会计毕业论文答辩技巧及常见问题
答辩前的准备,最重要的是答辩者的准备。要保证论文答辩的质量和效果,关键在答辩者一边。论文作者要顺利通过答辩,在提交了论文之后,不要有松一口气的思想,而应抓紧时间积极准备论文答辩。那么,会计专业答辩者在答辩之前应该从哪些方面去准备呢?
一、会计毕业论文答辩技巧
学生首先要介绍一下论文的概要,这就是所谓自述报告,须强调一点的是自述而不是自读。这里重要的技巧是必须注意不能照本宣读,把报告变成了读书。照本宣读是第一大忌。
这一部分的内容可包括写作动机、缘由、研究方向、选题比较、研究范围、围绕这一论题的最新研究成果、自己在论文中的新见解、新的理解或新的突破。做到概括简要,言简意赅。不能占用过多时间,一般以十分钟为限。
所谓削繁去冗留清被,画到无时是熟时,就是说,尽量做到词约旨丰,一语中的。要突出重点,把自己的最大收获、最深体会、最精华与最富特色的`部分表述出来。这里要注意一忌主题不明;二忌内容空泛,东拉西扯;三忌平平淡淡,没有重点。
在答辩时,学生要注意仪态与风度,这是进入人们感受渠道的第一信号。如果答辩者能在最初的两分种内,以良好的仪态和风度体现出良好的形象,就有了一个良好的开端。
有人将人的体态分解为最小单位来研究(如头、肩、胸、脊、腰等),认为凹胸显现怯懦、自卑,挺胸显示情绪高昂但过分则为傲慢自负;肩手颈正显示正直、刚强,脊背挺拔体现严肃而充满自信。
但过于如此,就会被人看作拘泥刻板保守,略为弯腰有度,稍稍欠身可表示谦虚礼貌。孙中山先生曾说过其所具风度姿态,即使全场有肃然起敬之心,举动格式又须使听者有安静详和之气他的这番金玉良言,对我们确实有很大的启发。
在听取教师提问时所要掌握的技巧要领是:
1、沉着冷静,边听边记
2、精神集中,认真思考
3、既要自信,又要虚心
4、实事求是,绝不勉强
5、听准听清,听懂听明
在回答问题时,所要掌握的技巧是,构思时要求每个问题所要答的中心症结关健在哪里?从哪一个角度去回答问题最好?应举什么例子来证明?
回答问题的内容实质上是一段有组织的口头作文,这就要:
1、文章应有论点、论据
2、有开头主体与结尾
3、有条理、有层次
4、应用词确当,语言流畅
5、应口齿清楚、语速适度
开头要简洁:单刀直入,是最好的开头,开门见山地表述观点,在答辩中是最好的办法。
主体部份的表述可条分缕析,即把所要回答的内容逐条归纳分析,实际上是对自己掌握的材料由此及彼,由表及里地做整理。这样的表述就不会流于表面,而能深入本质。
条分缕析可以把自己掌握的一些实际例子合并,整理成若干条目,列成几个小标题:分成几点,一点一点,一条一条地说出。满碗的饭必须一口一口吃,满肚子的道理也必须一条一条讲出来,环环相扣,条条相连,令人听完后有清楚的印象。
假如在准备的时候已经准备了一个较完整的提纲,那么沿着回答问题的主线,再穿上一些玉珠(举例子)就可以做到中心明确,条理清楚,有理有例了。
1、自己为什么选择这个课题?
2、研究这个课题的意义和目的是什么?
3、全文的基本框架、基本结构是如何安排的?
4、全文的各部分之间逻辑关系如何?
5、在研究本课题的过程中,发现了那些不同见解?对这些不同的意见,自己是怎样逐步认识的?又是如何处理的?
6、论文虽未论及,但与其较密切相关的问题还有哪些?
7、还有哪些问题自己还没有搞清楚,在论文中论述得不够透彻?
8、写作论文时立论的主要依据是什么?
对以上问题应仔细想一想,必要时要用笔记整理出来,写成发言提纲,在答辩时用。这样才能做到有备无患,临阵不慌。
4、提供必备的空间环境,确保准备问题独立化。
要保证答辩学生准备问题的独立性,其措施就是给其独立空间,即让其与同学和老师隔离,失去同学的援助和询问老师的可能。
5、平时加强会计知识积累,做到回答问题“手中有粮,心中不慌”。
回答问题质量高低完全取决于答辩学生平时对知识积累程度和临场发挥水平。要做到回答问题切中要点。
一是论文必须自己做,剿窃文章进行大拼盘乃为大忌;
二是平时注意知识点滴积累切勿临时抱佛脚;
三是平时多锻炼,提高自己的临场应变能力,如参加演讲比赛、辩论会等。
6、建立严密的考核指标体系,实现评分规范化。
对毕业论文考核评分应坚持公正、公平、公开、合理原则,该原则要求对毕业论文考核有一套规范的量化标准。如论文介绍量化评分标准,可细化为:观点是否正确、是否有新意,论证是否严密,论文抄写是否清楚,语言表达是否清晰等具体指标,切忌凭整体印象模糊评分。
以上就是环球青藤小编关于会计专业的论文答辩技巧的相关分享,希望对大家有所帮助,小编将会及时分享论文相关内容,大家及时关注哦!
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论文答辩流程一般包括自我介绍、 答辩人陈述、 提问与答辩、 总结和致谢五部分
一、按分组名单上指定的教室集中,由领导或主持答辩的老师发言。二、按顺序进行答辩,步骤如下:1、简单介绍自己就读专业;2、陈述自己选题的背景、目的,一般先让学员概述论文的标题以及选择该论题的原因,较详细地介绍论文的主要论点、论据和写作体会,。准备介绍论文的东西4~5分钟,大约400~500字即可。 论文陈述的内容是 设计这篇论文的目的和在这篇论文中得到的收获 包括还有哪些不足。3、介绍文章的布局,陈述文章的主要观点。(以上所须的时间为3——5分种,陈述要求脱稿。)4、听完介绍后,主答辩教师就文章内容或相关问题提三个问题,学员作好记录。5、随后,学员利用大约15分种时间去准备室,整理问题的答案。6、 回到答辩室,按原先的提问回答老师的问题。
毕业论文答辩是一种有组织、有准备、有计划、有鉴定的比较正规的审查论文的重要形式。为了搞好毕业论文答辩,在举行答辩会前,校方、答辩委员会、答辩者(撰写毕业论文的作者)三方都要作好充分的准备。
答辩中需要准备回答如下问题:
1、自己为什么选择这个课题。
2、研究这个课题的意义和目的是什么。
3、全文的基本框架、基本结构是如何安排的。
4、全文的各部分之间逻辑关系如何。
5、论文虽未论及,但与其较密切相关的问题还有哪些。
6、还有哪些问题自己还没有搞清楚,在论文中论述得不够透彻。
7、文章的基本观点和立论依据。
扩展资料
毕业论文答辩以后,答辩委员会要根据毕业论文以及作者的答辩情况,评定论文成绩。为了使评分宽严适度,大体平衡,学校应事先制定一个共同遵循的评分原则或评分标准。
毕业论文的成绩,一般分为优秀(90—100分)、良好(80—89分)、中等(70—79分)、及格(60—69)分、不及格(60分以下)五个档次。
而中共中央党校函授学院是采用四级打分制,即优秀(相当于90—100分)、良好(相当于75—89分)、及格(相当于60—74分)、不及格(60分以下)。
学员逐一回答完所有问题后退场,答辩委员会集体根据论文质量和答辩情况,商定通过还是不通过,并拟定成绩和评语。
召回学员,由主答辩老师当面向学员就论文和答辩过程中的情况加以小结,肯定其优点和长处,指出其错误或不足之处,并加以必要的补充和指点,同时当面向学员宣布通过或不通过。至于论文的成绩,一般不当场宣布。
中共中央党校函授学院规定,对答辩不能通过的学员,提出修改意见,允许学员待半年后另行答辩。
参考资料来源:百度百科-毕业论文答辩
答辩流程: 1、每人总分100,答辩占30分,论文占50分,表现占20分。2、提前到达答辩地点,抽签抽出答辩顺序。号码靠前者早上答辩,号码靠後者下午答辩;号码在中间者,建议留在答辩地点等候,以防错过点名,从而影响分数。 3、时间为每人约10分钟。点到名者从教室後面大方地走上讲台,鞠躬、问候答辩官并作自我介绍。前5分钟为自述部份,包括论文概述/简介、框架/结构、亮点/重点、解决方案/对策及致谢,自述介绍须讲感谢语;後5分钟为答辩官提问时间,一般不超过3个问题。4、答辩官提问时,会有以下几种情况出现:1st.提问方式可能为即兴提问,也可能会在学生答辩前给出写有问题的纸条,让学生提前准备,在提问部份则不再提出新的问题;2nd.答辩官有可能提出与该学生论题不相关的,但与该学生的专业相关的问题;3rd.答辩官有可能会根据该学生的论题,提出与此相关的常识。5、答辩结束,须礼貌鞠躬并致谢,方可离开。离开後是否需要修改论文或补充记录内容,则视情况而定。
硕士生毕业论文的答辩流程
高校要充分认识研究生学位论文答辩的重要性,做好组织工作,硕士生毕业论文答辩流程。首先,答辩委员会必须由答辩论文研究方向相关领域的专家(答辩委员以下简称“专家”)组成。其次,要制定严密、有序、全方位的学位论文答辩程序,答辩的具体环节应科学化、规范化。这对保证答辩工作的顺利进行和提高答辩质量有着举足轻重的作用。各高等院校的研究生学位论文答辩的程序不完全一致,但总的看来,硕士研究生答辩的基本流程是相同的。
(一)宣讲论文
答辩研究生用20—30分钟报告学位论文内容。建议答辩者根据事先准备的讲稿,借助多媒体或幻灯片,边演示边介绍,并尽可能脱稿演讲。
(二)专家提问
专家以学位论文的研究内容为基础并兼顾相关的知识进行提问;所提问题应具有考察性而非询问性,应难易程度适中、大小适度,先易后难、逐步深入,表述明确、具体、容易理解等,论文写作《硕士生毕业论文答辩流程》。同时,专家对答辩研究生应适当启发、深入引导。
(三)回答问题
答辩研究生宣讲论文完毕后,要集中注意力记录专家提出的问题,以便做出完整的答复;并将幻灯片返回到“论文题目”页,以便专家准确提问。通常,经过短暂的`准备后,答辩研究生用大约30分钟的时间对专家提问做出认真回答。
(四)专家表决
答辩完成后,答辩研究生暂时离开会场,答辩委员会根据论文质量和答辩情况进行讨论,并对论文和答辩过程中的情况进行小结,肯定优点,指出错误或不足之处。答辩委员会的小结内容包括评述论文内容和论文结构、提出论文存在的问题、评价学位论文和论文答辩情况等。最后,答辩委员会以无记名投票表决的方式决定论文答辩是否通过。通常,至少要有2/3的答辩委员同意通过,才能确定研究生通过论文答辩。此外,答辩委员会的投票结果要记录在案。
(五)宣布结果
答辩研究生重新进入答辩会场后,由答辩委员会主席宣读答辩委员会对论文答辩的《决议书》和投票表决结果。对不能通过答辩的研究生,答辩委员会要提出论文修改意见,允许答辩者在1年内修改论文后另行答辩。
毕业论文答辩具体流程:
1.自我介绍,自我介绍需要一个好的开始,一句出色的开场白。首先要介绍你的名字和学号专业;其次过程中要带着大方的微笑,礼貌得体的态度会让你的毕业答辩成功一半。
2.论文陈述,接下来我们就到了毕业答辩的重要环节——论文陈述,主要包括我们论文的主题,论文的研究背景,我们选择它的原因,以及我们研究问题的发展现状。我们将对我们的观点、研究过程、我们获得的一些数据和结果以及我们在这方面所做的一些工作进行逻辑和完善的描述。
3.导师的提问,我们描述完之后,就到了最灵活也最有压力的部分。与指导老师的交流通常会让学生感到紧张,但只有克服了自己,我们才能成功地完成这次答辩。这是一个相互交流的过程,一般是由浅入深的过程。
4.自我总结,我们完成以上流程后,会对自己的答辩有一个总结。总的来说是我们论文创作的体会,也是我们答辩的收获。导师们会在这个时候给我们提出他们的意见和一些建议。
5.感谢老师,感谢在毕业论文写作中帮助过我们的人和导师以及答辩老师。
论文答辩一般指毕业论文答辩。毕业论文答辩是有组织、有准备、有计划、有评价的正式考试论文的重要形式。为了做好毕业论文答辩工作,在答辩会之前,学校、答辩委员会和答辩人(撰写毕业论文的作者)都要做好充分的准备。
Accounting, the Environment and Sustainability(会计、环境与可持续发展) Sustainability relates to both present and future generations. It is discuss that the needs of all peoples are met. Those needs are both social and environmental. The link between accounting and environmental degradation is well-established in the literature (see, for example, Eden, 1996; Gray et all 1993). The crucial point is that accounting which takes the business agenda as given should include much environmental and social accounting. Thus, central to any discussion of accounting and the environment is a basic, challenging, and deeply unsettling question: do we believe that the organizations which accounting serves and supports can deliver environmental security and sustainability? At the same time as the technical implementation of social accounting and reporting has been developing the philosophical basis for such accounting has also been developed. Thus, Benston (1982, 1984) and Schreuder and Ramanathan (1984) consider the extent to which accountants should be involved in this accounting. Donaldson (1982) argues that such accounting can be justified by means of the social contract as benefiting society at large. Batley and Tozer (1990) and Geno (1995) have argued that “sustainability” is the “cornerstone” of environmental accounting. 6. Social and Environmental Reporting(社会与环境报告) The questions of how business should report its social performance and how that performance should be assessed have been dominant themes in the social accounting literature (Gray et al, 1996) and the social issues in management literature (Wood 1991) over the past decade. We are now witnessing both a number of initiatives that seek to set guidelines or standards for social accounting, for example the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI). If there is one area which accounting researchers have embraced with enthusiasm it is the phenomenal growth in environmental reporting by organizations. The research in this area has been dominated, initially at any rate, primarily by studies descriptive in orientation. Such studies typically employ some variant of content analysis (see, for example, Milne and Adler, 1999; Gray et all, 1995). Both country specific studies and comparative studies have recorded an upward trend in environmental disclosure both through the annual report and through stand-alone environmental reports. However, analyses of the phenomenon ( Hackston and Milne1996; Fekrat et al1996; Pava and Krause 1996 ; Adams et al 1998) confirm that such reporting is principally restricted to the very largest companies and is, to a degree at least, country and industry variant. Research into environmental disclosure is developing rapidly with examinations of the impact of pressure groups (Tilt, 1994) and other external forces (Gray et all, 1995; Deegan and Gordon, 1996), exploration of user’s needs (Epstein and Freedman, 1994; Deegan and Rankin, 1997), focus on particular aspects of reporting such as environmental policies (Tilt, 1997), exploration of the truthfulness of environmental disclosure (Deegan and Rankin, 1996) and much needed theoretical development (see, for example, Patten, 1992; Roberts, 1992; Gray et al, 1995, Buhr, 1998; Adams et al, 1998; Brown and Deegan, 1998; Neu et all, 1998). Environmental reporting takes place in a predominantly voluntary regime and with the continuing interest in voluntary guidelines for such reporting (see, for example, KPMG 1997), such survey of practice are crucial in keeping attention focused on the doubtful quality and, especially, the global paucity of such reporting. If environmental reporting is important (for social accountability reasons even if it is of dubious “financial user need” value) then the predominant view of business – that environmental reporting is adequate in voluntary regime – must be challenged. Whilst the early research into environmental disclosure appeared to be so delighted that any such disclosure was taking place, this acquiescence has given way to a more critical analysis of practice. This analysis, primarily informed by the “critical school” (Laughlin, 1999), comprises three main themes. The first two of these themes are, in essence, the same critique made of social accounting. First, accounts of any kind are necessarily partial and biased constructions of a complex world. Not only do such constructions, by making some things visible, make other things invisible (Broadbent, 1994) but they are most likely to limit and even destroy the essential nature of the thing accounted for. (See, for example, Maunders and Burritt, 1991; Maunders, 1996; Cooper, 1992; Johnson, 1998). Second, the critical theorist would argue that environmental reporting is voluntary activity it can only reflect those aspects of environmental performance which organizations are willing to release. It can, therefore, only be a legitimation device and not an accountability mechanism. Consequently, the critical theorist argue, environmental accounting- including environmental reporting- is almost certain to do more environmental harm than it does good. These two themes are now developing into an important – if, as yet, unresolved – theoretical debate which seeks to counter the inherent managerialism of most accounting (and environmental accounting) research. The final theme in the critique of environmental disclosure develops the issue of the voluntary nature of environmental disclosure and brings a much-needed re-assessment of the importance and role of law in the construction of society. Specifically, Gallhofer and Haslam (1997) could be taken to use researchers’ views on the role of regulation in governing environmental reporting as an indicator of the researcher’s managerialist or alternative perspective. In essence, a non-managerialist environmental reporting would have to challenge an organization’s legitimacy and, in particular, the legitimacy of the means by which it earned the reported profit and gained its growth. The critical challenges to environmental reporting are not ill-founded when they remark that too little environmental reporting research examines this question to any substantial degree. One of the more inexplicable, although exceptionally welcome, consequences of the growing environmental agenda has been the re- emergence of a serious interest in social accounting. This is not the place to try and review, in any detail, the broad social accounting literature (see, for example, Gray et al 1996) – although a few general observations seems opposite. Social Accounting had its principal heyday in the 1970s but, although some researchers maintained an active interest in the field, it virtually disappeared from the popular consciousness of accounting academe during the 1980s and 1990s. Its re-emergence seems to be a response to a number of factors. One such factor seems to be the recognition that separation of environmental from social issues is difficult at best and pernicious at worst. As environmental issues are explored more carefully, the underlying implications for employment, communities, health and safety and even the organization’s very posture on ethics and social responsibility inevitably resurface. Equally, corporate practice has re-discovered social accounting and when organizations as diverse as Ben and Jerry’s, the Body Shop and Shell commit to social accounting, the wider business community begins to take notice. Finally, as we shall see, the environmental debate leads us inexorably towards discussions of sustainability. Such discussions must, by definition, embrace social accounting matters. The recent research literature on social accounting is still a little sparse but examples exist. The Adams/Roberts project has maintained a focus across both social and environmental disclosure (see, for example, Adams et al, 1998; Gray et al 1995; Hackston and Milne, 1996). Work by Roberts (1992), Pinkston and Carroll (1996), Patten (1995), Epstein and Freedman (1994), Mathews (1995) and Robertson & Nicholson (1996) continues to keep the social responsibility accounting debate moving forward whilst simultaneously, we are starting to see a re-emergence of normative work designed to guide how social accounting might be accomplished and what it might look like (See, Zadek et al, 1997; Gray et al, 1997; Gonella et al, 1998).
B的第八小组表明,对我们所有的样品,均无显著性差异的强、弱银行的国家的发病率广为接受的公司。如果有什么区别的话,几乎没有证据表明是具有强烈的银行有更多国家广为接受的公司。小组的表第八表明更多的银行金融方面有更大的发病率,在广泛持有公司的直接对比”bank-centered“金融体系的假设。这个结果是一致的,然而,找到了洛杉矶胆囊等。那个国家(1997)和成功的股市也有成功的债务市场。总之,在某种程度上,我们已经测试”银行-以“成功,我们的结果似乎没有受到区别bank-centered”和“market-centered”的公司治理结构。 第三个关心的是,我们的结果被差异税收规则。毫无疑问,我们已经在不同国家的税收规则的所有权结构的影响。我们有了更多的困难理解为什么税收规则与规定保护中小股东,除非税收规则本身是内生(例如,浓缩的所有者可能游说税收规则,阻碍所有权分散)。虽然如此,我们认为两种类型的税收规则可能影响广泛持有公司的发生率。首先,如果intercorporate股息纳税,因为他们是在一些国家,它可能是有利于企业或合并完全分离完全不是自己的股票在对方。这可能会有效果,增加了企业的广泛发病率。第二,如果税收规则允许使用合并会计为了避税,它可能更有利于公司的其他公司的部分股权,因为他们将能够用一个公司的亏损抵消了利润。我们会因此希望看到更广泛的国家里,公司合并会计是被禁止的。D、E目前面板除国家的结果针对这两方面的税法。我们还没有找到证据表明这些特别的规则影响广泛持有公司的发生率。
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CONCLUSION The Committee believes that calls for separate private company GAAP should be framed within the legal and institutional environment of each country. If public and private companies are subject to the same financial reporting requirements, as in many IASB countries, then the need for separate private company GAAP might be justified within an appropriate cost-benefit framework. In contrast, private companies in the U.S. are not required to comply with public company GAAP. Given this difference in the institutional environment, calls for private company GAAP in the U.S. must consider the demand for and supply of financial reporting information in the current private company marketplace. Survey research in the U.S. indicates that private company users find public company GAAP financial statements to have significant decision usefulness, and to be cost-benefit effective. In addition, evidence suggests that when the cost-benefit calculus is not favorable, market forces lead to deviations from GAAP. While some assert that the needs of private company financial statement users differ from those of public company stakeholders, the Committee does not find clear evidence of differential user needs or a clear articulation of how differential needs would lead to a framework for GAAP that differs from the current public company financial reporting requirements in the U.S. Overall, if there is demand for separate private company GAAP, then market forces, rather than standard setters, may be better at meeting the differential information needs of variousprivatecompanystakeholders. The Committee does not see a persuasive argument for standard setters to create a separate private company GAAP in the U.S.结论 该委员会认为要求独立的私人公司一般公认会计原则应裱在法律和制度环境的。如果公共和私人公司有相同的财务报告的要求,在许多国家,并在此基础上,需要IASB进行为独立的私人公司公认会计准则的称义在适当的财政框架。相比之下,私营企业在美国也不需要符合上市公司一般公认会计原则。鉴于此,分别在制度环境呼吁私人公司一般公认会计原则在美国必须考虑需求和供给的财务报告信息在当前的私人公司的市场。 调查研究表明,在美国上市公司,用户找到私人公司财务报表有显著的公认会计准则决策有用性、利益有效。此外,有证据表明,在财政微积分并非有利,市场力量导致偏离公认会计准则的前提下。虽然有些断言的需要,民营企业财务报表使用者不同利益相关者的上市公司,委员会不会发现明显的证据表明微分用户需求或一个清晰的清晰度的需求导致了差,不同于一般公认会计原则框架当前上市公司财务报告的要求,在美国的整体,如果有需求,独立的私人公司公认会计准则的前提下,市场力量,而非标准者,可以更好地满足需求. variousprivatecompanystakeholders微分信息该委员会也不觉得有说服力的论据为准则制定者去创造一个独立的私人公司一般公认会计原则在美国