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中国必须走大中小城市和小城镇协调发展的城市化道路我国城市化进程加速是个不可逆转的趋势，但却有着许多发展中国家没有的困难与阻力，根据1999年联合国的世界经济发展报告，在21世纪，中国将面临“人口、就业、资源、环境上的四大挑战”。那么我们能否正确地处理中国人口的增长问题，使之成为重要的生产力；能否以经济、产业和技术上的革命，为国民提供更多的就业和发展机会；能否利用相对贫乏的资源，创造性地使社会消费和生产达到中等收入国家水平，并保障经济环境在持续发展中处于优化状态，均有赖于城市化道路的正确选择。在城市化道路的选择问题上，目前仍存在严重分歧，有的主张重点发展小城镇，有的主张重点发展大城市及城市群，有的则主张重点发展中小城市。这些观点都有一定的合理性，但又有其局限性，其实城市化道路的选择应建立在客观分析的基础上，要遵循城市化发展的规律，立足我国国情，借鉴他国城市化的经验，总结我国以往城市化道路的教训。那么，我们应走什么样的城市化道路呢？党的十六大明确提出，我们应走大中小城市和小城镇协调发展的城市化道路。（一）走大中小城市和小城镇协调发展之路是城市化客观规律的必然要求城市化的客观规律告诉我们，大中小城市和小城镇在城市化进程中发挥着不同作用，都是不可或缺的，在功能上也是互补的，其规模结构是由内在规律决定的，也是市场选择的结果。我们不能强调一个方面而偏离另一个方面。就大城市（包括50万—100万人口的大城市，100万—200万人口的特大城市和200万人口以上的超大城市）而言，大城市发挥着经济发展和城市化的“领头羊”作用。因为它具有中小城市和小城镇不可比拟的聚集效应、规模效应、扩散和辐射效应，可以带动周边中小城市和地区的迅速发展，而且是一个国家和地区竞争力的体现。无论是工业化起步最早的英国，还是后起的美国、日本、韩国等，其大城市在经济发展和城市化进程中都起着决定性的作用。目前，百万以上城市人口占全国人口的比重（即人口超过100万的城市集中度），2000年美国是39%，德国是41.8%，英国是23%，日本是37.5%，韩国是52%，而世界平均水平是16.5%，中等收入国家为22%，高收入国家为30%，都大大高于我国11.3%的水平。大城市不仅是城市化的主力，而且还是经济发展的主力，如美国3/4的制造业和服务业聚集在大都市市区。日本80%的经济总量集中在3大都市圈；伦敦占了英国对外贸易货运量的75%；纽约占了全国对外贸易周转额的20%；东京拥有80%的出版社和86%的出版量，纽约和伦敦的文化氛围是世界上其他城市中难以比拟的。大城市的人口聚集、产业聚集，使得大城市在经济增长中起着龙头作用，如日本东京的GDP占全国比重为18.6%，伦敦占17%，汉城占4.6%。大城市发展速度快于中小城镇，这是世界各国城市化的普遍规律。在上世纪50年代300万—500万以上的城市地球上有6个，到90年代初已有30个。改革开放20多年来，就人口的可比增长速度而言，大城市的发展也是快于中小城市。正视大城市的作用及其大城市超先增长规律，我们推进城市化就不能抑制大城市的发展。只要大城市的经济发展是必然的，在城市经济增长不可能完全依靠内涵实现的情况下，体现城市规模的人口增加和建成区面积扩大就是难以避免的。上海的浦东开放开发，北京从二环到六环的建设，济南、长沙、杭州等省会城市的一再扩容，正说明控制大城市规模是多么不现实。在城镇体系中，我们既要发挥大城市的龙头作用，同时还要发展若干各具特色、专业化强的50万人口以下的中小城市。我国中小城市多数是制造业的基地。在本世纪中叶，中国有望成为世界制造业中心，中小城市将功不可没。而小城镇的发展也是必须的。小城镇处于城之尾乡之头，易于就近吸纳农民进城。它是农村政治、经济、文化中心，对于促进农民生产方式、生活方式的现代化、农业产业化，传播社会主义精神文明发挥着重要作用。小城镇的发展也符合城市梯度成长规律。自发形成的城市都是从小城镇发展到小城市，小城市发展到中等城市，中等城市又发展到大城市，所以，推进城市化离不了小城镇的发展。综上所述，推进城市化，中国需要建设一批具有国际竞争力的超大城市，特大城市和大城市，同时需要建设一批富有特点的、专业性强的中小城市以及不可替代的小城镇。应当看到，不同类型的城镇具有不同的功能和吸引力，大城市具有中小城市不可替代的作用，而中小城市和小城镇也会具有大城市所没有的特色，有些人愿意生活在大城市，甚至是小城镇，愿意享受更为悠闲、接近自然的生活，更为清洁的空气和价格更便宜的住房。我们绝不能再进行简单的量的对比，不能“崇大抑小”，也不能“崇小抑大”，大中小城市和小城镇都有其存在的必然性和合理性。（二）走大中小城市和小城镇协调发展之路是我国国情的内在要求我国地域间经济社会发展和工业化的差距很大，不宜实行全国统一的城市化道路。人口多、地域广、差距大，是我国的基本国情。长江三角洲、珠江三角洲、环渤海的京津、山东半岛、辽东半岛等地区，人口稠密，经济较发达。工业化处于中后期阶段，交通便利，并有一个或若干个特大型城市、大城市为依托，城镇体系较完整。在这类地区，城市化的重点是完善城镇体系及功能分工，中小城市和小城镇在特大和大城市的依托下，可以发展起来，而且个别特大城市确实存在过密，需要向周边地区转移工业和人口的问题。对这类地区，合理发展小城市和小城镇就是正确的。但在广大的西部地区，华北北部和东北的西北部，特别是人口稀少的西北地区，经济不发达，工业化处于初期阶段，乡镇企业不多，交通等基础设施不完备，且运距很长，缺乏具有辐射力和带动力的特大城市和大城市，中小城镇往往是由国家布局的资源开发和原材料加工项目形成的，城市功能不完善，对人口的吸纳力很弱，城镇体系不完整。在这类地区，实行大力发展中小城市，特别是小城镇是不现实的。因为你经济基础薄弱，对农民没有吸引力，既使建成起一座座小城来，也只能是空壳。城市化的重点可能主要应是发展和壮大现有大城市和少数中等城市规模，完善城市功能，增强吸纳力和辐射力。以上这是从经济发展水平来谈城市化模式不能一刀切，下面再从人口国情看，更得要大中小城市和小城镇共举。从人口国情看，我国的人口基数太大（13亿人），农民太多（约占60%的人口），城市化的任务之重（大约2亿的剩余劳动力转移），是其他国家都无法相比的。发达国家美、日、德还有发展中的高城市化水平国家，其人口基数和城市化人口规模都比中国小得多，几个或几十个大中城市即可担负起全国城市化的任务。如伦敦680万人，占英国人口的12%；东京12000多万人，占总人口的10%；汉城1100万人，占总人口的20%；墨西哥城2000多万人，占总人口的25%。而我国城市化的重任，就是20年内再建100个百万人口的大城市，也只能容纳1亿多人口，自然承受不了巨大的城市化人口的压力，中国城市化目标的实现必须是大中小城市和小城镇协调发展，共同分流。总之，推进城市化，我们应放弃按规模确定城市发展重点的方针，从全国统一的城市化道路，转向大中小城市和小城镇协调发展的多元城市化道路。（三）走大中小城市和小城镇协调发展之路是对城市化发展经验的总结世界各国在推进城市化的发展中积累了许多的经验教训。就拿中国来说，以往走的是“严格控制大城市的规模，合理发展中等城市，积极发展小城镇”的道路。这条道路严重制约了中国城市化进程。严格限制大城市的发展，导致大城市的人口集中度偏低，我国只有11.3%的人居住在百万人口以上的城市里，大大低于世界平均16.5%水平。由于人口集中度低，导致北京、上海这样全国最大的城市所产出的国民财富也处于较低水平。上海的GDP只占全国GDP的4.6%，北京只占2.5%，上海的GDP总量仅相当于香港的1/4，日本东京的1/20。因此，我国大城市还普遍存在着巨大的发展空间。我想建国以来如果我们不走控制大城市发展之路的话，在50年代与日本一块起飞，我们的上海有可能与东京一样并驾齐驱，成为国际大都市，如果是那样的话，中国的综合国力会比现在更强。以往城市化道路除了“抑大”之外就是“崇小”。即在20世纪90年代以来，我们走的是积极发展小城镇的道路。许多地方都在讲小城镇、大战略，把眼光都盯在了小城镇上，其实，城市化才是大战略，小城镇是一个重要战略措施：适当发展大中城市也是重要战略，甚至是更经济、更有效的措施。正如我们前面讲到的只有大城市，才能更好地形成城市功能，发挥辐射效应和扩散效应，产生规模效益，集聚效益和分工协作效益。过分强调发展小城镇，只能形成“走了一村又一村，村村像城镇；去了一镇又一镇，镇镇像农村”的局面。城乡一体化，不是城不城、乡不乡、小城镇遍地开花。现在有的镇人均只有2000人，这种局面造成了城镇规模结构不合理，小城镇占的比重过大，第三产业得不到有效发展，难以形成产业链、行业群，对人口的吸纳力极低，规模过小的小城镇其实不具有城市功能，过多会占用大量耕地，造成生态环境恶化。所以，小城镇只能是城市化的基础层次。城市化发展的重点不应是小城镇。发展小城镇的关键在于繁荣小城镇经济，把引导乡企合理集聚，完善农村市场体系，发展农业产业化经营和社会化服务等与小城镇建设结合起来，使小城镇有产业、市场支撑，特别注意不能用行政命令的办法发展小城镇，应该在政府的引导下主要通过市场机制的作用建设小城镇，不能一哄而起，遍地开花，唱空城计，防止有城无市，有镇无产，城镇“空壳化”，只有这样，才能真正做到大中小城市和小城镇合现布局，协调发展。再从城市化发展的国际经验看，片面地发展大城市也不能使城市化健康发展。就拿墨西哥城来说，上个世纪70年代它就成为人口1000多万的世界第一大城市。现在4个墨西哥人中就有1个居住在首都。但是它与其它城市的发展极不协调。其第二大城市比首都人口差好几倍，由于大城市畸形发展，导致人口过多，交通相挤，污染较重，生态环境恶化。70年代由于人口过度集中导致地下水抽取过度，造成地面下沉非常严重，酿成了许多建筑事故。而且，人口过度集中，导致失业增多，社会治安极差。中国大陆一位学者曾到墨西哥调查贫民窟问题，多次央求，出租车司机才勉强成行，到了那里，不敢熄火，好随时开溜，可以想见那里的治安差到什么程度。再说韩国汉城人口高度集中，污染也较重，现在韩国准备将政府迁到另一个城市。以上事例说明走单一城市化道路不仅不会加快城市化进程，反而阻碍城市化进程。在推进城市化过程中也积累了少经验。发展大城市带这是城市化发展的一个国际经验。如美国在北起缅因州，南到福吉尼亚的长达550公里的地带内，以纽约、费城、巴尔的摩，华盛顿和波士顿等5个大城市为核心，以上百个中等城市和小城镇为纽带，以周围农村为腹地，形成了世界上规模最庞大，人口最集中的大都市市区。大都市带（区）的出现及发展，就是大中小城市和小城镇协调发展的具体体现（地域表现）。走大中小城市和小城镇协调发展的城市化道路，发展城市带，既能发挥城市的吸引力，形成国民经济的增长极，又能增强城市的辐射力，扩大城市文明的普及范围，加速城乡协调发展，共同繁荣。目前，我国的长三角地区城市化进程快，经济增长快，原因之一就是改革开放后注意了大中小城市及小城镇的相对协调发展。综上所述，大中小城市和小城镇协调发展的城市化道路是城市化规律使然，国情使然，城市化发展的经验教训使然。
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相信有很多人去传统文化感兴趣吧，现在我就给大家整理了五篇一千字中国传统文化作文，希望大家喜欢。
传统文化作文1000字一：我国传统文化
我国有很多传统文化，春天放鞭炮、贴春联元宵节吃汤圆，端午节吃粽子，中秋赏月，情人节可以恩爱相会……
现我来说说情人节可以恩爱相会哦!很久很久以前，有个叫牛郎少年，后来父母去世，他便跟着哥嫂度日。哥嫂待牛郎非常刻薄，要与他分家，只给了他一条老牛和一辆破车，其他的都被哥哥嫂嫂独占了，然后，便和牛郎分家了。从此，牛郎和老牛相依为命，除了那条不会说话的老牛而外，冷清清的家只有牛郎一个人，日子过得相当寂寞。牛郎并不知道，那条老牛原是天上的金牛星。这一天，老牛突然开口说话了，它对牛郎说：“牛郎，今天你去碧莲池一趟，那儿有些仙女在洗澡，你把那件红色的仙衣藏起来，穿红仙衣的仙女就会成为你的妻子。”牛郎见老牛口吐人言，又奇怪又高兴，便问道：“牛大哥，你真会说话吗?你说的是真的吗?”老牛点了点头，牛郎便悄悄躲在碧莲池旁的芦苇里，等候仙女们的来临。
不一会儿，仙女们果然翩翩飘至，脱下轻罗衣裳，纵身跃入清流。牛郎便从芦苇里跑出来，拿走了红色的仙衣。仙女们见有人来了，忙乱纷纷地穿上自己的衣裳，像飞鸟般地飞走了，只剩下没有衣服无法逃走的仙女，她正是织女。织女见自己的仙衣被一个小伙子抢走，又羞又急，却又无可奈何。这时，牛郎走上前来，对她说，要她答应做他妻子，他才能还给她的衣裳。织女定睛一看，才知道牛郎便是自己日思夜想的牵牛，便含羞答应了他。这样，织女便做了牛郎的妻子。他们结婚以后，男耕女织，相亲相爱，日子过得非常美满幸福。不久，他们生下了一儿一女，十分可爱。牛郎织女满以为能够终身相守，白头到老。一天，织女正在做饭，下地去的牛郎匆匆赶回，眼睛红肿着告诉织女：“牛大哥死了，他临死前说，要我在他死后，将他的牛皮剥下放好，有朝一日，披上它，就可飞上天去。”
后来王母知道这件事后，勃然大怒，马上派遣天神仙女捉织女回天庭问罪。天空狂风大作，天兵天将从天而降，不容分说，押解着织女便飞上了天空。牛郎用一对箩筐，挑着两个儿女，披着牛皮赶着追，眼看，牛郎和织女就要相逢了。可就在这时，王母驾着祥云赶来了，她拔下她头上的金簪，往他们中间一划，霎时间，一条天河波涛滚滚地横在了织女和牛郎之间，无法横越了。夫妻二人哭泣流泪，感动了天上喜鹊，它们搭成一座喜鹊桥让夫妻二人相会，王母娘娘无可奈何，只好允许每年七月七日相会。
后来农历七月七日就是我们现在的情人节!
传统文化作文1000字二：论中国古代之传统文化
有人说，中国古代的东西是全对的，有人说中国古代的东西是半对的，甚至有人说，中国古代的东西是全不对的。我市第二种意见，但我认为，只有一样不对。那就是武术。我们不谈武术，谈的是其他对的。
一般来讲，人们批评的只是这几个方面。有人说，中国古代的教育太死板;有人说，中国对妇女不公平;有人说，中国古代的科学不发达;有人说，中国太迷信;甚至有人说，中国古代的闭关锁国，才导致现在的落后。我认为，这些不是错的，而恰恰是对的。
洋鬼子信的布尔什维克、马克思等人，他们并不和其他的欧洲人有什么不同。中国近代著名学者辜鸿铭说，欧洲人是不道德的，这完全正确。在中国，封建、资本、共产，乱七八糟的主意哪个都好，只是中国人的文化是千年不变的。经书流传五千年，胡适(陈)独秀毁一旦。中国人很讲礼貌，重礼节、面子，这都是由经书传下来的。
中国的落后，并没有什么可惜。西方的科学都是伪进步。西方人因为本质是不道德的，但我们中国人不是。洋鬼子没有伦理道德，所以他们无权影响中国。
摘录辜老先生的春秋大义一段：“首先，我们来谈谈中国的语言。中国的语言也是一种心灵的语言。一个很明显的事实就是∶那些生活在中国的外国人，其儿童和未受教育者学习中文比成年人和受过教育者要容易得多。原因在于儿童和未受教育者是用心灵来思考和使用语言。相反，受过教育者，特别是受过理性教育的现代欧洲人，他们是用大脑和智慧来思考和使用语言的。有一种关于极乐世界的说法也同样用于对中国语言的学习∶除非你变成一个孩子，否则你就难以学会它。
其次，我们再指出一个众所周知的中国人日常生活中的事实。中国人具有惊人的记忆力，其秘密何在?就在于中国人是用心而非脑去记忆。用具同情力量的心灵记事，比用头脑或智力要好得多，后者是枯燥乏味的。举例来说，我们当中的绝大多数儿童时代的记忆力要强过成年后的记忆力。因为儿童就象中国人一样，是用心而非用脑去记忆。
接下来的例子，依旧是体现在中国人日常生活中，并得到大家承认的一个事实──中国人的礼貌。中国一向被视为礼仪之邦，那厶其礼貌的本质是什厶呢?这就是体谅、照顾他人的感情。中国人有礼貌是因为他们过著一种心灵的生活。他们完全了解自己的这份情感，很容易将心比心推己及人，显示出体谅、照顾他人情感的特徵。中国人的礼貌虽然不象日本人的那样繁杂，但它是令人愉快的。相反，日本人的礼貌则是繁杂而令人不快的。我已经听到了一些外国人的抱怨。折衷礼貌或许应该被称为排练式的礼貌──如剧院排戏一样，需要死记硬背。它不是发自内心、出于自然的礼貌。事实上，日本人的礼貌是一朵没有芳香的花，而真正的中国人的礼貌则是发自内心、充满了一种类似于名贵香水般奇异的芳香。”
中国对妇女的问题一直是世界声讨的事情。就这个问题，辜老先生就发表过言论：“女人难以驾驭，所以必须给予限制。孔子曾经说过：‘唯女子与小人难养也’。也许有人会拿出来其他的证据，但是这些证据中的“证据”部分大多是语助词。
科学的问题，应该说，洋鬼子切实应该让我们学习，但不代表中国古代没有科学。最重要的成果就是阴阳学。阴阳学，其实就和洋鬼子的物质学是一回事。
至于闭关锁国，那是最后一项。举一个简单的例子就可以证明：中国派遣的第一批留学生在美国把辫子剪了，长袍脱了，回来不得造反哪!这种情况，不闭关能行么?
伴随着鲁迅先生的作品，一同凝望逝去的历史，解读上个世纪中国最忧患的灵魂，同时在成长中，不断剖析自我个体的生命存在，这已是我们见证深刻的必修课，而且势必仍将持续下去，成为我们灵魂深处不可磨灭的永恒。有人说：鲁迅是一个难以表述的存在，走进他的内心深处，是相当困难的，鲁迅思想的深刻性和复杂性，使得后人在接近的时候，常常会陷入表述的尴尬。但对于我们而言，从学者抑或评论家的角度去品味、体会，实在是被置入另一种无地的尴尬中，我只能记下那些在我的成长中慢慢风化却又自信弥坚的感想，来告慰先生的伟大，以及见证一些…… 田园牧歌中的现实主义者 《从百草园到三味书屋》是最早时读到的先生的作品，幽默、诙谐、妙趣横生，那菜畦、石井栏、皂荚树、桑葚、黄蜂、叫天子以及人形的何首乌，还有长妈妈讲的有关赤练蛇、美女蛇的故事，都曾引起儿时最远最深的遐想，田园牧歌式的生活恰似那时的心境。文章天成，如同园中的草木，枝叶繁茂，尽皆奇花异草，随手摘取。这种以孩童的眼光来观察事物，使之形成一种张力，令人目不暇接。《故乡》里的闰土是经常盼望突然来临的远客，带着故乡的趣事，捕鸟、拾贝壳、守西瓜地，以及如歌吟般的“一轮金黄的圆月”所照亮的美丽的世界。还有《社戏》，那么一群天真烂漫的孩子，兀自划了船去看戏，“两岸的豆麦和河底的水草散发出来的清香”、淡黑的起伏的连山、依稀见望的山庄，和咿咿呀呀地旦角的哼唱，归来时偷煮豆的欢晌，都成为我们回忆中的美景。 鲁迅以他特有的细腻的笔触为许多年后中国的孩子勾勒了一幅幅美轮美奂的童年图景，却以自我的孤独实践、审识了所谓的原乡情调，这种怀旧中隐藏的对现实的思考是更为深刻的历史使命感与生命剖析，这是我很久以后再读先生作品的体会，继而颠覆了置于一个时期和年龄的思想。 《从百草园到三味书屋》选自鲁迅的散文集《朝花夕拾》，是之中少有的童话般的文字，也使之成为儿童教育中的经典读物。百草园中的草木鸟兽、三味书屋里的摇头晃脑，都以一种幽默的笔调来调节给人的目不暇接的紧张感，这些都在文末“这东西早已没有了罢”的感慨中结束，给人一种回忆的阶段性与模糊感，带着无法挽回的忧伤继续行走，在回望与现实中，反而更突显了生命存在悲哀，这种悲哀正是鲁迅思想中有关“中间物”的体现，他是一个“感得全人间世，而同时领会天国之极乐和地狱之大苦恼”的博大的诗人，不承认历史发展，社会形态，他拒绝了永恒，否定了历史社会生命的“凝固”与“不朽”，制造了空前的现实感与孤立姿态，这种“中间”的论调使对于百草园、三味书屋的回忆与现实产生一种巨大的隔膜，把人置于虚无的境界，推向绝望的极致。 《呐喊》小说之一《故乡》将虚构作者与现实结合，令人不得不怀疑作者与小说人物的统一性，浓郁、强烈的抒情性，使这首“还乡诗”塑造了童话般的抒情世界。在所谓的“离去——归来——再离去”的建构模式中，田园牧歌的情感也在闰土的一声”老爷”中彻底破灭，“我”的再次离去与闰土的离去是相互见证与背离的。鲁迅是真正透彻了解农民的心灵的作家，这种隐含在文字中的对农民个体生命意识的描写正是于悄无声息中洞穿，而这又是于平静中对现实的毁灭性的认识，在人们被乡村美丽深深打动的同时，不得不直视现实。《故乡》比起古典文学构筑的童话世界更富于现代性，它是描写无暇的童话世界中被毁灭的悲哀，他“描写现实世界与童年经历的分裂对立，表现在现实世界中童年的纯粹而美丽的童话般世界的崩坏与堕落，以及那个为‘一轮金黄的圆月’所照亮的想象世界的歌吟般的追寻”，实际上是引导人们的目光投入更深沉与痛苦的现实。乡村是没有陌生人的世界，与《祝福》、《社戏》中的“我”一样，鲁迅却正是从一个陌生人的视角来发现、观察“陌生化”的“故乡”的，它是对现实的一种永恒的拯救，关照现实对立的想象，以田园牧歌的笔调上位于这种自己身处其间却又终是孤独的陌生，极其高超的寄托了自己的现实主义精神。这种现实主义，不同于直接的白描，正是童话般的想象世界加深了现实的深重性。“幻景”与”现实”混沌一片，从“离乡”到“作怀乡梦”，“我现在的故事”始终在“心理的回乡”与“现实的回乡”所构成的张力中展开，而且必然是一个“幻景”与”现实”相互剥离的过程，剥离的痛苦与“金黄的圆月”相映成辉，是折射后更为苦痛的现实。 中学语文课本里的《社戏》并非原文的全部，而这种删节或许正引导和规定了更多的人对小说原作的理解，它在我们的记忆中展现的只是一幅精妙绝伦的江南小镇风物图，秀美的景致、豆麦的清香、淳朴的民俗以及一大群天真质朴的孩子，足以让人产生某种幻觉。但一联系前文“我”两次看京戏的情景，就完全不是一种印象了。戏院里“咚咚惶惶之灾”，由板凳“联想到私刑拷打的工具”，带着这些小说前半部分留下的奇特而沉重的印象来重读我们早已读熟的文章，不得不有新的感觉感受，新的发现及新的眼光。再回忆鲁迅写在赵庄的看戏，竟至于如此的烦闷，其意并不在“戏”或“看戏”本身，而是来折射自己内心的世界，通过这些“看戏”过程中不同寻常的感觉感受，使人体会到一种精神的扩张、霸占，对个体生命的挤兑、迫压使人产生甚至于生命的威胁感，实在是与后面的清闲不可比拟的。然而这种同现，正是产生了无法超越、剥离的负罪感与现实体验，以儿童视角描绘的鲁镇的田园牧歌的生活，在此时已消失殆尽，留下的，只是心中无尽的伤痕与莫名的惋惜，鲁迅同样是以陌生化的视角来建构整篇小说的，前面删节的部分是于现实中的陌生，无法融入现实的体验，而后面则是一直以一种腼腆的姿态来回报当地不同人的相同热情，同样没能沉于“故乡”中，于是鲁迅思想的“中间物”的意象跃然纸上，这种回望与展现都不能完成的中间性，是作品中的“我”与作者的再度结合，从而在更深沉次上体现了现实主义。 钱理群在剖析鲁迅的思想时曾指出鲁迅作为现实主义者，最根本的含义，在于他彻底地屏弃了一切关于绝对，关于至善至美，对于全面而无弊端，关于永恒的乌托邦的神话与幻觉世界，杜绝一切精神逃薮，只给人们留下唯一的选择——正视现实、人生的不完美、缺陷、速朽，并从这种正视中，杀出一条生路。对于故乡的回忆，无论是真实的散文的语言，抑或自叙式的小说笔调，鲁迅都带有原乡情调似的追述展示绝对澄澈的世界，这种童话般的生活作为永恒的乌托邦的幻觉于不真实中表现无法企及的现实的悲哀。陌生化的视角，不是简单的怀乡和描述，而是更突显了屹立于“故乡”中的外乡人形象，这种无家可归的绝望的苍凉，构成了鲁迅极其作品“荒凉感”的另一个侧面，那些田园牧歌实际上是现实的坟墓中葬送了现实，田园牧歌对于鲁迅自我只是回忆中爱的体验，却又背道而驰。鲁迅自己曾说“爱之转而畏惧于爱，最终逃避爱”，这些有关爱的回忆，造成一种距离感，可以使他摆脱爱的重压，更投入的反对现实。 “爱是奢侈品，在这样的人间”，先生正是于这样的彷徨的无地中以最深刻忧患的灵魂建构起一座丰碑，在田园牧歌中践行现实主义。 绝望与希望中的启蒙者 很久以前读《伤逝》，读鲁迅，不懂。记忆中只有子君走过紫藤棚与涓生谈易卜生、谈泰戈尔的风景，子君瞥见雪莱半身像的羞涩，还为着子君的死可惜，我抄了林徽因的《别丢掉》：“别丢掉/这一把过往的热情/现在流水似的/轻轻/在幽冷的山泉底/在黑夜，在松林/叹息似的渺茫/你仍要保存那真/一样是隔山灯火/满天的星/只使人不见/梦似的挂起/你向黑夜要回/那一句话——/你仍得相信/山谷中留者/有那回音”，以此来祭奠子君，祭奠那些为了爱奋力拍翅飞出围城却又在无可奈何中走向坟墓的女子。《伤逝》是先生少有的温情之作，之中寄寓的，有关于爱的回忆，有对封建社会的现实性的反抗，更存在的是先驱者无法回避的历史命运。子君的无畏的“我是我自己的，他们谁也没有干涉我的权利”，代表着众多蒙受西方浪漫主义思潮影响的年青人，在才子佳人梦的破灭中，对于封建的叛逃只能留下一声叹息。这之中，有鲁迅对个体生命存在与社会历史群体关系的探讨，深入触痛的，更是于绝望与希望中他都无法忘怀的启蒙，个性主义与人道主义交织中斗争的空白，留给他只一点罅隙去品位再一次的孤独。 《伤逝》作于五四落潮时期，正如鲁迅在显示中所体会的各样人生情态，高升的高升，沉沦的沉沦，这些个体所表达的都是先驱者对于寂寞中选择的不同的历史命运。子君的夭折、涓生的悔恨是突破封建束缚后自我选择的结果，它具有不可回避性，这不仅来自五四偏执错误的启蒙思想，更有对自我认识的绝望与希望的模糊体验。《伤逝》是以涓生手记的形式把握的，其中对会馆的败壁、吉兆胡同生活的描写都带有回忆的性质，而这种回忆，终于没能落入乌托邦神话的幻想，最后还是回到现实，重新面对新的痛苦与寂寞，咬着牙关选择了历史。子君和涓生对自我个体解放中蕴涵的有鲁迅前期的浪漫主义和个性主义的思想，他的以“个人”为本位的个性主义思想与封建传统思想以封建“社会”为本位的思想构成了尖锐的对立，在揭露封建思想对个人生存权利的漠视和对思想的摧毁中，鲁迅把西方浪漫主义的某些观点也寄托在这里。子君和涓生一起读泰戈尔、雪莱的诗，一同散步，探讨未来，于无畏中将自我从封建牢笼的束缚中释放出来，实现了自我的启蒙，在这之后的一段时间，是徘徊在希望边缘中渐而升起的绝望，这种绝望来自于未知前路的迷茫。等待的面前面对的是现实的危机，经济的拮据、家人朋友的不理解都使子君与涓生对这种生活产生怀疑，于是一个开始沉溺于与官太太的勾心斗角中，一个开始在内心中反思现实，这种背道具有历史性的选择意义，个性解放后面对的问题是如何与整个社会历史相结合、相协调，而这种结合与协调又不至于丧失自我。这之中，鲁迅提出的，是个性主义与人道主义的关系问题。对个性启蒙的怀疑已不只是一个单纯的体验，更升华为对人的自觉的怀疑。人的独立品格、人的自由自觉都应是与人相协发展的。 当鲁迅着力于个体生命体验时，他感到的是极大的孤独，这种孤独，在《伤逝》中的体现，不仅有世人对涓生和子君的不理解，更有他们之间的无法沟通，于是个性主义在此沦落为对于“启蒙梦”的深刻怀疑与绝望，这种深层意识与潜在心理使得温情的文字背后浮现的是更为深刻的思考。个性精神的解放，脱离了变革社会制度的斗争，是无法得到结果的，然而鲁迅又从根本上否定了为了“爱”而牺牲个人意志和个性的人道主义，涓生也说“爱必须有所附丽”，而这种“附丽”不仅来自对现实生活的经济需求，更应有双方自我生命存在的把握，这种希望似乎又于一瞬中陷入虚妄中，悲剧主人公自身本就是与周围环境相对的，个性主义与人道主义在鲁迅看来是无法调和的，在这种绝望与希望的交织中，鲁迅认为应使其并存对立，择其能用者而用之，爱则爱之深，恨则恨之切，鲁迅不是“泛爱众”，提倡“人皆兄弟”的人道主义，他也不是纯粹浪漫的个性主义者，他既否定脱离开个性主义的的人道主义，也否定脱离人道主义的个性主义。正是在个性主义与人道主义相交织的此消彼长中，鲁迅在绝望与希望的中间，依然孜孜不倦的实现着对自我与社会的启蒙。子君的夭折、涓生的悔恨，在现在看来，也是启蒙者们不可回避的历史命运的选择，具有必然的孤立性与矛盾性。 作为处于绝望与希望之间的启蒙者，鲁迅也咬着牙关选择了历史，他从来不否定或掩饰自身思想的矛盾与破碎，将慈爱与悲怆互为表里，使“爱”与“死”成为对立永恒的存在，又一次把自我放进了历史的荒原中，孤独的承担启蒙的责任。《头发的故事》中N先生的愤激，《孤独者》里魏连殳的痛苦以及《在酒楼上》吕纬甫的感喟，都表现出先驱者对社会历史的背离与逆转，但这种背离又并非完全的复归，这种陷入极端孤立的状态中的先驱者，面对这种寂寞，或在绝望中死亡，或于希望中沉沦，辩不清真正的方向。这种深刻的历史使命感，在鲁迅一直默默进行的启蒙工作中，是由自我来背负的，这种孤独与寂寞之于绝望与希望，是置于之中的艰难。他曾在《<呐喊>自序》中提到：“我在年青时候也曾做过许多梦，后来大半忘却了，但自己也不以为可惜。所谓回忆者，虽然可以使人欢欣，有时也不免使人寂寞，使精神的丝缕还牵着已逝的寂寞的时光”，历史给予先驱者的馈赠，全由自我一力承担。 “绝望之为虚妄，正与希望相同”，先生拒绝了完美与圆满，对于历史的发展，社会的变更、人生道路的极境，他都抱有怀疑，他同时拒绝了个性与人道的调和，在更深沉的痛苦与孤独中践行自我与社会的启蒙，于绝望与希望中实现真理的探索。“斯失子与之德，而留者为空无”。 黑暗灵魂的舞者 很简单的一个故事，最初读起只是语言晦涩颇有些古怪的神话，眉间尺与楚王还有“黑的人”的头之战，以及那些咿咿呀呀奇奇怪怪的歌，平添了许多奇异的幻彩。为父复仇而死的传说在中国是不少见的，被冠以忠孝的名义后终沉溺于历史的洪流中，不复听说。而《铸剑》似乎倾注了鲁迅先生极大的心血，最终也不辜期望成为先生探寻人类灵魂、反思人性、守望孤独的代表之作，其极具先锋的艺术内涵仍恩泽此后的众多作家。 简单的子为父复仇的故事随着“黑的人”的出现逐步步入复杂的旋涡中。鲁迅花大笔墨写了眉间尺的优柔寡断，这就决定了复仇于他是一件不可完成的任务，在现实世界的这种两难境地与复仇命运的必然性里，就决定了宴之敖出场的顺理成章，他的种种神秘性，把人引入另一种复仇的境地，即指向全人类生命个体的灵魂深处的自我复仇。再来看看楚王，残忍、无道的代表，但他也曾摆脱现实的两难，铸莫邪剑，为的是消除戾气，增加的却是新一轮的杀戮有复仇。这种荒诞性的叙述，是通过细腻的笔法表现的，莫邪剑的诞生、充满血腥的头与头式的复仇，神秘而古怪的楚歌，都另人不得不把目光投向这个奇怪个黑衣人，他的言谈、举止都带有对于世俗的生死、个人肉体摈弃与冷酷的决绝，鲁迅在他身上贯注了他“理想的人性”，“你的就是我的，他也就是我”，万物在他身上都能找到痕迹，然而终也抓不住。他的冷酷与神秘在作品的荒诞叙述中只能置于理念的范畴，这实质上是顿入虚无的表现，对于人性的关注与探讨一直是鲁迅思想的重点，也使之成为他最具先锋性价值的内涵。 人类个体的灵魂自我必定如《铸剑》里的眉间尺与楚王，存在着两个极端，爱与恨、善良与邪恶、光明与黑暗，然而这极端也终是无法调和的，复仇的必然性带有古希腊神话的命运悲剧性，而人物性格又使之具有莎士比亚戏剧式的性格悲剧，双重式的复仇使人的关注更深沉的投入自我的体验中，灵魂的两极，存在于同一生命个体，也必然会有斗争，人类就是在这种自我复仇中不断成长与继续生活着的。鲁迅把关注投入到整个人类灵魂的最深处，通过一种荒诞性的叙事纬语，展示了人存在的理念世界，是极具现代性与先锋意义的。同时这种对自我的复仇、对存在理念世界的把握，又是通过绝对的神化将其置入一种虚无的境界来把握的，这就更深入了鲁迅自我的一种虚无主义精神。宴之敖说：“仗义、同情，那些东西，先前曾经干净过，现在却成了放鬼债的资本。我的心里全没有你们所谓的那些，我只不过要给你复仇”，《铸剑》在这里提出的超目的性的现实主义，正如康德所说：“在此岸的社会中，任何行善的目的，都不是纯粹，而纯粹的动机是来自彼岸的承诺”，他认为有限的生命个体不可能认识无限的世界，对“复仇”崇高赶的认同是来自此岸与彼岸间不可能建立的桥梁，这样就给复仇打上了虚无主义的旗帜，自我的复仇来自虚无的认识，而虚无主义也正是源自对自我灵魂拷问，这种非凡的自我否定精神和殉道意识，是鲁迅比之同代人对自我在社会形态与文化形态的地位的更深刻的认识，他所阐述的这种虚无与孤独的荒原感不是一个阶级一个时代的，而是整个人类从古自今的悲哀。 这种虚无主义不仅在《铸剑》里表现突出，在鲁迅最具代表性的散文诗集《野草》中也占有很重要的地位，《影的告别》中的影显示了三种本质特征，其中对自身本质的反省和怀疑都表明了来自人内心深处的恐慌与荒诞。主人公自我与社会和个人存在之间的逻辑两难框架，是此岸不得通向彼岸的虚无，而对于“无间”的复仇也在他的其他作品中有深刻体现，《孤独者》里的魏连殳的复仇是以自我毁灭与扭曲为代价的，《野草》中《复仇》与《复仇之二》中充斥着荒诞感，也必会受到一番灵魂与心灵的挣扎。在追求世俗完美的过程中，最大的敌人应是来自自我，在理念上的声讨，于现实是虚无的，但鲁迅正是以这对自我的深刻复仇及虚无的剖析，创造了那个时代不应有的伟大认识。复仇与虚无带给他的，是更为绝对的孤独。 “他曾把自己看作由中世纪走向现代文明的‘过客’，看成具有使命感的中间人物”，“他努力把自己从异己的环境中解放出来，使自己不再类属于非人道的意志王国，而是具有自由意识与善良意志的独立的主体”，这种具有历史使命感的意识使先生创造了非同一般的艺术成就，同时他将自己置于更为黑暗、孤独的世界里，在自我的虚无与复仇中寻找光明。 残雪说：艺术，就是黑暗灵魂的舞蹈。从复仇到虚无，鲁迅先生揭示了整个人类灵魂的存在状态，具有深刻的内涵与哲理，这种对人性的孤独者的守望，恰似黑暗里的一首舞曲，在痛苦中将艺术留给后人。 那些关于爱与恨，黑暗与光明、艺术与人生的思想随着我们的阅历渐渐成熟、改变，在少时读鲁迅先生，那是一首略带忧伤的儿歌，淳美中却又另带别质；很久前读先生，那时一首激进高昂的爱国歌曲深沉却又另蕴他意；现在读先生，是一幕幕轮番上演的对心灵与现实拷问的话剧，痛苦而又深涵哲意，就仿佛是广袤的沙漠里野草的鸣动，华美的叶片落尽，生命的成色才依稀可见，而我只能在此写下此刻的认识与见解，或许短暂，或许肤浅，但正如先生对历史承担的决绝，虚无中也自有那一份真意。
哦。 来做吧.内容提要是全文内容的缩影。在这里，作者以极经济的笔墨，勾画出全文的整体面目；提出主要论点、揭示论文的研究成果、简要叙述全文的框架结构。 内容提要是正文的附属部分，一般放置在论文的篇首。 写作内容提要的目的在于： 1．为了使指导老师在未审阅论文全文时，先对文章的主要内容有个大体上的了解，知道研究所取得的主要成果，研究的主要逻辑顺序。 2．为了使其他读者通过阅读内容提要，就能大略了解作者所研究的问题，假如产生共鸣，则再进一步阅读全文。在这里，内容提要成了把论文推荐给众多读者的“广告”。 因此，内容提要应把论文的主要观点提示出来，便于读者一看就能了解论文内容的要点。论文提要要求写得简明而又全面，不要罗哩啰嗦抓不住要点或者只是干巴巴的几条筋，缺乏说明观点的材料。 内容提要可分为报道性提要和指示性提要。 报道性提要，主要介绍研究的主要方法与成果以及成果分析等，对文章内容的提示较全面。 指示性提要，只简要地叙述研究的成果(数据、看法、意见、结论等)，对研究手段、方法、过程等均不涉及。毕业论文一般使用指示性提要。.
Funds are the lifeblood of our ability to operate normally， while the fund management has become the core content of corporate governance. Finance and Accounting is exclusively through certain technical means and methods of accounting for funds， and specifically for corporate governance， decision-making accounting information in a discipline.As we all know， with the continuous development of the economy， financial accounting in the management， decision-making in an increasingly important role. Accordingly， the financial accounting of quality， a direct impact on the managers， operators， investors and the public interest， but also affect the company's economic， social image and social credibility， and therefore the process of socio-economic operations irreplaceable status. Enterprise Management is designed to achieve maximum benefits in the enterprise， that is a great honor to bring to the enterprise， and the various enterprises will realize the healthy and sustainable development. Business operations and financial condition is through the balance sheet， income statement， cash flow statement and reflected. The accounting department directly through the corporate accounting， business conditions and results for effective financial analysis， not only to promote enterprise managers can quickly understand how much of the current corporate profits and the level of debt capacity， but also can be found Enterprise The size of the risks， pros and cons of corporate capital structure， so that the operators use many aspects of the enterprise to make the right decisions， with minimal risk， the most healthy financial position to achieve the maximum profit the best. At the same time， you can also find some essential issues， in order to improve management to provide the basis of some relevant.What is the accounting?For many years the popular saying，accounting is accounting，scores and accounting.Ancient China "accounting" arising out of the Western Zhou Dynasty，mainly referring to the activities of the income and expenditure records，inspection and supervision.In the Qing Dynasty scholar Jiao Xun "Mencius justice"，a book on the "will" and "dollars" for the general explained:"it is sporadic in terms of the total cost-effective it will，" it is necessary to carry out the accounting for the individual accounts，individual accounts should be integrated，comprehensive accounting system.Accounting concept:Accounting is the currency as a major units of measurement，using a series of specialized method，the economic activities of enterprises continuous，systematic，comprehensive and integrated accounting and oversight and based on this analysis of economic activity，forecast and control to improve the economy the effectiveness of a management activities.How to be a good accountant? In recent years accountant is such a boom that many people are eager to it. Then how to be a good accountant? In the first place a good accountant must have strong technical skills which is the most important.In the second place a good accountant must be careful and have a strong sense of responsibility for his or her job. Besides a good accountant should develop wide relationship with some people who own abundant skil knowedge in order to widen your knowledge. What's more a good accountant should own the ability learning new knowledge by yourself so that you can adapt the fluxion. The last but not the least a good accontant also should have good professional ethics which is indispensable.Accounting ethics is primarily a field of applied ethics， the study of moral values and judgments as they apply to accountancy. It is an example of professional ethics. Accounting ethics were first introduced by Luca Pacioli， and later expanded by government groups， professional organizations， and independent companies. Ethics are taught in accounting courses at higher education institutions as well as by companies training accountants and auditors.Due to the diverse range of accounting services and recent corporate collapses， attention has been drawn to ethical standards accepted within the accounting profession. These collapses have resulted in a widespread disregard for the reputation of the accounting profession. To combat the criticism and prevent fraudulent accounting， various accounting organizations and governments have developed regulations and remedies for improved ethics among the accounting profession.The nature of the work carried out by accountants and auditors requires a high level of ethics. Shareholders， potential shareholders， and other users of the financial statements rely heavily on the yearly financial statements of a company as they can use this information to make an informed decision about investment. They rely on the opinion of the accountants who prepared the statements， as well as the auditors that verified it， to present a true and fair view of the company. Knowledge of ethics can help accountants and auditors to overcome ethical dilemmas， allowing for the right choice that， although it may not benefit the company， will benefit the public who relies on the accountant/auditor's reporting.Accounting is an economic management. In the non-commodity economy accounting directly for property and materials management in commodity economy because of commodity production and exchange of commodities economic activity in the property and materials are a form of value performance accounting is used form of value the management of the property and materials. If accounting is an information system and mainly focused on corporate and external information users then that is an economic management accounting activities was mainly within the enterprises the. History and reality the accounting is social production develops to a certain stage of the product development and production is to meet the needs of the management especially with the development of the commodity economy and the emergence of competition in the market through demand management on the economy activities strict control and supervision.At the same time the content and form of accounting constantly improve and change from a purely accounting scores mainly for accounting operations external submit accounting statements as in prior operating forecasts decision-making on the matter of economic activities control and supervision in hindsight check. Clearly accounting whether past present or future it is people's economic management activities.i will introduce my major .my major is accounting in xxx university.and my major，which lays more stress on practical use， seems to be at the end of it.when both of them interact well enough，the discovries and theories in biology science can be soon turned into products in all of the modern industry.four years’ university education gives me a lot of things to learn，a lot of chances to try，and a lot of practices to improve myself.it teaches me not only what to study and how to think，but also to see the importance of practical ability (such as doing expriment as much as possible). in the university life，i have made many good friends.they help me improve my study and research ability， do ererything just like a man，and often give me good example to follow.
1. Newspaper English“Learning a language is not merely an academic exercise. Students of English want to be able to use the language they have acquired in the same way as English people use it. They not only want to understand spoken English and to make themselves understand; they also want to be able to appreciate English television and radio programmers, to laugh at English jokes, to sing English songs and to read English newspapers. This last wish often gives rise to some disappointment, when for example, the student who has passed his exams with top marks and has earned the commendation of his teacher finds that he is quite unable to understand the newspapers which he knows English people read every day. He realizes that he lacks something.“The deficiency is not entirely his fault. The difficulties in the fact that British newspapers have a style all of their own; or-rather-each paper has its own individual style forming part of a general journalistic pattern which we may loosely classify as ‘Newspaper English’. The more popular dailies use a chatty, slangy, up-to-the moment way of writing, which, as often as not, leaves the foreign reader very bewildered, if not under a totally false impression. Here is a typical piece of such reporting:Curvaceous Patricia Potts, the girl with the smashing silhouette who was Scunthorpe’s Dish of the Month in October-the dishiest dish in the area-was dished up with a dish of trouble on her way home from bingo last night. Two would-be muggers tried it on in Dark street near her home, but she sent them packing with handbag a-whirling, nails a-scratching and platform clogs a-kicking.“Even the most conscientious student might be forgiven for giving up at this point. And yet it must be realized that this style carries no problems for the millions that read every day.“Headlines are another problem. The English reader scans the headlines to find out what the news stories are about; the foreign student has to read the stories to find out what the headlines mean.“The popular press, in order to print as much information in as small a space as possible, had developed a content-packed sentence, very often crammed with compound words of a highly complicated nature, that needs to be treated warily at first. For example:Warwickshire police announced late last night that Arthur Prentice, a 35-year-old lorry driver of Babblesthorpe, Cambridgeshire, wanted in connection with the disappearance of 17-year-old Glenys Dennis from her home in Cambridge last March, had been arrested in the Solihull area of Birmingham and was helping police with their enquiries.There are at least 15 facts in this one sentence. Such has to be digested slowly. If the student of English attempts to absorb a lot of this sort of thing at speed, he will understand very little of what he has read...”from What's In The News? by Geoffrey LandNotes:1. as often as not: quite frequently2. curvaceous: having many curves, of shapely female figure3. Scunthorpe’s Dish of the Month in October-the dishiest dish in the area-was dished up with a dish of trouble ...Dish of the Month: the attractive girl of the current monththe dishiest dish: the most attractive girlwas dished up with a dish of trouble: was given a kind of trouble that some people had prepared for her.4. she sent them packing: she sent the two would-be muggers running away.5. platform clogs: shoes with wooden soles made for platform dancing.
Old soldiers never die Mr. President, Mr. Speaker, and Distinguished Members of the Congress: I stand on this rostrum with a sense of deep humility and great pride -- humility in the weight of those great American architects of our history who have stood here before me; pride in the reflection that this home of legislative debate represents human liberty in the purest form yet devised. Here are centered the hopes and aspirations and faith of the entire human race. I do not stand here as advocate for any partisan cause, for the issues are fundamental and reach quite beyond the realm of partisan consideration. They must be resolved on the highest plane of national interest if our course is to prove sound and our future protected. I trust, therefore, that you will do me the justice of receiving that which I have to say as solely expressing the considered viewpoint of a fellow American. I address you with neither rancor nor bitterness in the fading twilight of life, with but one purpose in mind: to serve my country. The issues are global and so interlocked that to consider the problems of one sector, oblivious to those of another, is but to court disaster for the whole. While Asia is commonly referred to as the Gateway to Europe, it is no less true that Europe is the Gateway to Asia, and the broad influence of the one cannot fail to have its impact upon the other. There are those who claim our strength is inadequate to protect on both fronts, that we cannot divide our effort. I can think of no greater expression of defeatism. If a potential enemy can divide his strength on two fronts, it is for us to counter his effort. The Communist threat is a global one. Its successful advance in one sector threatens the destruction of every other sector. You can not appease or otherwise surrender to communism in Asia without simultaneously undermining our efforts to halt its advance in Europe. Beyond pointing out these general truisms, I shall confine my discussion to the general areas of Asia. Before one may objectively assess the situation now existing there, he must comprehend something of Asia's past and the revolutionary changes which have marked her course up to the present. Long exploited by the so-called colonial powers, with little opportunity to achieve any degree of social justice, individual dignity, or a higher standard of life such as guided our own noble administration in the Philippines, the peoples of Asia found their opportunity in the war just past to throw off the shackles of colonialism and now see the dawn of new opportunity, a heretofore unfelt dignity, and the self-respect of political freedom. Mustering half of the earth's population, and 60 percent of its natural resources these peoples are rapidly consolidating a new force, both moral and material, with which to raise the living standard and erect adaptations of the design of modern progress to their own distinct cultural environments. Whether one adheres to the concept of colonization or not, this is the direction of Asian progress and it may not be stopped. It is a corollary to the shift of the world economic frontiers as the whole epicenter of world affairs rotates back toward the area whence it started. In this situation, it becomes vital that our own country orient its policies in consonance with this basic evolutionary condition rather than pursue a course blind to the reality that the colonial era is now past and the Asian peoples covet the right to shape their own free destiny. What they seek now is friendly guidance, understanding, and support -- not imperious direction -- the dignity of equality and not the shame of subjugation. Their pre-war standard of life, pitifully low, is infinitely lower now in the devastation left in war's wake. World ideologies play little part in Asian thinking and are little understood. What the peoples strive for is the opportunity for a little more food in their stomachs, a little better clothing on their backs, a little firmer roof over their heads, and the realization of the normal nationalist urge for political freedom. These political-social conditions have but an indirect bearing upon our own national security, but do form a backdrop to contemporary planning which must be thoughtfully considered if we are to avoid the pitfalls of unrealism. Of more direct and immediately bearing upon our national security are the changes wrought in the strategic potential of the Pacific Ocean in the course of the past war. Prior thereto the western strategic frontier of the United States lay on the literal line of the Americas, with an exposed island salient extending out through Hawaii, Midway, and Guam to the Philippines. That salient proved not an outpost of strength but an avenue of weakness along which the enemy could and did attack. The Pacific was a potential area of advance for any predatory force intent upon striking at the bordering land areas. All this was changed by our Pacific victory. Our strategic frontier then shifted to embrace the entire Pacific Ocean, which became a vast moat to protect us as long as we held it. Indeed, it acts as a protective shield for all of the Americas and all free lands of the Pacific Ocean area. We control it to the shores of Asia by a chain of islands extending in an arc from the Aleutians to the Mariannas held by us and our free allies. From this island chain we can dominate with sea and air power every Asiatic port from Vladivostok to Singapore -- with sea and air power every port, as I said, from Vladivostok to Singapore -- and prevent any hostile movement into the Pacific. Any predatory attack from Asia must be an amphibious effort.* No amphibious force can be successful without control of the sea lanes and the air over those lanes in its avenue of advance. With naval and air supremacy and modest ground elements to defend bases, any major attack from continental Asia toward us or our friends in the Pacific would be doomed to failure. Under such conditions, the Pacific no longer represents menacing avenues of approach for a prospective invader. It assumes, instead, the friendly aspect of a peaceful lake. Our line of defense is a natural one and can be maintained with a minimum of military effort and expense. It envisions no attack against anyone, nor does it provide the bastions essential for offensive operations, but properly maintained, would be an invincible defense against aggression. The holding of this literal defense line in the western Pacific is entirely dependent upon holding all segments thereof; for any major breach of that line by an unfriendly power would render vulnerable to determined attack every other major segment. This is a military estimate as to which I have yet to find a military leader who will take exception. For that reason, I have strongly recommended in the past, as a matter of military urgency, that under no circumstances must Formosa fall under Communist control. Such an eventuality would at once threaten the freedom of the Philippines and the loss of Japan and might well force our western frontier back to the coast of California, Oregon and Washington. To understand the changes which now appear upon the Chinese mainland, one must understand the changes in Chinese character and culture over the past 50 years. China, up to 50 years ago, was completely non-homogenous, being compartmented into groups divided against each other. The war-making tendency was almost non-existent, as they still followed the tenets of the Confucian ideal of pacifist culture. At the turn of the century, under the regime of Chang Tso Lin, efforts toward greater homogeneity produced the start of a nationalist urge. This was further and more successfully developed under the leadership of Chiang Kai-Shek, but has been brought to its greatest fruition under the present regime to the point that it has now taken on the character of a united nationalism of increasingly dominant, aggressive tendencies. Through these past 50 years the Chinese people have thus become militarized in their concepts and in their ideals. They now constitute excellent soldiers, with competent staffs and commanders. This has produced a new and dominant power in Asia, which, for its own purposes, is allied with Soviet Russia but which in its own concepts and methods has become aggressively imperialistic, with a lust for expansion and increased power normal to this type of imperialism. There is little of the ideological concept either one way or another in the Chinese make-up. The standard of living is so low and the capital accumulation has been so thoroughly dissipated by war that the masses are desperate and eager to follow any leadership which seems to promise the alleviation of local stringencies. I have from the beginning believed that the Chinese Communists' support of the North Koreans was the dominant one. Their interests are, at present, parallel with those of the Soviet. But I believe that the aggressiveness recently displayed not only in Korea but also in Indo-China and Tibet and pointing potentially toward the South reflects predominantly the same lust for the expansion of power which has animated every would-be conqueror since the beginning of time. The Japanese people, since the war, have undergone the greatest reformation recorded in modern history. With a commendable will, eagerness to learn, and marked capacity to understand, they have, from the ashes left in war's wake, erected in Japan an edifice dedicated to the supremacy of individual liberty and personal dignity; and in the ensuing process there has been created a truly representative government committed to the advance of political morality, freedom of economic enterprise, and social justice. Politically, economically, and socially Japan is now abreast of many free nations of the earth and will not again fail the universal trust. That it may be counted upon to wield a profoundly beneficial influence over the course of events in Asia is attested by the magnificent manner in which the Japanese people have met the recent challenge of war, unrest, and confusion surrounding them from the outside and checked communism within their own frontiers without the slightest slackening in their forward progress. I sent all four of our occupation divisions to the Korean battlefront without the slightest qualms as to the effect of the resulting power vacuum upon Japan. The results fully justified my faith. I know of no nation more serene, orderly, and industrious, nor in which higher hopes can be entertained for future constructive service in the advance of the human race. Of our former ward, the Philippines, we can look forward in confidence that the existing unrest will be corrected and a strong and healthy nation will grow in the longer aftermath of war's terrible destructiveness. We must be patient and understanding and never fail them -- as in our hour of need, they did not fail us. A Christian nation, the Philippines stand as a mighty bulwark of Christianity in the Far East, and its capacity for high moral leadership in Asia is unlimited. On Formosa, the government of the Republic of China has had the opportunity to refute by action much of the malicious gossip which so undermined the strength of its leadership on the Chinese mainland. The Formosan people are receiving a just and enlightened administration with majority representation on the organs of government, and politically, economically, and socially they appear to be advancing along sound and constructive lines. With this brief insight into the surrounding areas, I now turn to the Korean conflict. While I was not consulted prior to the President's decision to intervene in support of the Republic of Korea, that decision from a military standpoint, proved a sound one, as we hurled back the invader and decimated his forces. Our victory was complete, and our objectives within reach, when Red China intervened with numerically superior ground forces. This created a new war and an entirely new situation, a situation not contemplated when our forces were committed against the North Korean invaders; a situation which called for new decisions in the diplomatic sphere to permit the realistic adjustment of military strategy. Such decisions have not been forthcoming. While no man in his right mind would advocate sending our ground forces into continental China, and such was never given a thought, the new situation did urgently demand a drastic revision of strategic planning if our political aim was to defeat this new enemy as we had defeated the old. Apart from the military need, as I saw It, to neutralize the sanctuary protection given the enemy north of the Yalu, I felt that military necessity in the conduct of the war made necessary: first the intensification of our economic blockade against China; two the imposition of a naval blockade against the China coast; three removal of restrictions on air reconnaissance of China's coastal areas and of Manchuria; four removal of restrictions on the forces of the Republic of China on Formosa, with logistical support to contribute to their effective operations against the common enemy. For entertaining these views, all professionally designed to support our forces committed to Korea and bring hostilities to an end with the least possible delay and at a saving of countless American and allied lives, I have been severely criticized in lay circles, principally abroad, despite my understanding that from a military standpoint the above views have been fully shared in the past by practically every military leader concerned with the Korean campaign, including our own Joint Chiefs of Staff. I called for reinforcements but was informed that reinforcements were not available. I made clear that if not permitted to destroy the enemy built-up bases north of the Yalu, if not permitted to utilize the friendly Chinese Force of some 600,000 men on Formosa, if not permitted to blockade the China coast to prevent the Chinese Reds from getting succor from without, and if there were to be no hope of major reinforcements, the position of the command from the military standpoint forbade victory. We could hold in Korea by constant maneuver and in an approximate area where our supply line advantages were in balance with the supply line disadvantages of the enemy, but we could hope at best for only an indecisive campaign with its terrible and constant attrition upon our forces if the enemy utilized its full military potential. I have constantly called for the new political decisions essential to a solution. Efforts have been made to distort my position. It has been said, in effect, that I was a warmonger. Nothing could be further from the truth. I know war as few other men now living know it, and nothing to me is more revolting. I have long advocated its complete abolition, as its very destructiveness on both friend and foe has rendered it useless as a means of settling international disputes. Indeed, on the second day of September, nineteen hundred and forty-five, just following the surrender of the Japanese nation on the Battleship Missouri, I formally cautioned as follows: "Men since the beginning of time have sought peace. Various methods through the ages have been attempted to devise an international process to prevent or settle disputes between nations. From the very start workable methods were found in so far as individual citizens were concerned, but the mechanics of an instrumentality of larger international scope have never been successful. Military alliances, balances of power, Leagues of Nations, all in turn failed, leaving the only path to be by way of the crucible of war. The utter destructiveness of war now blocks out this alternative. We have had our last chance. If we will not devise some greater and more equitable system, Armageddon will be at our door. The problem basically is theological and involves a spiritual recrudescence and improvement of human character that will synchronize with our almost matchless advances in science, art, literature, and all material and cultural developments of the past 2000 years. It must be of the spirit if we are to save the flesh." But once war is forced upon us, there is no other alternative than to apply every available means to bring it to a swift end. War's very object is victory, not prolonged indecision. In war there is no substitute for victory. There are some who, for varying reasons, would appease Red China. They are blind to history's clear lesson, for history teaches with unmistakable emphasis that appeasement but begets new and bloodier war. It points to no single instance where this end has justified that means, where appeasement has led to more than a sham peace. Like blackmail, it lays the basis for new and successively greater demands until, as in blackmail, violence becomes the only other alternative. "Why," my soldiers asked of me, "surrender military advantages to an enemy in the field?" I could not answer. Some may say: to avoid spread of the conflict into an all-out war with China; others, to avoid Soviet intervention. Neither explanation seems valid, for China is already engaging with the maximum power it can commit, and the Soviet will not necessarily mesh its actions with our moves. Like a cobra, any new enemy will more likely strike whenever it feels that the relativity in military or other potential is in its favor on a world-wide basis. The tragedy of Korea is further heightened by the fact that its military action is confined to its territorial limits. It condemns that nation, which it is our purpose to save, to suffer the devastating impact of full naval and air bombardment while the enemy's sanctuaries are fully protected from such attack and devastation. Of the nations of the world, Korea alone, up to now, is the sole one which has risked its all against communism. The magnificence of the courage and fortitude of the Korean people defies description. They have chosen to risk death rather than slavery. Their last words to me were: "Don't scuttle the Pacific!" I have just left your fighting sons in Korea. They have met all tests there, and I can report to you without reservation that they are splendid in every way. It was my constant effort to preserve them and end this savage conflict honorably and with the least loss of time and a minimum sacrifice of life. Its growing bloodshed has caused me the deepest anguish and anxiety. Those gallant men will remain often in my thoughts and in my prayers always. I am closing my 52 years of military service. When I joined the Army, even before the turn of the century, it was the fulfillment of all of my boyish hopes and dreams. The world has turned over many times since I took the oath on the plain at West Point, and the hopes and dreams have long since vanished, but I still remember the refrain of one of the most popular barrack ballads of that day which proclaimed most proudly that "old soldiers never die; they just fade away." And like the old soldier of that ballad, I now close my military career and just fade away, an old soldier who tried to do his duty as God gave him the light to see that duty.
根据中心xx年工作重点和整体安排及思路，我按照年初确定的目标和要求，团结协作，密切配合，在科长的领导下、以及各财务人员的大力支持下，完成了各项财务工作任务，确保中心财务工作有序、高效运转，比较好地履行了会计职能，为保证中心财务工作顺利进行发挥了积极的作用。一年来，自觉服从组织和领导的安排，努力做好各项工作，较好地完成了各项工作任务。由于财会工作繁事、杂事多，其工作都具有事务性和突发性的特点，因此结合具体情况，全年的工作总结如下：一、完成的主要工作：1、及时准确的完成各月记帐、结帐和账务处理工作，记账并粘贴凭证近四千张、装订凭证近70本。2、及时准确地编报了各月会计报表，每月1份、每份7种，并对财务收支状况和能源使用情况进行了5次认真分析和思考。3、及时准确地填报市各类月度、季度、年终统计报表，定期向统计局报送。4、完成各月对餐饮库房的盘点工作，创新制作了餐饮数据统计表，使月底餐饮数据的上报更加规范、整洁。5、新增设了资产负债、收入和支出、主要能源和水消费、天然气、财政拨款批复和使用情况等6种台账，并及时跟进和更新数据。6、配合中心各科室完成政府采购17次，及时填报、查看合同、打印结算书;利用半个多月的时间完成全国政府采购执行情况专项检查的自查工作并上报了自查报告。7、承担了并完成了个税、营业税的申报与缴纳，以及往来银行间的业务和各种日常费用的缴纳。8、每月认真核对现金、银行存款账户余额、支出进度，银行对帐等工作，确保年度决算顺利进行。9、以认真的态度积极参加北京市财政局集中财务试点培训，做好用友软件、财政新记账系统的维护和设置，利用一个多月的时间在新系统里录入凭证3千余张。工作量大、任务重，基本上每天都得在电脑前坐6-8小时，在经常腰疼、眼睛痛的情况下坚持工作。10、积极参加单位组织的各项政治、业务学习并认真做好学习笔记。11、对各类会计档案，进行了分类、装订、归档。对财务专用软件进行了清理、杀毒和备份。12、其它日常事务性工作。二、加强学习，注重提升个人修养和综合素质1、通过报纸杂志、电脑网络和电视新闻等媒体，加强政治思想和品德修养。2、认真学习财经方面的各项规定，自觉按照国家的财经政策和程序办事;3、努力钻研业务知识，积极参加相关部门组织的各种业务技能的培训，始终把增强服务意识作为一切工作的基础;始终把工作放在严谨、细致、扎实、求实上，脚踏实地工作;4、不断改进学习方法，讲求学习效果，“在工作中学习，在学习中工作”，坚持学以致用，注重融会贯通，理论联系实际，用新的知识、新的思维和新的启示，巩固和丰富综合知识，使自身综合能力不断得到提高。三、存在的不足尽管我们圆满完成了今年的各项工作任务，但必须看到工作存在的不足：1、理论水平不高，当前社会会计知识和业务更新换代比较快，缺乏对新的业务知识和会计法规的系统学习，导致了会计基础知识和会计基础工作缺乏，影响来工作水平的提高。2、忙于应付事务性工作多，深入探讨、思考、认认真真的研究条件及财务管理办法、工作制度少，工作有广度，没深度。3、只干工作，不善于总结，所以有些工作费力气大，但与收效不成比例，事倍功半的现象时有发生，今后要逐步学习用科学的方法，善总结、勤思考，逐步达到事半功倍的的效果。四、严格履行会计岗位职责，扎实做好本职工作1、不断学习、更新知识、转变观念、完善自我，跟上时代发展的步伐。我们的知识就像会计核算中的无形资产，有时候发现它已没有使用价值了，必须及时得到更新。2、会计工作不仅是单位各项工作的一种反映，也是对各项经济活动的一种监督。必须积极参与到单位各项工作中去，只有这样，才能够更好的研究思考，正确进行会计核算。3、会计人员要充分发挥主观能动性，收集相关财务信息，进行财务分析和预测，善于总结，提出自己的意见和建议，为单位领导决策提供准确依据，不断提高单位管理水平和经济效益。总结经验，建立健全良好的工作机制。
Funds are the lifeblood of our ability to operate normally， while the fund management has become the core content of corporate governance. Finance and Accounting is exclusively through certain technical means and methods of accounting for funds， and specifically for corporate governance， decision-making accounting information in a discipline.As we all know， with the continuous development of the economy， financial accounting in the management， decision-making in an increasingly important role. Accordingly， the financial accounting of quality， a direct impact on the managers， operators， investors and the public interest， but also affect the company's economic， social image and social credibility， and therefore the process of socio-economic operations irreplaceable status. Enterprise Management is designed to achieve maximum benefits in the enterprise， that is a great honor to bring to the enterprise， and the various enterprises will realize the healthy and sustainable development. Business operations and financial condition is through the balance sheet， income statement， cash flow statement and reflected. The accounting department directly through the corporate accounting， business conditions and results for effective financial analysis， not only to promote enterprise managers can quickly understand how much of the current corporate profits and the level of debt capacity， but also can be found Enterprise The size of the risks， pros and cons of corporate capital structure， so that the operators use many aspects of the enterprise to make the right decisions， with minimal risk， the most healthy financial position to achieve the maximum profit the best. At the same time， you can also find some essential issues， in order to improve management to provide the basis of some relevant.What is the accounting?For many years the popular saying，accounting is accounting，scores and accounting.Ancient China "accounting" arising out of the Western Zhou Dynasty，mainly referring to the activities of the income and expenditure records，inspection and supervision.In the Qing Dynasty scholar Jiao Xun "Mencius justice"，a book on the "will" and "dollars" for the general explained:"it is sporadic in terms of the total cost-effective it will，" it is necessary to carry out the accounting for the individual accounts，individual accounts should be integrated，comprehensive accounting system.Accounting concept:Accounting is the currency as a major units of measurement，using a series of specialized method，the economic activities of enterprises continuous，systematic，comprehensive and integrated accounting and oversight and based on this analysis of economic activity，forecast and control to improve the economy the effectiveness of a management activities.How to be a good accountant? In recent years accountant is such a boom that many people are eager to it. Then how to be a good accountant? In the first place a good accountant must have strong technical skills which is the most important.In the second place a good accountant must be careful and have a strong sense of responsibility for his or her job. Besides a good accountant should develop wide relationship with some people who own abundant skil knowedge in order to widen your knowledge. What's more a good accountant should own the ability learning new knowledge by yourself so that you can adapt the fluxion. The last but not the least a good accontant also should have good professional ethics which is indispensable.Accounting ethics is primarily a field of applied ethics， the study of moral values and judgments as they apply to accountancy. It is an example of professional ethics. Accounting ethics were first introduced by Luca Pacioli， and later expanded by government groups， professional organizations， and independent companies. Ethics are taught in accounting courses at higher education institutions as well as by companies training accountants and auditors.Due to the diverse range of accounting services and recent corporate collapses， attention has been drawn to ethical standards accepted within the accounting profession. These collapses have resulted in a widespread disregard for the reputation of the accounting profession. To combat the criticism and prevent fraudulent accounting， various accounting organizations and governments have developed regulations and remedies for improved ethics among the accounting profession.The nature of the work carried out by accountants and auditors requires a high level of ethics. Shareholders， potential shareholders， and other users of the financial statements rely heavily on the yearly financial statements of a company as they can use this information to make an informed decision about investment. They rely on the opinion of the accountants who prepared the statements， as well as the auditors that verified it， to present a true and fair view of the company. Knowledge of ethics can help accountants and auditors to overcome ethical dilemmas， allowing for the right choice that， although it may not benefit the company， will benefit the public who relies on the accountant/auditor's reporting.Accounting is an economic management. In the non-commodity economy accounting directly for property and materials management in commodity economy because of commodity production and exchange of commodities economic activity in the property and materials are a form of value performance accounting is used form of value the management of the property and materials. If accounting is an information system and mainly focused on corporate and external information users then that is an economic management accounting activities was mainly within the enterprises the. History and reality the accounting is social production develops to a certain stage of the product development and production is to meet the needs of the management especially with the development of the commodity economy and the emergence of competition in the market through demand management on the economy activities strict control and supervision.At the same time the content and form of accounting constantly improve and change from a purely accounting scores mainly for accounting operations external submit accounting statements as in prior operating forecasts decision-making on the matter of economic activities control and supervision in hindsight check. Clearly accounting whether past present or future it is people's economic management activities.i will introduce my major .my major is accounting in xxx university.and my major，which lays more stress on practical use， seems to be at the end of it.when both of them interact well enough，the discovries and theories in biology science can be soon turned into products in all of the modern industry.four years’ university education gives me a lot of things to learn，a lot of chances to try，and a lot of practices to improve myself.it teaches me not only what to study and how to think，but also to see the importance of practical ability (such as doing expriment as much as possible). in the university life，i have made many good friends.they help me improve my study and research ability， do ererything just like a man，and often give me good example to follow.
给我汉字 Funds are the lifeblood of our ability to operate normally, while the fund management has become the core content of corporate governance. Finance and Accounting is exclusively through certain technical means and methods of accounting for funds, and specifically for corporate governance, decision-making accounting information in a discipline. As we all know, with the continuous development of the economy, financial accounting in the management, decision-making in an increasingly important role. Accordingly, the financial accounting of quality, a direct impact on the managers, operators, investors and the public interest, but also affect the company's economic, social image and social credibility, and therefore the process of socio-economic operations irreplaceable status. Enterprise Management is designed to achieve maximum benefits in the enterprise, that is a great honor to bring to the enterprise, and the various enterprises will realize the healthy and sustainable development. Business operations and financial condition is through the balance sheet, income statement, cash flow statement and reflected. The accounting department directly through the corporate accounting, business conditions and results for effective financial analysis, not only to promote enterprise managers can quickly understand how much of the current corporate profits and the level of debt capacity, but also can be found Enterprise The size of the risks, pros and cons of corporate capital structure, so that the operators use many aspects of the enterprise to make the right decisions, with minimal risk, the most healthy financial position to achieve the maximum profit the best. At the same time, you can also find some essential issues, in order to improve management to provide the basis of some relevant
浅谈盆景艺术盆景为我国独创，历史悠久。它主要是应用各种深浅不同、形态别致的花盆，栽种经过艺术加工的植物材料或模仿大自然的山水景色，配制盆石而成的艺术观赏品。我国因各地造型不同而风格各异，形成了许多流派，如岭南派、苏派、川派等。 盆景是大自然的缩影。仿效大自然的风姿神彩、秀山丽水，于方寸盆间，尽显大自然物气变换，树木荣枯的四时景观，让人从中感悟无穷。历代文人雅士喜爱以盆景点缀生活，陶治情操。中国盆景历史悠久，源远流长，它滥觞于六朝，起源初唐，发展于宋代，兴感于明清。解放后特别是改革开放以来，盆景和花卉业又进入了新的兴旺时期，我市曾举行过多次盆景展，档次一次比一次高，让参观者赏心悦目，亲身体会到不是自然胜自然的景地。现代生活使更多人渴望亲近自然，于屋中置一盆景，既古雅而又显得富有生机。 盆景依其材料和制作不同可分为树桩盆景和山水盆景两大类。树桩盆景简称桩景，泛指观赏植物根、干、叶、花、果的神态，色泽和风韵的盆景，一般选取姿态优美，株短叶小，寿命长，抗性强，易造型的植物，根据其生态特点和艺术要求，通过修剪、整枝、吊扎或嫁接等技术加工和精心培育，长期控制其生长发育，使其形成独特的艺术造型，有的苍劲古朴，老干扎枝；有的枝叶扶疏，横条斜影；有的亭亭玉立，高耸挺拔。桩景的类型有直干式、蟠曲式、横枝式、悬崖式、垂枝式、提根式、丛林式、寄植式等。采用的手法不同，其造型特点和艺术风格各有千秋。广州和本地地区常用九里香、福建茶、雀梅、榕树、榆树、六月雪等为桩景材料修剪成型，自然流畅。其手法称“岭南盆景”。而杨州一带多用黄杨、桧柏、五针松、雪松、榔榆等经人工剪扎，寸枝三弯，层次分明，称“苏派盆景”。四川的金弹子、银杏、紫薇、红果等植物，悬根露爪，古奇雅致，称“川派盆景”。广西的“云盆树桩”等野趣横生别有一格。 山水盆景亦称水石盆景，是将山石经过雕琢、腐蚀、拼接等艺术和技术处理，布设于雅致的浅盆之中，缀以亭榭、舟桥、配植小树、苔藓，构成美丽的自然山水景观。山石材料一类是质地坚硬、不吸水分、难长苔藓的硬石，如英石、太湖石、钟乳石、斧劈石、木化石、九龙璧石。另一类是质地较为疏松易吸水分，能长苔藓的软石，如鸡骨石、芦管石、浮石、砂积石等。山水盆景的造型，有孤峰式、重叠式、疏密式等。山石材料的质、纹、形、色不同，运用的艺术手法和技术方法各异。因此其表现的主题和所具的风格各有所长。钟乳石盆景着重表现岫岩幽洞，奇峰突起的桂林山水之美，砂积石盆景再现“峨眉天下秀”“三峡天下险”的壮丽奇观。山水盆景，小巧精致，意境深远。 盆景艺术运用“缩龙成寸”、“小中见大”的艺术手法，给人以“一峰则太华千寻，一勺则江湖万里”的艺术感染，是自然风景缩影。它源于自然，高于自然，顺于自然之理。巧夺自然之工。盆景艺术以诗情画意见胜。人们把盆景誉为“无声的诗”、“立体的画”、“有生命的艺雕”。如果我们工作之余培养制作一、二盆树桩盆景或山水盆景，将会给你的生活带来无穷的乐处。浅谈盆景意境“诗情画意凝佳境，巧夺天工胜自然。”诗情画意凝聚在小小盆景的佳境之中，比起自然的客观景物，更美、更雅，真是巧夺天工，这是对盆景“美”的赞誉。美在何处？唯一的表现是指意境的深邃。 盆景的意境又从何来？盆景的意境是来自大自然丰富秀丽的美景的感性世界，通过艺术加工，更加超越自然，胜过自然，升华为比自然更高更美的精神境界，这就是“意境”之美，也是审美鉴赏的中心。无论是山水盆景、树桩盆景、水旱盆景、微型盆景都要追求意境，以求“千里锦秀盆间吃，古朴丘壑望中存。”如大家熟悉的著名作家和园艺家周瘦鹃先生，涵养自然，他所作的盆景，追求诗情画意，充分表现自己的艺术性，常借鉴古人和近人的名画，取其意境，曾有唐寅的“蕉石图”、沈石田的“鹤听琴图”、夏仲昭的“竹趣图”、张大千的“松岩高士图”、齐白石的“独树庵图”等，以及他自己的创作“归樵图”、“听松图”、“散牧图”、“枫林雅集图”、“观瀑图”等。如唐寅的“焦石图”盆景，反以两棵抑制生长的小芭蕉合栽，配以拳石，浅盆栽植，布景简洁，意蕴丰富，给人以清凉幽境。又如沈石田的“鹤听琴图”盆景，在古木之下配一老叟抚琴，旁边配一小件仙鹤及点石，“使人联想到诗人林和清的梅妻鹤子，又或许抚琴者正弹着一首梅花三弄。这些盆景的制作，取材以植物为主体，配以石料、人物、亭榭等小件，巧妙的结合，颇富诗情画意，就能充分体现出意境之美。 意境是感情、认识、意象等主观因素与客观自然的和谐统一；是盆景艺术和盆景创作者的艺术构思和艺术加工的表现。绝非主观“营造”，而是以景结情的结果。“以景结情”也是创造意境的最重要的过程。仅此树桩盆景而论，取材于老干虬枝，蝇根露爪，是利用自然形态，而栽植的形成，也是以客观自然与主观意象的结合统一。如单株式、丛林式、悬岩式、附石式等都是“以景结情”的创造意境。如在92年一次江苏盆展中见到南京的一盆“石城古貌”以叠石为主的山水盆景，山上配以比例得当的茂密小树，气势恢宏，能在一小小的盆盎里，再现祖国的锦秀山河，该多伟大、美丽！油然而生“虎踞龙盘今胜昔，天翻地覆慨而慷”之感。第六届江苏盆展，所见一盆老干虬枝的雀梅树桩盆景，主干老气横秋，横卧盆中，枝繁叶茂，翠盖葱葱。景名为“静卧芳园不再武”。“静”与“武”取其园主夫妇的名字，园主人毕生精力追求盆景，当到退休之年，专心致志于盆景艺术，不再为琐事争衡，以娱晚年，寓意言志，颇有意境。 树桩盆景枝干的处理也大有讲究，江苏盆景多以剪扎结合，云片造型为主，而云片的由来，历史悠久，又以扬派为主，在发展的过程中，流派纷呈而各具特色，在追求美的精神享受，不得不追求高格调意境。在技艺的要求方面，云片的造型，以扬派来说，要求平稳、严整，精扎细剪“一寸三弯”的技法，要求较严，在这方面，南通的盆景大师朱保强和已故盆景大师扬州的万观堂、泰州的王寿山，他们的作品都有较高的意境，绝非一日之功，能不令人叹为观心。但也有人认为云片造型，似乎太为呆板，以我个人管见，云片造型之所以有悠久的历史和旺盛的生命力，就如同中国山水画宗出“四王”的传统，云片造型也是符合自然神韵的，如云片的分布，高低错落，有显有藏，云片的造型有平、有垂、有偏、有空，这也就是根据山水树石的画理，“晴树平整”、“雨树下垂”、“风树偏斜”、“雪树空白”的原理，表现盆景的动势，能从云林深渺中领略千姿百态之风采，这就是追求意境。这里并非否定其它流派盆景的特色，我国盆景的流派，丰富多采，兼容并蓄。如岭南树桩盆景，以蓄干截枝的手法造型，追求意境，非常自然，以自然古木为借鉴，可谓是大自然的缩影。近年来苏州的盆景艺术除传统风格外，更有所创新，以抽象的手法，制作盆景，给人以遐想。如戏曲盆景“魂断牡丹亭”的处理，仅以一个草亭（牡丹亭）亭旁植以两棵古木，略配点石，能呈现出一座大花园的荒凉境界，从杜丽娘的伤春，到梦境幽会，化情思为景物。真可谓“则见风月暗消磨，倚逗着断垣低垛”表现出幻境中虚实相映的情趣。 总之，盆景的制作，既要有充分的艺术修养、思考、功力等综合能力，进行艺术加工，又要有灵巧的手法，能够入画，才有意境，方为上品。插花艺术浅谈近几年来，随着人们生活水平的提高，许多城市一年四季都有品种繁多的鲜花供人们选择，满足家庭和单位各种庆典、迎客、结婚和装点家居的需要。 插花就是把花卉包括枝、叶、花、果作为素材，插在花瓶、花盘、花盆等容器里，不需泥土栽培，以达到给家庭带来一种情趣和温馨，使人观赏后起到修身养性、净化心灵、陶冶情操的作用。 插花与盆景有共同之处，但也有自己独特的一面。主要表现在花卉不带根，没有泥土，插在瓶里所吸收的水分和养分受到限制，花期多则十余日，半个月，少则一至两天。因此，瓶插花卉作品，要求做到根据不同季节，掌握好花期，才能按时欣赏和品味到插花艺术之美。 学会插花并不难，但要学得精并不容易。初学者要掌握好花卉素材的选择和处理，造型和搭配，先从简单易学开始，不妨可找些彩色插花图片作参考。与此同时，还应学些有关花卉、绘画、文学等方面有关知识，提高和丰富艺术修养。在熟练技巧的基础上，深入生活，再去学习高难度的插花艺术。 插花的种类，可根据自己的爱好进行选择。1.鲜花插花，具有自然之美，色彩艳丽，清新真实，适用于家庭客厅、卧室、书房等，其缺点是保养时间短。2.干花插花，所选用的花材是经过脱水，加工后的自然植物材料，既不失去花形自然美，还可修饰染色，经久耐用，管理方便。其缺点是怕潮湿环境。3.人造插花，即各种绢花、绦纶花、水晶花、塑料花等，仿真性很强，品种较多齐全，使用时间较长，还可清洗扫尘，缺点是生命力的真实感差。浅谈插花艺术的魅力插花艺术的起源应归于人们对花卉的热爱,通过对花卉的定格,表达一种意境来体验生命的真实与灿烂。 我国在近2000年前已有了原始的插花意念和雏形。插花到唐朝时已盛行起来，并在宫廷中流行，在寺庙中则作为祭坛中的佛前供花。宋朝时期插花艺术已在民间得到普及，并且受到文人的喜爱，各朝关于插花及欣赏的诗词很多。至明朝，我国插花艺术不仅广泛普及，并有插花专著问世，如张谦德著有《瓶花谱》，袁宏道著《瓶史》等。中国插花艺术发展到明朝，已达鼎盛时期，在技艺上、理论上都相当成熟和完善；在风格上，强调自然的抒情，优美朴实的表现，淡雅明秀的色彩，简洁的造型。清朝插花艺术在民间却得不到重视、发展和普及。中国的近代由于战乱等诸多因素，插花艺术在民间基本上消失。一直到近几年来，随着国民经济的发展及改革开放，人民生活水平逐步提高，鲜花才逐步回到了人们的生活当中。 我们的民族素以风雅著称，以花赞人、以花喻人、赋予花人格魅力是我们的传统，如“松、竹、梅”被誉为“岁寒三友”，“梅、兰、竹、菊”誉为“四君子”等等可谓家喻户晓。我国插花在风格上崇尚自然，朴实秀雅，寓意含蓄；在形式上注重线条、构图的完整和变化，讲究优美的线条和自然的姿态。其构图布局高低错落，俯仰呼应，疏密聚散，作品清雅流畅。按植物生长的自然形态,有直立，倾斜和下垂等不同的插花形式；用色淡雅脱俗，朴素大方；在意境营造方面，插花表现题材广泛，多赋予作品深刻的寓意，观之耐人寻味，回味悠长。插花艺术是生活在水泥丛林中的现代人寻找精神家园，亲近大自然的最好方式。 插花艺术是多种艺术形式的融合。插花艺术品是凝固的音乐。音乐的美感富于流动性，音符的跳动旋律或缠绵、或高亢，给人以无限遐思和联想。插花作品中那飘扬的丝带，斜逸的枝叶，优雅的造型和深邃的意境使人仿佛聆听到了美妙的音乐。绘画是以形象和色彩来表现主题的，插花作品也具有这种特性，而且插花的立体感和观赏性比绘画更强烈，插花的制作更便捷，取材更广泛，可操作性更强。作品完成以后仍可依据作者的构思不断地进行修改和调整，以表达变动的情绪和内心感受。诗歌是一种文学表现形式，抒发的是一种强烈的内心感受。诗歌的意境千变万化，韵味无穷，激发出了人们丰富的想象力。插花作品也具有这种功能，它所营造的意境或模拟植物的自然生态美，或以夸张手法表现景物或园林景观，或以事件、人物为题材进行抽象概括，在似与不似之间给人留下无尽的想象空间。雕塑是以固定的造型，或直观或抽象地表现人的思维灵感火花，插花也与之有相似之处是一种造型艺术。但是插花是一种鲜活的艺术，充满了盎然的生机，这又是雕塑所无法比拟的。因此说，插花艺术同其他艺术之间有着千丝万缕的联系。 插花以其简洁的表现形式，广泛的取材与表现题材的多样化，使得这种艺术表现形式还具有雅俗共赏的特点。比如时装展示会展示的服装，有些可以演变为日常着装，而有的则纯粹是艺术性展示。但是这些纯艺术性的时装也可以起到引导潮流或拓宽人们视野和思路的作用，所以同样是不可或缺的。插花也有相似的属性，插花有艺术插花和礼仪插花之分，前者思想性较强，制作难度很大，起着引导潮流的作用；而后者的普及性更强一些，非专业人员不具备系统理论和实际经验，但采撷一些鲜花，准备一些普通材料，根据自己的理解和感受也可以创作出一些插花作品来装点居室，美化生活，陶冶情操。因而插花也具有广泛的公众特性，这是插花艺术普及与推广的社会基础，也是插花艺术品进入市场，形成规模效益的依据之一。 插花艺术有陶冶情操的作用 。插花作品多姿多彩，制作过程中作者倾注了自己的思想和情感，多以鲜花为主要制作材料。尽管保鲜技术已有相当程度的发展，但插花作品的寿命仍然是短暂的。通过鲜花这小巧生灵的凋零易逝，使人在更深层的意义上感悟到人生的短暂与光阴的无情流逝，从而萌生怜花、惜花更护花的情怀，也激发和培养了人们珍惜生活，热爱生命，善待大自然和人类自身生存环境的高尚情操。源自网址： 能帮上忙吗？记得采纳哦。
试论高职院校中插花艺术课程教学实践
论文摘要：插花艺术课程是目前许多农、林院校及高中职学校开设了一门重要课程。为进一步完善教学体系，提高教学质量。笔者将结合自身在高职院校插花课程的教学实践，从高职院校插花课程的定位、课程内容设置、教学方法与教学考核测评等方面进行探索。 论文关键词：插花课程；高职院校；教学实践 插花艺术是一门用植物材料进行装饰的造型艺术，也是一项融生活、艺术文化和技能为一体的创作活动。市场对插花专业人才的需求不断增大，越来越多农、林院校及高中职学校开设了插花艺术课程。为进一步完善教学体系，提高教学质量。笔者将结合自身在高职院校插花课程的教学实践，从高职院校插花课程的定位、课程内容设置、教学方法与教学考核测评等方面进行探索。 一、高职院校插花课程的教学定位 （一）传授传统艺术文化，提高园林专业学生的艺术鉴赏与审美情趣 插花艺术课程在各大院校主要设置专业选修课和公共选修课两种形式。笔者在此探讨的是作为园林、园艺、环境艺术等专业的专业选修课。从专业课程设置角度，本课程教学内容应让学生系统了解插花艺术的发展历史、基本概念及分类；掌握插花艺术基础理论知识（色彩、造型等）；掌握东方式插花基本造型（如倾斜式、直立式等）、西方式插花（如半球型、弯月型、S型、扇型、三角型等）基本造型的操作技巧。多途径了解与掌握婚庆插花、礼仪插花等实用性插花造型的操作手法。 （二）培养学生创造意识，提高学生动手实践能力 插花艺术是一门实践性与技术性很强的课程，学生只有在动手实操中才能感悟插花艺术的独特魅力，只有在反复操作中才能掌握插花技术的基本要领。同时，当掌握了一定的理论基础后，插花作为一门艺术，应不断激发学生的创新意识，启发设计思维，才能创造新的作品。如通过绘制插花造型草图、基本插花造型变化引导、自由创作等方法。 （三）插花作为一门技术，将为高职学生拓宽就业渠道 目前跟插花课程相关的职业资格证有插花员、花艺师等。其中插花员有初、中、高三个级别。作为一门能锻炼动手能力与提高技能的课程，插花课程将为部门学生就业扩宽渠道。一方面学生可在毕业后根据兴趣选择专门插花培训学校进修后考取相关职业资格证，成为专业插花员或花艺师，从事花艺设计工作；更多的同学可根据自己的实际情况，在摸索与实践中不断提高花艺水平，经营管理花店。 二、插花艺术课程内容设置 插花艺术课程内容共设置48个学时，根据难易程度，内容可分为三大块：插花基础理论、插花艺术应用（核心内容）、插花与职业的关系。 第一部分插花基础理论通过对插花艺术基本概念、插花艺术发展历史进行系统阐述，使学生掌握插花基本概念与分类，并对常见插花材料与花器及其他插花工具等进行全面了解。课时量占12个学时。要求学生掌握插花的基本技能，如各类花材（特别是鲜花花材）的处理技巧、插花创作步骤以及插花作品鉴赏等。 第二部分插花艺术应用是插花课程的核心，课时量占28个学时。本部分通过教师讲述、教师示范操作、学生分组实操练习等方法掌握插花艺术的基本技能与手法，包括宾馆、酒店绿化装饰中的插花、家居环境中的插花、商业场所的插花以及在办公场所中的插花；同时还包括婚庆和生活插花等。通过理论教学与实操相结合的手段，使学生掌握东方式插花的基本造型；西方式插花中的半球型、水平型、对称三角型、不对称三角型、弯月型、L型等基本造型。在此基础上学习现代自由式插花，培养学生的想象能力和创新能力。 第三部分讲述插花与职业的关系，插花既是一门艺术，也是一门实用技术。本部分内容主要包括花店经营与管理技巧；了解插花员职业技能的基本要求，课时量占8个学时。 除了以理论为主的教学外，在笔者所在的高职院校，根据课程特点开设一周的实训课程。主要进行东西方基本插花造型的操作技能训练、现代自由式插花的引导训练与自由创造操作。