首页

> 论文发表知识库

首页 论文发表知识库 问题

论文模板范文商务英语论文范文

发布时间:

论文模板范文商务英语论文范文

商务英语是专门用途英语的一个重要组成部分。专门用途英语相关知识的学习是商务英语学习体系中不可或缺的部分,是学习商务英语知识和培养商务英语应用能力的重要渠道。下面是我为大家整理的,供大家参考。

论文摘要:年教育部出台的《关于全面提高高等职业教育教学质量的若干意见》一文中明确规定了“以服务为宗旨,以就业为导向,走产学结合发展道路”的高职教育办学指导思想,此办学指导思想决定了有必要对商务英语专业现行的人才培养模式进行改革。本文以河南农业职业学院商务英语专业推行工学结合人才培养模式的改革与实践为例谈一下个人看法。

论文关键词:商务英语,工学结合,人才培养模式,改革,实践

一、引文

根据教育部教高[2006]16号档案《关于全面提高高等职业教育教学质量的若干意见》的精神,高等职业教育人才培养模式改革应以增强学生的职业能力为目标,根据职业岗位的任职要求,参照相关的职业资格标准来进行,强化学生能力的培养,尤其是实践能力以培养。商务英语专业在我院是开办时间较短的专业,在几年的专业建设与发展过程中,我们不断摸索与探讨,努力按照高等职业教育相关档案的精神和要求,调整专业课程设定和改革人才培养模式。商务英语专业始终坚持为地方经济和社会发展服务的指导思想,以学校为主体,以行业、企业为依托,以专业指导委员会为纽带,不断探索工学结合办学的途径。几年来,通过探索产学结合,工学交替的人才培养模式,大力开拓新的实习基地,并且把企业专家请进校园、让学生深入实习基地进行顶岗实习,这样的教学模式不仅使学生学到了很多书本上学不到的技能,而且大大拓宽了他们的就业渠道并且取得了初步成效。

二、商务英语专业推行工学结合人才培养模式改革与实践的理论依据

1、工学结合的概念。什么是工学结合人才培养模式?世界合作教育协会的解释是:“将课堂上的学习与工作中的学习结合起来,学生将理论知识应用于与之相关的、为真实的雇主效力且通常能获取报酬的工作实际中,然后将工作中遇到的挑战和增长的见识带回课堂,帮助他们在学习中进一步地分析与思考。”这种办学形式以增强学生的实践动手能力为突破口,以提高学生职业素质、缩短学校教育与用人单位需求之间的差距、提高学生的就业竞争力为根本原则,充分体现了“以就业为导向,以能力培养为核心”的职业教育理念,是适应社会发展变化的产物,也是我国职教改革与发展的核心领域。

2、高职教育办学指导思想。2006年教育部出台的《关于全面提高高等职业教育教学质量的若干意见》一文中明确规定了“以服务为宗旨,以就业为导向,走产学结合发展道路”的高职教育办学指导思想,此办学指导思想决定了有必要对商务英语专业现行的人才培养模式进行改革。我国高等职业教育虽然历史不长,但发展很快,工学结合,产教结合,学校与企业深度融合构成我国目前高等职业教育人才培养模式的特点。高等职业教育强调要根据劳动力市场的需要培养人才,以就业为导向,追求的是学校教育与社会生产实践的零距离。工学结合恰恰是实现这一目标最有效的途径。

三、商务英语专业推行工学结合人才培养模式改革与实践的主要思路与措施

河南农业职业学院商务英语专业实行“2+1”工学结合人才培养模式,即学生前两年在校内学习理论课及实践课,第三年由学校组织校外实习。一年的时间为学生了解社会,学习第一线的实用知识与技能提供了充裕的时间,学校通过建立工学结合校外实习基地,推动实践教学与学生就业。工学结合校外实习基地是校企双方合作,利用企业生产与经营资源建立的用于培养学生专业技能与职业素质的实践教学场所,学生在校外实习基地顶岗操作,在实际工作情景中教育自己,掌握未来就业所需知识和职业技能。因此校外实习基地的良好执行是开展工学结合人才模式改革与实践的基础和质量保障,而正确的改革思路与得当的实践措施对实现人才培养目标具有重要意义。

第一,要明确工学结合,校企“2+l”合作办学的基本思路。

“2+1”指2年校内课程+1年企业行业课程。即学生在三年的高职学习生活中,前两年在学校重点学习专业基础知识,即英语语言基础知识和商务管理基本技能;后一年中的第一学期在企业上课,学习企业所需技能课,即岗位核心技能,最后一学期到企业顶岗实习。前两年侧重理论知识的学习,最后一年则以实践为重点。

第二,要明确高职英语专业工学结合人才培养模式的基本特征。

商务英语专业工学结合人才培养模式的基本特征具体表现为:1工学结合人才培养计划是将在校内学习与在企业工作经历学习有机结合的教育计划,使学生既能获得学历教育,又能经历职业资格培训;2学校与合作教育企业建立相对稳定的契约合作关系,形成互惠互利、优势互补、共同发展的动力机制;3合作企业为学生提供的工作岗位都是经学校开发或认定的,是从事专业工作适宜的学习培训环境,企业对学生的录用是由企业与学生双向选择决定的;4学生从事的是合作企业的实际生产和经营工作,企业对学生按正式员工要求和管理;5学生在合作企业的工作与其学业目标和职业目标密切相关;6学生在实践中的工作进展是由学校主导和监控的;7由学校和企业共同考查评价参加合作教育学生在工作中的表现;8企业要把录用和培养参加合作教育的学生作为发展企业和培养人才的企业事业发展的重要部分。

第三,要通过改革确立新的商务英语人才培养模式。

工学结合、校企合作办学教育的实质是学校和用人单位共同制定人才培养计划,共同开展人才培养工作,学生毕业后全部或部分在用人单位就业的一种产学合作教育人才培养模式。作为学校,必须首先深入企业,了解企业的用人需求和人才培养规格。

企业调研内容应该侧重于了解企业每年员工的招聘数量,人才的型别,企业对技能型人才的知识、技能和态度的要求等等,为学校的专业设定、课程设定等提供决策依据。它将有助于商务英语专业人才培养目标准确定位,专业设定市场化,专业针对性加强,学生学习积极性提高,增强岗位适应性和社会适应性,形成招生与就业的良性回圈和商务英语人才培养目标的实现,促进高职高专教育改革的蓬勃发展。以河南农业职业学院商务英语专业为例,“工学结合”的“学”主要体现在学生前2年主要在校学习社会基础知识、思想道德修养、英语语言知识技能和商务专业理论基础知识和一般技能,而“工学结合”的“工”则是第三年根据合作企业——商务英语专业学生实习基地的需要,校企共同制定学生就业岗位的素质需求、核心技能、创新能力及可持续发展方面的有关课程,有目的性、针对性地在秦皇岛、上海等实习基地进行岗位技能操练或顶岗实训,接受秦皇岛、上海等地实习的管理、技能训练和企业文化薰陶,增强岗位适应性和实际岗位工作能力,以便就业时能够尽快进入岗位角色。

第四,商务英语专业教学模式改革

“2+1”工学结合人才培养模式的主要形式为专案式培养,它已成为商务英语专业人才培养模式创新专案。在人才培养的过程中,主要是提升学生的实践能力,所以应该大胆进行课堂和实践教学的改革和摸索,实施创新教育。采取集中上课、分散指导、开放式校外实训基地实习、专案研讨等各种教育形式,多不失为课堂和实践教学的改革和摸索的创新之路。在专业特色专案的建设与教学改革的实施过程中,河南农业职业学院基础科学系商务英语专业做了如下工作:1专业调研。包括郑州和上海地区商务英语人才需求,商务英语核心技能调研。2商务英语专业毕业生跟踪调研。了解企业技术进步和人才市场化趋势。3结合专业课程的实训、暑假企业实践、人才培养创新方案制定。4课程资源建设。课程设计、优化、整合。理论实践课程模式改革。5实训教学

第五,工学结合人才培养模式的实践以本校商务英语专业为例。

1、专业设定、培养目标和规格、专业培养方案设计中积极邀请商务英语专业建设指导委员单位参与,吸收10多家企业、事业单位的专家成立了专业建设指导委员会。在教学计划制定过程中广泛征求专家意见,结合专家反馈对教学计划进行适时调整,使基础科学系培养出来的学生符合社会实际的需求。

2、广泛开展基地共建,校企人员互兼互聘,开展攻关、专案推广

河南农业职业学院商务英语专业与校外企事业单位共建设实习基地,构建了有效的校企互聘互兼合作长效机制,并取得明显成效,到目前为止,基础科学系商务英语专业十余位教师被校外企事业单位外聘。基础科学系商务英语成立以来,以河南省及郑州市为中心辐射周边地区省市行政事业单位、企业单位,广泛开展实践基地共建,签订双向互利的实践基地协议,利用学校的师资、技术力量为企业事业单位提供技术支援,既锻炼双师型教师队伍,又促进了企业的发展,取得了良好的效果。

3、加强学生实习、实训方面的对外合作

我们商务英语专业自组建以来在院、系领导的大力支援下,积极与用人单位合作,为学生创造了良好的实习条件。在实训室的建设中,我们加强与社会企事业单位的联络和合作,根据社会对学生能力的要求筹建实训室,或对实训室进行改进。基础科学系自成立以来,积极与用人单位合作,为学生创造良好的实习条件,并在学生实习时聘请实习基地的商务人员和高阶管理人员对学生的进行指导。在顶岗实践中,每位学生都落实有明确的指导教师,对学生的顶岗实践做出指导、评价和建议。上海、秦皇岛等地商务酒店为学生提供为期9个月周的顶岗实训场地,分布在文秘、前厅接待、翻译、礼仪、客房服务、电子商务等等各种相关的基础岗位,以保证学生对岗位技能的熟练掌握和企业工作环境的适应性。同时,学校、酒店、学生签订三方顶岗实习协议书,履行并保障各自责权利,使工与学有机结合,落到实处。顶岗实习取得的成效:商务英语专业目前已经形成良好的产学机制,基础科学系为企业解决技术难题,促进企业新专案推广和市场开拓,进行英语培训等;企业为商务英语专业建设提供指导,并为学生提供实习实训基地,企业和学校形成了良好合作,校企业共赢的局面

四、工学结合校外实习基地的管理模式探索

根据校外实习基地合作企业的性质、规模,以及在合作教育中所承担的具体教学任务不同,本校商务英语专业对校外实习基地的管理模式主要进行以下两种探索:

1、以企业为主的管理模式。

这类模式一般适用于两种情况:一种是企业全方位介入的一种订单式合作教

育形式,合作方一般是大型企业。企业合作的主要目的是希望按其要求培养所需

的应用性技术人才。一种是在合作教育中,以企业接受学生岗位实习为主要内容

的合作形式,合作方一般是中小型企业。例如,2010年上海世博会前夕,上海各大酒店、宾馆急需一大批专业外语人才,08级商务英语学生在基础科学系领导组织下在多家宾馆、酒店顶岗实习。

2、企业与学校相结合的管理模式。

这是我们采取的最为普遍的管理模式。在这种模式中,企业为学校提供实践

教学必需的场地、装置、师资及其他条件,并派专人负责实践教学基地的管理。学生在实践教学基地的实践活动,是企业经营活动的一部分。与企业单独管理不同的是,实践教学基地的教学活动完全按照专业的要求进行,专业教师直接参与实践教学基地的教学管理工作。例如,从2007年开始至2010年,本校商务英语专业学生赴秦皇岛和北京的实训基地进行实习时由专业教师带队和企业合作实行企业与学校相结合的管理模式。这种管理模式一方面,学生通过实践提高了技能;另一方面专职教师通过顶岗实践,熟悉各个岗位的工作任务和岗位职责,积累现场工作经验,这种方式可以迅速地促使年轻教师成长为行业的专家,这样授课时才能讲授、训练工作岗位真正需要的知识与技能

五、总结

以探索商务英语专业工学结合的培养模式为出发点,明确工学结合,校企“2+l”合作办学的基本思路,分析商务英语专业传统人才培养模式,从而进行了教学模式改革,积极开拓和建设新的实训基地,加强校企合作,工学结合,通过探索校外实训基地的管理模式进而探索工学结合的人才培养模式,借助企业的平台,为商务英语专业的学生提供了真实的工作环境,并及时的反馈社会对人才的客观要求,这样也就促进了教学改革,是一种良性回圈;同时为企业培养人才降低了成本,不用再去培训书呆子。这种双赢的人才培养模式应该在实践中不断的发展、改进,使学校、学生、用人单位都能从中得到真正的实惠,使高职商务英语专业教育为社会做出更大的贡献。

参考文献

1 罗群英.以就业为导向的高职教学体系改革探索[J].教育与业.

2 刘素梅.一体化实践教学体系的构建与实施[J].职教论坛.

3 张振英.新形势下高职高专人才培养模式探讨[J].北京市经济管理干部学院学报.

论文导读:本文将根据商务信函文体特点,探讨如何在商务信函写作中进行换位思考,从而最大化地体现相关的语用原则。人类使用语言进行交际时总是遵循着一定的语用原则,其中包括礼貌原则。

关键词:换位思考,礼貌原则,英语商务信函

在当前的国际商务沟通中,人们采用多种交流方式,通常我们将这些交流方式分为言语交流和非言语交流。论文参考。其中言语交流是指使用语言和文字进行交流,既包含电话、商业谈判等口头交流方式,也包含信函、电传、电报、传真、合同等书面交流形式。论文参考。

国际贸易的迅速发展要求人们采用更为便捷快速的交流方式,传真、电传、电子邮件以及电话等省时高效的交流方式广泛应用,但国际贸易中绝大部分商业活动,比如寄送样品、订货、发货等业务都是通过往来的信函完成的。本文将根据商务信函文体特点,探讨如何在商务信函写作中进行换位思考,从而最大化地体现相关的语用原则。

一、礼貌原则及其准则

人类使用语言进行交际时总是遵循着一定的语用原则,其中包括礼貌原则。国际商务信函作为一种语言交际,也同样遵循这一原则。只有在礼貌原则的指导下,商务信函才能写作得体,从而保证有效的商务沟通。

“礼貌原则”是Leech 在1983年提出的语言交际的原则,他认为人们在语言交际中都有意识或无意识地遵循这一原则。“礼貌原则”包括六条准则:得体准则、慷慨准则、赞誉准则、谦逊准则、一致准则和同情准则。“得体准则”指说话人讲究说话方式方法,以达到自己在语言交际中的目的,具体表现是让别人少吃亏,多受益。“慷慨准则”指对别人要大方些,说话人自己少争取利益,多吃亏。“赞誉准则”指当别人陈述或张某事或某观点时,不说反对对方的话,即少贬损多赞誉。“谦逊准则”指跟别人说话时,保持谦虚的态度,即少说自己的好话,多说自己的不是。“一致准则”是指尽量减少交流双方的分歧,尽量增加双方的一致。“同情准则”是指在语言交际中应减少对对方的反感,同情对方说的话。这六条准则对于以有效交际为目的的商务信函写作来说具有非常强的指导作用。

二、如何进行换位思考充分体现礼貌原则

1.商务信函的文体特点及写作标准

商务信函中使用的语言属于书面应用文体,侧重于语言和表达手段的选择,特别关注语言的表达效果,其语言往往正式含蓄而不过分直白,留有说话的余地,避免因言语简化而失礼;二是亲切而鲜有尖锐,虽不大量使用情感方面的措辞,但字里行间在积极营造一种和谐和合作的气氛,便于增强彼此合作;三是随和灵活,便于增进理解,达成共识,引导商务沟通的良性发展。

基于商务信函的语言特点和风格,传统上人们以7C 原则作为评判有效信函写作的标准,即将商务英语写作的标准和原则归结为7个以字母C开头的单词:完整pleteness、正确correctness、简洁conciseness、清晰clarity、具体concreteness、礼貌courtesy和体谅consideration。

不论是从商务信函的文体特点抑或是其写作标准来看,都突现出进行商务信函写作时礼貌原则贯彻始终,因此如何使信函写作中的礼貌原则得以最大化的实现是有效沟通的基础。

2.商务信函写作中的换位思考

换位思考的概念及其在商务沟通中的作用

换位思考的实质就是设身处地为他人着想,它是人对人的一种心理体验过程,将心比心,设身处地,是达成理解不可缺少的心理机制,客观上要求我们将自己的内心世界如情感体验、思维方式等与对方联络起来,站在对方的立场上体验和思考问题,从而与对方在情感上得到沟通,为增进理解奠定基础。

在商务沟通中,特别是在跨文化的商务沟通中,换位思考更是进行有效沟通不可或缺的手段和方式。运用换位思考的方式,总是从对方的角度和利益出发,尊重贸易物件,可以使你传递的资讯更加友善,使沟通更具说服力、更专业且富有亲和力和人情味,在树立良好的商业信誉的同时达到积极的沟通效果。

如何以换位思考体现礼貌原则

商务信函写作中的换位思考是一种写作风格,它要求信函撰写者从读者的角度出发,重视读者想了解的资讯,尊重读者的心理感受,保护读者的自尊。运用这种写作风格,应着重从以下几个方面入手。

多谈及读者而非自己

读者希望了解他们自己的相关利益会受到什么样的影响,进行写作时我们需要主动提供此类资讯,满足读者的资讯需求,这样才能使我们的资讯更完整、更具有吸引力。试比较:

A: We are shipping yourorder of September 21 this afternoon.

B: The two dozen CorningWare starter sets you ordered will be shipped this afternoon and shouldreach you by September 28.

上面两个句子中,第一个句子强调了撰写者要做什么,而忽略了读者所关注的资讯。而第二个句子契合了清晰、具体的写作标准,告知读者具体的发货和预计到达的日期,满足了读者的资讯需求,充分考虑对方的利益,以有效的手段达到交际目的,最大化体现礼貌原则中“得体原则”。

注重读者的具体要求

当撰写的商务信函中涉及读者的要求、订单或其他相关单证时,要具体指明而不要泛泛地称为“你的订单或某某单据”。具体指明贸易物件的订单或要求会使商业信函显得友善。如

A: We acknowledge receiptof your letter dated July 8 th , inquiring for the price of our silkproducts.

B: The desk chair youordered May 5 th has been shipped this afternoon.

上面两个句子都具体指出对方的要求,符合“7Cs”原则的要求,

尽量少谈及自己的感受

在大多数的商业场合,个人的感受往往与业务无关,除非在表示祝贺或同情的场合,否则尽量避免谈及自己的感受。请看下面的句子:

We are happy to extend youa credit line of $5000.

这个句子过多地谈及撰写者自己的感受,而未能利用换位思考对读者的利益表示关注,应改为:

You can now charge up to%5000on your American Express card.

后面的句子中突显了读者可以获得的利益,表述比较得体,因此在写这类信函时,撰写者应保持一种中立而自然的情感,以“通知”为目的,减少情感的外露。而在表示祝贺或同情的信函中,则应该遵循“一致准则”和“同情准则”,将对方相应的感受表达出来,形成情感上的共鸣,促进交流的效果。

涉及正面情形时,多谈及读者

在信函写作中谈及正面情形时,叙述重点应放在读者上。如:

A: I provide healthinsurance to all employees.

B: You receive healthinsurance as a full-time P& G employee.

上面两句中,A句中仅注重反映“I”关心的问题,而没有侧重读者的利益,B句则运用换位思考侧重反映读者所能享有的权利和利益,对对读者有益的正面情形进行强调。在正面情形下,如果涉及的内容包含读者在内,使用“We”将读者包含在内,效果也会不错,传递的资讯更为亲和。

涉及负面情形时,保护读者自尊

而在谈及负面资讯是,尽量委婉含蓄,避免使用人称代词“you”, 以免让读者感觉受到攻击、侮辱或指责。试看下面一段催证信函中的示例:

You must beaware that the terms and conditions fo a contract once signed should bestrictly observed, failure to abide by them will mean violation of contract. Ifyou refer to our Sales Confirmation, you will see the clause reading:

“The Buyershall establish the covering Letter of Credit before 30 th August,2000, failing which the Seller reserves the right to rescind the contractwithout further notice.”

上面这段文字虽然表述清晰准确、简洁完整,但是因为使用人称“you”并且进行合同文字的引用,会使读者产生指责、威胁的负面情感,以至产生牴触。因此在负面情形时,应尽量使用被动语态和无人称表达方法以避免谴责对方。

另外商务信函应确保文字的非歧视性,言语中不以性别、身体特征、种族、年龄或其他任何标准为依据对读者进行歧视。

强调积极资讯

商务信函中难免会提到负面资讯,如还盘、索赔信函中,提及对于读者来说的负面资讯是不可避免的。告知对方负面资讯时,清晰、准确、直截了当显得更为真诚,从而可以让读者严肃对待。

但在大多数情况下,还是强调资讯比较好。安尼特.N. 谢比尔和小N.拉马尔.赖因施发现生意人对肯定的言语反应更积极,对措辞积极的要求承诺的可能性更高。因此在信函写作中,尽量避免负面字眼或带有负面含义的文字;强调读者能够做的,而避扩音及读者不能做的行为;必须提到负面资讯时,应该提供负面资讯产生的原因,给读者合理的解释;尽量弱化负面资讯的影响,在信函写作中,尽量避免将负面资讯放在开头、结尾或换页后的首行等突出的位置,利用信函的布局来对负面资讯进行弱化。论文参考。

注意措辞语气和权力

信函的语气往往表达撰写者对于读者的态度,或谦恭、或傲慢、或亲和、或粗鲁。语气的使用非常微妙,它往往和权力相联络。Kitty O. Locker 认为适合商务写作的语气应专业但不僵硬,友善但不虚伪,自信但不傲慢,礼貌但不卑微。她认为下列途径可以有助于我们把握写信的语气:

1使用礼貌头衔称呼贸易物件或其他机构中不太熟悉的人。

2注意措辞中权力的含义。比如 “Thank you for your cooperation”通常是上级对下级说,反之则不适合。

进行文字层面外的换位思考

好的信函写作不仅仅体现在谴词造句方面,而且在文章的内容、篇章构架、行文风格以及书信布局及纸张的使用方面都应该运用换位思考的方式。

当信函正文内容不能囊括所有提供给读者的资讯时,应该以随函附件或另邮寄的方式为读者提供最完整的资讯。在篇章构建时,应该将读者关注的资讯突出,采用事由和段落分标题的形式以便于读者把握信函所有资讯要点,行文语言要简洁易动,便于读者准确把握资讯,达到准确的沟通效果。另外书信的布局和纸张对于达到良好的沟通效果也有一定的影响,美观的布局、优质的纸张会让人对撰写者的细心、效率和周到产生良好的第一印象。

参考文献:

[1] Kitty O. Locker, Businessand Administrative munication 6th Edition, Beijing: China MachinePress, 2005.

[2] 陈苏东,陈建平. 商务英语写作[M]. 北京:高等教育出版社,2002.

[3] 程润明,程洁. 国际贸易交际技巧[M]. 上海:上海外语教育出版社,1992.

[4] 刘润清.关于Leech的礼貌原则 [J]. 外语教育和研究,1987,2.

[5] 马东. 合作与礼貌原则在外贸函电中的应用[J]. 攀枝花学院学报,2005 3.

当英语论文,或其他重要的英文文书的初稿撰写完成后,在提交给相关读者阅读之前,必须要经过润色才比较保险。找北京译顶科技,性价比高,我就是在那边做的。你可以加速去知道了解下

英语翻译教学在高校英语教学中起着重要作用,它直接影响了学生的英语使用能力。尤其在经济全球化不断发展的当今社会,加强英语翻译教学不仅关系着大学生的就业前景,更与我国经济发展密切相连。下面是我为大家整理的英语翻译论文,供大家参考。

英语翻译论文 范文 一:中西方 文化 在英语翻译方面的差异性

一、中西方文化在英语翻译方面的差异性

(一)地理环境因素

“一方山水养一方人”,不同的地域和环境必然造就不同的民族文化。中国是一个幅员辽阔、地大物博、物产丰富的农业大国,这就使我国形成了一种典型的农耕文化。中国人注重人与自然、人与人之间的和谐与统一,故在许多 成语 中都与土地有关,如“土豪劣绅”“、土生土长”和“土崩瓦解”等。而英国则是一个典型的岛国,其四面被海水环绕,故其航海技术一直处于世界领先地位,这也促使其所形成的文化中都与水或航海有一定的联系,如在比喻一个人挥霍金钱的时候,会用“Spendmoneylikewa-ter”(挥金如土)来加以描述;在形容一个人的形体单薄、虚弱的时候则用“asweakaswater”(弱不禁风)来加以描述;而在告别友人的时候则会用“haveagoodsailing”(一路顺风)来加以描述等。因此,只有掌握了中西民族文化之间的差异性,才能够正确对语句进行理解和翻译。

(二)宗教信仰因素

宗教文化也是众多文化中的一种表现形式,其也会因信仰的不同而产生一定的差异。中国的宗教门派众多,但是主要的可以分为道家、佛家和儒家这三个主要的流派。不同的教派具有不同的教义,如中国道家主张人和神仙是可以相互转化的;佛教则主张佛祖则是至高无上的神,其法力无边,这也可以从我国古代语言中明显看出。汉语中有“天命不可违”、“借花献佛”和“不看僧面看佛面”等的语言表达。而西方则主要以基督教为主,他们只承认上帝是万事万物的主宰,其无所不能,这在西方语言中也可以明显的看出来。如“Manproposes,Goddisposes”(谋事在人,成事在天)、“GodiswhereHewas”(上帝无所不在)和“Heavenisaboveall”(上帝高于一切)等。因此,为了达到翻译忠实原意的目的,我们必须要充分了解中西宗教文化的差异性。

二、提高高校英语翻译质量的策略

(一)导入异国文化

中西翻译的差异性。因此,为了提高学生对于英语翻译的认识度和理解度,教师需要在英语翻译教学的过程中为学生们导入到量的异国文化。通过将英语翻译与文化学习二者进行有机地结合来提高学生们英语翻译的水平。但是特别需要注意一点就是,教师在导入异国文化的过程中要始终本着由易到难、由浅入深的原则。此外,教师除了要为学生们普及一些西方文化知识外,还需要为学生们普及一些西方文化习俗的来源。例如,英语中有“raincatsanddogs”的习语,这句话用汉语可以表述为“倾盆大雨”,但是如果按照直白的翻译就会理解为“下猫跟狗”,这样就明显偏离了翻译的本意。这句习语主要来源于北欧的神话 传说 ,传说猫跟狗对于风和雨等天气具有很强的预测能力。又如“asstrongasahorse”(壮如牛),但是如果单纯的按照意思来理解则成了“壮如马”了等。如果学生对于这个文化背景不了解,则会出现上述可笑的误译现象。

(二)介绍英汉语言结构上的差异性

英语结构区别于汉语结构,其重视主题句和主体结构的构成以及 句子 结构连接过渡词的作用,并且侧重用介词和连词来表示句子和词组之间的逻辑关系,这种现象在汉语中则很少用或几乎不用。另外,英语表述中特别忌讳重复,如果出现重复的问题,通常用省略、替换或代词的形式来加以表示,但是我们汉语中常用重复来表示强调。

(三)讲解一些常用的翻译技巧

在学生掌握了上述英语翻译的基本知识之后,教师需要为学生讲解一些常用的翻译技巧,从而让学生们学会如何通过删减或增加词语来使语句变得更加通顺。常用的翻译技巧主要包括词类转换、增删词语以及拆分语句等手段。首先,词类转换作为一种有效的翻译手段,其主要是将那些由动词转化来的名词或具有动作意义类型的名词后接of的形式按照汉语中动宾 短语 来进行翻译即可。其次,英语和汉语之间的结构表述有所不同,只有通过增加或删减词汇才能够使意思更加忠实原文的含义。

三、结语

总之,中西文化差异性对于英语翻译具有重要的影响。为了提高学生英语翻译能力,教师必须要在教学实践中让学生充分地了解西方的文化传统,从而使学生做到“知己知彼”,然后并要在基础上教授给学生英语翻译的一些技巧,从而达到提高高校翻译教学质量的目的。

英语翻译论文范文二:生物 医学英语 翻译得体性原则

1得体性原则及在翻译中的适用性

“得体”一词在《现代汉语词典》中的释义如下:“(言语、行动等)得当;恰当;恰如其分。”其他词典的解释与此大体相类。这是一种宽泛意义上的解释。难以确切理解其内涵,不大好把握,运用起来常常带有不同程度的盲目性、随意性。从修辞学理论的高度来衡量,离规范性、科学性相距甚远。王希杰先生在《修辞学通论》中则指出:语言的“得体性指的是语言材料对语言环境的适应程度。脱离了特定的语言环境,就没有得体不得体的问题。”他说:“修辞的原则只有一条,那就是得体性原则。一切其他的原则都从属于这个原则,都是这个最高原则的派生物。这个最高原则制约着和控制着一切其他的原则。”[1]王先生的定义简洁、明确,认为得体是语用的最高原则。聂炎[2]在《得体性原则两题》一文中对语言表达如何适应语体进行了 总结 :“每一种语体一般来说都有表现自己本身特点的不同的语料和表达手段,即常常有自己的专用词语、专用句法结构和篇章结构、语言风格等等,这是该语体区别于彼语体的重要之点。言语思维主体在选词 造句 时只有同语体和谐一致,即得语体之“体”,才可能有良好的表达效果。”翻译是一种跨文化、跨语言的交际活动,翻译过程可以定义为理解原文并创造性地运用另一种语言再现原文的过程,即语言使用的过程。[3]而得体又是语用的最高原则。因此,得体性语用原则在翻译中的适用性不言而喻。翻译的语用问题,归根到底,强调的是语言信息所采取的形式,必须由使用该语言的环境来决定,其根本是语言表达切合语境的得体性。[4]

2生物医学英语的特征及得体性翻译原则的具体内涵

从广义上来说,得体性语用原则适用于一切译作,但是,根据原作的文体不同,在具体要求上就各有侧重。生物医学英语属于科技文体的范畴。典型的科技英语是“专家与专家”交流的涉及学科的研究和发展的书面性英语。[5]其功能主要是述说事理、描写现象、推导公式、论证规律,其特点是结构严谨、逻辑严密、行文规范、用词准确,技术术语正确,修辞手段较少。[6]针对这些特点,科技英语翻译中的得体表现为忠实和通顺。所谓忠实,就是要完整地、准确地表达原作的思想内容,同时还需保持原文风格。这是对科技翻译的首要的、也是最起码的要求。原作的内容和风格是客观存在的。译者的任务,就是要把这种客观存在原封不动地传达给非原文读者。翻译虽然是语言的一种再创作,但毕竟和纯粹的创作有着本质的区别。译者必须忠实于原作,决不可自作主张,对原作进行随意的篡改、增删。所谓通顺,对科技翻译来说,虽然不像翻译文学小说那样要求雅致优美、姿态横生,也不像翻译诗歌那样要求抑扬顿挫、押韵合辙,但至少应保证译文语言符合汉语的语言规范和修辞习惯,文从字顺、明白流畅,而不能生造一些不伦不类的词句,或对原作拘泥太过,以致译文出现文理不通、结构混乱和拖泥带水的现象。在翻译实践中,若“忠实”和“通顺”二者不可兼得的情况下首先要考虑前者,即忠实、准确、规范地传达原作的意思,因为科学的灵魂是“真”,科技翻译的灵魂是“准确”。在医学文献翻译中,一字之差就可能断送病人性命;在工程技术翻译中,一个数据之误可能导致重大的技术事故。因此,“忠实”是科技翻译的根本和前提,而“通顺”是实施科技翻译达到完美的一种手段和途径。[7]

3得体性翻译原则在生物医学英语翻译中的具体运用

要实现生物医学英语翻译的篇章译文得体,就必须在词、词组、句子、段落等各语言平面上对译入语可能有的几个同义而结构不尽相同的语言形式精心选择,选择除了涉及语言结构因素(如词性、词语搭配、上下文)之外,还与文体有关。选择的目的是使译文得体,得语言和文体之体。以下通过辨析不同译文以具体说明如何实现生物医学英语各语言平面翻译的得体。

词的得体

表达规范

《现代汉语》指出:科技语体讲究论证的逻辑性,要求语言规范。[8]例1Electroporationisusedtomakesmall,temporaryholesinthemembranesoDNAcanpassin.译1:电穿孔用来在细胞膜上形成小的獉獉、暂时的孔洞獉獉獉獉獉从而使DNA通过。译2:电穿孔用来在细胞膜上形成瞬时微獉獉獉孔獉从而使DNA通过。例2Thesefindingssuggestthatoralim-munemodulationmayrepresentanattractivether-apeuticapproachtoatherosclerosis.译1:这些结果表明口服免疫调节剂代表了一种诱人的獉獉獉治疗动脉粥样硬化的新 方法 。译2:这些结果表明口服免疫调节剂代表了一种引人注目的獉獉獉獉獉治疗动脉粥样硬化的新方法。以上两例中的“小的、暂时的孔洞”以及“诱人的”用语不正式,且读来疲软。而译2中的“瞬时微孔”及“引人注目的”用语平稳、凝重、冷穆,符合科技英语的特征。

用词准确

例3PolymeraseChainReaction(PCR)isamolecularbiologicalmethodforamplifyingDNAwithoutusingalivingorganism,.译1:聚合酶链式反应是一种无需在活体(如大肠杆菌或酵母)内扩大獉獉DNA的分子生物学方法。译2:聚合酶链式反应是一种无需在活体(如大肠杆菌或酵母)内扩增獉獉DNA的分子生物学方法。译文1把amplify译成“扩大”,但根据生物学知识判断,这里的amplify是“creatingmultiplecopies(产生多个克隆)”的意思,所以译成“扩增”更准确。

词组得体

精炼、符合汉语表达习惯

例4Theabilityofmonoclonalantibody(mAb),treatmentwithmAba-lonehasonlyachievedverylimitedsuccessintheclinic.译1:体外实验中单克隆抗体(mAb)特异定位于肿瘤组织的能力为癌症治疗提供了一种引人注目的治疗方法。然而单独使用mAb治疗在临床上取得了非常有限的成功獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉。译2:体外实验中单克隆抗体(mAb)特异定位于肿瘤组织的能力为癌症治疗提供了一种引人注目的治疗方法。然而单独使用mAb治疗在临床上收效甚微獉獉獉獉。例5Asimmunologybecomesbettercharac-terized,immunomodulatorhasprovenasoneofthemostprevalentareasinthedevelopmentofnewpharmaceuticals.译1:随着免疫学变得更富特征獉獉獉獉獉獉,免疫调节剂已成为药学研究中的一个最流行的领域獉獉獉獉獉獉。译2:随着免疫学的进一步发展獉獉獉獉獉,免疫调节剂已成为药学研究中的一个 热点 獉獉。以上两例中译2优于译1之处在于:译2表达正式规范有力,且更符合汉语习惯。由于英汉词组的构成和功能差异较大,所以总的要求是在“信”的前提下,既要充分表达原意,又要符合译入语语言形式上和修辞的和谐。科技英语中存在大量惯用和非惯用的四字词组,如asshowninfigure(如图所示),withoutlossoftime(不失时机),convertwastesintousefulmaterials(废物利用)等。合理使用这些四字词组,能起到精确紧凑,简洁明晰的效果,为译文增色不少。

专业规范

例6Thespleenmayaddbloodtothegen-eralcirculationtomakeupforwhathasbeenlostinthebody.译1:脾脏能给总循环獉獉獉增加血液,以补偿獉獉獉身体的损失獉獉獉獉獉。译2:脾脏能给周身循环獉獉獉獉增加血液,以补獉獉偿身体所失去的血獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉。在医学中,“总循环”不如“周身循环”专业规范,而且“补偿身体的损失”过于笼统,所指不明。所以译2更得体。

句子得体

句子是语言平面中上下运转的轴心,也是翻译过程的主要着力点。句子同义手段的选择应该做到对应题旨要求,适应行文递接,切合语体特点以及依从声韵协调。[9]具体到生物医学英语的句子翻译,应该做到:

体现信息中心

每一句话、每一句群和每一语段都有一个最核心最关键的内容或意旨需要得到强调突出,以利于接受主体准确地把握其语意焦点,了解其着意传输的信息,此语意焦点成为信息中心。[9]应尽量把原语的信息中心译成汉语的信息中心,使两者相对应。例7Nucleicacid,originallyisolatedbyJohannMiescherin1871,wasidentifiedasaprimeconstituentofchromosomesthroughtheuseofthered-stainingmethoddevelopedbyFeulgenintheearly1900s.译1:核酸最初是由JohannMiescher在1871年分离成功,并被证实为是染色体组最基本的组成,这是由Feulgen在20世纪初通过使用红染色方法证实的。译2:核酸最初是由JohannMiescher在1871年分离成功,并在20世纪初由Feulgen通过使用红染色方法证实为染色体组最基本的组成。译1采取直译的方法,虽然把原文的意思表述清楚了,但是把信息中心置于句中,未予突出。而原文中的isolated和identified为本句的信息中心,译成“分离”和“证实”。译2通过语序颠倒使信息中心突出,自然流畅,符合汉语表达习惯。英汉表达方式不同,许多汉语句子往往把信息中心置于句尾,来突出重点;而多数英语句子则经常将信息中心置于句首,以突出主题。这就形成了“信息中心首位”(beginningfocus),其他信息后置的句式结构。汉译英时要注意把英语句法结构的这个规律运用到翻译中去。而出于汉语表达的需要,译者要反复推敲,甚至可以跳出原文的框框,合理使用翻译技巧,对原文句子成分、结构形式进行必要的调整,按照汉语的习惯组织译文。

体现逻辑关系

例8Lamivudine(Epivir-HBV)isapotentantiviralagentwithminimalimmunemodulatorca-pacity.译1:拉米夫定是有效的抗病毒药物,有獉着最低獉獉獉的免疫调节能力。译2:拉米夫定是有效的抗病毒药物,却獉很少有獉獉獉免疫调节能力。译1中没有反映前后两句内含的转折关系,读来有句子堆砌之感,而译2通过“却”一词使语段内含的转折关系得以彰显。

语段得体

语段是比句子高一级的语法单位,通常是由两个或两个以上的句子构成的语义整体。衔接是语段的重要特征,衔接的优劣,关系到话语题旨或信息是否被接受者理解和接受[10],译文若不能正确反映原文中的衔接关系,就反映不出生物医学英语的逻辑性和条理性。例9ThebiosynthesisofRNA,calledtran-scription,proceedsinmuchthesamefashionasthereplicationofDNAandalsofollowsthebasepairingprinciple.(5)Again,asectionofDNAdoublehelixisuncoiledandonlyoneoftheDNAstrandsservesasatemplateforRNApolymeraseenzymetoguidethesynthesisofRNA.(6)Afterthesynthesisiscomplete,theRNAseparatesfromtheDNAandtheDNArecoilsintoitshelix.译1:RNA的生物合成,也称为转录,以獉和獉DNA复制的相同的模式进行獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉,同样也遵循碱基 配对 原理。DNA双螺旋的一段解螺旋,只有一条链作为RNA聚合酶引导RNA合成的模板。在合成完成后,RNA从DNA上分离,DNA再次形成双螺旋结构。译2:RNA的生物合成,也称为转录,和獉DNA复制的模式大致相同獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉,同样也遵循碱基配对原理。同上所述獉獉獉獉,首先獉獉,DNA双螺旋的一段解螺旋,其中一条链作为RNA聚合酶引导RNA合成的模板。在合成完成后,RNA从DNA上分离,同时獉獉,DNA重新形成双螺旋结构。译2通过许多连接词(如同上所述、首先、同时)清晰流畅地讲述了DNA转录的过程,较之译1更富有条理性和整体感。

4结束语

生物医学英语翻译与文学翻译在语言的运用上,在修辞手段的选择上,是有区别的。文学作品个人风格明显,感情色彩较强,翻译时多注重形象思维,讲究语言上的形象和表达上的生动;而生物医学英语个人风格较少,感情色彩罕见,翻译上注重 逻辑思维 ,讲究语言上的规范和表达上的准确,在选择译文语言时,译者的游刃余地是不大的。得体是语用的最高原则,但在不同文体中侧重不同,生物医学英语翻译的得体性表现为忠实于源语的内容和风格,同时符合汉语的表达习惯。同时生物医学英语翻译也同 其它 文体的翻译一样,是一种既具艺术性,又具创造性的艰苦的脑力劳动。它要求创造性地运用中外文两种语言知识和专业知识。而要达到这一点,只能靠大量的实践和不断的探索,别无捷径可走。

英语翻译论文范文相关 文章 :

1. 商务英语专业论文范文

2. 大专商务英语论文范文

3. 科技英语论文范文:中国地名英译的注意事项

4. 新闻词汇翻译方法研究论文

5. 初中英语教学论文

6. 有关计算机英语论文

商务英语论文答辩模板

先说主要内容,再介绍这本小说,最后总结,这属于四段式,你也可以加一段关于这本书的又来,也可以说自己的读书心得,当然,要注意详略得当。

英语毕业论文答辩稿范文(精选8篇)

一段忙碌又充实的大学生活要即将结束,我们毕业前都要通过最后的`毕业论文,毕业论文是一种比较重要的检验学生学习成果的形式,快来参考毕业论文是怎么写的吧!下面是我帮大家整理的英语毕业论文答辩稿范文,希望对大家有所帮助。

Good morning, all appraises committee members. I am XXX and my supervisor is XXX.

With his constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper.

Now it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.

The title of my paper is Comparative Study between English and Chinese idioms.

With the developing globalization, communication demand precise language.

Idioms are not a separate part of the language, we cannot omit. Studying the similarities and differences between English and Chinese idioms would be helpful to cross-cultural understanding and it’s also a good advance to our future if we can learn well.

For the above facts, I select the subject of “comparative study between English and Chinese idioms” as the title of my paper.

In the main part of this paper, I divide it four parts.

Part one presents general introduction to the basic concept and the studying purpose.

Part two presents overview of the Chinese and English idioms; it concludes similar origins and similar functions. Part three emphasize differences between English and Chinese idioms.

Through contrast analysis of well-known Chinese and English language, found the differences cultural discrepancy and the translation of animal words. Part four draws some conclusions that characteristics of English and Chinese idioms. And it is helpful to cross-culture .It’s necessary for a better understanding of international promotional communication. OK, that’s all. Thank you.

Good morning,Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense.

I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points(Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van )The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.

Good afternoon, all appraiser committee members. I’m Zhang Da and my supervisor is Professor Zhang Jingcai. With her constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.

The title of my paper is On the Significance of Drama Method in the Improvement of English Learning in Chinese Rural Junior High School. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. First of all, I really want to be a teacher, so during the four years, I have read many books about how to become a good teacher. Secondly, when I was a freshman in the summer of 2008, I was chosen as a teaching assistant of the summer camp which was organized by the New Oriental English School in Shijiazhuang. In the summer camp, I rewrote a script of an English drama to be one of the programs of the open ceremony. It was very popular among those students. They thought it was very interesting. In 2010, I was practiced as an English teacher at Chenguantun Middle School in Qinhuangdao, I found that the students have little interest towards English learning, so I hoped I could help them. So I use the Drama Method as my teaching method. Almost all of the students were highly motivated by the interesting teaching method and they have made great progress in the exam one month later. So the research proved that the Drama Method can be used as an effective teaching method. For the above facts, I select the subject of On the Significance of Drama Method in the Improvement of English Learning in Chinese Rural Junior High School as the title of my paper. I hope by studying this topic we can find an effective teaching method to help all the students’ English learning in junior high school.

Next, it is an outline of my paper. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into five parts.

Part one presents an introduction to identify the major problem of junior high school students’ English learning problems

Part two overviews all relevant researches in drama application in teaching oral English.

Part three is the research design, the research hypothesis, the subjects of the research, the research methods and the research procedures are conducted.

Part four is the findings from research data. After analyzing the data with Excel 2007, pedagogical findings and implications are delivered before the conclusion of the thesis.

Part five draws some conclusions about the research. As what has been shown in the research, there are a lot of benefits from drama performance; the Drama Method can be used as an effective teaching method. In addition, there are some suggestions for forthcoming researches.

OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions.

Good evening, all the appraiser committee members. I come from HUST, majoring in foreign linguistics and applied linguistics. With her sincere and intellectual guidance, for nearly one whole year's hard work, I have finished my paper. Finally, it is the show time. This evening I will present my efforts to you all and I gratefully welcome any correction.

The title of my paper is A Study of the Causes of the Gothic Style

in from a Feminist Perspective. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Firstly, I am fond of literature works , especially gothic literature works. Secondly, I am quite familiar with this short story as this is one of the texts in our intensive teaching course and I have taught this text for more than 3 times . Last but not the least ,as a female , I am keen on the study of feminism. For the above facts, I select the subject of as the title of my paper.

I hope by studying this short story we can know more about American southern women in certain history and culture and more importantly help women in modern society get a deeper understanding about ourselves ,help us raise our independence and confidence and show more concern for our mental health.

Next , I will present it to you. Here is an outline of my presentation. They are literature review, gothic tradition , the gothic style in the story and the causes of the gothic style .

This paper consists of six parts. Part one presents an introduction to the author William Faulkner and by pointing out the purpose and significance of this study. Part two is literature review which introduces the relevant research about this novel at home and abroad and then points out the theoretical basis and methods. Part three gives a timeline of the gothic tradition in literature and explains the main characteristics of gothic works. Part four explains the three aspects of the gothic style in the novel,that is, the death theme, grotesque characters and mystic atmosphere. Part five then explains in detail the causes of the gothic style in this novel: patriarchal oppression, the myth of southern ladyhood and Emily’s attitude towards love. Finally, in the conclusion, the author summarizes the previous parts and emphasizes the significance of the argument of the thesis again.

Ok, that's all. Now you may raise your questions ! I am ready! Thank you !!!

I will present my efforts to you and welcome any title of my paper is on transformation of parts of speech in translation. i choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. each language has its own special structure. and there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. in order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators. so the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in english to chinese based on different characteristics of english and chinese. for the above facts, i select the subject of“on transformation of parts of speech”as the title of my hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in english to chinese translation. through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation way of thinking and expressing is quite different between chinese and english. english is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. while chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often when we make translation in english to chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of , it is an outline of my paper. in the main part of this paper, i divide it into five one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of three gives four basic ways of transformation of parts of speech through illustrative examples. there are transformed english words into chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives and four presents some problems about transformation and gives some advise to solve the five draws some conclusions that transformation between parts of speech is necessary for us to achieve good translation. it is demonstrated that we can have a good master of transformation and improve the translation. in addition, we must continuously study and explore in all kinds of translation ! that is all. thank you!

Good morning,Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. (或Welcome to attend the oral defense.) :I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points(Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van )The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.

stant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it's show time. You and I will work hard to welcome any topic of my thesis is 《Angela carter to mythology research - the female archetype in “new eve passion”, for example》。 I choose this as my topic due to the following Carter (1940-1992) is an outstanding feminist writer whose influence on Britishwomen's writing was “pivotal in this opening and transformation” [“23]. The year 2014 represents the 22”^ anniversary of Angela Carter's death. In those twenty-two years, her works have been widely taught internationally and brought about much critical debate. In a survey conducted by Cristina Bacchilega and Danielle M. Roemer [2],Carter is one of the most commonly taught women writers on North American programs. She has endowed us with an amazingly large number of legacies in her comparatively limited life, setting foot in various fields such as novels,short stories,children stories, dramas, non-fictions and so on. The acute observations with great insights,as well as the devastating wit and poignant mockery in Carter's works have made her stand out as an iconic figure in English literature. Many scholars and critics have devoted themselves to the research on Angela Carter from many perspectives,including gothic, magic realism, feminism,post-modernism and so on. As a prolific writer who is always ready to blur the boundaries between different genres, Carter has left us a wonderful world to delve the emergence of western women's movement as well as the development of feminist criticism in the 1960s,the feminist approach has become a potent weapon for those who are concerned with the emancipation and legal rights of women. Though women's social status has considerably improved due to the contribution made by countless predecessors,the fundamental problem still lingers on. Carter, with her versatile and avant-garde reputation, is best known as a feminist writer. Concerning the dilemmas and predicaments faced by women nowadays,it is very necessary for us to probe into her insightful and penetrating reflections on femininity as well as the relationship between two genders. The Passion of New Eve, as one of Carter's most representative works, is of great value in the research of her feminist thoughts and , is my paper outline. In the main part of this article, I put it into five one is an introduction to the thesis, covering the research background, theobjective and significance as well as the organization of the two presents a broad picture of Angela Carter's life and her works, as well as the background information about The Passion of New Eve. It also reviews previous studies on Angela Carter and her works at home and abroad, summarizing achievements in the past and pointing out new directions in the three conducts a retrospective study on feminism and archetypal criticism. The author attempts to work out the origin and development of feminism, demonstrating the important role feminism plays in Carter's life. Then is the history of archetypal criticism,as well as those classic female archetypes in mythology. Regarding those fossilized and monotonous images as impediments to women's freedom and liberation,Carter endeavors to shatter them in her demythologizing strategy and appeals for a rational attitude toward heterosexual four is the main body of the thesis. Through an in-depth analysis on The Passion of New Eve,it demonstrates Carter's demythologizing of “The Temptress,,,”Mother Goddess“and ”Eve“ respectively in the text. Leilah,the embodiment of Delilah,the famous temptress in the Bible,cannot escape the fate of being objectified by men and herself. By exposing”temptresses“ as mere victims rather than symbols of viciousness. Carter condemns the oppression and exploitation of women in a patriarchal society. ”Mother“ in Beulah serves as a severe satire on those mother goddesses in mythology. Carter smashes the legend by revealing the surgically-made essence of mother and the patriarchal values lurking behind her alleged matriarchal kingdom, warning against the peril and impracticality of extremist her most convincing example goes to Eve, the most important female character in the Bible, Her transformative journey from a chauvinist to a real woman in the story illustrates that gender, rather than a hereditary feature, is the result of social influence and unremitting imitations. Carter concludes the story with proposing ”androgyny“ as a solution to the current problems,implying that mutual respect and understanding is the only way to achieve the harmony between the two five comes to a general conclusion, summarizing the limitations of the theses as well as some suggestions for further ! That is all. Thank you!

Good morning, distinguished professors and teachers, thank you for attending the oral defense. I’m *** and come from class *. My supervisor is professor Li. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Prof. his consistent guidance and valuable suggestions, I have finished my paper. Now I will present my efforts to you and gratefully welcome any suggestion.

Firstly, I am very interested in the study of ambiguity. Ambiguity is a common phenomenon in all natural languages. As is known to all, in our daily conversations, ambiguity is often employed to achieve the effect of humor, thus creating a relaxing atmosphere and letting people feel at ease. Some jokes caused by ambiguity is very interesting.

Secondly, I have read several articles about ambiguity written by linguistics and scholars. I found my knowledge of ambiguity is very limited, superficial and nonsystematic. What I knew is just the tip of the iceberg. So I plan to learn more about ambiguity by this research.

Thirdly, I found many scholars have carried out numerous studies of ambiguity, but a majority of these studies are focused on single language separately. Articles about comparison between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity are not sufficient. So it is necessary to make further study.

For the above facts, I select this title.

Next, I will present the outline of my thesis. It consists of 7 parts.

The first part gives a brief introduction to the ambiguity and structure of the thesis.

The second part is literature review, briefly introducing the development of study of ambiguity and some scholars’s main views.

The third to fifth parts focus on three types of ambiguity in English and Chinese: phonological ambiguity, lexical ambiguity, syntactic ambiguity. In every broad type, I respectively list some detailed branches and cite some vivid English and Chinese examples to explain these ambiguity phenomena. But I put more focus on the third part and point out two differences of ambiguity between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity.

The part six will point out positive results by using ambiguity deliberately in daily conversations, advertisements and literary works.

The last part is the conclusion.

I hope by this contrastive research, we will have a better understanding of ambiguity in English and Chinese and apply it to our life and study.

When reading the final draft, I still find my argument is not so comprehensive and improvements are needed. So welcome your precious suggestion.

That’s all. Thank you.

先问好,再说一下今天pre的具体结构(比方说今天的pre会介绍下XXX,然后XX方面会具体讨论,最后会给个结论。。。)。接下来就可以正文了。开头不要太长啊。

英语论文答辩开场白(精选7篇)

在现在社会,许多人对开场白的掌握需求逐渐增多,开场白应该达到明确您的'意图,使目标愿意和您交流,允许您提出问题的目的。那么,开场白一般是怎么写的呢?以下是我帮大家整理的英语论文答辩开场白,欢迎大家分享。

Good morning,

Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. (或Welcome to attend the oral defense.) :

I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this thesis.

My topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points(Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van )The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic’s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures’ background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes’ failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.

Thank you!

Good morning, all appraiser committee members. I am xxxx and my supervisor is xxx. With her constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.

The title of my paper is On Transformation of Parts of Speech in Translation. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. Each language has its own special structure. And there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. In order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators. So the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in English to Chinese based on different characteristics of English and Chinese. For the above facts, I select the subject of“On Transformation of parts of speech”as the title of my paper.

I hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in English to Chinese translation. Through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation skills.

The way of thinking and expressing is quite different between Chinese and English. English is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. While Chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often used.

So when we make translation in English to Chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of speech.

Next, it is an outline of my paper. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into five parts.

Part one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and transformation.

Part two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of translation.

Part three gives four basic ways of transformation of parts of speech through illustrative examples. There are transformed English words into Chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives and adverbs.

Part four presents some problems about transformation and gives some advise to solve the problems.

Part five draws some conclusions that transformation between parts of speech is necessary for us to achieve good translation. It is demonstrated that we can have a good master of transformation and improve the translation. In addition, we must continuously study and explore in all kinds of translation practices.

OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions.

Good evening, all the appraiser committee members. I come from HUST, majoring in foreign linguistics and applied linguistics. I am xxx and my supervisor is . With her sincere and intellectual guidance, for nearly one whole years hard work, I have finished my paper. Finally, it is the show time. This evening I will present my efforts to you all and I gratefully welcome any correction.

The title of my paper is A Study of the Causes of the Gothic Style

in A Rose for Emily from a Feminist Perspective. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Firstly, I am fond of literature works , especially gothic literature works. Secondly, I am quite familiar with this short story as this is one of the texts in our intensive teaching course and I have taught this text for more than 3 times . Last but not the least ,as a female , I am keen on the study of feminism. For the above facts, I select the subject of A Study of the Causes of the Gothic Style in A Rose for Emily from a Feminist Perspective as the title of my paper.

I hope by studying this short story we can know more about American southern women in certain history and culture and more importantly help women in modern society get a deeper understanding about ourselves ,help us raise our independence and confidence and show more concern for our mental health.

Next , I will present it to you. Here is an outline of my presentation. They are literature review, gothic tradition , the gothic style in the story and the causes of the gothic style .

This paper consists of six parts. Part one presents an introduction to the author William Faulkner and A Rose for Emily by pointing out the purpose and significance of this study. Part two is literature review which introduces the relevant research about this novel at home and abroad and then points out the theoretical basis and methods. Part three gives a timeline of the gothic tradition in literature and explains the main characteristics of gothic works. Part four explains the three aspects of the gothic style in the novel,that is, the death theme, grotesque characters and mystic atmosphere. Part five then explains in detail the causes of the gothic style in this novel: patriarchal oppression, the myth of southern ladyhood and Emily’s attitude towards love. Finally, in the conclusion, the author summarizes the previous parts and emphasizes the significance of the argument of the thesis again.

Ok, thats all. Now you may raise your questions ! I am ready! Thank you !!!

Good morning, appraises committee members and schoolmates. I come from class 08951, and I am Yu Lianfei.

Today, the title of my paper is On the Network Novels. In recent years, the network literature is developing rapidly. Network novel is one of the fast of them. In the middle schools, high schools and even universities, there is no lack of network novels addicts. For the above facts, I select the subject of “on the network novels” as the title of my paper.

Then, I will show it to you. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into four parts, as the concept of network novels, the classification of their authors, the development of network novels and the prospects of that.

The first part, the definition. Its concept can be divided into the generalized and the narrow. And it can also be divided into boys’ and girls’ in another way.

The second part, the classification of their authors. Generally speaking, there are four kinds of authors. The first kind is some people who have favor of literature, they are writing but not for fame. Then, there is some one has favor for literature and also be for fame. The third kind is some people who have explicit goals at the beginning of his writing. And the last kind are some people who just want to express their view, their viewpoint and their feeling with no desire of being published. They take up the most of the authors.

The third part, the development. The network novels’ development can not separate form the development of the net and the literature websites. Its developing process may be divided into three stages approximately. The first stage is from 1996 to 2000. This times literary work often did not strive for (were also not aware of) the fame and fortune, and moreover received the control of tradition. The second stage is beginning of 21st century, mainly contains 2001 and 2002. In this period, the whole network presented the situation of “chaos”. The third stage is from May, 2003 and continues until now. In this period, many schools come into the world, and when a school became a hit there must be many people mimic it.

The last part, the forecast. Looking from the internal strength pattern, the outstanding writers in our country mainly hold one kind of critique and the pessimistic manner to the network novels at present. If each big literature website enlarges their own supervision, the vulgar works, the pornography and bad works like those things, meanwhile hanker for new person’s new article as well as depth ones, the network novels can be accepted by more people.

Not a low-level novel but a kind of enjoyment.

Good morning.

Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. (或Welcome to attend the oral defense.)

I am XXX. Firstly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor XXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this thesis. My topic is XXXXXXXXX.

The whole thesis consists of --- parts.

The first part will give a brief introduction of ------. And the second part is going to analyze ----------.

In the third part, ---------will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about --------. Then the author will dig into the root causes of ------- in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal --------of ---------in the last part. Thank you!

Good afternoon, all appraiser committee am xsj and my supervisor is zy. With his sincere and intellectual guidance, I have finished my is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and gratefully welcome any correction.

The title of my paper is Heavenly War and Earthly Conflict, an Insight into John Miltons Paradise Lost. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Firstly, I am fond of literature works. Secondly, I am quite familiar with this story as one of texts in British and American literature Selections. Last but not least, I am keen on the study of human nature and the profound significance and instructions for us from John Milton. For the above facts, I select the Heavenly war and earthly conflict an insight into John Miltons Paradise Lost as the title of my paper.

I hope by studying this great poem we can know more about this Literature masterpiece,and I also want to show my own understanding about it.

Next, here is an outline of my presentation and I devide my paper into four parts. Part one presents an introduction of John Milton and Paradise Lost. Part two introduces the main contents of the book of Paradise Lost. Part three gives my own analysis of major characters in Paradise Lost. Part four draws some conclusions by my careful reading and thinking.

OK, that is all. Thank you. Now you may raise your questions. I am ready.

Good morning.

all appraiser committee members. I am xxxx and my supervisor is xxx. With her constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.

商务英语论文大纲模板

论文方面的问题,建议你看下品学论文网,之前我就在那里写的论文,非常不错,遇到的问题和格式都挺快给我了。最关键的是品学论文有很多在线的辅导老师帮你解决问题,不用费劲心思查资料。

题目是:The analysis of Symbolic Images in Tony Morrison's BelovedThesis statement: The paper intends to analyze the symbolic images in Tony Morrison's . introduction of the brief review of brief of the Origin of Tony Morrison's Symbolic production of the with other works in symbolic Categories of Symbolic Images in . Body marksD. Linguistic Interpreation with Reference to Symbolic ImagesA. Memory of the Afro-American traditional cultureD. Maternal contribution to Afro-American influence produced by Symbolic Images and its profound meaning.

1. 美语与英语在单词拼法上的差异 美语与英语在单词拼法上的差异主要有两种:一种是单词发生变化使得个别字母不相同,另一种是美语单词较为简化。前者如enquire(英)与inquire(美),这两个单词的第一个字母不相同。但都是商品交易前,一方向对方洽询有关商品的价格、数量、交货时间及付款条件等的询价;“车胎”的英语单词在英国用tyre,在美国则是tire;“睡衣”的英式英语是pajamas,美语则是pyjamas;“执照”,“特许证”的英式英语用licence,美语则用license。这类单词仅一个字母不同,发音上有的相同,有的则相似。 美语的单词一般比英语单词要简单。近年来,美语越来越趋向简化,充分体现了美国人生活和工作高效快捷的现代化特性。这些较为简化的词大都源于英语,大量词汇在英语里仍然保持原貌。而进入美语后,这些单词就逐渐变得简单起来,从而使用起来较为方便。如较常见的单词colour(颜色),在美语里就拼写成color,少了一个“u”字母;refrigerator(电冰箱)美语是fridge,美语比原单词要简单得多。美语单词的简化现象是美语与英语在单词拼法上的差异的主要表现。 2. 美语与英语在日期、数字表达方面的差异 在日期方面,美英英语的表达方式是有差别的。以日为先,月份为后,此为英国式;美国式则与此相反,以月为先,日期则在后。如一九九六年三月二日的写法: 2nd March, 1996(英) March 2, 1996(美) 在美式的写法中,1st, 2nd, 3rd的st, nd, rd是不使用的。由于日期书面表达不同,读法也不一样。如1987年4月20日,英式的写法是20th April, 1987,读成the twentieth of April, nineteen eighty-seven;美式的表达是April 20, 1987,则读成April the twentieth, nineteen eighty-seven。同样,全部用数字表达日期时,英美也有差别。1998年5月6日按照英国式应写成6/5/98,而按照美国式应写成5/6/98;是英国式的1998年8月1日,按照美国的表达方式却是1998年1月8日,美国的1998年8月1日应写成08,01,1998。 在数字口头表达方面,两国也存在着差别。$175(175美元)英语读成a(one) hundred and seventy five dollars,美语读成one hundred seventy five dollars,常省略and;表达连续同样数字的号码时,英语习惯用double或triple,美语一般不这样用,如电话号码320112,英语读成three two zero, double one two,美语则读成three two zero one one two, 999 234英语读成nine double nine (triple nine) two three four,美语则读成nine nine nine two three four,不过美国人也把连续三个相同的号码读成three 加上这个数字的复数形式,如999读成three nines。 3. 美语与英语在书信方面的差异 商务英语书信(Business or Commercial English Correspondence)是指交易时所使用的通信。在美国,常用Business writing,它包括书信、电报、电话、电传、报告书、明信片等。 英语和美语在书信体例方面存在着一定的差异,比如信头和称呼、书信格式、遣词、结尾客套语等均有所不同。一般来说,英国书信较为保守,许多英国人喜欢用老式书信体,用词较为正式刻板,而美国书信语言非常生气、有活力,格式也较为简便。因此当我们写信的对象是英国或其旧殖民地国家时,要使用标准式英语Queens English;如果写信的对象是美国或美国势力范围的地区时,就要用美国英语。当然,英国式的语言文化近年来也有变化,但总体来说,两者间的差异是很明显的。 商业英文书信,一般都要求用打字机或电脑整齐地打印,左边各行开头垂直的,称为垂直式或齐头式(Block style),美国常用这种格式;每段的第一个词缩进去,称为缩进式或锯齿式(indented style),英国常用此格式。垂直式的职务及签名都在左边的边栏界线,这种格式,在极度尊重工作效率的美国公司,已普遍采用。 正式的商业英语书信要在称呼的上方写上收信公司名称和地址或收信人的名字全称、职务及地址,称为信内地址(Inside address)。信内地址的写法也有垂直式和缩进式之分,垂直式和称美国式将各行并列,缩进式或称英国式将各行依次退缩。不过,笔者注意到,近来英国商业书信信内地址并未依次缩进,似乎与美国式相同。此外,在美国还流行一种普通收信人地址的写法,就是在书信的Inside Address中,把门牌号和街名都省略掉。 在英文书信中要使用敬语,最普遍的敬语是Mr, Mrs和Miss(用于未婚女性)。英国人常在男性的姓名之后用Esq. (Esquire的缩写),不过在商业上也在慢慢地改用Mr. Mmes. (Madam的复数形式),用于二个女士以上。Messrs(Mr的复数形式)用于二个以上的男人,或用于二个以上的男人组成的公司或团体。在英国式英文信里,Mr, Mrs, Messrs,均不加缩写句点,相反地趋向于进步自由的美语反而加缩写句点如Mr., Mrs., Messrs.。 4. 在称呼方面,商业上最普遍的有Gentlemen(美国式)与Dear Sirs(英国式)二种,相当于我国的"敬启者"或"谨启者"。如果信是写给各个公司单位的,不是写给某个具体人的,美语用Gentlemen(复数形式),英语用Dear Sirs。如果对方公司只一人时,必须使用Sir/Dear Sir。称呼后一般要使用标点符号,英国式采用逗号(comma),美国式用分号(colon)。 书信结尾客套语(complimentary close)有多种,相当于我国书信在结尾时使用的"敬礼"、"致敬"、"顺安"等句。最为典型的美国式写法是Sincerely和Best regards,典型的英国式表达有Yours sincerely(熟人或知道对方姓名),Best wishes, kind regards 和yours faithfully(不知姓名)。此外,英国式的客套语还有特别礼貌的格式,但除了特殊情况外,现在不再使用。 5.美语与英语在习惯用语差异 美语与英语在习惯用法上也存在着明显的差异。比如,英国英语在虚拟式中往往要加should,而美语大都不用。表示"有"或"没有"的概念,英语用to have/haven’t got,美语则用to have/don’t have;"不得不"、"必须"做什么,英语用to have got to do something,美语只须说to have to do something;"假期临时工"英语用holiday jobs,美语用summer/temporary jobs;"租用计算机"英语的表达是computer hire,美语用computer rental;"从某某学校毕业",英美表达习惯也不同,"graduate"一词,在美语里可以用于任何种类的学校,如graduate from university/school等,而在英语里,graduate仅限于大学毕业,中学毕业要用leave;当谈到某家公司待遇低的时候,英语通常的表达是It was badly paid,而美语的表达则是It didn’t pay very much;"我与老板相处得很好"英语的表达是I got ort very well with my boss,但美语则用got along代替句中的got on;"提高价格"英语用put up prices,美语用raise prices;"上计算机课"英语的表达是go on a computer course,美语则说take a computer course。 6. 通电话时,英美两国也有不同的表达方式,如果自己是办公室的秘书或接线员之类的职员,不是对方要找的人,我们常说"请稍候",英语的习惯表达是hold the line, please,美语通常用hold on;如果要求对方(如接线员)转给经理,英语的表达是Could you connect me with the manager?美语通常用介词"to"代替句中的介词"with. 当然了,美语和英语之间的差别还有别的方面的,但是美语毕竟是从英语中发展出来的。现在小学生的课本里还是多多采用英式英语的,毕竟它是比较正统的用来做学问的嘛!美式英语在口语中用的比较时髦啦,毕竟美国还是世界第一大国嘛! 再介绍篇范文In this thesis, the differences between British and American English will be discussed. As well known to all, British English and American English are two main dialects of English in the world, which are widely used. Although they are almost the same in many aspects, they are two kinds of English and there are a lot of differences between them, which are more and more obvious recently. This topic is very popular, so many people have written lots of articles on this topic, which is very useful to the English learners. To be consistent in his use of English and, more importantly, to be understood, the non-native speaker needs to know which words have distinct meanings and pronunciations depending on whether they are used by a Briton or an American. This is necessary not only for sake of communication, but also to avoid this thesis differences in pronunciation, spelling, vocabulary, grammar and usage will be discussed. Probably the major difference between British and American English lies in the choice of vocabulary. Some words mean different things in the two varieties. Although they are different in so many aspects, the largest difference is probably that of the choice of vocabulary and pronunciation. The following is my poor view of this topic.

英语专业的毕业论文提纲模板2017

英语专业的毕业论文提纲的模板是怎样的呢?英语专业的毕业论文提纲的目的和意义是什么呢?下面是我分享的英语专业的毕业论文提纲的模板,欢迎阅读!

一、目的和意义

英语专业的毕业论文写作是完成本科教学计划、实现本科培养目标的重要阶段;是对学生的英语实践技能、英语语言知识、经贸英语知识以及其他相关学科知识、全面素质、研究与创新能力进行检验考核的重要手段;是学生学士学位资格认证的重要依据;是衡量、评估英语专业教学质量与水平的重要内容之一。

二、选题原则

毕业论文选题应从本专业培养目标的要求出发,结合学科发展的动态和研究现状,尽可能使其具有发展与创新的空间,从而有利于巩固和拓宽学生的知识面,有利于对学生进行科研能力基本训练以及独立工作能力的培养。

毕业论文属于研究性论文,讲求一定的学术性,但其要求与目的有别于刊于学术杂志的学术论文,因而为确保学生在教学计划规定的时间内,在教师指导下完成所要求的工作,选题应遵循如下基本原则:

1、选题须符合教学大纲的基本要求和人才培养的基本规格,须体现专业训练的基本内容,须与所学的专业知识相衔接。

2、选题须充分考虑学生的语言能力、知识构成和专业兴趣。

3、选题的类型应多种多样,力求有益于学生综合运用多学科的理论知识与技能,有利于培养学生独立工作的能力。

4、选题须考虑完成的工作量与所需的时间应符合教学计划的要求,内容既要有探索、钻研的余地,又要考虑完成的可能性。工作量原则上应控制在经过努力能够在规定的时间内完成规定任务的范围内,以保证教学任务的完成。

三、类型及基本要求

英语专业毕业论文依据学术性质和类型不同应符合如下要求:

1、语言及语言学研究类论文

就本科毕业论文而言,纯语言研究无论在理论知识的储备上,还是在语料的收集上都有很大难度,不宜提倡。此类论文可以在语言结构(语音、语法、词汇、语篇等),语言运用(独特的语言现象、语言手段、语言变化等),语言文化(文化对语言理解、使用和学习的影响等),两种语言对比等领域进行应用性的研究。应用性研究的重点在于如何运用现有的知识提出、分析、论证或解决在实践中出现的各种新问题,做出有参考或应用价值的结论。

2、文学评论类论文

此类论文应建立在对所评述的对象,尤其是文学文本的正确理解、解读的基础上,通过具体、细致、深入的分析与研究提出令人信服的、言之成理的结论。论文的形式可以是作家论、文学思潮或流派论、断代文学史论、文学批评介绍等。文学评论可采用不同的方法进行,如社会历史学的、美学与诗学的,也可以是比较的、文化学的方法。无论哪一种方法,都要求学生运用唯物主义与历史唯物主义的学术思想,要求以中国读者的评论视角与立场,进行具有一定新意的'探讨。

3、翻译研究类论文

此类论文可以是纯理论的研究,或具体翻译技巧的研究,或翻译与文化的关系(或与其他学科的关系)的研究,也可以由学生对名家名译做对比性研究,另加对作品本身的评述,对某一翻译理论或技巧进行阐述。

4、语言教学研究类论文

此类研究属交叉学科的研究,涉及语言学、心理语言学、社会语言学、教育学及教学法等,是一个十分广泛的研究领域。其研究范围包括语言研究(教师语言及学习者语言研究),教学方法与技巧研究,课堂教学管理策略研究,学生个体差异研究,影响教学效果的外部条件研究,教育技术的使用与开发研究,教材的分析与评估研究,测试与评估研究,素质教育与外语教学等。此类研究无论从选题,还是方法,或是研究的过程以及结论都应具有应用的意义和价值,突出对语言教学的指导意义和作用。

5、经贸方向研究类论文

此类论文可以是经济、金融、财会、国际贸易、贸易法规、现代管理学等相关领域的纯理论或实证性研究,可结合所学相关经贸及管理类课程,运用现有的知识提出、分析、论证或解决在实践中出现的各种新问题,作出有参考或应用价值的结论。

四、任务及深度要求

毕业论文的主要内容包括:选题、开题报告、论文提纲、论文撰写、论文答辩等,其具体要求遵照《南京工程学院外语系毕业论文实施方法(试行)》相关规定;论文工作与所学专业知识相关,工作量饱满,满足学生一人一题的要求。论文用英文撰写,具有一定的创新性和应用性,正文篇幅在5,000词以上,参考文献8篇(种)以上。指导教师与学生定期见面,并填写《毕业论文指导记录》。

五、考核办法

毕业论文考核及成绩评定由三部分组成:

1、根据毕业论文撰写过程中学生分析、解决问题能力的表现,论文观点的新颖性,论文结构的合理性,论文论证的逻辑性,英语表达的正确性和地道性,以及学生的工作态度,指导教师给予满分为40分的成绩评定。

2、根据毕业论文的指导思想与方案制订的科学性,论文论据的充分性,论文的创见与突破性,论文的结构、文字表达情况,评阅老师给予满分为20分的成绩评定。

3、根据学生本人对论文工作的总体介绍,毕业论文的质量,答辩中回答问题的正确程度,英语语音、语调的规范性和流畅性,答辩小组给予满分为40分的成绩评定。

六、毕业论文时间分配

序号 内 容 时间(周)

1 完成开题报告及相关参考文献的选定工作 4

2 完成论文初稿的撰写 5

3 完成论文二稿的撰写 2

4 完成论文三稿的撰写并定稿 2

5 毕业论文答辩 1

合 计 14

七、其它说明

外语系毕业论文实行“末位淘汰制”,即综合评定成绩倒数1-3名的学生论文将被判定为不合格,学生无权获得学士学位。

contents

introduction………………………………………………………………1

common historical background……………………………………1

international………………………………………………………1

national…………………………………………………………1

common beliefs of beats and rockers……………………………2

rebellion against conventions……………………………………2

beats in literature………………………………………………2

rockers in music circles………………………………………3

ideologies in between……………………………………………4

beatniks were fed up with their government about

the explanations of why things happened……………………4

their same destiny……………………………………………4

beat culture and rock culture were not accepted by

both capitalist and socialist ideologies………………………5

belief in oriental religion…………………………………………5

beatniks study on chinese buddhism…………………………6

rockers belief in indian buddhism……………………………6

identical lifestyles………………………………………………6

bohemian…………………………………………………………7

beats…………………………………………………………7

rockers………………………………………………………7

madness…………………………………………………………8

the beats regarded modern american life as cruel, selfish,

and impersonal that writers and artists were being driven

to madness……………………………………………………8

rockers were mad enough to drive rockniks crazy on

rock circus spot………………………………………………9

self-indulgent……………………………………………………9

drugs…………………………………………………………9

homosexual…………………………………………………10

4. the same conduct……………………………………………………10

beats of satan and angles………………………………………10

rockers' conduct of the two sides………………………………11

conclusion………………………………………………………………13

Why should we write the thesis?

To write a thesis before graduation is a must for every university graduate.

By writing a thesis, we may get some experience and some basic methods for further theoretical study and research and the ability to solve problems.

It is the reflection of a student’s study in college.

Whether a student has such an ability to write a thesis or to solve problems in his/her field is one basis for a unit to accept him/her or not.

How long should we prepare for writing a thesis?One year or so

What do we need when we write a thesis?

Firstly, for English major, most important of all, it is English knowledge and ability that based on your language skills, especially writing skill and grammar knowledge.

Secondly, the way of writing is also important.

A good title, some good ideas to support thesis statement, right language and standard format are what we need.

The language style is something that we should pay much attention to, for example:

Wording: we prefer big word to small one;

Sentence: Long sentences are quite expectable.

How do we write a thesis? How many steps should we follow?

Generally speaking, when we write a thesis, we follow 10 steps:

1. Choose a subject: that is, what you are going to write about. For English major, we may apply:

2. Choose a title/Title a paper;

3. Collect materials for reference in writing;

4. Analyze the collected materials;

5. Sort out the data and arguments;

6. List references;

7. Make up an outline;

8. 1—3 drafts;

9. Proofread;

10. The last version.

What subjects may we choose to write?

English and American Literature

The Practice and Theory of Translation

English Language

English Linguistics

English Grammar

English Phonetics

English Lexicology

English Rhetoric

Language and Culture

ELT Methodology

Teaching English in Middle School

English Teaching Research and Survey

The History of… (All mentioned above)

商务英语毕论文范文

在全球化时代,随着国际交流日益增多,中国对高质量英语人才的要求也达到了前所未有的高度。英语教学在中国高等 教育 体系中占据着举足轻重的地位,也肩负着社会培养高质量人才的重任。下文是我为大家搜集整理的关于 毕业 英语论文 范文 大全的内容,欢迎大家阅读参考!毕业英语论文范文大全篇1 浅谈老水手的心理历程——《苦舟子咏》 读后感 [摘要]:《苦舟子咏》是英国19世纪湖畔派诗人柯勒律治的一首长诗。全诗是一个充满了奇幻之美的的航海 故事 。全诗探索人生的罪与罚问题,诗人把热爱宇宙的万物泛神论思想和____思想结合起来,宣传仁爱和基督____罪思想。诗中的水手的心理活动刻画得细致入微,水手杀掉信天翁表示他拒绝社会给他的礼物,他除掉了深爱自己并代表超自然的事物,也就除掉了对这个世界的感情,最后水手内心发生转变,以新的态度对待自然,为此他才得以解脱出来。 [关键词]:老水手;道德;内疚;痛苦;赎罪 Abstract: “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” is one of Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s masterpieces. It is a long poem, telling a story in the form of ballads .The poem can be approached as a dream voyage to another realm, as a story of sin and expatiation, or as the quiet essential representation of the alienated isolated modern individual. 一、作者简介 塞缪尔·泰勒·柯尔律治(Samuel Taylor Coleridge)1772年10月21日生于英格兰西南部德文郡一个乡镇牧师的家庭。9岁丧父,被送往伦敦基督慈幼学校上学,熟读希腊、罗马文学。19岁入剑桥大学,与骚塞相识。当时两人都同情法国革命,但又都害怕革命暴力,于是设想去美洲建立乌托邦社会。计划失败后柯尔律治移居英格兰部西部湖区,致力于写诗,并与华兹华斯结成密友。他憎恶资本主义城市文明和冷酷的金钱关系,于是远离城市,隐居于昆布兰湖区,寄情山水或缅怀中世纪的宗法社会。他们创作出歌颂大自然的或美化宗法制农村生活方式的诗篇,以抵制丑恶的资本主义现实。因此被称为“湖畔派诗人”。1798年,两人合作出版著名的《抒情歌谣集》。同年他与华兹华斯兄妹到德国 留学 ,被康德的哲学和耶拿派的诗歌理论和创作所吸引。回国后继续居住于湖区,与华兹华斯保持往来。柯尔律治年青时代即患有风湿痛等多种疾病。为求镇痛他长期服食鸦片竟至上瘾,故健康大受损害。晚年他贫病交加,1834年7月25日逝世于海格特。柯尔律治的作品以真的细节描绘超自然的神秘事物,令人甘愿暂时不去考虑普通情理而信以为真,并在领略到一种怪异的美的同时获得教益或良知的觉醒。柯尔律治的创作实践和理论建设,不仅影响过他的同时代人,也影响了包括和他政治态度相左的拜伦、雪莱和济慈,而且,对于时至今日的诗歌艺术探索者,仍具有重要的借鉴价值。他在英国文学史上有重要地位,是浪漫主义思潮的重要代表。 二、《苦舟子咏》简介 《苦舟子咏》是柯尔律治唯一一部完整的长诗。这部长625行的叙事谣曲是一个神秘恐怖的浪漫故事:一名老水手对一个赴结婚宴的客人讲述了他自己的可怕的故事。客人想走开,赶快去赴宴,却为老水手眼中的特殊表情所吸引住,不得不站在那里把这个故事听完了。老水手和同伴们坐了一艘船出海去。一路上很平安。然后遇到了一阵暴风,暴风过后,这位水手却无端地射杀一只了航海者认为好运象征的信天翁。因此,厄运又降临了。船驶进静海中,那里没有风也没有浪;太阳如火如荼地照耀着。海水绿绿地满载着腐物。船停在那里不动,老水手被视为这次厄运的造因者。水手们都渴得要死去,仿佛有一只船要驶进救他们却又消失不见了。那是一只幻船,水手们一个个都死在甲板上,每个死者的眼光都注定在这位杀死信天翁的水手身上。全船的人,只有他没有死。后来,他对于自所做的恶罪觉得悔恨。于是天使们可怜他的悲苦,使死尸们站了起来,仍去做水手们的职务。他们开上了帆。虽然没有风,船却渐渐地移动。于是,这船一直驶到了老水手的故乡。一个领航者离了海岸,出来迎接。但在他到这船之前,它却突然地沉下了,留下了这位老水手在海波中与死神挣扎着。他被领航者所救。后来,他一想起那时受的言之不尽的痛苦,便不能忍。他的心在体内烧着,一直到了把这可怕的故事说了出来,方才觉得舒服。 三、分析老水手的心理历程 “自由、平等、博爱”是资产阶级道德重要规范。“自由、平等、博爱”的 口号 是资产阶级革命时期提出来的。它既是资产阶级的政治主张,又是资产阶级道德的重要内容。这一口号的提出不仅在政治上曾经起过推动历史进步的作用,而且在人类道德发展史上也是一个巨大的进步,因为它否定了人身依附关系,肯定了人身自由;否定了等级特权,肯定了人的平等;否定了把人不当人的非人道主义的博爱思想。一句话,肯定了人的尊严、价值以及个人对幸福的追求。所以,它对个性的张扬和自我意识的发展,对人们挣脱禁欲主义、蒙昧主义、等级主义的枷锁都起到了巨大的革命作用。 西方____的万物泛神论主张神无处不在,万物都是神的表象。这种主张认为:上帝就等于万事万物;任何个别事物就是上帝;世上的事物实际上都是虚无的。 在这两种思想的支配下,作者把信天翁认为是基督____徒。老水手无端地射死了信天翁,表示他拒绝社会给他的礼物,他除掉了深爱自己并代表超自然的事物,也就除掉了对这个世界的感情。老水手违反上天的指意,违反自然规律,射死了无辜的信天翁,必然要受到惩罚。于是,灾难来了:风停了,船无法前进,阳光酷热,水手们口干舌燥。这时候,有人指责老水手——“你怎敢放肆,将神鸟射死!是它引来了南风。”此时,老水手开始意识到自己行为的错误。于是,他开始不断地感到内疚。心理学认为,在道德情感系统中,羞耻感是其中的一个元素。毕达哥拉斯要求人们对自己言行进行反省以后,就应该在内心里对卑劣的行为感到羞耻、悲哀和恐惧;对善良行为感到欣喜。沙莆慈伯利认为,道德上的善恶主要取决于感情系统中的羞耻感。他说:“凡出自不公正的情感所作的,就是不义恶行和过失;如果情感公正、健全、良好,并且情感的内容有益于社会,而且还是以有益于社会方式施行,或有所感动,这就必定在任何行动中构成我们所说的公平和正直。”不义、恶行和过失将引起人们的羞耻感。羞耻感是个人的自我道德意识的一种表现,表示一个人对自己的行为、动机和道德品质的谴责时的内心体验。良心是羞耻感的的主要作用机制,常表现出焦虑、羞愧和内疚等情绪。道德焦虑是一种复合情绪。其中,痛苦和畏惧是主要构成“因子”。但它仅以避免外在处罚为目的,是低级形式的羞耻感,可又是羞耻感发生的基础。那么,羞耻感的真正作用是什么?是内疚,只有内疚才是高度的主体意识的产物,它激活潜在的思维和力量,专注与对过失的懊悔和追悔的行为,促进个体的心理成熟。如果个体内疚匮乏,那他将对道德不屑一顾,达不到“有羞知格”的认识。同时,羞耻感要以自尊为前提,一个没有自尊的人是不会知耻的,更不会自责。自尊体现了对自我社会话的切近,没有自尊的防卫,就不可能有自责的意识和行为的发生。老水手对自己的不道德行为知耻,惭愧和悔恨。老水手真是由于良心发现才深感自己行为的错误,于是惶惶终日,不断自责自己。 事态进一步发展,在他忏悔和祈祷下挂在脖子下的鸟掉下来了,但是同行的水手都因为缺水而一个个地死去,只有老水手一个人活着。这似乎是上帝对他的又一个惩罚。他一方面觉得自己的罪行深重,导致了其他水手的死亡——痛苦;另一方面在茫茫大海中,一条船上就他孤零零的一个人——恐惧。于是他的内心又经历了一场痛苦与恐惧的考验。良心是每个人自身内部的道德评析,是自己对自己行为道德价值的认识、认知、判断、态度、感情、体验、意向、意志、动机等一切心理反应活动。老水手不断对自己惊醒良心谴责。良心的基本因素是感情,感情是对需要的体验,是心理的动力因素。它一方面产生良心的认知因素,推动自己去判断自己行为的道德价值;另一方面则产生良心意志因素,推动自己做出改过迁善的选择。在行为过后,良心对行为的后果有影响和评价作用。对于履行了道德义务并产生了好后果的影响和行为,它便于进行自我谴责,使人感到内疚、惭愧和悔恨。这种自我谴责,往往能形成一种力量,促使人们改正自己的行为。 后来,老水手虔诚地祈求海蛇破开魔法,他才获救得以回家。人非圣贤,孰能无过?人生在生活中不免发生道德过失。道德反省就是通过对道德过失的追悔,从而激励人们采用新的道德行为去补救已经酿成的道德不幸,并且通过对道德过失的觉醒为将要开始的道德行为提供罗盘。道德反省的实质在于主体对自己已作的道德选择进行批判性的分析,是在主体已经体验到自己的道德行为存在着过失的情况下,从而进行的对自己内心的深刻 反思 。通过反思,要为今后的行为提供新的路线和方案,明白来者可追,逝者可补。在今后的行动过程中,要用千倍的补偿替代原有的损失;通过反思,主体对自我发展和自我需要与社会道德的系统会领悟得更加深刻。 故事的最后,老水手回到了家。于是出现了开篇的那一幕:他极力拉住去赴婚宴的人,让他们听他讲这个离奇的故事——他想寻找听众,承认自己的错误,说出自己的故事,解除内心的痛苦——赎罪。尽管老水手已经虔诚忏悔,但还是有种负罪感难以释怀,于是他渴望被人理解,宣泄出来以排除内心的痛苦。生活也是这样,当我们遇到困难、痛苦的时候,不要封闭自己,找一个忠实的听众,把自己的苦恼说给他听。这是一种释放压力的好 方法 。 总之,柯尔律治的这首诗歌以神秘、怪诞著称,其中的心理描写可谓是典范!诗歌探讨了罪与罚、善与恶,生与死等哲学问题,宣传了一切生物皆上帝听造的教义。但诗歌的真正价值并不在故事本身或它所包含的哲理上,而在以造型艺术的精确性和音乐的流动感为读者创造了一幅幅神奇的海洋画面:时而风平浪静,沉寂安宁;时而风暴骤起,一片喧嚣。在写作此诗时,柯尔律治并不熟悉大海,但他能凭借想象,使真实的情形与幻想的景象互相交织,把平凡的细节与诗意的象征融为一体,充分显示了瑰丽奇特的想象能力。在诗艺上,长诗将英国民歌的自由与古典文人诗的谨严冶于一炉,炼就出适合表达浪漫主义情绪的活泼自然的诗体,而长诗的音韵与节奏之美,也表现了诗人能让文字进行歌唱的本领。 [参考文献]: 《英美文学选读》 天津大学出版社出版 《英国文学简史》 河南人民出版社出版 《道德心理学》 中南大学出版社出版 毕业英语论文范文大全篇2 浅谈东西方数字九的 文化 对比分析与翻译 一、前言 "数是人类思维发展到一定阶段,为适应社会生产活动的需要,在符号的帮 助下产生的。"(苏金智,19 91)"数字是语言学中的一个特殊的领域。在科 学的数字世界里,它的功能是计算,秩序严谨,职司分明,是 实数;而在人类 心灵的数字世界中,它的功能是表义,许多数字经过“神化”后成为“玄数”、 “虚数”、“ 天数"。它们有着极其丰富的外延和内涵。"(王秉钦,1998) 由于受东西方文化传统、宗教信仰、语言崇拜、地理环境等方面的影响,数 字的神化存在着东西方的差异 ,但也存在着共性,有着共同的规律。在"数的 灵物崇拜"上各民族都有普通性。东方人有自己心目中的"天 数",而西方人 也有自己心目中的"神数"。神秘数字的演化规律一般经过"神化—泛化—虚 化"的过程。( 王秉钦,1998) 东西方已有不少有关数字科学的专著和论文, 如毕达哥拉斯(phythagoras) 学派的T·丹齐克的《数 科学语言》(商务印书馆,1998),英国人伦拉德·法 拉的《七的探源》;国内也有不少学者就数字写过著作 和论文,并开展过学术探 讨。如,王秉钦教授在其《语言与翻译新论》的中篇第六章就以"数的语义范围 比较 与翻译"为专题;苏金智曾写过《数的灵物崇拜》(载〈语言、社会、文化》 440页, 语文出版社,1991,1) 等。在1998 年南昌大学主办的"中国英汉语 比较研究会第二届年会暨第三次学术研讨会"上,英汉文化对比专 业委员会会 员曾就中南工业大学外语学院吴玲英老师的《中西文学中"以三为法”的文化模 式》展开了激烈的 讨论。本人认为东方人,尤其是中国人,自己心目中的天数 是"九"而不是"三",也并非完全是因为"九" 是"三"的倍数。 二、东西方数字"九"的文化对比分析 在我国,人们之所以把"九"看成是自己心目中的"天数"和最富有神奇色 彩的数字, 是因为"九" 这个数字的象征意义(symbolicmeaning),在我国可 以说历时最久,涉及面也最广。 "九"作为数不同于一 般数字,在中国古代被 认为是一种神秘的数字,它起初是龙形(或蛇形)图腾化之文字,继而演化出"神 圣" 之意,于是中国古代历代帝王为了表示自己神圣的权力为天赐神赋,便竭 力把自己同“九”联系在一起。如天 分九层,极言其高,天证/诞日为正月初 九,天子祭天一年九次。更有趣的是连皇宫建筑都与"九"有关。例 如,北京 城有九门,天安门城楼面阔九问,门上饰有九路钉(即每扇门的门钉纵横各九排)。 汉语词汇中也常 用"九"来形容帝王将相的称谓,如"九五之尊"(imperial throne);称官位仅次于皇帝的王爷为"九千岁 "等。 根据阴阳五行与数的关系,万物之根均为数,宇宙也是数。数始于1而终于 10,五行也是数,按传统的五行 理论来划分,则1、2为木:1为阳木,2为阴 木。以3、4为火:3为阳火,4为阴火。以5、6为土:5为阳土,6为 阴土。 以7、8为金:7为阳金,8为阴金。以9、10为水:9 为阳水,10为阴水。这 就是将"象"、"数"与五行 结合起来推演变化,用以显示事物发展变化的内 在联系。由此看来,"九"是最大的阳数,象征着天。 传说 古 代中国人把天分 为九层,九层天是天的最高处,汉语中有关词汇有"九重霄"(指极高的天空, "九霄云外" ,"九天揽月","九天九地"等。另外,天坛,这个明清两代 祭天的场所,其建筑无处不体现着“九”的象 征意义。 民间传说中还有"九头 鸟"(nine-headed bird: a fabulous bird whose appearance was f ormerlyregarded as a bad omcn)的故事。 中国人以"九"为大数,刘师培在《古书疑义举例补》一书中写道:"凡数 指其极者,皆得称之为'九' ;"《素问》中说:"天地之数,始于一,终于 九。"因此,汉语中有"九九归一"或"九九归原"之说。因 从"九"为数之 极而引出人生之限,故"明九"或"暗九"均为人生之"坎",避讳有“九”之 岁。例如:“ 老太太因明年八十一岁,是个暗九。"(《红楼梦》)。日本人一般 认为"九"是"苦命和痛苦"的象征,因 为"九"与"苦"同音,因此忌讳 "九"。然而,《外语与外语教学》曾报道过国内一位学者曾为考证这一点 ,采 用"全选法"将日本某地电话号码其中的几千个姓和名分别进行统计,结果发现 将"九"作为姓的只占极 少数(约占),而将"九"作为名的却不少(约 占35%)。看来,日本人忌讳"九"也并非绝对。 此外,《词源》中说:"九:虚指多数。""九"作虚数解时,是数的一种 语义模糊现象。《现代汉语词 典》中,"九"的意思有三个:(1)数目,八加一 后所得;(2)从 冬至 起每九天是一个"九",从一"九" 数起,二"九"、三 "九",一直数到九"九"为止。冬练三九,夏练三伏;(3)表示多数或多次: 九泉,三 弯九转等。因此, 汉语中有不少和"九"有关的 成语 。如:"九牛一 毛"、"九死一生"、"九牛二虎之力" 、"九流宾客"等等。 在我国,数字"九"涉及面在所有数字中最广。含有数字"九"的词汇也十 分丰富。如,"九州"是指传 说中的我国上古行政区划,后用作"中国"的代 称。因此,有的全国性的电视节目就取名为“九州方圆”;“ 九族"(the nine degrees of kindred: either thenine generations from one's great-great-gr andfather down toone's great-great-grandson;or four generations of one'spatemal relations, three generations of one's matemalrelations, and two generations of noe's wife's relatio ns),古代有一种残酷的刑法叫"诛灭九族";古代传说 "龙生九子,各有所好"。因此,《红楼梦》第九回 中用"一龙生九种,种种各 别"来比喻贾氏家族族大人多,龙蛇混杂,好坏不一,各种各样的人都有。还有 " 九龙杯"等。此外,在文娱、体育等词汇中,数字"九"也比比皆是。如, 许多歌名都以"九"开头:"九妹 "、"九九艳阳天"、"九百九十九朵玫瑰" 等;乐器中也有"九音锣";在体育活动中,"九柱戏"(nine pins),兵器中 有"九节鞭"[但这与西方文化中的"九尾鞭”(cat-o '-nine- tails: an instrurnent of punishment so calledfrom the nine pieces of leather or cord which compose it)意义不大一样]。 地名中也有一些以"九"开头的,如"九 寨沟"、"九华山"、"九江"和"九龙"等。此外,中国人常把" 九"看成 为吉祥数字之一。在申请电话号码时,人们宁愿多出 钱去买一个尾数为"8"或 "9"的吉祥号码。比 如,湖南有线电视台的"欢乐热线"号码为"16899919"。 在西方,数字"九"也是人们心目中的"神数"之一。对西方人来说, "九"的象征意义是"神性"、 "神圣之至"。 英语权威字典Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary and Webster's ThirdIntema tional Dictionary 中 对"九"所解释的意义比《现代汉语词典》所解释的意义还多,分别有: 1)one more than eight, three threes, the square of three;2) nine units of objects (a tota l of nine) ; 3) a: thenumerable quantity symbolized by the arabic numeral 9; b: thefigure 9 ; 4) nine o'clock——compared Bell table, timeillustration; 5) the ninth size in a set series: as a; aplaying team of nine members, baseball team; b:the firstor last 9 hol es of an 18-hole golf course…。 其中收入与"九"有关词语和成语多达近二十条。常用的有: a nine-day's wonder (an object or event that creates ashort-lived sensation) ____Those political expositions…that make a nine day'snine wonder till something fresh c omes alone——Mary Deasy. nine times out of ten(very often) be dressed up to the nines(elaborately dressed, as for aformal occasion) ____She dressed herself up to the nines and went to theparty. in the nineholes:in the difficult situation nine-men's morris: morris played with nine counters A cat has nine lives: A cat can move so fast and jump sowell that he seems to escape being killed many times. 从以上的解释还可以发现一个规律:数字"九"及其倍数在西方也被广泛运 用于文娱和体育活动中。如, 保龄球(bowling )中的瓶状木柱数(ninepins) 为"九"; 高尔夫球 球场有一十八个洞:跳子棋的棋板上各 方均为九个孔; 古 时英国还有一种九个男人一起跳的舞蹈(morrisdance)等。由此看来,数字"九" 也倍 受西方人的青睐。 总之,在东西方文化中,数字"九"含有以下主要共性: 1)东西方大多数人把数字"九"看成神秘的数字, 其象征意义均有"神 圣"之意。 2)在东西方文化中,数字"九"均可虚指多数。 3)数字"九"被广泛运用于文体项目中。 数字“九”在东西方文化中的个性恐怕主要在于:对中国人来说,其神奇色 彩要比西方人更浓;其象征意 义的历史在东方文化中比西方文化中更悠久;其 涉及面在东方文化中比西方文化中更广泛。 三、数字"九"的翻译问题 罗马西塞罗说过:"翻译不是字当句对,而是保留语言的总风格和力 量。""按分量而不是按数量译词" 。此处所说的数字是指经过神化、泛化、 虚化了的"虚数","实数"的翻译不在此例。根据这一理论,结合 东西方文 化的共性与个性,可采用如下的翻译方法,并遵循以下的翻译原则。 可采取的翻译方法主要有: (一)保留原数字 . We thought our cat would be killed when he fell fromthe roof of the house. He was not, he used up one of his ninelives. 我们以为我们的猫从屋顶掉下来会死了,它并没死,只失掉九条命中的一条。 这样翻译过来,人们很容易接受,因为人们已熟悉"猫有九命"这个成语, 并能够促进东西方文化的融合 。 (二)转换成各民族喜爱的数字 out of ten——十之八九 nine days' wonder———可翻译为"昙花一现", 这样翻译可以加深对奈 达的"对等"和纽马克的"转 换"翻译理论的理解。 (三)增舍数字 比如,"九死一生"可翻译成"a narrow escape from death;survival after many hazards";又如 ,"九九归一,还是他说的话对。"可翻译成"All things considered,what he says is right."其译文均 舍弃了数字,转译其 形象意义。 应遵循的原则主要有: (一)民族性原则 比如,汉语中的"费了九牛二虎之力",《汉英词典》(外研社,1996)的译 文有三个:"strain onese lf to the limit; use everyounce of one's strength; make herculean efforts"。笔者认为第二种译文 "use every ounce of one's strength "更符合"民族性原则”,成功地将东方文化中该成语的比喻意义转 化成了西方文化语言中的形象意义。 (二)习语性原则 比如:"匡超人此时恍若亲见瑶宫仙子,月下嫦娥,那魂灵都飘到九霄云外 去了。"(《儒林外史》), 其译文为"Kuang felt that he was gazing at a goddess and his spirit had flown to heaven."这种译 文因遵循了"习语性原则", 充分地体现了人类交际行为的一个最根本原则——语言——符号的经济原则。 (三)形象性原则 数字用于模糊意义时,一般都失去了其数量意义而具有形象意义。翻译时, 必须越出其理性意义而捕捉其 与 其它 的词结合后所产生的形象意义。 比如:"飞流直下三千尽,疑是银河落九天(李白)。"此句诗中的"九天" 的形象意义为"极高的天空 ",因此,可翻译成"Down itcascades a sheer three thousand feet—As if the Silver River [. the Milky. Way]were falling from heaven!"猜你喜欢: 1. 毕业英语论文范文 2. 英美文学毕业论文优秀范文 3. 商务英语专业毕业论文范文 4. 大学英语毕业论文范文 5. 英语专业论文范文 6. 本科英语专业论文范文

随着全球经济一体化趋势日益加快,国际商务活动日益频繁。这些商务活动的许多领域,如技术引进、对外贸易、招商引资等,所使用的英语统称为 商务英语 。下面是我带来的关于商务英语 毕业 论文摘要的内容,欢迎阅读参考!商务英语毕业论文摘要(一) 商务英语特点浅析 [摘 要]商务英语是外贸人员同世界各地开展进出口贸易时用于洽谈交易、联系业务的一种应用语言。由于英汉两种截然不同语言的差异及其特定的社会功能和题材内容决定了商务英语自身与众不同的写作特点。本文拟从跨 文化 交际学的角度对商务英语的特点作一番探析,从而事倍功半地达到成功交际的目的。 [关键词]商务英语 跨文化交际 合作原则 礼貌原则 关联原则 商务英语毕业论文摘要(二) 商务英语翻译浅析 [摘要]商务英语翻译在国际贸易中起着越来越重要的作用。本文从商务英语的内涵、特点、翻译策略等方面,对商务英语的翻译进行了浅要的分析。 [关键词]商务英语翻译策略 商务英语毕业论文摘要(三) 浅谈英语商务 谈判技巧 [摘要] 随着经济全球化的发展。中国的国际贸易也越来越发达。要想和外国人做好每一笔生意,你必须了解世界各国的文化。国际贸易中跨国的商务谈判在所难免,所以你也必须懂得把全界各国商人的谈判风格研究从文化的角度来探讨国际商务谈判,分析国际商务谈判过程、世界各国商人的谈判风格,增强中国商人在国际贸易中的竞争力。 [关键词] 语言技巧谈判风格谈判技巧 以下是我带来的关于商务英语的论文,希望能帮到您! 浅谈商务英语教学 摘 要:随着中国在世界经济中的日益活跃,大学中的商务英语需求也随之增多,这是因为商务英语专业培养的是有着扎实的英语基础同时具备外贸专业知识的复合型人才;同时,教师如何讲好这门课也日益受到关注。所以,本文就以商务英语教学为话题进行浅谈,企在与同行有所交流并最终相互促进与提高,使学生和教师双赢。 关键词:大学;商务英语;教学 随着中国在国际经济活动中的日益活跃以及自身发展的迫切需要,商务英语专业也日益成为了大学热门专业之一。商务英语专业培养的是有着扎实的英语基础同时又具备外贸专业知识的复合型人才,因此,对于商务英语的教学既要考虑到英语知识的授予,又要注重英语能力的提高。如同一般英语一样,阅读也是商务英语语言运用中的一项重要活动,通过阅读既可以让学生掌握相关阅读技巧,从而提高阅读速度和语言能力;同时又可以培养学生接触商务知识和熟悉商务运作流程的实用能力。所以,本文就以商务英语中教学方面进行浅谈,企在与同行有所交流和相互促进与提高。 一般来说,商务英语教学应该涵盖语言学习和商务知识两方面内容,是集语言理论、商务理论及商务实践于一体的综合性教学。所以,教师的教学要结合所用教材,灵活运用 教学 方法 ,并且在教学活动中要注意活跃课堂气氛,让学生在轻松愉悦的氛围里进行知识的学习,最重要的是提高学生实际应用语言并进行交流的能力。对于该课程的教学,笔者根据多年的相关教学 经验 , 总结 出了如下的教学建议: 第一,基本词汇是商务英语的基础,以此为基础,扩充词汇的学习,这是进行相关商务 英语阅读 的基础。可以通过将生词与已知词汇进行相关联系来实现对生词的记忆和掌握,当然,将生词放在阅读 文章 中进行学习也是一个很好的方法,或者将二者联系起来回更好。下面举例说明。 confirm一词在普通英语中作动词时的意思是“确认,证实”,如: ● His guilty expression confirmed my suspicions. (他内疚的表情证实了我的猜疑。) 而在商务英语中,confirm应该译为“保兑信用证”,即指一家银行所开的由另一家银行保证兑付的一种银行信用证。如下句: ● Payment will be made by 100% confirmed, irrevocable Letter of Credit available by sight draft。(付款方式为100% 即期,保兑,不可撤消信用证。) 那么,教师再阅读短文中就可以先将需要讲解的词汇标出,让学生说出在一般英语中的其意义;然后,在进行商务英语中所表示出的意义的讲解;最后,让学生思考并练习这些“商务意义”,注意一定要在句中,然后是整篇文章中进行理解和熟悉。 第二,具备一定商务英语词汇后就要以篇章为单位来进行训练,目的是进一步巩固所学新意(商务英语中该词汇的意义)。此阶段,最好选取一些有实用价值的英语阅读材料,在真实的商务场景中进行语言知识和商务知识的双方面习得。如:阅读文章中摘出的两句话: ● You may get a 5% discount if your order is on a regular basis. ● If a seller extends credit to a time draft, they have made a trade acceptance. The seller can request that the bank finance the transaction by buying the draft. The bank is said to discount the draft. 通过加深巩固练习,学生可以跟深刻地理解discount一词。 下一步,以对话或是篇章进行知识的延伸。如下面关于产品介绍的对话: ● A: These are our new models. B: What are their strong points? A: There's a lot to be said for them. In the first place, they are more durable than any similar ones on the market. B: Why does it take longer to wear out than the others? A: The yarn is carefully selected for quality and woven very tightly in this fabric. B: Can you leave these samples with us? A: How long do you want to keep them? B: About three days. ● A: That's all right 此时,引导学生进行整体把握,即:“为什么在这种语境会这么说?”为下一步中西方差异做铺垫。并且可以考虑在这个阶段的学习后增加一些课堂对话练习的活动,激发学生使用的欲望,增添真实的语境。 第三,在商务英语的教学中一定要注重商务礼节的介绍,并且还要特别之处中西方商务礼节或习惯方面的差异,以免在今后的实际运用中造成跨文化差异而带来的不必要的困扰。如:在中国,对于对方的赞美或是夸奖,为了表现出礼貌,通常受赞美或是夸奖的一方一定会说“哪里哪里”等拒绝性的答复;但是,西方人一般会去高兴地接受,往往是Thank you. / Thank you very much. 等,因为他们认为拒绝是极为不礼貌的。又如,在商务谈判时,中国人喜欢委婉而谦和地表达自己的观点;而西方人一般会开门见山,直奔主题。因此,在平时的教学中必须指出诸如此类的文化差异,一方面解答而来学生对于一些商务英语文章背景的不理解问题,另一方面也提高了学生的学习兴趣和求知的欲望,充满了好奇感和探究感。 总之,在课堂教学中一定要同时兼顾英语的基础知识而后专业知识的储备,以及英语技能和相关商务知识的积累这两方面的内容。但是,这些不是孤立的,而是相互关联和相互渗透的,可以说,一环扣一环,环环相关,某一个方面出现问题,就会影响 其它 方面的学习和提高。因此,我们在日常的教学中应该多角度、多方面进行指导,同时,也要求我们教师也要多学习、多更新自己的知识,这样才能满足学生的需求和自身的提高。 参考文献 [1] 蔡芸。培养复合型人才的有效方式--商务英语专业课程评价[J]。外语与外语教学,2001(4)。 [2] 陈建平。案例教学法与商务英语教学[J]。宁波大学学报( 教育 科学版), 2004(5)。 [3] 刘江凤。论本科院校商务英语专业学生职业技能的培养[J]。考试周刊,2011(5)。 [4] 莫再树,张小勇,张云。基于语言经济学的商务英语教育研究[A].。湖南大学学报(社会科学版),2006(4)。 [5] 叶兴国。新形势下的商务英语教学与研究[C]。上海:上海外语教育出版社。2008年10月。 猜你喜欢: 1. 商务英语专业毕业论文范文 2. 商务英语毕业论文范本 3. 关于商务英语毕业论文范文 4. 商务英语专业论文范文 5. 商务英语相关毕业论文范文

商务英语专业毕业论文开题报告范文

开题报告是指开题者对科研课题的一种文字说明材料。这是一种新的应用写作文体,这种文字体裁是随着现代科学研究活动计划性的增强和科研选题程序化管理的需要而产生的。下面是我帮大家整理的商务英语专业毕业论文开题报告范文,欢迎大家借鉴与参考,希望对大家有所帮助。

题目名称:商务英语谈判中的礼貌策略研究

英文题目:Politeness Principle as a strategy in Business Negotiation

学生姓名:

学号:xxx

学院:xxxx

专业年级:英语专业商务方向xx级

指导教师:xxx

职称:

一、选题的依据:

由于商务活动的需要,在世界高度一体化,国际商务活动日益频繁,中国进入WTO 的国际背景下,需要人们熟练掌握对外商务活动的原则和技巧;而商务谈判是对外商务活动的重要环节,商务谈判实际上是通过语言来进行的经济活动, 其成功与否很大程度上取决于语言的应用。在谈判过程中谈判双方都希望己方利益最大化,因此双方在谈判过程中的语言表达和应用对谈判有着深远影响。得体、合适的语言表达能促进商务谈判的顺利进行。而礼貌原则作为一种语用策略是商务谈判的必要技巧,我们通过运用礼貌策略减少谈判双方的利益摩擦,缓和谈判环境,使双方在快乐的条件下获得共赢和理想的谈判结果。本选题旨在研究礼貌语言策略在商务谈判中的影响及具体应用。其意义如下:

意义:1. 得体的谈吐能树立谈判者良好的文化素养和职业道德形象,是商务谈判中的润滑剂;

2.增加谈判者之间的信任度,提高谈判中的自觉性,增加谈判的成功性,从而实现经济利益;

3. 对商务谈判中礼貌原则的研究有利于对今后礼貌原则文化差异起着促进作用;

4. 对礼貌原则的研究及礼貌语言的学习、应用利于人们生活实际中的交际和商务活动,利于个人生活。

2)综合国内外有关本选题的研究动态和自己的见解

我国学者何自然认为礼貌语言实际上是一种语用策略。大量学者对语用学中的礼貌策略进行了研究。我国学者胡艳芳认为礼貌是人类文明的重要标志,是人类社会活动的一条重要准绳(2009),普遍存在于人类的交际活动中。国内学者徐盛恒也有深入的见解他认为礼貌语言是语言交际可能涉及的各方关系的杠杆(1992),起着调节人际关系的作用。他们的研究都说明了礼貌语言策略在人们生活交际中有着重要的作用。

国外学者对其的研究更为突出。早在20世纪50年代,美国学者戈夫曼(Erving Goffman)就提出了“面子行为理论”,建立了礼貌模式。20世纪60年代,美国语言哲学家Grice(1975)在Austin 和Searle的言语行为基础上提出了会话合作原则,该原则认为人们在所有会话中都应遵循质量,方式和相关的四准则。(1972,1973,1975,1977)在上世纪七十年代提出礼貌三规则。1978年Brown 和Levinson 提出了“面子论”。而英国语言学家利奇(Leech,1983)将语用原则分为“人际修辞”(interpersonal rhetoric)和“篇章修辞(textual rhetoric),提出了礼貌六准则。语用学中礼貌语言策略的历史来源及国内外学者的研究为诸多学者对礼貌策略在商务谈判中作用及应用的研究有着巨大的指导意义。许多学者就Grice的合作原则及相关理论,Leech的礼貌六准则,以及Brown和Levison的“面子论”在商务谈判中的应用进行了相关研究。他们的研究结果表明礼貌原则这一语用策略不仅适用于人们生活中的交流同时在商务谈判中依然适用并发挥着重要作用。

在此基础上,本选题在浅析各位学者对语用范畴中礼貌策略研究的同时,着重研究其具体礼貌语用策略和准则在商务谈判中的影响及应用。深入探讨 Grice的合作原则、Leech的礼貌六准则(得体,慷慨,赞誉,谦逊,一致,同情准则)及 Brown和Levison的“面子论”及他的礼貌策略(积极和消极礼貌策略)在商务谈判中的应用进行深入探讨。从而说明礼貌语言策略在商务谈判中的重要性。

二、研究内容

(1)主要研究内容及观点:

本选题在浅析各位学者对语用范畴中礼貌策略研究的同时,着重研究其具体礼貌语用策略和准则在商务谈判中的影响及应用。深入探讨 Leech的礼貌六准则(得体,慷慨,赞誉,谦逊,一致,同情准则)及 Brown和Levison的“面子论”及他的礼貌策略(积极和消极礼貌策略)在商务谈判中的应用进行深入探讨。

(2)论文内容提纲:

1 商务谈判的简单介绍

商务谈判的定义

商务谈判的基本原则(语言特征)

2 礼貌语言策略的介绍

礼貌的定义

相关的礼貌理论( Grice(1975)会话合作原则; Leech的礼貌六准则; Brown Levison的“面子论”等)

相关礼貌理论下的具体礼貌原则和策略

3一些语用礼貌策略在商务谈判中的应用(重点)

“得体准则”(把Grice的合作原则中的量的准则,质的准则,关系准则纳入为得体准则 说明:此为创新点)

慷慨准则的应用( Leech原理)

逊准则的应用( Leech原理)

Brown Levison积极和消极礼貌策略的应用

4 总结

三、研究方法、技术路线、实验方案及可行性分析

本选题的主要研究方法有文献资料法和经验总结法,以网络技术、人工智能为研究手段,采用对比分析、综合分析等方法和手段,通过对国内外学者在礼貌原则领域的见解和研究成果的对比和解析,总结出礼貌语言策略在商务谈判中的应用的重要性。

四、进程安排和采取的主要措施

资料收集,阅读整理资料,拟定论文研究大致方向

- :

向论文老师申报论文题目;确定研究方向,拟定出论文大纲,积累资料

撰写开题报告及交予老师审核

听取指导老师建议结合实际撰写、修改论文一稿

听取指导老师建议撰写、修改论文二稿

听取指导老师建议撰写、修改论文三稿

撰写论文定稿

上交论文定稿

将论文定稿交予老师审查

—:

做好答辩准备

五、主要参考文献

[1] Brown, P. &Levinson, S., 1978, “Universals in Language Usage. Politeness Phenomena”. In . Goody(ed.), Questions and Politeness: Strateges in Social Interaction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1978, .

[2] Grice, ., 1975, “Logic and Conversation”. In Cole &Morgan(eds.). Syntax and Semantics 3: Speech Acts. New York : Academic Press. 1975, .

[3] Goffman,E., 1967, International Ritual: Essays on Face –to Face Behacior. New York: Doubleday and Company.

[4] Leech .G. Principle of Pragmatics [M]. New York : Longman Inc, 1983.

[5] 胡艳芳(Hu, Yanfang),积极礼貌策略在英语课堂教学中的应用[J]. 重庆工学学院学报(社会科学版)2009(1).

[6] 何自然(He, Zirran).语用与英语学习[M]. 上海外语教育出版社, 1997.

[7] 邱天河(Qiu Tianhe), 语用策略在国际商务谈判中的运用[J]. 外语与外语教学.

[8] 徐盛恒(Xu Sheng hen)礼貌原则新拟[J]. 外语学刊,1992.

[9] 熊学亮(Xiong, Xueliang).礼貌文化参数. 简明语用学教程, : 1165-170.

[10] 杨林聪(Yang Lincong)礼貌原则在商务沟通中的应用[M].长沙.国防科技大学出版社,2002.

六、指导教师意见

指导教师签名:

xx年xx月xx日

课题名称:原则和合作原则在商务英语中的

本课题的研究现状、研究目的及意义

研究现状:随着全球经济一体化进程的加速,商务英语信函在国际贸易发展中发挥着日益重要的作用。商务英语信函引起了越来越多的国内外学者关注和研究,其领域涉及翻译、词汇学、语义学及语用学。国内的,如:吴金凤的《商务英语信函的特点及翻译》;黄雪芳的《商务英语信函的词汇特征分析》;武瑞的《商务英语信函中的'语用策略研究》。国外的,如:Josephine Baker的Correct Business Letter Writing and Business English;Beam Brilliance的New Business English;Leech,S.的Principles of Pragmatics等。

从这些论文著作整理统计来看,国内外学者对商务英语信函的翻译、词汇和语用的理论性研究分析的较多,将具体的礼貌原则和合作原则在商务英语信函中的应用研究分析的较少。本论文选取礼貌原则和合作原则这两大原则并结合具体实例来具体分析研究这两大原则在商务英语信函的应用。

研究目的及意义:

目的:随着世界经济和信息技术快速发展,商务英语信函已经成为对外贸易中不可或缺的重要组成部分。商务英语信函是在商务环境下,利用信函与具有不同文化背景的客户进行国际交流的行为,它是一种行业英语,是开展对外商务活动的基础和重要工具,是最常用也最有效的通讯手段之一。为提高外贸人员对商务英语信函的礼貌原则和合作原则的认识,增强他们写作商务英语信函写作的有效性,本论文对礼貌原则和合作原则在商务英语信函中的应用进行了具体研究。

意义:商务英语信函是建立友谊、吸引客户的手段,信函中灵活运用礼貌原则和合作原则是商务活动顺利开展的内在要求和取得商务交际成功的关键,是建立和睦合作关系的基础,因此,礼貌原则和合作原则在商务英语信函中的应用研究对商务英语信函的写作具有重要的借鉴意义。

课题类型:

(1)A—工程实践型;B—理论研究型;C—科研装置研制型;D—计算机软件型;

E—综合应用型

(2)X—真实课题;Y—模拟课题;

(1)、(2)均要填,如AY、BX等。

本课题的研究内容

中文题目:礼貌原则和合作原则在商务英语信函中的应用研究

摘要

1引言

论文研究的背景

论文研究的意义

2商务英语信函及语用原则简介

商务英语信函的定义

商务英语信函的特点

商务英语信函的语用原则简介

3礼貌原则简介及在商务英语信函中的应用

礼貌原则简介

礼貌原则的定义

礼貌原则的特点

礼貌原则在商务英语信函中的应用

4合作原则简介及在商务英语信函中的应用

合作原则简介

合作原则的定义

合作原则的特点

合作原则在商务英语信函中的应用

5 总结

6 参考文献

本课题研究的实施方案、进度安排

实施方案:

查找有关资料,收集并整理资料,结合自己兴趣和专业与指导老师探讨后确定选题。确定论文题目,根据论文的研究方向和所得资料结合任务书中的要求,写出开题报告。编写提纲根据提纲写出初稿,根据修改后的初稿写出二稿,根据再修改后的二稿写出三稿。调整论文结构,检查错别字,编排标准格式,定稿打印。

进度安排:

20XX年1月5日上交开题报告

20XX年4月9日交初稿

20XX年4至5月论文修改

20XX年5月22日论文定稿

20XX年5月29日答辩

已查阅的主要参考文献

[1] Beam Business English [M].Beijing: Tsinghua University Press,2010

[2] Frank of Positive Politeness Strategies in Business Letters [J].Journal of Pragmatics,2010

[3] Fraster, on Politeness [J].Journal of Pragmatics,2011

[4] and Politeness: strategies in social interaction [M].Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,2009

[5] Jef Pragmatics [M].Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2000

[6] Jiang : Theories and Applications [M].Beijing: Beijing University Press,2000

[7] Jones L,Alexander Business English [M].Oxford: Oxford University Press,2001

[8] Lesikar,Raymond Communication [J].New York: Richard

[9] Analysis of Business Letters of Negotiation [J].English for Specific Purposes,2002

[10] Scheraga, English Writing Skills [J].Illinois NTC Publishing Group,2001

[11]范俊芳.合作原则和礼貌原则在英语商务信函中的研究[D].辽宁大学,2012

[12]高欢.礼貌原则应用于商务英语信函的实证研究[D].重庆大学,2007

[13]胡志雯.语用原则在商务英语应用中的度范畴[J].湖南大学学报,2003

[14]李亮.商务英语应用中的合作原则和礼貌原则体现[J].广西大学学报,2009

[15]刘焕明.格莱斯合作原则在经贸英语合同文本中的应用[D].延边大学,2009

[16]梅庭军.合作原则在商务英语信函写作中的应用[J].考试周刊,2012

[17]吴金凤.商务英语信函的特点及翻译[D].上海外国语大学,2006

[18]王晓英杨靖.商务英语写作教程[M].东南大学出版社,2004

[19]武瑞.商务英语信函中的语用策略探究[D].山西财经大学,2010

[20]赵军.商务英语语用特征研究[D].西华大学,2012

[21]周瑞琪.语用原则在商务英语信函写作中的应用[J].广东外语外贸大学学报,2007

题 目:

On the Characteristics & Translating Skills of English Advertising(英语的特征和翻译)

选题依据及研究意义:

随着经济全球化的进一步加快,国际经济的进一步发展带动了广告业的腾飞,英语广告翻译日益成为翻译学研究的重要组成部分,广告翻译的发展对国际贸易的发展不言而喻。广告是商战中的有力的武器,广告英语是一种专门用途的英语,他与普通英语有着较大的差别,本文结合大量的实例,从广告英语的语法特点、句法特点和修辞特点三方面分析了广告英语的特点,并浅析了其翻译策略。英语广告翻译作为翻译学的一个新的领域,引起了众多的翻译工作者和研究人员的注意,发展仍然不够成熟和完善,这篇论文正是针对这一系列的问题提出了英语广告的特点和英语广告的翻译策略等重要意义的课题。从而为英语广告的翻译提供了有效的途径,为众多的翻译工作人员提供了重要的借鉴,同时也推动广告业及广告翻译事业的长足发展。

选题的研究现状:

对于商务沟通中的策略,曾有两语言学家提出过。

美国语言学家格莱斯于1967年提出的礼貌被称为“合作原则”。此原则中,会话双方需要共同遵守的原则包括数量、关系、质量和方式几个准则。有了“合作原则”,交易双方所说的话就不会逻辑混乱,说话者和听话者能顺畅沟通,以达到成功交际的目的。20世纪80年代,在合作原则的基础上,英国语言学家利奇又提出了著名的“礼貌原则”,其主要内容为:通过减少自身利益,使对方从中获得更大利益的方式获得对方好感,推进合作,使对方从中获得更长远的利益。

总而言之,“合作原则”和“礼貌原则”都是要求商务信函中要坚持礼貌策略,以达到维护交易各方地位均等、关系友好的目的。

拟研究的主要内容:

1.礼貌、礼貌原则和商务英语的表达原则;

2.商务英语信函的写作原则

3.礼貌原则在商务英语写作中的具体应用;

4.商务英语信函语言表达形式中礼貌的表现。

研究的创新点及重、难点:

(1)本研究的创新点:本研究立足于商务贸易间来往,提出了不容忽视的礼貌策略,符合现代商务沟通的基本准则,有利于更好的撰写商务英语信函,促进贸易。

(2)本研究存在的主要问题:参考文献的局限性以及信函中的创新概念,避免千篇一律。

研究的进程安排:

20XX-1-15——20XX-2-15 确定选题,收集资料,撰写开题报告

20XX-2-16——20XX-2-18 撰写初稿

20XX-2-19——20XX-2-20 完成二稿

20XX-2-21——20XX-3-1 定稿

主要参考文献:

[1] 曹顺发,冯波,国际商务英语谈判[M].沈阳:辽宁教育出版社,2001.

[2] 彭林霞,黄莉:商务电子邮件与传统商务信函中礼貌策略的对比分析[J].温州大学学报,2006第19卷第5期:49-56.

[3] 秦晓杰:英文商务信函中的“合作”和“礼貌”[J].西安外国语学院报,2001第9卷第4期:11-14.

[4] 曹菱,商务英语谈判[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2001.

[5] Brown G&Yule,G Discourse Analysis,Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Reserch Press

[6] Bilbow G for

英文版商务英语论文范文

用英语写报告,对于外贸员来说,有没有接触过呢?下面是我给大家整理的商务英语report范文,供大家参阅!

Reports

Resource Planning Manager: Assessment ofSuitability for Home-based Working

Introduction

The purpose of this report is to assess the suitabilityof my position as Resource Planning Manager forhome-based working.

Findings

My working pattern and that of my colleagues variesfrom week to week. During certain periods a large proportion of my time is spent doingfieldwork. This is followed by office-based work collating and recording the data collected. Oncethe results have been recorded, I proofread the colour copies of all reports and maps.

As regards communication with colleagues, department meetings are held once a fortnight. Atall other times, the individual members of the team communicate either face-to-face or byphone, depending on their location. Apart from official meetings, the same results can beachieved whether I am in the office or working elsewhere.

Conclusion

It is clear that I would be able to undertake the same duties while working from home for a largeproportion of my time. Clearly, some days would be spent in the office for face-to-facecommunication with colleagues. It would also be necessary to use the technical facilities ofthe office at times. However, in order to be able to work effectively from home, I would needto be provided with a networked computer and printer.

Recommendations

I would suggest that I should be given the necessary equipment to work partially from homefor a trial period. After this time, further consultation should take place in order to reassessthe situation.

Report on Effective Team Leadership Workshop 关于举办提高团队领导效率研讨班的报告

The aim of this report is to summarise issues arising from the recent Team Leadership Workshop at Ekstrom and recommend appropriate action.

Findings

The workshop began with an assessment of how the Ekstrom team leaders understood their ranged from assigning and checking other people’s work to motivating others to do the disparity clearly showed that the team leaders had different understandings of their roles and that Ekstrom therefore needed to communicate its expectations more explicitly.

In order to do this,Ekstrom identified key tasks and used WorkSet colours to illustrate the precise level of responsibility which could be allocated to task such as communicating with the team,for example,might be approached in a variety of ways:

n\x05I give my staff instructions every morning.(Blue work)

n\x05I let my staff decide on the best approach for themselves.(Yellow work)

n\x05My team and I decide how to do each work.(Orange work)

Having identified the different possible approaches to each key task,the company was able to select which was most appropriate and communicate its expectations in terms of the skills and behavior required.

Conclusions

It is clear that Ekstrom needs to ensure that its team leaders are capable of performing key tasks in a manner(在某种意义上;在某种程度上) compatible with company the appropriate skills can be developed through in-company training,changing behavioural attributes is much more difficult.

Recommendations

We strongly recommend,therefore,that Ekstrom sets up assessment centres where existing team leaders and new applicants can be screened to ensure that they have the appropriate attributes for effective team leadership.

Barrie Watson

Belin Associates,February 2000

Assessment of Suitability for Home-based Working

Introduction

The purpose of this report is to assess the suitability of my position as Resource Planning Manager for home-based working.

Findings

My working pattern and that of my colleagues vary from week to week. During certain periods a large proportion of my time is spent doing fieldwork. This is followed by office-based work collating and recording the data collected. Once the results have been recorded, I proofread the colour copies of all reports and maps.

As regards communication with colleagues, department meetings are held once a fortnight. At all other times, the individual members of the team communicate either face-to-face or by phone, depending on their location. Apart from official meetings, the same results can be achieved whether I am in the office or working elsewhere.

Conclusion

It is clear that I would be able to undertake the same duties while working from home for a large proportion of my time. Clearly, some days would be spent in the office for face-to-face communication with colleagues. It would also be necessary to use the technical facilities of the office at times. However, in order to be able to work effectively from home, I would need to be provided with a networked computer and printer.

Recommendations

I would suggest that I should be given the necessary equipment to work partially from home for a trial period. After this time, further consultation should take place in order to reassess the situation.

Notes:

home-based working: working at home,在家办公

a large proportion of my time: 我的大部分时间

undertake my duties: 履行我的(工作)职责

Report on the use of company aircraft by department directors

Introduction

The purpose of this report is to discribe how the company jet is used by senior staff(departmental directors and above) of Florentino international.

Number of flights per year

The number of flights per year has increased from 56 last year to 63 this number is expected to increase by nearly 30% to 80 next year.

Reasons for flights

The main reason which was given for using the jet last year was customer meetings(56%).However,this has decreased to 40% this contrast,company meetings,which constituted 35% of reasons for flights last year,rose to 45% this is predicted that customer meetings will be the main reason for flights next year(60%),while company meetings are expected to decrease to just 30%.Other reasons for using the jet have remained almost the same over the three years at between 10% and 20%.

Conclusion

Use of the company aircraft is becoming increasingly popular,and customer meetings are the main reason for using it.

商务英语高级写作

商务英语是以适应职场生活的语言要求为目的,内容涉及到商务活动的'方方面面。下面是我整理的商务英语写作范文,希望能帮到大家!

Sample answer: (235words)

Reassessment of job satisfaction: SuePearson(PR Dept.)

Introduction

This report sets out to use Workset colours toassess the accuracy of my job description as PRofficer and to suggest a number of changes.

Findings

It is clear that there is a difference between theway the company views the job and the reality as I perceive it. Firstly, a number of areas whichdemand a significant proportion of my time are not mentioned in the official job brief. Thesegment on the pie chart which provides most cause for concern is the pink sector; this relatesto my attendance at a number of meetings which I can contribute little. Another significantarea is the grey segment; this refers to the unscheduled time I spend sorting out computerproblems. I feel these activities are hampering my core work. As can be seen from the piecharts, the time I spend actively working to meet the goals agreed with my line manager is lessthan envisaged.

Conclusions

The above discrepancies clearly indicate that my current job brief is inaccurate.

Recommendations

I would recommend that my official job brief should be updated using the Workset would also be valuable to consider the proportion of non-core colours in the pie chart andto investigate whether work in these areas could be carried out by someone else more suitedto these tasks.

Dear Mr Jacobs

I am writing to apply to the position of SalesAdviser for the North East Region which wasadvertised in Herald International yesterday.

Although I am currently working in the MarketingDepartment of a large multinational, I wouldappreciate to work for a rapidly expanding youngcompany such as yours.

As you can see from my enclosed CV, I obtainedan honours degree in Sales and Marketing from Nottingham University in 1994. I thoroughlyenjoyed the six months I spent in working in Boots plc as pert of the course. During this time Igained invaluable insights into the nature of sales. After leaving university I initially spent timeworking for a small local firm before finding my current job and I feel that I am more suited tothe dynamics and varied demands of a smaller firm.

Not only has my experience familiarised me with the challenges faced by the industry todaybut, having been brought up in the north east, I know the region, its problems and itsundoubted potential. As a result, I feel that I would be able to relate to your customers onboth a professional and a personal level.

I am available for interview from 15 September and would be pleased to discuss my CV inmore detail then,

I look forward to hearing from you.

Yours sincerely

A motivation survey

How to improve efficiency

Recently,our company has been focusing on how to improve did a research on trying to put the relevant problems into spotlight.

Firstly, the staffing levels is too heavy to make responsibilities and duties clear to example,there are two sales directors under the chief account of the ambiguity existing in the segregation of duties,these two directors often give contradicted task couldn’t be executed rightly and recommendation is to simplify the personnel ,by cutting off the unnecessary personnel ,adding creativity.

Secondly, the communication between superior and subordinate is sophisticated and manager couldn’t get feedback timely when the workers at the production line encounter advise to set a straight line communication channel.

The last but not the least,as the development of export,setting up a new department focusing on foreign trade is new department could born from the sales department,which could be a good choice for the staff who cut down from sales we also need to recruit a batch of new employees who are gathering English ,contract,and technical ability on himself into it.

In conclusion,it is impossible to improve efficiency simply by simplifying process and need to undergo a big ache all over the company,which means certain people ‘s vested interest. We have to conquer the obstruction if we want to get it.

当英语论文,或其他重要的英文文书的初稿撰写完成后,在提交给相关读者阅读之前,必须要经过润色才比较保险。找北京译顶科技,性价比高,我就是在那边做的。你可以加速去知道了解下

相关百科

热门百科

首页
发表服务