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only found one. hope that works~American table manners[edit] Table Layout * Bread plates are to the left of the main plate, beverage glasses are to the right. * Salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and spoon. Dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with dessert.[edit] General Behavior * Chew with your mouth closed. * Do not talk at an excessively loud volume. * Refrain from coughing, sneezing or blowing nose at the table. * Never tilt back your chair while at the table, or at any other time. * Do not make unbecoming noises while eating. * Do not play with food or table utensils. * Do not single out or chastise someone who has shown poor table manners. * Do not put your elbows on the table or slouch. * Always ask the host or hostess to be excused before leaving the table. * Do not stare at anyone while he or she is eating. * Never talk on your phone at the table. If urgent, ask host or hostess to be excused, and go outside. Apologize when returned.[edit] Utensils * Do not eat food with your fingers unless you are eating foods customarily eaten with fingers, such as bread, french fries, chicken wings, pizza, etc. * The fork may be used either in the American (use the fork in your left hand while cutting; switch to right hand to pick up and eat a piece) or the Continental (fork remains in the left hand) fashion -- either is now acceptable. (See Fork etiquette) * The fork is used to convey any solid food to the mouth. * The knife blade should be placed on the edge of your plate when not in use. The blade should always face inward. * When you have finished eating soup, the spoon should be placed to the side of the saucer, not left in the bowl. * Keep your napkin on your lap. At more formal occasions all diners will wait to place their napkins on their laps until the host or hostess places his or her napkin on his or her lap * When eating barbecue or some other messy foods such as cracked crab, a 'bib' napkin may be provided for and used by adults. Usually these foods are also eaten by hand, and wet wipes or paper napkins should be used to clean the hands. * When using paper napkins, never ball them up or allow stains to show. * Use your silverware from the outside moving inward toward the main plate. (Salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and spoon. Dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with dessert.)[edit] Dining * A prayer or 'blessing' may be customary in some families, and the guests should join in even if they are not religious or do not follow the same religion. Most prayers are made by the host before the meal is eaten. Instead or in addition, a 'toast' may be offered [1]. * Do not start eating until (a) every person is served or (b) those who have not been served request that you begin without waiting. At more formal occasions all diners will wait to begin until the hostess or host lifts a fork or spoon. * When a dish is presented 'family style', the food is served to one's plate and then passed on to the next person. put the food on your left, take some and pass to the person next to you. * When serving, serve from the left and pick up the dish from the right. Beverages are both served and removed from the right. * Eat soup noiselessly and with the side of the spoon. * Tea or coffee should never be poured into the saucer to cool but should be sipped from the cup. Alternatively, ice may be used to cool either. * Seasoning ones meal prior to tasting can be considered rude and may insult the chef.[edit] At the end of the meal * It is acceptable in most places to not finish all of the food on your plate. * When finished with your meal, place your knife and fork with handles at the 4 o'clock position and the tines of the fork down to signal to the server you are done. * Except in a public restaurant, do not ask to take some of your uneaten food away from the meal after it ends, especially when having a formal dinner.[edit] British table manners * The fork is held in your left hand and the knife is held in your right. * You should hold your knife with the handle in your palm and your fork in the other hand with the prongs pointing downwards. * If you’re eating a dessert, your fork (if you have one) should be held in the left hand and the spoon in the right. * When eating soup, you should hold your spoon in your right hand and tip the bowl away from you, scooping the soup in movements away from yourself. * It is not acceptable to use your fingers at the table to eat or push food onto your fork. You may, however, eat some foods such as fruit, sandwiches, hamburgers, crisps, chips or pizza with your fingers. * If there are a number of knives or forks, then you should start from the outside set working your way in as each course is served. * Drinks should always be to the right of your plate with the bread roll to the left. * When eating bread rolls, break off a piece before buttering. Use your knife only to butter the bread, not to cut it. * You should not start eating before your host does or instructs you to do so. At larger meals, it is considered okay to start eating once others have been served. * When you’re finished, place your knife and fork together at five o’clock with your fork on the left (tines facing up) and knife on the right, with the knife blade facing in. This signals that you are finished. * Your napkin should never be screwed up. Nor should it be folded neatly as that would suggest that your host might plan to use it again without washing it - just leave is neatly but loosely. * Never blow your nose on your napkin. Place it on your lap and use it to dab your mouth if you make a mess. * It is considered rude to answer the telephone at the table. If you need to take an urgent call, excuse yourself and go outside. * Always ask for permission from the host and excuse yourself if you need to leave the table. You should place your napkin on your seat until you return. * If you must leave the table or are resting, your fork should be at eight o’clock and your knife at four o’clock (with the blade inwards). Once an item of cutlery has been used, it should not touch the table again. * The food should be brought to your mouth on the fork; you should sit straight and not lean towards your plate. * Dishes should be served from the right, and taken away from the right. Unless the food is placed on your plate at the table, then it should arrive from the left. * Drinks should be served from the right. * Never lean across somebody else’s plate. If you need something to be passed, ask the person closest to it. If you have to pass something, only pass it if you are closest to it and pass it directly to them if you can. * Salt & pepper should be passed together. * Do not take food from a neighbour’s plate and don’t ask to do so. * You must not put your elbows on the table. * If pouring a drink for yourself, offer to pour a drink for your neighbours before serving yourself. * If extra food is on the table, ask others first if they would like it before taking it yourself. * When chewing food, close your mouth and only talk when you have swallowed it. * Swallow all food before eating more or having a drink. * Do not slurp your food or eat loudly. Burping or sneezing at the table should be avoided, too. * Never pick food out of your teeth with your fingernails. * Try to eat all the food you are served. * Glasses served in a wine glass or other stemmed-glass should be held at the stem. * Always remember “regular” manners. Remember to say "please" and "thank you".[edit] Chinese table mannersThese are mostly concerned with the use of chopsticks. Otherwise generally Chinese table manners are rather more informal, what would be considered rude in other cultures such as talking with the mouth full may be acceptable but better not to do so. * Chopsticks must always be held in the correct manner. It should be held between the thumb and fingers of the right hand, * Chopsticks are traditionally held in the right hand only, even by the left-handed. Although chopsticks may now be found in either hand, a few still consider left-handed chopstick use improper etiquette. One explanation for the treatment of such usage as improper is that this can symbolise argument, as the chopsticks may collide between the left-handed and right-handed user. * When communal chopsticks are supplied with shared plates of food, it is considered impolite to use your own chopsticks to pick up the food from the shared plate or eat using the communal chopsticks. An exception to this rule is made in intimate family dinners where family members may not mind the use of one's own chopsticks to transfer food. * It is considered impolite to use the blunt end of the chopsticks to transfer food from a common dish to your own plate or bowl. Use the communal chopsticks instead. * Never wave your chopsticks around as if they were an extension of your hand gestures, bang them like drumsticks, or use them to move bowls or plates. * Decide what to pick up before reaching with chopsticks. Do not hover around or poke looking for special ingredients. After you have picked up an item, do not put it back in the dish. * When picking up a piece of food, never use the tips of your chopsticks to poke through the food as if you were using a fork. Exceptions include tearing larger items apart such as vegetables. In informal use, small, difficult to pick-up items such as cherry tomatoes or fishballs may be stabbed but this use is frowned upon by traditionalists. * Chopsticks can be rested horizontally on one's plate or bowl to keep them off the table entirely. A chopstick rest can also be used to keep the points off the table. * Never stab chopsticks into a bowl of rice, leaving them standing upwards. Any stick-like object facing upward resembles the incense sticks that some Asians use as offerings to deceased family members. This is considered the ultimate faux pas on the dining table. * Chinese traditionally eat rice from a small bowl held in the left hand. The rice bowl is raised to the mouth and the rice pushed into the mouth using the chopsticks. Some Chinese find it offensive to scoop rice from the bowl using a spoon. If rice is served on a plate, as is more common in the West, it is acceptable and more practical to eat it with a fork or spoon. The thumb must always be above the edge of the bowl. * It is acceptable to transfer food to people who have a close relation with you (e.g. parents, grandparents, children or significant others) if you notice they are having difficulty picking up the food. Also it is a sign of respect to pass food to the elderly first before the dinner starts (part of the Confucian tradition of respecting seniors). * Traditionally, it is polite for the youngest members of the table to address each and everyone of the elderly members of the table before a meal starts and literally tell them to "eat rice", which means "go ahead and start the meal", to show respect. * The host should always make sure the guests drinks are sufficiently full. One should not pour for ones self, but should (if thirsty) offer to pour for a neighbor. When your drink is being poured, you should say "thank you" and/or tap your fingers on the table to show appreciation. * When people wish to clink drinks together in the form of a cheer, it is important to observe that younger members should clink the edge of their drink below the edge of an elder to show respect. * When eating food that contains bones, it is customary that the bones be spit out onto the table to the right of the dining plate in a neat pile.
中华传统文化符合自然规律。西方文化多为违背自然法则，没有根基。
1、中国文化重人性，西方文化则重理智。
中国儒家思想的核心是“仁”，孔子曰“爱人”，孟子曰：“仁也者，人也”。所谓人就是指人际关系，中国讲究礼节，注重孝为仁之根本，注重“君君、臣臣、父父、子子”的不同等级秩序，要求臣忠于君，子孝于父母，弟尊敬兄长，等等，否则为“不仁”。
然而，西方的文化则偏重于理智、理性，认为理智应该而且能够控制情感，人应该控制自我的欲望，用理智和道德去追求幸福，理智的份量大于人情的份量。“我爱我师，我更爱真理”这一哲理名言充分体现了西方对理智的偏重远远大于对人情的重视。
2、中国人注重人与自然的和谐，强调“天人合一”，西方人强调“人为万物之灵”，自然不过是人的陪衬。
西方人在处理人与自然的关系时，往往注重个人和物质利益，强调对自然的索取和征服，认为人有能力而且必须征服自然以获取生存的条件。
而中国人从先秦时代就形成了“天人合一”的思想，强调在处理人与自然的关系时，注重人与自然的和谐，认为“天、地、人一统于道”，老子认为“人法地，地法天，天法道，道德自然”。
3、从语言角度看，汉语是非形态语，西方语言为形态语。
西方文字是由单个字母组成的流线性的文字，它以形统意，通过严密复杂的形态变化来表达意思。在句法上只要是主谓结构都是句子，也只有主谓结构才是句子。
而汉语是以象形文字为基础的方块字，方块字本身就包含了丰富的语意意思，汉语言是以意统形的，句子的句法、组织结构和语义根据所要表达的意境和内容来安排，而且在汉语中没有主语和谓语的句子是随处可见的，所以汉语组织以达意为主，不滞于形而以意统形。
西方流线性的语言和文字相应于西方人单向性的思维模式，他们强于分析、逻辑。中国文字是以象形文字为基础的，讲究整体性与立体性，体现了中国人立体的思维模式。
4、西方重物质，中国重精神。
在西方人眼里，物质的满足是相当重要的，从西方的殖民史可以看出，西方人对于物质的追逐简直不择手段，对物质的追逐，对感官刺激的寻求，一度使西方人感觉迷茫。相反，东方文化尤其是中国文化的核心是重精神，注重精神上的满足。
5、西方重个人主义，中国文化重集体主义。
西方自从18世纪欧洲启蒙运动以来，自由、人权、平等、博爱等思想深入人心，西方的精神强调个体的自由，注重个体的奋斗，个人的权利。私人的权利与财产神圣不可侵犯，甚至会为个人的私利而不顾国家之利益。
而中国文化重集体主义。从古至今，家国思想贯穿人心，一个与众人格格不入的人在中国是没有出路的。尤其是新中国成立后，集体主义更是深入人心。
中国人的行为注重的是以大局为重，不以自我的私利而去损害国家集体的利益，强调集体至上的原则，在个人利益与国家利益、集体利益发生冲突时，必要时要牺牲个人利益而维护国家、集体的利益。
摘 要：中西方文化差异甚大，在跨文化交际中我们不仅要准确把握语言本身的差异，也要认识到价值观、社会关系、社会礼仪之间的不同。应对这些差异，不能局限于外国人学习汉语，我们应该更加主动地去理解中西方文化，在沟通和交流中抱着理解的态度和灵活的方式去应对。 关键词：中西方 语言 价值观 社会 应对 随着中国和世界其他各国在政治、经济、文化上的交流的越来越频繁，全球学习汉语的浪潮在早已在各地刮起。国内也有越来越的学者关注并研究对外汉语这一学科，并从语音、词汇、语法多层面来分析对外汉语的特点。由于各民族文化的差异，学习汉语时往往会产生许多由跨文化、跨区域带来的障碍。而已有的研究大多是关于学习或者教授汉语时，我们应该如何对待这些中西方文化带来的差异，但是交际中的重视程度略有欠缺，面对文化差异，我们国人应该思考怎么做才更利于沟通、交流。 外国人学习汉语时，由于受到母语的影响，本民族固有的思维习惯和表达方式难以在短时间内转变。即使了解了汉语的表达方式和汉民族的文化背景，对于某些汉语水平一般的外国学生很难立刻准确地把握语言背后的文化内涵。所以，我们国人在和外国人用中文交流时，就更应该注意中西方语言本身和言谈的差异、价值观和道德标准的差异、社会关系的差异、社会礼仪的差异以及社会习俗的差异，从而在交际过程中交谈双方能够更精确地理解对方所要表达的内容。综合这些因素，我们应该注意以下几个方面： 一、中西方语言和言谈的差异 每种语言都各有特点，语言之间本身的差异，对我们的交际产生了巨大的影响。萨皮尔-沃尔夫假说认为，每种语言都有自己的结构，这些范畴使思想成型。虽然他们的观点是不符合唯物史观的，和现实社会生活相冲突，但是，我们也不能忽视每种语言所独具的特点。西方语言较发达的形式逻辑思维使其具有明显的形态标志和严密的句法规则,可以说是一种“形合”“法治”的语言,主张“以形统神”,注重语法的严密性。而汉语的孤立结构在天地自然理念的影响下被粗泛地归为“意合”语言、“人治”语言,讲求“以神统形”,“得意而忘言”,倾向于语义的表达。[1] 正因为语言内部的差异，导致我们的言谈也产生了很大的差异。在中国人见面时常听到：“老张，近来你又发福了”，因为汉语的“以神统形”，中国人喜欢用委婉的表达方式，“发福”表面上是“体型变胖”的意思，但是却暗含称赞对方生活状态很好的意思。但是西方语言强调逻辑思维，如果说“You are fat”，外国人会感到很尴尬，由胖可能直接推测出体型不美。 面对语言本身所带来的差异，我们中国人在同外国人交谈的时候，应该适当地调整自己的表达方式，以达到沟通中对彼此言语的更好的理解。尽量直抒胸臆、减少委婉的表达方式。 二、价值观的差异是核心 造成中西方文化差异的核心是价值观的差异。价值观的差异对我们的语言表达产生直接的导向作用。Clyde Kluckhohn认为:价值观是个人或群体所特有的一种显型或隐型地认为什么是可取的观念，这一观念影响人们从现有的种种行动模式、方式和目的种做出的选择。[2]同时，价值观和交际之间也存在着紧密的关系。一方面，价值观对人们的交际起决定作用，价值观支配着人们各种形式的交际。例如：自古以来，中国就十分重视社会关系的和谐，奉行东方文明的中庸之道，人们乐于追求美好事物和这种处事的价值观。所以中国人习惯含蓄委婉地表达自己的意图来与人交际，但是西方人在这一点上就和中国人有很大的区别。西方人更乐于直接表达个人观点，以达到最高程度的沟通，完成交际的目的。中华文化在长期的历史演变中，受特定的地域、政治、经济、哲学等方面的影响，中华文化价值观念中集体主义观念较强，儒家工作动力这一独特的文化价值的作用突出，文化中代表男性的品质突出，道德纪律标尺的作用也相对重要。 我们面对价值观上最根本的差异，首先，我们要能正确地认识了解西方的文化特点；其次，我们要能合理应对跨文化交际中的障碍。全球化的进度越发加快，我们应该尽力去了解异国文化的特点，这也逐渐呈现出必要性。我们在日常的学习生活中，要借助多种媒介，如网络、电视、书籍等来了解西方文化的不同之处，进而减少交际时发生障碍的可能性。并且应该抱着认识和理解的态度去看待他国文化，尊重他国文化，摆脱刻板印象。在我们遇到一些文化冲突的时候，民族中心主义会阻碍我们的交流与沟通，用自己民族的价值观为标尺去衡量其他文化是不可取的。 三、社会关系、社会礼仪的差异 在跨文化交际时，我们不仅要关注交流语言本身，还应该关注中西方社会关系和社会礼仪的差异。西方人有较强的平等意识,无论贫富,大家都会积极保护个人财产及安全，都会尊重他人和自己。然而在中国,传统的君臣、父子等等级观念在中国人的头脑中根深蒂固。权威的观念存在于父子关系中，师生关系中。父亲在儿子的眼中、教师在学生的眼中有着绝对的权威,家庭背景在人的成长中仍起着相当重要的作用。中国人见面喜欢问对方姓名、年龄、单位及收入等,而西方人会主动避免问起他人的年龄与收入等个人私事。西方文化中对女性的特殊照顾，男士为女士开门，扶女士下车,女士走内侧,男士走外侧以给女士提供保护; 餐桌前,男士要为女士拉开椅子,等女士站好了位置再把椅子送回女士的身后,请她就坐。 面对这些社会关系和社会礼仪的差异，我们应该反映到思维方式上是抽象和具体的差别, 反映到生活态度上则似乎可以理解为西方人更加实用,中国人多 少更偏重一些精神感受。[3]中西方的文化有着很多的差异,也存在着很多分歧,其中的很多习俗也产生了很多笑话。我们应该正视文化中的差异，从行为本身去思考我们应对的态度，甚至对优良的风俗习惯可以加以学习，这将有助于我们社会整体的进步，达到中西方交流的积极意义，推动人类文明的共同前进。 参考文献: [1] 袁小帆.在对外汉语教学中中西方文化差异的实践研究[J].科教导刊，2010(11) [2]胡文仲.跨文化交际学概论[M].外语教学与研究出版社，1999 [3]于连水 赵志明 许丽红.浅谈中西方文化差异的对比[J].商业现代化，2009(1) 作者简介：孙琪（1988.5-），四川成都人，西南交通大学艺术与传播学院中文系硕士研究生在读，主要研究语言学及应用语言学方向。
中西方文化差异与语言差异 在中国人的心目中，"夏日炎炎"、“火辣夏日”，夏天总与酷暑炎热联系在一起。而在莎翁的一首十四行诗中却有这样的诗句，Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?/Thou art more lovely and more temperate.(我能不能拿夏天同你相比?/你啊，比夏天来得可爱和照。) 诗人把情人比作夏天，可爱而温煦。"夏天" 带给中国人和英国人的联想竟是如此的迥异。原因就在于所处的地理位置不同，中国位于亚洲大陆，属于大陆性气候，四季分明，夏天最明显的特征便是骄阳似火，炎热难熬。而英国位于北温带，属海洋性气候，夏天明媚温和，令人惬意。当然还有很多这方面的例子，例如，在汉语中的 "东风" 使人想到温暖和煦，西风则叫人有种寒风刺骨的味道。而在西方则相反。原因也是一样，两地所处地理位置不同，带来感觉就不同 。 二、 生产劳动 英语中与水产、航船有关的词语非常多，如 fish in the air (缘木求鱼 )、an odd fish(怪人)、miss the boat (错过机会) 等。汉语中这类词语就少得多。原因在于英国四周环水、水产捕捞业和航海业在其经济生活中占有重要地位，故而多此类词语。而在中国只有沿海地区才有渔民结网捕鱼,所以该类词语相对较少。 要表达“用体力负运东西" 的动词在汉语中有许多，如 "扛、 荷、挑、担、抬、背、驮、负、提、挎" 等，每个词都有一定的负运的东西与之相应(如，挑土、担水、提箱子)，真是细密之极。在英语中却只有一个 carry来泛指这个动作。汉语之所以将这个动词细加区分，大概因为中国长期处于农业社会，体力劳动特别多的缘故。 汉语中我们会遇到"像老黄牛一样干活" 、"气壮如牛 " 等词 ，英语中要表达同样的意思，会说 work like a horse, as strong as a horse, flog a willing horse 。为什么汉语用 "牛 " 而英语用horse 呢? 答案是中国人向来用牛来耕田种地，早期的英国人却用马来耕作。牛和马在生产过程中分别分成了两国人的好帮手，博得了人们的好感，词语中也就有了如上用法。 三、风俗习惯 1、称谓及称呼: 学习英语时，我们发现英语中的称谓名称比汉语中的要少得多。例如，英语中cousin一词，对应于汉语的表兄、表弟、表姐和表妹等。我们看到，汉语把表亲关系区分得非常严格，既要说出性别，又要分出大小，根本不像英语笼统一个词了事。这种语言现象的产生归因于中国二、三千年之久的封建统治。这种封建社会高度重视血缘关系，特别强调等级间的差异，提倡长幼、尊卑有序。亲属关系亲疏，长幼和性别等万面不同，权力和义务也随着出现区别， 故称谓区分得严格而细密。英语中的称谓为数不多 ， 除 dad, mum, grandpa, aunt, uncle等几个称谓经常使用外，其它的几乎都不用。在英美国家，人们的相互称呼在中国人看来有违情理，且不礼貌，没教养。比如: 小孩子不把爷爷奶奶称作grandpa和grandma,而是直呼其名，这种做法却是得体，亲切、合乎常埋的，年轻人称老年人，只在其姓氏前加 Mr, Mrs 或Miss。他们这些做法体现了西方人追求人人平等的思想，在他们眼中，称谓本身就意味着不平等。 2、敬语谦词: 像称谓一样，英语中的敬语谦词也远远少于汉语。在英语中，不管对方年龄多大，地位多高，you 就是 you，I 就是 I，用不着像汉语那样用许多诸如 "您、局长、工程师 " 等敬语。汉语产生这种现象的原因之一还是中国封建社会等级森严的宗法制度。它要求人们跟长辈或上级、甚至同辈说话时，要用敬语，否则就认为用词不当而失礼，甚至显得高傲；谈及自己时则要用谦词，如不使用，也会被认为没有礼貌。另一原因，便是中国人几千年来的传统思想的影响，不愿突出自己，总认为"谦虚" 是一种美德。而在英语中这类词较少的原因有两个: 一是西方人喜爱追求平等，二是他们长期以来尊重个人价值，乐于表现自己，强调培养个人自信心。受以上观念的支配，中西方人接受赞扬、祝贺时的反应也明显有很大区别。中国人听此类话语后会说一类谦虚的话语，而西方人则会毫不犹豫地说: “ Thank you”我曾从报上看到过这样一则笑话，在一次舞会上，一位美国人赞扬一位中国女士说：“You look very beautiful today (你今天很漂亮) 。” 这位中国女士赶忙谦虚地说:Where(哪里 ), where(哪里 )." 而这位美国人感到非常奇怪，然后只好说了句: everywhere(到处)。" 根据西方人的习惯，当他们赞扬别人时，总希望别人以道谢或爽快接受的方式作答，否则他们会误解为对方对自己的判断力表示怀疑。而东方则比较谦虚、谨慎，即使心里非常高兴，也不会坦然认同或接受对方的赞扬。 又如学术刊物上发表的文献或论文的标题。汉语文章的标题除说明文章的内容外，往往有表示谦虚的字眼。如"浅谈…… " 、"试论……" 、 "、“……初探" 等，而英语文章的标题常常是直截了当，不加任何修饰，如 Science and Linguistics (《科学与语言》) 。 3、个人隐私:对大多数西方人来说，向陌生人或不大熟悉的人提出 How old are you? How much do you make? Are you married? 等谈及年龄、收入、婚姻状况、宗教信仰、家庭情况等问题的话题属个人隐私范畴，忌讳别人问及。西方人寒暄最频繁的话题是天气的状况或预测。如“It’s fine, isn’t it?“、 “It’s raining hard, isn’t it?”、 “Your dress is do nice!”等等。他们在初次见面或不太熟悉的人面前，从不问及有关别人隐私方面问题，以示对对方的尊敬。汉语里的寒暄有时还表示对对方的关心。 如 "你今天气色不好，生病了吗? " "好久不见，你又长胖了 。" "你又瘦了，要注意身体啊。" 如西方人听到你说:“You are fat”或 “You are so thin”等话语。即使彼此间较熟悉，也会感到尴尬，难以回答，因这是不礼貌的。而中国人见面三分熟，在半小时内，对方的家庭情况、个人状况便了解得清清楚楚。这又是双方所处的不同文化背景在起作用。西方人特别注重个人隐私。他们认为个人的事不必让别人知道，更不愿让别人干预。而中国人千百年来住在一个村庄里，离得近，接触得多，个人生活或私事很难不被人知道或干预。再加上中国人团结友爱，互相关心，相互帮助，认为个人的事即家庭乃至集体的事。故而他们很愿意了解别人的酸甜苫辣，别人也愿坦诚相告。当然，现在在一些发达或沿海城市，人们也开始接受西方人的观点，说话不随便涉及对方隐私。 四 宗教信仰 汉英语言中涉及宗教的词语数目庞大，蔚为壮观。比如，"天公" 、"阴阳 " 、"菩萨" 等。语言是思想的直接反映，两种截然不同的宗教词汇是两个民族宗教观念迥异的真实写照。隋唐之前，儒道两教在中国居统治地位，汉语中涉及宗教的词语多与此相关，如 "太极" 、"道" 等，其精神，如尊天命，行孝道、听天由命等也可见于 日常语言当中。隋唐时期，大量佛教传入，大量佛教词语随之而来，其轮回报应的思想被儒道思想所接受并被消化。这样儒、 佛、道三教在中国占有绝对主导地位。在英国，则以基督教为主要宗教。该教于597 年传入英国。在随后相当长的时间里，大量与此相关的词语陆续汇入英语行列 。这里既有古英语时期由拉丁语渗入英语的词 、如angel (天使)、monk (僧侣 ) 等，又有中古时期从法语借用的词 ，如 religion (宗教) 、dean(教长)等，还有现代英语时期从其他外来语中借来的大量的词， 结果英语中涉及宗教的词语远比其他语种来得多。 五、 历史典故 用典是每个民族日常交谈的一个重要组成部分，人们常常在不自觉间运用出于各自民族文化遗产的典故，比如中国人会说，"真是马后炮"、 "原来是个空城计啊 ! " 西方人则会讲 That all Greek to me.(我对此一窍不通。) 、He’s a Shylock (他是个守财奴)。一谈用典，对对方文化了解不多的外国人大多感到相当费解，显然这是因为各民族以化遗产不同的缘故。中国人的典故多源于《红楼梦》等古代四大名著、民间传说神话以及中国传统的体育娱乐项目，如象棋、戏剧等。前两个例子一个来自中国象棋，一个来自《三国演义》。而西方人的典故则多出于莎士比亚戏剧和以后英美文学中的许多其他人物或名称、希腊、罗马神话、《圣经》中的人物和事件以及传统的体育项目，如美国的棒球、橄揽球等。后两个英文例子便来自莎士比亚戏剧。 六、思维方式 英语注重运用各种具体的连接手段以达到语法形式的完整。这些句子组织严密，层次井然有序，其句法功能一望便知。比如 ，If winter comes, can spring be far behind? (冬天来了，春还会远吗？)一见到if,两句间的逻辑关系便一目了然。而汉语则很少使用连接手段，句子看上去松散混乱，概念、判断、推理不严密，句子间的逻辑关系从外表不易看出。比如，"打得就打，打不赢就走，还怕没办法?"几个句子间无连接成分，好像大量动词杂沓堆上，句间关系外表上根本看不出，但句子的意思却把他们联系起。这就是人们所说的英语重形合，汉语重意合，这些差异反映了英汉民族思维方式的不同。英民族重理性，重视逻辑思维。而汉民族重悟性，注重辩证思维。 七、个人主义价值观 在西方文化中，与 " 自 我" (self) 相关的观念可以说是根深蒂固、 无所不在。在英语中就有许多以自我为中心的词汇，如“self-absorption (自我专注 )、self-admiration(自我赞赏)、self-cultivation (自我修养 ) 、 self-image (自我形象 ) 等等。故此西方社会盛行的是个体主义 (individualism)”，强调个人自由、不受外来约束。而中方文化强调集体利益高于个人利益，"先国家，后集体，再个人，先利民，再利已" 的话语随处可见。通过简单的言语就可从中了解两种截然不同的文化。 通过语言对比了解中西文化的差异，人们会对双方文化有更深的理解，这反过来有助于我们掌握这两种语言。我们在学习英语时，应了解它的文化背景知识以及社会风俗习惯，随时将它与我们的母语进行对比，使自己自觉意识到不规范语言产生的根源和避免方法，进而增强使用规范语言的意识。
真的好难，找了半天也找不到，不好意思。
中西文化差异论文参考文献
参考文献：
[1]潘吉星。中国古代的社会与科学[A]。李约瑟文集[C]沈阳：辽宁科学技术出版社，1998.
[2]刘红星。先秦与古希腊———中西文化之源[M]。上海：上海古籍出版社，1999.
[3]沈祖祥.旅游文化概论[M].福州:福建人民出版社，1999.
[4]朱希祥.中西旅游文化审美比较[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社，1998.
范忠信的《中西法文化的差异和暗合》全部是将这个东西的少在网上找，空闲的时候多看看书，毕竟电脑只是个工具
中美饮食有差异，美国人一日三餐到底吃啥？看完大开眼界
美国人喜欢一日多餐，每餐适量；而中国人传统习惯一日三餐，每餐食量都较大，且现已开始有不食早餐的风气。无疑少食多餐会比一日三餐、二餐科学，特别是不食早餐更易患胆石症。 许多中国人习惯每日购买新鲜食品烹饪；美国人往往一次性购买一周的食品贮存在冰箱里，每日食用冷冻食品，且食用的罐头和腌制品分别为中国人的八倍和六倍，要知道它们含较多的防腐剂和色素等化学品，均对身体不利，这值得生活日趋简单化的都市白领一族注意的。中国许多家庭逢年过节时菜肴特别多，应酬也特别多。而美国人宴客或过节，从不铺张，连总统宴请外国元首也是五菜一羹，更不劝酒。 中国人烹调时喜欢用植物油，美国人则喜欢用含胆固醇较高的动物油。植物油为不饱和脂肪酸，不含胆固醇，因此美国人的心血管疾病发病率特别高。 中国人的烹调往往放盐较多，而美国人做菜下盐仅为中国人的一半，有的甚至完全不放盐。摄盐太多可引发种种疾病。其六、中国人烹调时爱下味精，而美国人不下味精。味精含钠，过量摄入有损健康，特别是对幼儿的发育影响甚大。 中国人进食新鲜蔬菜瓜果比美国人多得多。而美国人较中国人每日摄入的蛋白质亦多得多，但肠胃功能却因体内缺少纤维素而受到影响。虽美国的医疗条件优于中国，可他们消化系统患病率及患癌率却大大超过中国。 中国人喜爱食糙米和普通面粉，美国人则偏爱精白面粉制作的面点。实际上糙米和普通面粉所含营养物质高于精白面粉，这对日益爱食精白面粉制品的中国人是一个有益的提示。 中国人尤其是珠三角一带的群众和美国人都有爱食刺身或煎牛扒五六成熟的习惯，但美国人十分注意刺身的海鲜和牛肉的质量和卫生条件，选取深海的无污染的为必须的条件。而中国人却注意不够。 美国人餐后习惯加一份甜食，而中国人餐后习惯食水果。水果当然比甜食有益，但现在中国人又往往餐后水果再加甜食，尤其是宴席上。不少营养学家认为餐前用水果比餐后有益。 中国人往往餐后饮一杯热茶，而美国人餐后却爱饮咖啡。茶能降低胆固醇，而咖啡却会提高血脂且刺激心脏。有营养学家指出餐后半小时左右饮用热茶将更能发挥其降低胆固醇和助消化的作用。十三、美国人已意识到被称为“红肉”的牛肉、马肉和羊肉等是导致结肠癌和前列腺癌的病因之一，亦意识到红肉的脂肪也是前列腺癌及心脏病的致病因素之一，注意到一周吃一次红肉。中国的不少报刊也多次报道过红肉的问题，但目前中国人却未能引起到足够的重视。中国人尤其是广州及珠三角一带的居民爱食猪肝、肠、肺等动物的内脏，美国人则无此爱好。动物内脏含有大量的胆固醇，不宜多食。中国人普遍都喜欢豆浆、豆腐等豆制品，它不仅保持了大豆的营养，且养分更易于人体吸收，其蛋白质的消化吸收率高达92%—96%，享有“植物肉”的美称。而美国人对豆腐至今没有兴趣。 美国人习惯于分餐制，而中国人只是“非典”时实施，过后又回到了合餐制。十六、中国人炒菜时多用大火，因而油烟多，加上多不注意厨房的通风设备；而美国人不爱用大火炝锅，且厨房通风条件相当注意。因而烹饪人员及家庭主妇中患肺癌率中国人明显高于美国人。 中国人尤其是广东人特别爱饮汤，且汤的烹制上有煲、炖、滚、羹等多种形式，材料上除果蔬、禽肉、海河鲜、干货还有特有的中药材甚至野菜，无论对佐餐、养生、辅助治疗疾病都十分有助。而美国人的汤品却比较单调。
一，饮食观念不同，比如西方人侧重营养，中国人注重美味。二，饮食方式不同，比如西方人侧重交谊，中国人注重气氛和愉悦。三，饮食习惯不同，比如西方人习惯用刀叉，中国人习惯用筷子四，饮食环境不同，比如西方人注重精致，中国人注重排场五，饮食口味不同，比如西方人吃甜食，中国人大多以咸为主。以上只是概略性的说明，你可以展开论述。可参照：略谈中西方饮食文化差异 餐饮产品由于地域特征、气侯环境、风俗习惯等因素的影响，会出现在原料、口味、烹调方法、饮食习惯上的不同程度的差异。正是因为这些差异，餐饮产品具有了强烈的地域性。中西文化之间的差异造就了中西饮食文化的差异，而这种差异来自中西方不同的思维方式和处世哲学。中国人注重“天人合一”，西方人注重“以人为本”。 这里简要从下面三个方面谈谈中西方饮食文化的差异。 一、两种不同的饮食观念 对比注重“味”的中国饮食，西方是一种理性饮食观念。不论食物的色、香、味、形如何，而营养一定要得到保证，讲究一天要摄取多少热量、维生素、蛋白质等等。即便口味千篇一律，也一定要吃下去——因为有营养。这一饮食观念同西方整个哲学体系是相适应的。形而上学是西方哲学的主要特点。西方哲学所研究的对象为事物之理，事物之理常为形上学理，形上学理互相连贯，便结成形上哲学。这一哲学给西方文化带来生机，使之在自然科学上、心理学上、方法论上实现了突飞猛进的发展。但在另一些方面，这种哲学主张大大地起了阻碍作用，如饮食文化。在宴席上，可以讲究餐具，讲究用料，讲究服务，讲究菜之原料的形、色方面的搭配；但不管怎么豪华高档，从洛杉矶到纽约，牛排都只有一种味道，无艺术可言。作为菜肴，鸡就是鸡，牛排就是牛排，纵然有搭配，那也是在盘中进行的，一盘“法式羊排”，一边放土豆泥，旁倚羊排，另一边配煮青豆，加几片番茄便成。色彩上对比鲜明，但在滋味上各种原料互不相干、调和，各是各的味，简单明了。 中国人是很重视“吃”的，“民以食为天”这句谚语就说明我们把吃看得与天一样重要。由于我们这个民族几千年来都处于低下的生产力水平，人们总是吃不饱，所以才会有一种独特的把吃看得重于一切的饮食文化，我想，这大概是出于一种生存需要吧。如果一种文化把吃看成首要的事，那么就会出现两种现象：一方面会把这种吃的功能发挥到极致，不仅维持生存，也利用它维持健康，这也就是”药补不如食补”的文化基础；另一方面，对吃的过份重视，会使人推崇对美味的追求。 在中国的烹调术中，对美味追求几乎达到极致，以至中国人到海外谋生，都以开餐馆为业，成了我们在全世界安身立命的根本！遗憾的是，当我们把追求美味作为第一要求时，我们却忽略了食物最根本的营养价值，我们的很多传统食品都要经过热油炸和长时间的文火饨煮，使菜肴的营养成分受到破坏，许多营养成分都损失在加工过程中了。因而一说到营养问题，实际上就触及到了中国饮食文化的最大弱点。民间有句俗话：“民以食为天，食以味为先”。就是这种对美味的追求，倒使我们忽略了吃饭的真正意义。 中国人在品尝菜肴时，往往会说这盘菜“好吃”，那道菜“不好吃”；然而若要进一步问一下什么叫“好吃”，为什么“好吃”，“好吃”在哪里，恐怕就不容易说清楚了。这说明，中国人对饮食追求的是一种难以言传的“意境”，即使用人们通常所说的“色、香、味、形、器”来把这种“境界”具体化，恐怕仍然是很难涵盖得了的。 中国饮食之所以有其独特的魅力，关键就在于它的味。而美味的产生，在于调和，要使食物的本味，加热以后的熟味，加上配料和辅料的味以及调料的调和之味，交织融合协调在一起，使之互相补充，互助渗透，水乳交融，你中有我，我中有你。中国烹饪讲究的调和之美，是中国烹饪艺术的精要之处。菜点的形和色是外在的东西，而味却是内在的东西，重内在而不刻意修饰外表，重菜肴的味而不过分展露菜肴的形和色，这正是中国美性饮食观的最重要的表现。 在中国，饮食的美性追求显然压倒了理性，这种饮食观与中国传统的哲学思想也是吻合的。作为东方哲学代表的中国哲学，其显著特点是宏观、直观、模糊及不可捉摸。中国菜的制作方法是调和鼎鼐，最终是要调和出一种美好的滋味。这一讲究的就是分寸，就是整体的配合。它包含了中国哲学丰富的辩证法思想，一切以菜的味的美好、谐调为度，度以内的千变万化就决定了中国菜的丰富和富于变化，决定了中国菜菜系的特点乃至每位厨师的特点。 二、中西饮食对象的差异 西方人认为菜肴是充饥的，所以专吃大块肉、整块鸡等“硬菜”。而中国的菜肴是“吃味”的，所以中国烹调在用料上也显出极大的随意性：许多西方人视为弃物的东西，在中国都是极好的原料，外国厨师无法处理的东西，一到中国厨师手里，就可以化腐朽为神奇。足见中国饮食在用料方面的随意性之广博。 据西方的植物学者的调查，中国人吃的菜蔬有600多种，比西方多六倍。实际上，在中国人的菜肴里，素菜是平常食品，荤菜只有在节假日或生活水平较高时，才进入平常的饮食结构，所以自古便有“菜食”之说，菜食在平常的饮食结构中占主导地位。中国人的以植物为主菜，与佛教徒的鼓吹有着千缕万丝的联系。他们视动物为“生灵”，而植物则“无灵”，所以，主张素食主义。 西方人在介绍自己国家的饮食特点时，觉得比中国更重视营养的合理搭配，有较为发达的食品工业，如罐头、快餐等，虽口味千篇一律，但节省时间，且营养良好，故他们国家的人身体普遍比中国人健壮：高个、长腿、宽大的肩、发达的肌肉；而中国人则显得身材瘦小、肩窄腿短、色黄质弱。有人根据中西方饮食对象的明显差异这一特点，把中国人称为植物性格，西方人称为动物性格。 三、饮食方式的不同 中西方的饮食方式有很大不同，这种差异对民族性格也有影响。在中国，任何一个宴席，不管是什么目的，都只会有一种形式，就是大家团团围坐，共享一席。筵席要用圆桌，这就从形式上造成了一种团结、礼貌、共趣的气氛。美味佳肴放在一桌人的中心，它既是一桌人欣赏、品尝的对象，又是一桌人感情交流的媒介物。人们相互敬酒、相互让菜、劝菜，在美好的事物面前，体现了人们之间相互尊重、礼让的美德。虽然从卫生的角度看，这种饮食方式有明显的不足之处，但它符合我们民族“大团圆”的普遍心态，反映了中国古典哲学中“和”这个范畴对后代思想的影响，便于集体的情感交流，因而至今难以改革。 西式饮宴上，食品和酒尽管非常重要，但实际上那是作为陪衬。宴会的核心在于交谊，通过与邻座客人之间的交谈，达到交谊的目的。如果将宴会的交谊性与舞蹈相类比，那么可以说，中式宴席好比是集体舞，而西式宴会好比是男女的交谊舞。由此可见，中式宴会和西式宴会交谊的目的都很明显，只不过中式宴会更多地体现在全席的交谊，而西式宴会多体现于相邻宾客之间的交谊。与中国饮食方式的差异更为明显的是西方流行的自助餐。此法是：将所有食物一一陈列出来，大家各取所需，不必固定在位子上吃，走动自由，这种方式便于个人之间的情感交流，不必将所有的话摆在桌面上，也表现了西方人对个性、对自我的尊重。但各吃各的，互不相扰，缺少了一些中国人聊欢共乐的情调。 所以，归根结底还是感性与理性之间的差异。但是，这种差异似乎在随着科学的发展而变的模糊。越来越多的中国人以不再只注重菜的色、香、味，而更注重它的卫生与营养了。尤其是在经历了非典以后。还有，人们因为越来越繁忙的工作，觉得中餐做起来太麻烦，不如来个汉堡方便等。这样一来在饮食上差异也就不太分明了。
总的来说就是中西文化差异当今世界跨文化交际已成为人们生活中不可或缺的内容，是现代交际中引人注目的一个焦点。但在交流中，经常会出现一些不尽人意的地方，其原因正是文化差异，其中最为突出的是中西方文化差异。中西文化历来是世界文化的两大派系，而饮食在两个文化中占有非常重要的地位。中西文化之间的差异从而造就了中西饮食文化的差异，在两种不同的文化背景下，中西方饮食习俗，不论在其特征、功能，还是在其性质、对象等诸多方面，所存在的差异都是非常鲜明的。饮食文化不仅仅是“吃”的问题，是人类在饮食方面的创造行为及其成果，凡涉及人类饮食方面的思想、意识、观念、哲学、艺术等都在饮食文化的范围之内。中西方文化有着相通之处，比如：西方人重视培养奋发向上的精神，中国人则主张积极进取；西方人主张教育为先，中国人倡导发展教育；西方人奉行实用主义，中国人讲究实事求是。但是，中西方文化在很大程度上也存在着不同，在美国，个人自由主义形象在社会生活中表现得非常鲜明，而在中国，家庭责任感会体现出这样的强烈与鲜明。有人说，文化就像一个磁场，在不同的地域有着不同的分布，而同处一个磁场的中西两方的文化，在交流的过程中必然会碰撞出火花。本文主要就中西方在饮食方面的差异为代表来分析中西方文化的差异，从理论和实践两个方面深化跨文化交际研究，以更好的汲取西方文化的精华、弘扬中华文化。一、“分离”与“合同”的特征不同。台湾国学大师钱穆先生曾今说：“文化异， 斯学术亦异。中国重和合， 西方重分别”［1］。中西文化的差异影响了各自的饮食文化。在中西饮食文化之中也明显体现了这种“合同”与“分离”的文化特征。（一）追求自由开放的西方人倾向分门别类。西式菜肴中除少数汤菜， 如法式洋葱大虾汤，是把多种荤素原料混合在一锅里熬炖而成之外， 正菜中各种原料互不相干，鱼就是鱼，虾就是虾，羊排就是羊排。就有搭配，那也是在盘中进行的，不是搅拌在一起的。如 “美式牛扒”， 一边放着牛扒，另一边是意大利青瓜、干笋，切碎加入植物牛油中拌匀，直至凝固，切成小块，放上已煎好的美国牛扒面，即可供食。色彩上形成对比鲜明，但在口味上各种原料互不相混，各是各的味。即使是调味的佐料，如植物牛油、盐，也都是现吃现加，而不是一次性放够。即使有所搭配，也是简单明了。以上种种做法都体现了“西方重分别”的饮食文化。（二） 崇尚和谐的中国人强调统一。中国人的儒家传统思想，主张以“和”为贵，认为其为最美妙的境界，不但体现在社会为人处世中，而且反映在其他各各方面，当然也包括烹饪思想。这种“合同”的思想集中体现在烹饪上就反映为“五味调和”。要用中国传统文化中的阴阳五行指导这一调和，调和既要合乎时序，又要注意时令，才能达到“美味可口”的目的。既烹制食物时需要在保留原味的基础上进行调和，所以中国菜几乎每个菜都要用两种以上的原料和多种调料来烹制。即使是家常菜也如此，一般主要原料选用荤素搭配来调和烹制的，再加上各种调料，如青椒肉丝、宫保鸡丁、乌鸡红枣汤。中国人认为把多种原料放在一起，配料和辅料的味以及调料的味交织融合协调在一起，就如多种化学试剂发生反应，经这种过程搭配出来的菜才美味可口，这也是一种集中个体到整体的过程，只不过还有一个把握火候的问题，也就是哲学上说的“度”，不同的火候就会烹饪出不同的味儿，中国饮食之所以有其独特的魅力， 关键就在于它的味。而美味的产生，在于调和，使之互相通、互助渗透［2］。可见中国人烹调追求整体、统一。二、饮食功能的不同。中国人认为饮食既是一种享受，也是一种情感沟通的重要媒介，又是一项工作，许多工作都是在餐桌旁进行并完成的，这是中方饮食功能突出特色。中国人往往在节日时邀请客人吃饭，美味佳肴放在一桌人的中心，共享一席，除了寒暄客套便是大讲吃经，款款叙来，滔滔不绝，人们相互敬酒、劝菜。伤心时找人吃饭，倾诉自己的惆怅、委屈，抒发自己的郁闷之感，通过别人的开导，寻找心理安慰，以达释放解脱之目的。谈业务时约人吃饭，既可以寻求到更多的机会，又可以了解对方，在轻松地环境中达成协议。表感谢时也请人吃饭，中国人认为享受美味佳肴最能代表真心诚意，饭局俨然成为了中国式生活的缩影。西方人则认为饮食是一种休息，是一种放松，饮食与工作相对分开，工作主要是在办公桌旁进行并完成的。于是，西方人在吃饭时通常不谈工作，或安安静静地独自享用盘中美食，或轻轻松松地听着音乐并吃着食物，或平心静气地谈一些让人放松而愉快的话题，这也仅限于邻座的宾客，而不像中国进行全席的交流，没有中国人进餐时的热闹，缺少了一些中国人聊欢共乐的情调。如果将宴会的交谊性比作舞蹈，可以说，中式宴席好比是集体舞，而西式宴会好比是男女的交谊舞。当然也不会因为工作业务或心情失落、表达谢意之类的而请人吃饭。由此可见，中西方的饮食功能是不同的。三、饮食对象的不同。一个民族的饮食习惯与其生存环境和传统密切相关。自古以来，任何一个时期、任何一个区域，人们的饮食生活都离不开特定的生存环境。生存环境不仅决定了可能获得的食物来源和种类，而且对于食物的获得方式与消费方式等也产生重要影响，“生存环境及其内部诸因素的变化，最终也将导致饮食文化体系的种种变化”［3］。由于中国自古就是农业大国，又加之人口压力以及其他多种原因的存在，使中国的饮食文化主要起源于农耕文化，这就直接影响着人们的食物结构。从“食”的内容来看，中国人有明确的主食和副食之分，主食以谷类及其制品如面食为主，副食则以蔬菜为主，辅以肉类［4］。中国人的饮食从先秦开始，就是以五谷杂粮为主，肉少粮多，辅以蔬菜植物类菜品占主导地位。据西方的植物学者的调查，中国人吃的蔬菜有600多种，比西方多六倍。在中国人的菜肴里，素菜是平常食品，荤菜只有在节假日或生活水平较高时才进入平常的饮食结构， 所以自古便有“菜食”之说。中国人以淀粉为能量的主要来源，荤素搭配比较均衡，喜食果蔬，讲究杂食。对于蔬菜的烹调以熟食为主，不喜欢生吃蔬菜或生饮果汁。这一饮食习惯又深受佛教文化的影响，佛教倡导吃斋饭，即素食，认为动物是“生灵”，而生灵是不可以杀死的，更不能食用，另外道教亦倡导忌食鱼肉。中国人一般还喜欢热食，主菜大多是热的，他们认为菜凉了，就失去了菜原有的味道，对肠胃也不好，只有趁热吃才能吃出菜的鲜味，吃到菜原有的特色。虽然随着人们生活水平的提高，加大了肉类菜肴和奶类食品的比重，肉食已成为寻常百姓餐桌上不可或缺的佳肴，但以蔬菜为主导的意识却仍然植根于人们的观念中。在西方，其农业结构是一种农牧混合结构，由于其地理气候不太适合农耕却有利于牧草生长，使得畜牧业占据了农业经济的主导地位。独特的临海区位优势使得他们的航海业也非常发达。西方饮食文化就起源于这种畜牧文化，畜牧文化决定了西方饮食结构尤其偏重于肉类与乳制品，其膳食结构以动物性食物为主。没有主食和副食之分，以高蛋白、高脂肪、高糖分为典型特征，主要以牛肉、羊肉、猪肉等为主要菜肴。吃、穿、用都取之于动物，连西药都从动物身上取料炼制。西方人喜爱冷食、凉菜，从冷菜拼盘、色拉到冷饮，餐桌上少不了冷菜，而且西方人多生吃蔬菜。肉食在饮食中的比例一直很高，故他们国家的人身体普遍比中国人健壮：高个、长腿、肩部宽大、肌肉发达， 而中国人则显得身材瘦小、体质较弱。但西方人也认识到这种饮食习惯对身体健康的危害，开始转向以植物蔬菜为主的清淡型饮食，西方人的餐桌上蔬菜的种类及份量逐渐明显增加且也趋向于熟吃。但是肉食在饮食中的比例仍然要比中国人的高。总体来看，中西方的饮食结构日趋合理化、营养化。孙中山先生曾说：“中国常人所饮者为清茶，所食者为淡饭，而加以蔬菜、豆腐。此等之食料，为今日卫生家所考得为最有益于养生者也。故中国穷乡僻壤之人，饮食不及酒肉者，多为上寿”［5］。他还认为“欧美人之所饮者独酒， 所食者腥腹，亦相习成风，故虽在前有科学之提倡，在后有重法之厉禁”［6］。孙中山先生讲了中西饮食的利弊，根据中西方饮食对象的差异，有人把中国人称为植物性格，把西方人称为动物性格。这种性格反映在文化行为价值观上就是，中国人喜欢安土重迁，固本守己，而西方人则喜欢开拓、冒险、冲突。美国民俗学家露丝·本尼迪克特曾经提出过“文化模式”这一理论，她认为中国人的文化性格类似于古典世界的阿波罗式，而西方人的文化性格则近似于现代世界的浮士德式。四、中西饮食归属及性质的不同。中西方饮食性质的差异，与它们各自的生活方式及生活节奏是相一致的。在西方，一般实行工资制，重复的工作比较多，且生活节奏较快，人们有意无意地受工作节奏的影响，通常工作时工作，游戏时游戏。生活的单一乏味导致了饮食结构的单一性并对此熟视无睹，西方人平常享用的罐头快餐等，口味千篇一律，与从事的工作一样单调重复，他们对此很漠然，就像对一个生物的机器注入燃料，只要他们吃了以后能保持身体的结实，足以抵御病菌的感染，其他皆不足道［7］。能保证机器的正常运转就可以了。以完成任务为目的，自然无兴趣、滋味可言。中国则不然，工作节奏相对比较慢，工作形式多样，往往追求两全齐美，边工作边游戏。当然饮食结构也相对复杂，对于色、香、味、形、质、意等都相当讲究，并且种类之多，无所不有。中国人饮食的目的，不同于西方人，除了果腹充饥，同时还满足对美味的渴望，给人赏心悦目之感，才会有食欲。厨师在炒菜时一般上下晃动炒勺，注意烹炒的节奏感。这些自然不会提高工作效率，但却增加了劳动者的工作趣味，只有在这种气氛中工作才会使身心愉悦，才能体现出中国菜的创造性和艺术性。五、规范科学与随意特色的烹调准则不同。西方人在摄取食物时基本上是从科学的角度出发的，十分注意营养搭配，不论食物的色泽鲜嫩怎样，营养是一到菜谱成功与否的标准，在营养的标准上讲究蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物、维生素及各类无机元素的含量是否搭配合宜，热量的供给是否恰到好处以及这些营养成分是否能为进食者充分吸收，有无其他副作用。对他们而言，饮食只是一种手段，所以态度也就较为随便，吃得也较为简单。在西方， 盛大的西餐宴席通常不过是六道菜，而且其中只有两道菜算得上是菜，其余不过是陪衬。平时宴请，饭菜更为简单。还有一种聚会，称之为“Party”，主人只提供饮料、酒和一些简单的食物，如奶酪、炸薯条、三明治等， 并不提供饭菜。可见， 他们将吃饭看成是聚会和交流的机会，吃的东西并不是最重要的，享受在饮食中基本上不占重要位置，故而不会像中国过分地追求特色口味。早餐往往是一个鸡蛋、一杯牛奶、几片面包再加上一根香肠，热量非常充足。午餐往往是自助快餐，即使是最讲究的晚餐也不外乎是面包、薯条、香肠、牛排、炸鸡、奶酪等， 也很简单，但营养十分丰富。西方人相关的烹调全过程也都严格按照科学规范行事。从菜谱的制定就可以发现，西方菜谱中的计量都以精确数字计算。从表面上看，菜谱似乎是科学的，西方人买菜和制作菜肴也总是对照着菜谱。但相比中国烹调，它是一个非常机械的东西，在复杂的具体情况面前往往是无能为力的，比如为了体现客人身份，在做菜时要打破常规，在味道花色上稍作调整，使之精致一些。这对于中国的厨师轻而易举，而对于西方厨师就会不知所措。而这种一致性导致了西方饮食的一个弊端--缺乏特色。另外， 规范化的烹调要求配料的准备、调料的添加精确到克，烹调时间精确到秒。由于西方菜肴制作的规范化，使得烹调成为一种机械性的工作，从洛杉矶到纽约，牛排都只有一种味道，毫无创造性和艺术可言。而且在西方，一道菜在不同的季节不同的地区，都是同一种味道，几乎没有变化。即使是高档的宴席，也不过是更讲究餐具，布置更华贵，服务更为周到而已，菜仍旧是一个味。西方人这种重科学、重营养的理性饮食观念同西方整个哲学体系也是相适应的，形而上学是西方哲学的主要特点。西方哲学所研究的对象为事物之理，事物之理常为形上学理，形上学理互相连贯，便结成形上哲学。这一哲学给西方文化带来生机，使之在自然科学上、心理学上、方法论上实现了突飞猛进的发展。但在另一些方面，这种哲学主张大大地起了阻碍作用，如饮食文化，就不可避免地落后了，到处打上了方法论中的形而上学痕迹。
Language and culture are closely related to each other. Translating, in a sense, is an activity of promoting cross-cultural exchange. Therefore, translation involves not only language factors but also cultural factors. To be a qualified translator, one should have a strong sense of culture. A translator should bear five factors in mind in translation: ecological culture, linguistic culture, religious culture, material culture and social culture
10 Major Cultural Differences Between China and the United States of AmericaIt is always interesting to study other cultures, and it is extremely important to do just that if you are going to have interactions with them. You don’t want to insult someone, embarrass yourself, and your own culture. Sincere study of a culture is the only way to truly appreciate the differences.These differences do not make either culture better or worse than the other one. It just shows their differences which has been created through centuries of history and development. China can trace their traditions and customs for thousands of years. America is still a nation that has had very few traditions of its own, but has become such a melting pot of cultures that there is almost no specific American culture. This makes both cultures unique, worthy of study, and respect.So, being an American what do I see as the 10 biggest cultural differences between the two countries? American culture used to be much more concerned with moral behavior, respect, and reputation. Unfortunately, we have fallen far from what we once were.1. Social Structure – In China the social structure is formal and hierarchical(分等级的）. You know where you fit in the structure and you abide by the rules there. There is no crossing into other areas. In America, it is much more loose and informal. It is not uncommon to see those of various social levels socializing and knowing each other. There are very few lines that socially are not allowed to be crossed. This can cause problems in business relationships if the visiting culture is unaware of it.2. Confrontation/Conflict– If you are planning on conducting business in China or expecting an extended stay, it might be useful to know that the direct way that most Americans approach issues is not the way to go in China. Direct conflict or confrontation（对质） over issues is highly frowned upon. Doesn’t matter that the “truth” needs to be spoken, respect and honor to each person supersedes that. To prove a point and show yourself in the right even over business issues is considered shameful and should be avoided.3. Self –The Chinese looks more at the group collective than at individualism. America has become known for its push of individualism which has been a source of conflict with other cultures that look collectively. A person from China is more prone to look at how their acts affect the whole instead of how it affects them personally. They are more willing to give up and sacrifice for the greater good. America’s individualism has been its backbone and the reason for its success as a world power, but when visiting China it needs to be reined in.4. Face/Reputation– Reputation of the individual is very important in China. If an action will humiliate someone or ruin a reputation, it is avoided. When shame occurs, the person sacrifices their job or whatever it is that will heal the shame. In America, reputations come and go overnight and in the end usually does not matter. The end result is more of the focus. A person is more likely to overlook a reputation to get the job done.5. Business Relations – When doing business in China, be prepared for much socializing. Business becomes secondary as the parties get to know each better. If it delays a contract, that is perfectly acceptable as long as the correct social time is allotted for. In America, business associates are usually more aloof. There might be some social gathering but the business is more important and the socializing will be sacrificed to get the job done if needed. Though there seems to be shift in America regarding this. The recognition of networking is becoming more pronounced.6. Morals –Chinese society places high values on the morals of their people. Marriage is not encouraged until the late twenties. In fact, dating is discouraged early in a young adult’s life and proprieties are expected to be held up. The American culture is much more relaxed and some could even argue that there needs to be more moral emphasize.7. Recognition of the Dead – One of the time honored traditions of the Chinese is the recognition of the dead. Once a year, all members of a family visit the gravesites of each ancestor and pay their respects. Honoring ancestors is very important in Chinese culture. This is in direct contrast to most Americans who rarely know where the majority of their ancestors are laid to rest. This might be due to the fact that most Americans are immigrants who either have lost the information on grave locations or the locations are in foreign countries. China’s culture is much older and the percentage of immigration is far less.8. Humility –Humility is a revered virtue in Chinese culture. The success of one’s business or personal life is downplayed while in America the successes are lauded. Most Americans in the fast business world consider humility a sign of weakness. This can be an issue that hurts inter-cultural relations. Be very sensitive to comments and actions in the presence of another culture.9. Time Sensitivity – Crossing cultures for business can be frustrating when it interferes with getting the job done. Most Americans are very time sensitive when it comes to meetings and deadlines. If the meeting was to commence at 2:00, then all parties are to be present at that time. The Chinese do not view time as an absolute but more as a suggestion. Concern is not expressed for a meeting starting late or ending at a different time. The same can be applied to deadlines. If a report is due on Friday, an American would be waiting for that report to be received before end of business day. The Chinese would not worry if it showed up several days later.10. Respect –Being sensitive to another person’s needs is very important in Chinese culture. It is expected that you will respect the other person and treat them well.
Chinese and Western cultural differences in the performance of every aspect of daily life from the greeting 、 term diet and cultural differences in the way of thinking in the abstract, such as differences everywhere, from the West focus on the following colors to express the difference between Chinese and Western cultural differences in areas such as a wedding set. First, in the West to express the color difference Different colors in different languages is not expressed in the same way. The representative of China in a sense, the West has a meaning that even the "color" to understand the meaning of the contrary. (A) red (red) Whether in China or in the English-speaking countries, often in red and festive celebrations or day-related. Calendar, red font used these days, therefore, red letter day: refers to the "Day" or "happy occasion." It also refers to the red "liabilities" or "loss" because people are always negative in red to register. So there are these phrases: red figure deficit in the red loss In common with the Chinese "red" words, translated into English, may not necessarily use the "red" for example: brown sugar brown sugar red wine red wine (B) yellow Yellow in English and Chinese in the extended meaning of the differences are considerable. In English, yellow can be said that the "timid, cowardly, despicable," meaning, for example: a yellow dog despicable, cowardly people a yellow livered coward Chinese yellow symbol of the term is sometimes vulgar, vulgar and obscene, indecent indecency means, such as yellow film, erotica, yellow CD, and so on. These in the name of "yellow" in English and "yellow" has nothing to do. However, in another English word blue is the color used to indicate the kind of meaning in Chinese, such as the blue jokes (dirty joke), blue films (yellow film). Second, the cultural differences in Western wedding First of all, in Western wedding culture and the first in the West in thinking about the differences: the Chinese people more conservative, like excitement, more old-fashioned thinking, so in the history of China for thousands of years the entire wedding customs did not change much. The thinking in the West is more open to the requirements of the wedding will be lower, they will be the climax of the wedding in the church: the sacred as the "wedding march" into the red carpet, Jiao Mei's father, the bride linked hands Rose walked slowly to the groom, the bride's father, daughter to the groom's hand on hand, her daughter's life will be entrusted to the groom, all eyes followed the couple, filled with well-being in their face. Second, the result of cultural differences wedding in the West because the West in a different religion. China is mainly Buddhist, but the West is mainly Christian. Therefore, the Western wedding is to be held in the church and the priest is Zhuhun Ren. China's traditional customs of the most important part of the Bai Tiandi is, the worship heaven and earth even after the ceremony has become.中西方文化差异表现在方方面面，从日常生活的打招呼用语、饮食文化等差异到思维方式等抽象方面的差异无所不在，下面着重从中西方颜色表达的差异，中西方婚礼文化差异等方面阐述。 一、中西方颜色表达的差异 不同颜色在不同语言中表达的方式并不一样。在中国代表一种意义，在西方又表示一种涵义，甚至对“颜色”的涵义理解恰恰相反。（一）red（红色）无论是在英语国家还是在中国，红色往往与庆祝活动或喜庆日子有关。日历中，这些日子常用红色字体，因此，red letter day：指的是“纪念日”或“喜庆的日子”。红色还指“负债”或“亏损”，因为人们总是用红笔登记负数。于是就有了这些词组：red figure赤字 in the red亏损汉语中常用的带“红”字的词语，翻译成英语，可不一定用“red”例如：红糖brown sugar 红酒red wine （二） yellow黄色在英语和汉语中的引申含义差别比较大。英语中，yellow可以表示“胆小、卑怯、卑鄙”的意思，例如：a yellow dog 可鄙的人，卑鄙的人a yellow livered 胆小鬼汉语中黄色一词有时象征低级趣味、色情庸俗、下流猥亵的意思，如黄色电影、黄色书刊、黄色光碟等等。这些名称中的“黄”与英语中的“yellow”无关。然而，英语中另一个颜色词blue却常用来表示汉语中这类意思，如blue jokes（下流的玩笑）， blue films（黄色电影）等。 二、中西方婚礼文化差异 首先，中西方婚礼文化差异首先和中西方人在思维方面的差异有关：中国人比较保守，喜欢热闹，思维较古板，所以在中国历史几千年的时间里整个婚礼的习俗并没有多大的变化。而西方人的思想则比较开放，对于婚礼的要求也比较低，他们婚礼的高潮则是在教堂中：随着神圣的《婚礼进行曲》步入鲜红的地毯，娇美的新娘挽着父亲手捧玫瑰慢慢向新郎走去，新娘的父亲将女儿的手放在新郎的手上，将女儿的一生托付给新郎，所有人的目光注视着这对新人，幸福洋溢在他们的脸上。其次，造成中西方婚礼文化差异的原因是中西方不同的宗教。中国是以佛教为主，而西方则是基督教为主的。所以西方的婚礼是在教堂中举行而主婚人则是神甫。中方的传统婚俗中的最重要环节就是拜天地，拜了天地以后就算是礼成了。
一，对生命的态度oZg/Tg3q-l u6E%P#znGs 王国权：m8v9?!Gd B ]+|#o Oy:CE4xw$q*q't$~J 美国：生命是珍贵而可爱的，不论任何人的生命，甚至动物包括宠物和野生动物在内的生命都同样珍贵可爱。无论以多合理的口实消去一个生命都使一般人痛苦和难以接受。j[.Co7T&wrW t {_)TLL3o 中国：生命是廉价而无谓的，可以为某种崇高目的光荣牺牲。“人死如灯灭”。死一个好人固然可惜，死一个坏人就很痛快，死一个乞丐呢，可能无动于衷。动物的生命则基本上不算生命，野生动物也可以随意杀戮以享口福。fm ]dJ$^4LC9JqG;t二，对人的态度5X2p#b0A6Z7Uj1p P#P N1b4{(x4mNMT8v9T \美国：人本位，人是受尊敬的名词。只要有一个人站在道路中央，不论他是白人黑人高官百姓，所有过往车辆必须小心避让或停步。一个人攻击另一个人，不管是辱骂殴打或是诬陷暗算，即使受攻击的一方再无能再愚蠢再有错误，也都为舆论所不容，为法律所追究，哪怕你有钱有权势。民意始终受到尊重。]@e:KvMsE l^ Y$TT@5n 中国：官本位，官是受尊敬的名词。如果一个人站在道路中央，过往车辆将先搞清他官阶的大小，再决定自己礼让的尺度。礼让度可以随官位由高到低从有到无向下递减，从几条街外就交通管制递减到“撞死活该，谁让他违反交规”。如果一个人的名字前面没有官衔，其价值可以被视同草芥蝼蚁，无论他的建议多有道理都等于零。而他一旦有了官阶步步升高，即使说出再愚蠢的屁话，也正确高明。法律裁判向官员倾斜。t msX R$gXHp|s$cz@ 三，对生活的态度y,s1N/W;a rF nw P1h{P@BS/U 美国：生活是美丽的。人活着的乐趣就是领受大自然的馈赠。钱不在乎赚多赚少，当然多总好一点，可是生活则一定要快乐。钱是为我服务的而不是相反。钱借得越多越好。NEyAW1p#Lg X ]m B8E-\hg中国：生活是复杂的。人活着要应付各种各样的挑战，防备各种各样的陷井，千万不可头脑简单，轻信别人。如果当不上官的话，钱是一生中最重要的目标。钱存得越多越好。“人为财死，鸟为食亡”。0CA*] ` _9Bg%^f l?/?;H L+x%B6? 四，对后代的态度I2r%iO8G_ @0M {{PpB[ `(l 美国：子女是独立的。抚养子女是一种社会责任，不求任何回报。不管子女将来怎样，是他们自己的事情。孩子是我的朋友。不知何谓“孝道”。_(LG&sA2J? 7@X!oqi:[;RI8?~ 中国：子女是我的。抚养子女是一种投资，养儿防老。不惜一切代价要让子女成功，所谓成功也就是成为“人上人”。孩子必须尊我，不许不孝。n O^vqV({ ^1m(_ @MMb Of$H 四，对现在和将来的态度_ d/Fou5p9K!F _HOr.u)q0uv美国：无论明天会怎样，先把今天的事做好。明天是今天的延续，不管有多难解决，一定要在今天把该解决的问题解决掉。决不忍受不可忍受之苦。llbf$dS &t$Xy'ba中国：今天的事就算了，该怎么就怎么的，明天自然会好。哪怕问题可以解决，也留给下一代人去解决吧。随便多苦都可以忍受。
一、两种不同的饮食观念餐饮产品由于地域特征、气侯环境、风俗习惯等因素的影响，会出现在原料、口味、烹调方法、饮食习惯上的不同程度的差异。正是因为这些差异，餐饮产品具有了强烈的地域性。中西文化之间的差异造就了中西饮食文化的差异，而这种差异来自中西方不同的思维方式和处世哲学。中国人注重“天人合一”，西方人注重“以人为本”。对比注重“味”的中国饮食，西方是一种理性饮食观念。不论食物的色、香、味、形如何，而营养一定要得到保证，讲究一天要摄取多少热量、维生素、蛋白质等等。即便口味千篇一律，也一定要吃下去--因为有营养。这一饮食观念同西方整个哲学体系是相适应的。形而上学是西方哲学的主要特点。西方哲学所研究的对象为事物之理，事物之理常为形上学理，形上学理互相连贯，便结成形上哲学。这一哲学给西方文化带来生机，使之在自然科学上、心理学上、方法论上实现了突飞猛进的发展。但在另一些方面，这种哲学主张大大地起了阻碍作用，如饮食文化。在宴席上，可以讲究餐具，讲究用料，讲究服务，讲究菜之原料的形、色方面的搭配；但不管怎么豪华高档，从洛杉矶到纽约，牛排都只有一种味道，无艺术可言。作为菜肴，鸡就是鸡，牛排就是牛排，纵然有搭配，那也是在盘中进行的，一盘“法式羊排”，一边放土豆泥，旁倚羊排，另一边配煮青豆，加几片番茄便成。色彩上对比鲜明，但在滋味上各种原料互不相干、调和，各是各的味，简单明了。中国人是很重视“吃”的，“民以食为天”这句谚语就说明我们把吃看得与天一样重要。由于我们这个民族几千年来都处于低下的生产力水平，人们总是吃不饱，所以才会有一种独特的把吃看得重于一切的饮食文化，我想，这大概是出于一种生存需要吧。如果一种文化把吃看成首要的事，那么就会出现两种现象：一方面会把这种吃的功能发挥到极致，不仅维持生存，也利用它维持健康，这也就是”药补不如食补”的文化基础；另一方面，对吃的过份重视，会使人推崇对美味的追求。二、饮食方式的不同中西方的饮食方式有很大不同，这种差异对民族性格也有影响。在中国，任何一个宴席，不管是什么目的，都只会有一种形式，就是大家团团围坐，共享一席。筵席要用圆桌，这就从形式上造成了一种团结、礼貌、共趣的气氛。美味佳肴放在一桌人的中心，它既是一桌人欣赏、品尝的对象，又是一桌人感情交流的媒介物。人们相互敬酒、相互让菜、劝菜，在美好的事物面前，体现了人们之间相互尊重、礼让的美德。虽然从卫生的角度看，这种饮食方式有明显的不足之处，但它符合我们民族“大团圆”的普遍心态，反映了中国古典哲学中“和”这个范畴对后代思想的影响，便于集体的情感交流，因而至今难以改革。西式饮宴上，食品和酒尽管非常重要，但实际上那是作为陪衬。宴会的核心在于交谊，通过与邻座客人之间的交谈，达到交谊的目的。如果将宴会的交谊性与舞蹈相类比，那么可以说，中式宴席好比是集体舞，而西式宴会好比是男女的交谊舞。由此可见，中式宴会和西式宴会交谊的目的都很明显，只不过中式宴会更多地体现在全席的交谊，而西式宴会多体现于相邻宾客之间的交谊。与中国饮食方式的差异更为明显的是西方流行的自助餐。此法是：将所有食物一一陈列出来，大家各取所需，不必固定在位子上吃，走动自由，这种方式便于个人之间的情感交流，不必将所有的话摆在桌面上，也表现了西方人对个性、对自我的尊重。但各吃各的，互不相扰，缺少了一些中国人聊欢共乐的情调。
蒙古族——除夕更岁时，一家人围坐在包内火炉边，在向长辈敬献“辞岁酒”之后，饱餐烤羊腿和煮水饺。 高山族——台湾高山族有吃“长年菜”的习俗。长年菜也叫作“芥菜”，吃这种菜是预示寿命长。有的人将长长的粉丝加入长年菜里，象征着长生不老。 满族——年三十家宴十分丰盛而隆重。主食有糯米粉或成粉包制的饺子、火烧、豆包等；传统年菜有鲜美的血肠、煮白肉及别具一格的酸菜氽白肉，而象征吉庆有余的鱼菜更不可少。子时还要吃一顿送旧迎新的鲜肉水饺。 壮族——年三十晚上煮好初一全天的饭，以示来年要丰收。这种饭叫“粽粑”，有的长达尺余，重五六斤。 拉祜族——每至除夕必做糯米粑，其中有一对做得特别大，据说象征太阳和月亮，用以祈祝新的一年风调雨顺、果实累累。 侗族——初一清早，从塘里弄几条又大又鲜灵的鲤鱼，煎、炸、烧、炖、摆上桌，再加一盘香气四溢的腌鱼，整桌菜以鱼为主。侗家人说，春节吃鱼，预兆新的一年吉庆有余（鱼）、五谷丰登、余钱余粮。 黎族——过春节，家家宰猪杀鸡、备佳肴美酒，全家围坐吃“年饭”，席间唱“贺年歌”。大年初一或初二，人们集体狩猎，猎物的来先分给第一个击中猎物的射手，剩下的一半大家均分，怀孕妇女可以获得两份猎物。 景颇族——春节期间，各家各户都酿水酒，向长辈敬酒。 达斡尔族——生活在黑龙江和嫩江两岸。除夕年饭是黄米蒸糕，初一大清早，互相拜年的人们一进门就抢食年糕，借以祈愿生活年年提高。 佤族——新年第一次见面除相互道喜外，还赠以糯米粑团、甘蔗和芭蕉，以此祝愿家庭生活和睦、甘甜、美好。 土家族——在全家的团圆饭餐桌上，一定要有坨坨肉和合菜。 维吾尔族——年节家宴食品有：用大米、羊肉、葡萄干等做成的“普罗”，用面粉、羊肉、洋葱等做成的“匹提尔芒达”（包子），用带骨羊肉煮制的“格西”（手抓羊肉），用面团抻成的“兰曼”（抻面），以及与汉族馄饨相似的酸辣可口的“曲曲尔”等。此外还备有多种民族传统糕点和小吃食，如“艾西姆桑扎”（圆盘馓子）、“亚依玛扎”（花边馓子）、“波呼萨克”（炸吉皮）、“沙木波萨”（炸合子）、“卡依克卡”（花色炸食）等。
Diet idea the Europeans said that in the world has three big good food, in each edition has China and France, only then actually had different explanations about third, has said that was Italy, also had said that was countries' and so on Turkey, Tunisia or Morocco. Although reaches a stalemate, but everybody has a mutual recognition, the diet often can reflect the different nationality aspect and so on habits and customs and cultural thought differences. one time hosts the banquet in the Chinese restaurant, on the hotel vegetable very slowly, unconscious has passed for nearly two hours, but the vegetable has as if only then gotten up half. Is first time attends the Chinese meal banquet near a place woman, cannot bear asks me, your Chinese treats on these many vegetables? I said that must be many in China, usually is above 10. She is very surprised, including said that China's banquet too has been really rich, China's good food is very no wonder famous. But after a while, she also asks me, has a phenomenon to be very strange: The Chinese eats meal each time on that many vegetables, can be why long so thinly. But France enters the vegetable to be very each time few, but is why fatter than the Chinese? I am at a loss for words for a while, but thought that she asks how many truth a little, because that day shares a table several Chinese appear quite emaciated, but several French are all tall and sturdy. Thinks that spoke an own idea with her: China is a hospitable nationality, only then on a table vegetable had only then thought that has not neglected the visitor. Sometimes moreover the Chinese pays great attention the form, therefore in China's cooking, the vegetable style is ever changing, makes concrete is fastidious about the color fragrance to each vegetable matching. But European as if some, are inferior to China obviously actually in the vegetable variety change high and low free time, what but is fastidious is its nutrition matching and the protection. This is, the French diet idea important difference, how many also reflected the French chemical property standard difference. each people have the color which to color understanding oneself like, a country and the nationality are also same, likes to the different color being possible to reflect a national or the national esthetic appeal and the likes and dislikes tendency overall. has one time bumps into an EU commission's pair of professor husbands and wives, mentions China national dress which in the Shanghai APEC conference various countries' leader puts on, they said are attractive, but has a point to be not too clear, why do the Asian leaders mostly put on red, but the Western leader has chosen the blue color. I said that the color is leader designates. The Asian country has the same cultural context probably, red in the Chinese culture, is also possibly representing lucky, the wealth in the entire Asian culture and propitious pleasant, therefore the Asian leaders as if by prior agreement have chosen red. I ask in reply them, what does the blue color represent in the Western culture? They said the westerner to believe that the blue color represents is calm and is calm. thinks that I also said the East and West cultural difference was really too big, for example the dragon in China was nationality's symbol, but had one in Belgium's Mongolian Si Shize to hit the dragon festival, the dragon is regarded as the devil, has been massacred by fable in protection sacred · Michelle, therefore did specially hits the dragon festival to congratulate that eliminated the disaster shortcoming to thank Michelle. Professor husbands and wives also approves the East and West cultural difference hugeness, and approves the culture to need to exchange. in thinking mode West's cultural difference also displays in many aspects, but simple summarizes is not actually complex: Reflected that to the thinking mode in is abstract and the embodiment difference, reflected that to the life manner in as if may understand is more practical for the westerner, but Chinese how many stresses some mental feeling. For instance compares French word and Chinese writing, this point is very obvious. The Chinese writing makes the word to pay great attention the image much, what but in the French more pays great attention to consider is the use value. Looks like in Chinese the name card, in the French translates literally is the card which the visit uses, but the aircraft carrier calls in the French to carry airplane's warship and so on, is embarks from the actual uses makes the word. But presses the glass plate which likely the picture uses, we are also the words which makes from its use value angle, but the French has been more direct-viewing, the literal translation is “places above the picture”. reflects to the drawing in is so. Everybody knew that the traditional Chinese painting greatly opens big he, splashes ink enjoyably the human body proportion which and optics principle is fastidious with the European oil painting and so on completely belongs to the technical category which two have nothing to do with one another, is as if very difficult to have the common language. Sometimes the European not too can understand that sometimes we too abstract art expression means that we also will think European's artistic skill too practical duty, deficient divine and wonderful spirit. Looked that sometimes in many European drawing history has been presented for the classics religious theme painting, the Chinese while sighs its technique practical exquisite, also will sigh with emotion European master the imagination the deficiency: In order to explain that the angel is flying, must give these lovable young and clevers to add on a pair of wing. But our ancestor has not also drawn several thousand years, how many white clouds adds on nearby these beautiful female celestial, they have not flown? Has the ideal condition, has the imagination space. this is the cultural difference. But, the difference brings not always the difference, it gave culture masters of art to leave behind the broad creation space exactly, if could find an accurate combining site, not only that will give two nationalities, will also give the entire world to bring one kind to have forgives the significance the harmony and beautiful, for instance Zhao Wuji's painting manifested the inexhaustible charm which the culture blended 饮食观念 欧洲人都说世界上有三大美食，每一个版本里都有中国和法国的，只有关于第三家却说法不一，有说是意大利的，也有说是土耳其、突尼斯或摩洛哥等国的。尽管相持不下，但大家都有个共识，饮食常能反映出不同民族的生活习惯和文化思维等方面的差异。 一次在中餐馆举行宴会，饭店菜上得很慢，不知不觉中过去了近两个小时，但菜似乎才上了一半。临座的一位女士是第一次参加中餐宴会，忍不住问我，你们中国人请客都上这么多菜吗？我说，在中国还要多，通常是10道以上。她很惊讶，连说中国的宴会实在太丰富了，难怪中国的美食很有名。但过了一会儿，她又问我，有个现象很奇怪：中国人吃饭每次都上那么多菜，可为什么都长得那么瘦。而法国入每次菜很少，但为什么都比中国人胖呢？ 我一时语塞，但又觉得她问得多少有点道理，因为那天同桌的几个中国人都显得比较瘦弱，而几个法国人个个人高马大。想了想，和她讲了自己的一点想法：中国是个好客的民族，只有上了一桌子菜才觉得没怠慢客人。另外中国人有时候更注重形式，所以在中国的烹调里，菜的样式千变万化，具体到每一道菜又非常讲究色香味的搭配。而欧洲人似乎更实际一些，在菜的花色变化上下的工夫显然不如中国，但讲究的是其营养的搭配和保护。这是中、法饮食观念的重要差异，多少也反映出了中法文化性格的不同。 对色彩的认识 每个人都有自己喜欢的颜色，一个国家和民族也一样，对不同颜色的喜好从整体上可以反映出一个民族或者国家的审美情趣与好恶倾向。 有一次碰到欧盟委员会的一对教授夫妇，谈起上海APEC会议上各国领导人穿的中国民族服装，他们都说非常好看，但有一点不太明白，为什么亚洲领导人大多穿红色，而西方领导人则多选择了蓝色。我说颜色都是领导人自己选定的。大概亚洲国家有着相同的文化背景，红色在中国文化里，也可能在整个亚洲文化中都代表着幸运、财富和吉祥如意，所以亚洲领导人都不约而同地选择了红色。我反问他们，蓝色在西方文化里代表什么?他们说西方人认为，蓝色代表冷静和沉着。 想了想，我又补充说东西方文化差异实在是太大了，比如说龙在中国是民族的象征，而在比利时的蒙斯市则有一个打龙节，龙被视作恶魔，被传说中的保护神圣·米歇尔杀掉了，因此特意搞打龙节来庆贺除灾弊感谢米歇尔。教授夫妇也非常认同东西方文化差异的巨大，并认可文化需要交流。 思维方式 中西方的文化差异还表现在诸多方面，但简单加以概括其实并不复杂：反映到思维方式上是抽象和具象的差别，反映到生活态度上则似乎可以理解为西方人更加实用，而中国人则多少更偏重一些精神感受。比如把法语单词和中文文字加以比较，这一点就很明显。中国文字造词多注重形象，而法文里更多地注重考虑的是实用价值。像中文里的名片，法文里直译就是访问用的卡片，而航空母舰在法文里叫载飞机的军舰等等，都是从实际用途出发来造词的。而像压照片用的玻璃板，我们也是从其使用价值角度来造的词，但法国人就更加直观了，直译就是“放在照片上面的”。 反映到绘画上更是如此。大家都知道中国画的大开大阖、泼墨写意和欧洲油画讲究的人体比例和光学原理等完全是属于两个风马牛不相及的技术范畴，似乎很难有共同语言。欧洲人有时不太能够理解我们过于抽象的艺术表现手法，我们有时也会认为欧洲人的艺术技巧过于写实本分，缺乏灵气。看多了欧洲绘画史上被奉为经典的宗教题材画作，中国人有时在感叹其技法写实细腻的同时，也会感慨欧洲大师们想象力的贫乏：为了说明天使在飞，就非得给那些可爱的小精灵们加上一双翅膀。而我们的祖先不也画了几千年了吗，在那些美丽的仙女旁边加上几朵白云，她们不就飞起来了吗?多有意境，多有想象空间啊。 这就是文化的差异。但是，差异带来的并不总是分歧，它恰恰给文化艺术大师们留下了广阔的创作空间，如能从中找到一个准确的结合点，那不仅会给两个民族，而且也会给整个世界带来一种更具包涵意义的和谐与美丽，比如赵无极的画作就体现出了文化交融的无尽魅力。
only found one. hope that works~American table manners[edit] Table Layout * Bread plates are to the left of the main plate, beverage glasses are to the right. * Salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and spoon. Dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with dessert.[edit] General Behavior * Chew with your mouth closed. * Do not talk at an excessively loud volume. * Refrain from coughing, sneezing or blowing nose at the table. * Never tilt back your chair while at the table, or at any other time. * Do not make unbecoming noises while eating. * Do not play with food or table utensils. * Do not single out or chastise someone who has shown poor table manners. * Do not put your elbows on the table or slouch. * Always ask the host or hostess to be excused before leaving the table. * Do not stare at anyone while he or she is eating. * Never talk on your phone at the table. If urgent, ask host or hostess to be excused, and go outside. Apologize when returned.[edit] Utensils * Do not eat food with your fingers unless you are eating foods customarily eaten with fingers, such as bread, french fries, chicken wings, pizza, etc. * The fork may be used either in the American (use the fork in your left hand while cutting; switch to right hand to pick up and eat a piece) or the Continental (fork remains in the left hand) fashion -- either is now acceptable. (See Fork etiquette) * The fork is used to convey any solid food to the mouth. * The knife blade should be placed on the edge of your plate when not in use. The blade should always face inward. * When you have finished eating soup, the spoon should be placed to the side of the saucer, not left in the bowl. * Keep your napkin on your lap. At more formal occasions all diners will wait to place their napkins on their laps until the host or hostess places his or her napkin on his or her lap * When eating barbecue or some other messy foods such as cracked crab, a 'bib' napkin may be provided for and used by adults. Usually these foods are also eaten by hand, and wet wipes or paper napkins should be used to clean the hands. * When using paper napkins, never ball them up or allow stains to show. * Use your silverware from the outside moving inward toward the main plate. (Salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and spoon. Dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with dessert.)[edit] Dining * A prayer or 'blessing' may be customary in some families, and the guests should join in even if they are not religious or do not follow the same religion. Most prayers are made by the host before the meal is eaten. Instead or in addition, a 'toast' may be offered [1]. * Do not start eating until (a) every person is served or (b) those who have not been served request that you begin without waiting. At more formal occasions all diners will wait to begin until the hostess or host lifts a fork or spoon. * When a dish is presented 'family style', the food is served to one's plate and then passed on to the next person. put the food on your left, take some and pass to the person next to you. * When serving, serve from the left and pick up the dish from the right. Beverages are both served and removed from the right. * Eat soup noiselessly and with the side of the spoon. * Tea or coffee should never be poured into the saucer to cool but should be sipped from the cup. Alternatively, ice may be used to cool either. * Seasoning ones meal prior to tasting can be considered rude and may insult the chef.[edit] At the end of the meal * It is acceptable in most places to not finish all of the food on your plate. * When finished with your meal, place your knife and fork with handles at the 4 o'clock position and the tines of the fork down to signal to the server you are done. * Except in a public restaurant, do not ask to take some of your uneaten food away from the meal after it ends, especially when having a formal dinner.[edit] British table manners * The fork is held in your left hand and the knife is held in your right. * You should hold your knife with the handle in your palm and your fork in the other hand with the prongs pointing downwards. * If you’re eating a dessert, your fork (if you have one) should be held in the left hand and the spoon in the right. * When eating soup, you should hold your spoon in your right hand and tip the bowl away from you, scooping the soup in movements away from yourself. * It is not acceptable to use your fingers at the table to eat or push food onto your fork. You may, however, eat some foods such as fruit, sandwiches, hamburgers, crisps, chips or pizza with your fingers. * If there are a number of knives or forks, then you should start from the outside set working your way in as each course is served. * Drinks should always be to the right of your plate with the bread roll to the left. * When eating bread rolls, break off a piece before buttering. Use your knife only to butter the bread, not to cut it. * You should not start eating before your host does or instructs you to do so. At larger meals, it is considered okay to start eating once others have been served. * When you’re finished, place your knife and fork together at five o’clock with your fork on the left (tines facing up) and knife on the right, with the knife blade facing in. This signals that you are finished. * Your napkin should never be screwed up. Nor should it be folded neatly as that would suggest that your host might plan to use it again without washing it - just leave is neatly but loosely. * Never blow your nose on your napkin. Place it on your lap and use it to dab your mouth if you make a mess. * It is considered rude to answer the telephone at the table. If you need to take an urgent call, excuse yourself and go outside. * Always ask for permission from the host and excuse yourself if you need to leave the table. You should place your napkin on your seat until you return. * If you must leave the table or are resting, your fork should be at eight o’clock and your knife at four o’clock (with the blade inwards). Once an item of cutlery has been used, it should not touch the table again. * The food should be brought to your mouth on the fork; you should sit straight and not lean towards your plate. * Dishes should be served from the right, and taken away from the right. Unless the food is placed on your plate at the table, then it should arrive from the left. * Drinks should be served from the right. * Never lean across somebody else’s plate. If you need something to be passed, ask the person closest to it. If you have to pass something, only pass it if you are closest to it and pass it directly to them if you can. * Salt & pepper should be passed together. * Do not take food from a neighbour’s plate and don’t ask to do so. * You must not put your elbows on the table. * If pouring a drink for yourself, offer to pour a drink for your neighbours before serving yourself. * If extra food is on the table, ask others first if they would like it before taking it yourself. * When chewing food, close your mouth and only talk when you have swallowed it. * Swallow all food before eating more or having a drink. * Do not slurp your food or eat loudly. Burping or sneezing at the table should be avoided, too. * Never pick food out of your teeth with your fingernails. * Try to eat all the food you are served. * Glasses served in a wine glass or other stemmed-glass should be held at the stem. * Always remember “regular” manners. Remember to say "please" and "thank you".[edit] Chinese table mannersThese are mostly concerned with the use of chopsticks. Otherwise generally Chinese table manners are rather more informal, what would be considered rude in other cultures such as talking with the mouth full may be acceptable but better not to do so. * Chopsticks must always be held in the correct manner. It should be held between the thumb and fingers of the right hand, * Chopsticks are traditionally held in the right hand only, even by the left-handed. Although chopsticks may now be found in either hand, a few still consider left-handed chopstick use improper etiquette. One explanation for the treatment of such usage as improper is that this can symbolise argument, as the chopsticks may collide between the left-handed and right-handed user. * When communal chopsticks are supplied with shared plates of food, it is considered impolite to use your own chopsticks to pick up the food from the shared plate or eat using the communal chopsticks. An exception to this rule is made in intimate family dinners where family members may not mind the use of one's own chopsticks to transfer food. * It is considered impolite to use the blunt end of the chopsticks to transfer food from a common dish to your own plate or bowl. Use the communal chopsticks instead. * Never wave your chopsticks around as if they were an extension of your hand gestures, bang them like drumsticks, or use them to move bowls or plates. * Decide what to pick up before reaching with chopsticks. Do not hover around or poke looking for special ingredients. After you have picked up an item, do not put it back in the dish. * When picking up a piece of food, never use the tips of your chopsticks to poke through the food as if you were using a fork. Exceptions include tearing larger items apart such as vegetables. In informal use, small, difficult to pick-up items such as cherry tomatoes or fishballs may be stabbed but this use is frowned upon by traditionalists. * Chopsticks can be rested horizontally on one's plate or bowl to keep them off the table entirely. A chopstick rest can also be used to keep the points off the table. * Never stab chopsticks into a bowl of rice, leaving them standing upwards. Any stick-like object facing upward resembles the incense sticks that some Asians use as offerings to deceased family members. This is considered the ultimate faux pas on the dining table. * Chinese traditionally eat rice from a small bowl held in the left hand. The rice bowl is raised to the mouth and the rice pushed into the mouth using the chopsticks. Some Chinese find it offensive to scoop rice from the bowl using a spoon. If rice is served on a plate, as is more common in the West, it is acceptable and more practical to eat it with a fork or spoon. The thumb must always be above the edge of the bowl. * It is acceptable to transfer food to people who have a close relation with you (e.g. parents, grandparents, children or significant others) if you notice they are having difficulty picking up the food. Also it is a sign of respect to pass food to the elderly first before the dinner starts (part of the Confucian tradition of respecting seniors). * Traditionally, it is polite for the youngest members of the table to address each and everyone of the elderly members of the table before a meal starts and literally tell them to "eat rice", which means "go ahead and start the meal", to show respect. * The host should always make sure the guests drinks are sufficiently full. One should not pour for ones self, but should (if thirsty) offer to pour for a neighbor. When your drink is being poured, you should say "thank you" and/or tap your fingers on the table to show appreciation. * When people wish to clink drinks together in the form of a cheer, it is important to observe that younger members should clink the edge of their drink below the edge of an elder to show respect. * When eating food that contains bones, it is customary that the bones be spit out onto the table to the right of the dining plate in a neat pile.