
79. Professional Skills for Foreign Language Teachers in Chinese Middle Schools 中国中学外语教师的专业技能
80. Relations of Speed and Understandability in Reading Comprehension 阅读理解中速度与理解性之间的关系
81. Relationship between … Theory and Language Research 论…理论与语言研究的关系
82. Relationship of Age to SLA (Second Language Acquisition) 论年龄与第二语言习得的关系
83. Rhetorical and Narrative Devices in A Farewell to Arms 《永别了，武器》的修辞与描写手法
84. Scarlet and Black in The Scarlet Letter 《红字》中的红与黑
85. Semantic Analysis of Nominalisation in EST 科技英语名词化语义分析
86. Sex Differentiation and Sexism in English Language 论英语中的性别现象及性别歧视
87. Similarities and Dissimilarities of British and American Englishes论英式英语和美式英语的异同
88. Social Context in the Foreign Language Teaching and Learning 外语教学中的社会语境
89. Study of “Hemingway Style” 论“海明威风格”
90. Symbolism in Idiomatic Expressions 论习语中的象征手法
91. Syntactical Features of Business English 谈商务英语写作的句法特征
92. Syntax in John Milton’s Paradise Lost 弥尔顿的《失乐园》的句法探讨
93. Techniques of Theme Production in Wuthering Heights 《呼啸山庄》主题的表现手法
94. The Application of Communicative Approach Techniques in Modern Foreign Language Teaching and Learning 交际法的教学手段在现代外语教学中的运用
95. The Characteristics of Computer Language Vocabulary 计算机语言词汇的特点
96. The Cognitive and Affective Factors in Task-based English Teaching英语任务型教学中的认知和情感因素
97. The E/C Translation of Metaphors 暗喻的英汉翻译
98. The Function of Grammar in English Study 英语学习中语法的功能
99. The Influence of L1 on the Learning of a Foreign Language 母语对外语学习的影响
100. The Influence of Wars on American Literature 战争对美国文学的影响
101. The Linguistic Charms of the Adventures of Tom Sawyer 《汤姆索亚历险记》的语言魅力
102. The Negation in Translation 论正说反译和反说正译
103. The Role of Grammatical Rules in English Language Learning 语法规则在英语学习中的地位
104. The Significance of Communicative Competence in Foreign Language Testing 外语测试中交际能力的重要性
105. The Theory of “Dynamic Equivalence” and its Application in E/C Translation 等效翻译理论及其在英汉翻译中的应用
106. The Translation of Proper Names 专有名词的翻译
107. The Understanding and Translation of Attributive Clause 定语从句的理解与翻译
108. The Use of Nouns in English 英语中名词的使用
109. The Ways of Expressing Emphatic Ideas in English 英语中强调语气的表达方式
110. Thomas Hardy and his Tess of the D’Urbervilles 哈代和他的《苔丝》
111. Translation of Rhetoric Devices in EST (English for Science and Technology) 论科技英语中修辞格的翻译方法
112. Translation Techniques of Idioms and Slangs 成语、俚语的翻译技巧
113. Translation Techniques of Proverbs, Loanwords and Colloquialisms 谚语、外来语和俗语的翻译技巧
日语翻译毕业论文范文一、论文说明本团队专注于毕业论文写作与辅导服务，擅长案例分析、编程仿真、图表绘制、理论分析等，论文写作300起，具体价格信息联系二、论文参考题目《我是猫》中的日语被动式表达与翻译思路：在日语学习中，日语被动句一直是一个难点。迄今为止，国内众多的日语学者和专家，从日语研究和学习的角度出发，多次发表了系统探讨和分析日语被动句的论述文章，为母语是汉语的日语学习者更好的掌握日语被动句起到了很好的借鉴作用。而翻译作为交流过程中沟通不同语言的桥梁，是用语言再创作的艺术，涉及两种或以上截然不同的语言、文字，通过对。第 1 页题目：日语连体修饰汉译问题思路：本论文是关于日语连体修饰节和被修饰名词(在本文中将其表示为“V连+N”的形式)与其翻译后形成的中文译文在句子结构上的对比研究。在日常学习中,人们一般容易认为日语中的“V连+N”和中文的“定语+体词性中心语”之间应该存在着强烈的对应关系,事实上日语的“V连+N”与其翻译后形成的中文句子在结构上不对应的句子为数不少。这些复。题目：日语长句的汉译技巧展开全文App内免费读全文前往文库APP签到领畅读卡，免费读日语翻译毕业论文...全文限免导长图转存到网盘发送至微信下载文档版权说明：本文档由用户提供并上传，收益专属归内容提供方，若内容存在侵权，请进行举报或认领第 2 页为您精选日语
可以。毕业论文翻译实践报告是可以用机翻的，但是翻译过后需要自己检查改正一下，以免有错误。毕业论文（graduation study）是专科及以上学历教育为对本专业学生集中进行科学研究训练而要求学生在毕业前撰写的论文。毕业论文一般安排在修业的最后一学年（学期）进行，论文题目由教师指定或由学生提出，学生选定课题后进行研究，撰写并提交论文，目的在于培养学生的科学研究能力，加强综合运用所学知识、理论和技能解决实际问题的训练，从总体上考查学生大学阶段学习所达到的学业水平。
翻译专业开题报告
开题报告是毕业论文答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的一个重要依据材料。下面是我为大家收集整理的翻译专业开题报告，欢迎阅读。
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
1.I have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
2.I have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
3.I have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
4.I have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
5.I have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
6.My instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
选题的原因、基本内容：
英语成语(idiom)是英语的核心与精华。其内容丰富，寓意深刻，具有浓厚的感情色彩。如果能在文章、谈话或对外交往中，恰当地加以运用，会大大增加语言的表达能力，收到良好的效果。英语谚语是英语语言的'精华，是英国艺术宝库的瑰丽明珠。英语谚语的句式特点是句式简单，语言精炼，富于形象比喻，充满浓郁的民族色彩。学习和研究英语谚语有助于启迪思想，开拓视野，了解英国的历史文化、风土人情，以及英国人民的人生哲理，同时还可以学到生动活泼的大众语言。
本文通过比较英汉成语及谚语这两种语言的相似及不同之处，详细的介绍英语成语及谚语。第一部分主要从内容和形式两方面谈谈英语成语及谚语的基本特色;第二部分谈及英语成语及谚语的一般翻译方法和翻译时应该注意的一些问题。
相关资料收集情况：
陈亚光。小议英谚语和成语的创新。上海外国语学院学报，1983。
黄粉保。英汉成语翻译漫谈。云梦学刊，1999/2
顾雪梁。语成语英译探索。广州师范学院学报，1993/2。
张培基，喻云根，李宗杰，彭谟禹。《英汉翻译教程》。北京：中国外语教育出版社，xx/8
杨永和。英语谚语的修辞特点研究。重庆工学院学报,xx/3。
论文提纲：
thesis statemen：this essay discourse the features and translation of english
idioms and proverbs. and from the society culture to find out the basic different between chinese.
outline
ⅰ. introduction: for chinese students, english idioms and proverbs is a stumbling block. so the characteristics and translation of idioms and proverbs should be studied.
ⅱ. the characteristics of english idioms and proverbs
a. the characteristics of english idioms
1. simple but rich
2. harmonious phonology
3. vivid metaphor
b. the characteristics of english proverb
1. concise and clear
2. symmetrical sentence pattern
3. rich and varied rhetoric
ⅲ. the translation of english idioms and proverbs
a. the theories of translation
1. literal translation
2. free translation
3. mechanical application of the synonym chinese proverb
4. literal translation and free translation
b. the points of translation
1. the literal translation of proverbs prohibited
2. the translation of proverbs to keep the original text style
3. the translation of proverbs to notice the national characteristic
4. the translation of proverbs to notice the artistic characteristic
ⅳ. conclusion
指导教师意见：
指导教师签名：
年 月 日
翻译学论文开题报告
开题报告是提高选题质量和水平的`重要环节。下面是我为大家整理的一篇以《目的论在英汉广告翻译上的应用》为例的语言学硕士论文开题报告，供参考阅读，希望对您有所帮助。
1、选题意义和背景
The progress of economic globalization has greatly hit the social life.
Advertising has become an important way of modern marketing and has attractedmerchants and the company. As people's consciousness worldwide enhances, manyproducts and services of advertising will be translated into other languages forpromotion to explore overseas markets. Advertising, as an effective way ofdisseminating brand information, has penetrated into many aspects of social life, andit plays a bridge role in connection and communication. Since China's accession tothe WTO, its connection with the world gets even closer. More and moreinternational enterprises and product brands come into China's huge market.
Translation of products and services for overseas consumers is not only the functionof promoting consumption, but also the effect of external publicity. In the globalmarket, advertising translation not only brings an opportunity for advertising, butalso has brings the huge challenge. Therefore, mastery of both Chinese and Englishadvertising translation is particularly important.
Skopos theory is the foundation and the core theory of functionalism. Skopostheory holds that the process of the whole translation behavior is determined to thepurpose of translation action, that is, the end justifies the means. The purpose of thetranslation behavior is the core element which determines the translation process.
Advertising translation has a strong purpose. What is more important toadvertising translation is whether translation can convey the purpose of source textand achieve the anticipated target of the source text, so as to attract the attention offoreign customers to induce their consumption desire, eventually to incur purchasebehavior.
2、论文综述/研究基础
1 Advertising Translation Studies in the West.
Advertising translation was mentioned in translation studies for the first time inHurbin's (1972) article “Peut-on traduire la langue de la publicé” (Can OneTranslate the Language of Advertising?)。 At that time, linguistics was the dominanthumanistic discipline, meanwhile, linguistics made translating a code-switchingoperation. Equivalence-based linguistic approaches mainly focus on the source text.
Hurhin argued that for one source text, there are several translations, and thetranslators chose which translation is the most appropriate one. Hurbin also pointedthat if glossaries of advertising language is compiled, this was made easier. So thetranslators will be easy to find the most appropriate equivalent expressions betweenthe source and the target text.
In Candace Seguinot's (1995) article “Translation and Advertising: GoingGlobal in Cultural Functions of Translation”. The main opinion of which is thatacross cultural boundaries, there is an understanding of culture and semioticsappearing in the marketing of goods and services. It goes well beyond both languageand design.
Another representative article “Advertising: a five-stage strategy for translationin Translation” as Intercultural Communication which is edited by C. Nord et al. Thearticle is published by Smith & Klein-Braley (1997)。 In this article, they conduct acontrastive analysis of English and German advertising. Then they developedtaxonomy of strategies for the analysis of advertising translation.
Up to now, the book which maybe the only one published exclusively onadvertisement translation is Translation Practices in International Advertisingwritten by Mathieu Guidere (2001)。 This book mainly talks about various aspects ofadvertising translation in international market and mainly concerns the globaladvertising of multinational companies, because they need to translate their productsinformation into other languages. The author analyzes some examples in advertisingtranslation and he shows readers some essential problems in current translation ideas.
This book introduced the strategies of translation which are implemented by the multinational firms to break into new markets.
2 Advertising Translation Studies in China.
Domestic advertising translation studies officially started in 1990s. In terms ofresearch contents, the initial studies mainly focused on the discussion about specificadvertising translation of idioms and the existing problems in Chinese-Englishadvertising translation. That was the primary stage. Years later, advertisingtranslation principle and criteria became the research themes. People hold the viewthat, advertising translation should give attention to in many aspects, such as text,language beauty, consumer psychology. Researchers illustrated their respectivepoints of view from different angles. Since the late 90s, although the discussion oftranslation principle and criteria were still mentioned, the researchers' attention weregradually focused on translation of difficult parts in advertising, such as therhetorical devices, emotional transmission, brand image and trademark reproduction ,etc. In terms of research methods, domestic advertising translation study mainly usesthe inductive method and the case study. Nevertheless, in recent years, researchersbegin to use the theory achievements of pragmatics and other related disciplines toanalyze different kinds of problems in advertising translation, and then put forwardsome translation strategies.
As early as xx, Li Fan proposed the development of the advertising languageposed a severe challenge to advertising translation. The artful advertisings require thetranslator to break hard the tradition of the original, boldly innovate, and improve thequality of translation. There are three reasons for flexible advertising translation: 1)the purpose of advertising is to induce consumer to purchase products. Text is justmeans, so translations do not have to stick to the text equivalent; 2) the feature ofadvertising language is vivid, which is the essence of advertising language. If thetranslation is not bold to change, there will be no magic translation; 3) formulaicexpressions are common use in advertising, if not alternative, it may be translatedinto foreign stereotyped writing (黎凡 xx:29-31)。 At the same time, researchersthought in terms of some specific advertisements, flexible translation seems to be theonly way, especially in the four kinds of advertising: 1) advertising used of witty and polished words; 2) advertising used of brand name; 3) advertising used of puns; 4)advertising with strong national culture color.
In order to achieve concise expression, attract more readers' attention, facilitatereaders recognize and remember, advertising writing should follow the KISSprinciple, namely, “keep it short and sweet” (郭可 1992:57-64)。 A great number ofstudies on advertising translation are associated with concise problem. Ding Shude isdedicated to his studies. He holds that: 1) Chinese advertising often uses modifiers toemphasis, product characteristics, while English advertising is simple words, mainlywith oral type. a lot of subject-predicative phrases in Chinese can be directlytranslated into adjectives English , such as 速度快、效率高、行动灵活 can betranslated into “fast, efficient and handy”; 2) There are a large number of the fourwords in Chinese advertising structure, which bring parallelism and overlapping tostrengthen language, but there is no such characteristic in English. InChinese-English translation should hold the center, around the center word leads toall aspects; 3) there are often loose sentences, which express a large amount ofinformation in Chinese advertising. Translation should be concise and compact,strengthen the logic; 4) Chinese advertising commonly uses formulaic expressions.
Translation should be fascinating, considering the overall rhetorical, but not stackrhetoric. Good English advertising language is not many words, but it is impressive(丁树德 xx: 42-43)。 Cao Shunfa also takes a large number of examples of bothEnglish-Chinese translation two aspects show that based on the principle of simple,the translation of advertising language should strive to use the most simple languageto express the most complex meaning, to make it easy to be remembered (曹顺发xx: 43-45)。
Equivalence theory is based on Nida's equivalence translation theory. On thisbasis, some researchers point out that commercial advertising translation is mainlyon the equivalence of semantic, social and cultural, and stylistic aspect. 1) Thesemantic equivalence. This is the most basic and important equivalence. From wordto chapter, in order to achieve the semantic equivalence, the first thing to thetranslator is that he must determine the meaning of the translation unit in context.
可以不要。翻译实践开题报告前可以不要翻完。 翻译专业学生如果做“翻译实践+翻译评述”类毕业论文，要求完成文献翻译（2500字），开题报告（3000字），翻译实践部分完成量不少于三分之一。
英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文
以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文，供大家参考!
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
1.I have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
2.I have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
3.I have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
4.I have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
5.I have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
6.My instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
简单的问题：What's the significance of your paper?What's the originality of your paper?这类问题很常见，你对自己的论文较熟悉就行。难点的问题：老师可能会挑出你写出来的某一点很细节的东西来问，比如说：别人认为这个人物是这样的，为什么你会认为是那样的，而这两种看法刚好相反？我答辩的时候老师问我：我写的是C.S.Lewis的《纳尼亚传奇》。老师问：作者写的Narnia真的会实现吗？这就很难回答了，因为站在作者的观点是有可能的，从现实的角度看几乎不可能了。答辩的时候，一般是不会翻论文的。因为你必须对自己的论文很熟悉，另一方面，老师问的问题，你读答案也不太好。除非老师说翻到某一页，你这一页有什么观点，解释一下为什么？这才会翻论文看。老师有的时候也不问什么难问题，只是指出你的论文那个地方修改，因为最后答辩后还要交终稿存档，所以会让你继续改改格式之类的。建议：要对自己的Bibliography（参考文献）有一定的了解，有的老师会问某本文献里讲了什么观点，这类问题笼统回答一下就好，所以你得知道自己用了什么文献。总之，不用太紧张了，老师肯定会放你过得，不让你毕业就是他给自己早麻烦啦。呵呵，祝你顺利通过答辩！
据学术堂了解,英语专业的论文答辩主要分为两部分:自我陈述和回答答辩老师问题,下面对这两部分进行详细讲解.一、自述(用英语完成):1、先问好,再开始自述,自述时间为5-8分钟,要简明扼要,必要时可将自述内容提纲制作成Powerpoint文件.2、主要陈述内容:(1)自己选择这个题目的原因;(2)设计和实施的简单过程(如,商务方向:采用什么方法来搜集信息、资料等);(3)自己论文的主要内容(不要念论文,最好用4、5句话简单介绍论文内容,如,商务方向:做了哪些调查,得出什么结论,计划如何实施项目);(4)仍然存在的问题(如,商务:在实施项目中可能会遇到的风险以及如何解决);3、最好准备相关文字并熟记(答辩时要脱稿陈述,但是可以看PPT文件).4、语言最好简单清楚,不要直接用论文中内容,应该用解释性的句式,如:When I was designing the lessons, I found that….二、回答老师问题(老师用英语提问,学生用英语回答):1、大约有4-6个问题,时间将持续10-15分钟.2、首先要听清楚问题,如果没有听清,可以要求老师重复问题(可以说pardon之类的话).3、回答时首先要态度好,要切题,而且不要保持沉默,不会时可以表示抱歉.4、常见问题:① 关于选题:Why do you choose this topic for your thesis? // Why wereyou interested in this topic?② 关于选题意义:What's the importance/significance in doing such aresearch/project?//What do you want the readers get from your thesis?③ 关于论文:- 理论知识:Explain … (your theory). //Why do you think this theorycan be applied in your project? // Use one example to illustrate this.- 数据分析:How do you analyze your data? //How do you justify thevalidity of your data analysis?- 例证:Can you explain this example?【对于翻译类论文,答辩组可能会针对某些例句让你解释为什么在此种情况下要运用你所提议的翻译方法,或者对于有问题的译文让你给出自己的译文,或者临时给出例子让你运用相关翻译方法进行翻译】- 语言:In the xx paragraph on page xx, what do you mean?论文存在的问题:如 In the last sentence on page … there are some grammatical/spelling/…Errors.总之,要通过论文答辩,应注意:1.在平时的学习过程中必须注意提高自己的听说能力.2.答辩前应做好充分的准备,最重要的是熟悉论文的内容及自己的观点.这一点十分重要,如果不熟悉论文的内容及自己的观点,答辩时很难自圆其说.3.要有自信心.当然,自信心主要来自事先的充分准备.4.带一份定稿(要与老师们持有的论文页码一致).5.最后要向老师们表示感谢.最后祝大家答辩顺利!
一般要做一个大概十分钟的presentation在答辩前可从以下角度去考虑准备答辩：1、自己为什么选择这个课题？2、研究这个课题的意义和目的是什么？3、全文的基本框架、基本结构是如何安排的？4、全文的各部分之间逻辑关系如何？5、在研究本课题的过程中，发现了那些不同见解？对这些不同的意见，自己是怎样逐步认识的？又是如何处理的？6、论文虽未论及，但与其较密切相关的问题还有哪些？7、还有哪些问题自己还没有搞清楚，在论文中论述得不够透彻？8、写作论文时立论的主要依据是什么？对以上问题应仔细想一想，必要时要用笔记整理出来，写成发言提纲，在答辩时用。当然是要用英语的，希望可以帮到你 1 论文内对容和背景要吃透 2、尽可能不看原稿去讲你的工作，而不是背论文 3、语言表述准确清晰 4、回答问题全面准确 5、穿着大方得体 一、毕业论文答辩的程序和目的 1、在毕业论文答辩时，答辩老师首先要求你简要叙述你的毕业论文的内容。叙述中要表述清楚你写这篇论文的构思（提纲），论点、论据，论述方式（方法）。一般约5分钟左右。答辩老师通过你的叙述，了解你对所写论文的思考过程，考察你的分析和综合归纳能力。 2、第二步，进行现场答辩。答辩老师向你提出2—3个问题后，做即兴答辩。其中一个问题一般针对你的论文中涉及的基本概念、基本原理提出问题，考察学生对引用的基本概念基本原理的理解是否准确。第二个问题，一般针对你的论文中所涉及的某一方面的论点，要求结合工作实际或专业实务进行讲（论）述。考察你学习的专业基础知识对你实务（实际）工作的联系及帮助，即理论联系实际的能力。 毕业论文答辩的目的，就是检查毕业生是否是认真独立完成的毕业论文，考察毕业生综合分析能力，理论联系实际能力，专业方面的潜在能力。答辩老师结合毕业生现场答辩情况评定答辩成绩。 二、毕业生如何准备和参加毕业论文答辩 1、对自己所写论文要十分熟悉。当然，通过独立思考，反复推敲，按自己的构思动手写成的论文，你一定是熟悉的。不过我们过去接触过的论文中，有的是把收集来的资料“粘贴”成论文，提交论文时，本人没有认真读一遍，交出的论文漏洞百出。比如，有的论文称“21世纪……”，而后面的论述用的资料又是“1995年如何如何……”。这样答辩时由于你对论文不知，显然对这篇毕业论文你不熟悉。所以参加毕业论文答辩，首先要熟悉自己所写论文。 2、针对答辩提出问题的方向，在答辩前做些准备。 （1）、对自己所写论文中涉及的专业基本概念和原理，在答辩前最好一一整理出来。比如，论文中我的第二个论点中涉及了某个基本概念，这个基本概念的内容我参考了某“专业书”的第几页，内容是什么，整理好备用。 （2）、结合所写论文的论点，在答辩前，收集一些资料。比如，很说明问题的好案例；比如，在你实际工作中遇到的实例等等。 （3）、在当前所学专业发展中的诸多问题及热点问题方面。平时多关注所学专业当前的政策研究、热点问题的讨论。只要同学们认真写作论文，在答辩前认真做好准备，都会顺利通过毕业论文的答辩。预祝大家获得好成绩，成为合格毕业生。毕业论文答辩是一种有组织、有准备、有计划、有鉴定的比较正规的审查论文的重要形式。为了搞好毕业论文答辩，在举行答辩会前，校方、答辩委员会、答辩者(撰写毕业论文的作者)三方都要作好充分的准备。 答辩前的准备，最重要的是答辩者的准备。要保证论文答辩的质量和效果，关键在答辩者一边。论文作者要顺序通过答辩，在提交了论文之后，不要有松一口气的思想，而应抓紧时间积极准备论文答辩。那么，答辩者在答辩之前应该从哪些方面去准备呢 首先，要写好毕业论文的简介，主要内容应包括论文的题目，指导教师姓名，选择该题目的动机，论文的主要论点、论据和写作体会以及本议题的理论意义和实践意义。 其次，要熟悉自己所写论文的全文，尤其是要熟悉主体部分和结论部分的内容，明确论文的基本观点和主论的基本依据；弄懂弄通论文中所使用的主要概念的确切涵义，所运用的基本原理的主要内容；同时还要仔细审查、反复推敲文章中有无自相矛盾、谬误、片面或模糊不清的地方，有无与党的政策方针相冲突之处等等。如发现有上述问题，就要作好充分准备——补充、修正、解说等。只要认真设防，堵死一切漏洞，这样在答辩过程中，就可以做列心中有数、临阵不慌、沉着应战。 第三，要了解和掌握与自己所写论文相关联的知识和材料。如自己所研究的这个论题学术界的研究已经达到了什么程度，目前存在着哪些争议，有几种代表性观点，有哪些代表性著作和文章；自己倾向哪种观点及理由；重要引文的出处和版本；论证材料的来源渠道等等。这些方面的知识和材料都要在答辩前做到有比较好的了解和掌握。 第四，论文还有哪些应该涉及或解决，但因力所不及而未能接触的问题， 第五，对于优秀论文的作者来说，还要搞清楚哪些观点是继承或借鉴了他人的研究成果，毕业论文（作业）答辩是审查毕业论文（作业）的一种补充形式。一般来讲，专科毕业论文不参加答辩，其论文成绩就是毕业设计的成绩；本科以上（含本科）毕业生都要参加答辩。所以其毕业设计的成绩，是由文章成绩和答辩成绩组成。最后由评审小组、评审委员会鉴别评定。 论文答辩小组一般由三至五名教师、有关专家组成，对文章中不清楚、不详细、不完备、不恰当之处，在答辩会上提出来。 一般说，教师、专家所提出的问题，仅涉及该文的学术范围或文章所阐述问题之内，而不是对整个学科的全面知识的考试和考查。 毕业论文答辩的主要目的，是审查文章的真伪、审查写作者知识掌握的深度，审查文章是否符合体裁格式，以求进一步提高。学生通过答辩，让教师、专家进一步了解文章立论的依据，处理课题的实际能力。这是学生可以获得锻炼和提高的难得机会，应把它看作，治学的“起点”。 （一）答辩的准备工作 学生可以从下列问题（第4~10题）中，根据自己实际，选取二三个问题，作好汇报准备，（第1~3题必选）。时间一般不超过10分钟。内容最好烂熟于心中，不看稿纸，语言简明流畅。 1．为什么选择这个课题（或题目），研究、写作它有什么学术价值或现实意义。 2．说明这个课题的历史和现状，即前人做过哪些研究，取得哪些成果，有哪些问题没有解决，自己有什么新的看法，提出并解决了哪些问题。 3．文章的基本观点和立论的基本依据。 4．学术界和社会上对某些问题的具体争论，自己的倾向性观点。 5．重要引文的具体出处。 6．本应涉及或解决但因力不从心而未接触的问题；因认为与本文中心关系不大而未写入的新见解。 7．本文提出的见解的可行性。 8．定稿交出后，自己重读审查新发现的缺陷。 9．写作毕业论文（作业）的体会。 10．本文的优缺点。 总之，要作好口头表述的准备。不是宣读论文，也不是宣读写作提纲和朗读内容提要。 （二）答辩会程序 1．学生作说明性汇报。（5～10分钟） 2．毕业答辩小组提问。 3．学生答辩。（一定要正面回答或辩解，一般允许准备10至20分钟）。 4．评定成绩。（答辩会后答辩小组商定，交系、院学位委员会审定小组审定。） （三）学生答辩注意事项 1．带上自己的论文、资料和笔记本。 2．注意开场白、结束语的礼仪。 3．坦然镇定，声音要大而准确，使在场的所有人都能听到。 4．听取答辩小组成员的提问，精神要高度集中，同时，将提问的问题——记在本上。 5．对提出的问题，要在短时间内迅速做出反应，以自信而流畅的语言，肯定的语气，不慌不忙地—一回答每个问题。 6．对提出的疑问，要审慎地回答，对有把握的疑问要回答或辩解、申明理由；对拿不准的问题，可不进行辩解，而实事求是地回答，态度要谦虚。 7．回答问题要注意的几点： （1）正确、准确。正面回答问题，不转换论题，更不要答非所问。 （2）重点突出。抓住主题、要领，抓住关键词语，言简意赅。 （3）清晰明白。开门见山，直接入题，不绕圈子。 （4）有答有辩。有坚持真理、修正错误的勇气。既敢于阐发自己独到的新观点、真知灼见，维护自己正确观点，反驳错误观点，又敢于承认自己的不足，修正失误。