英语教学中的文化冲突 Cultural Differences of Chinese and English Color Words 中英颜色词的文化差异 A Research of Rhetoric in Jane Eyre 关于《简爱》
1、题目:题目应简洁、明确、有概括性,字数不宜超过20个字(不同院校可能要求不同)。本专科毕业论文一般无需单独的题目页,硕博士毕业论文一般需要单独的题目页,展示院校、指导教师、答辩时间等信息。英文部分一般需要使用Times NewRoman字体。2、版权声明:一般而言,硕士与博士研究生毕业论文内均需在正文前附版权声明,独立成页。个别本科毕业论文也有此项。3、摘要:要有高度的概括力,语言精练、明确,中文摘要约100—200字(不同院校可能要求不同)。4、关键词:从论文标题或正文中挑选3~5个(不同院校可能要求不同)最能表达主要内容的词作为关键词。关键词之间需要用分号或逗号分开。5、目录:写出目录,标明页码。正文各一级二级标题(根据实际情况,也可以标注更低级标题)、参考文献、附录、致谢等。6、正文:专科毕业论文正文字数一般应在3000字以上,本科文学学士毕业论文通常要求8000字以上,硕士论文可能要求在3万字以上(不同院校可能要求不同)。
增加能耗,只要有一间房间需要,主机都必须开机;降低舒适度,房间里面的人无法控制主机的开机;传播疾病,参考2003年非典时的报道;浪费水资源,主机一般采用水冷;可靠性低,一旦主机故障,所有房间都不能使用。
暖通空调杂志就可以的
汽车空调维修毕业论文摘要:随着汽车工业的迅猛发展和人民生活水平的日益提高,汽车开始走进千家万户。人们在一贯追求汽车的安全性、可靠性的同时,如今也更加注重对舒适性的要求。因而,空调系统作为现代轿车基本配备,也就成为了必然。近年来,环保和能源问题成为世界关注的焦点,也成为影响汽车业发展的关键因素,各种替代能源动力车的出现,为汽车空调业提出了新的课题与挑战。自本世纪20年代汽车空调诞生以来,伴随汽车空调系统的普及与发展,汽车空调的发展大体上经历了五个阶段:单一取暖阶段、单一冷气阶段、冷暖一体化阶段、自动控制阶段、计算机控制阶段。空调的控制方法也经历了由简单到复杂,再由复杂到简单的过程。作为汽车空调系统的电路控制方面也再不段的更新改进,同时,我国汽车空调的安装随着汽车业的发展以达到100%的普及性,空调已成为现代汽车的一向基本配备。给汽车空调的使用与维修问题带来新的挑战。论文最后以汽车空调故障检修的方法,对汽车空调系统的再深入探讨,以达到对汽车空调系统的了解,并运用在实际工作中。关键词:汽车空调 压缩机 检修(一)汽车空调的过去与未来汽车空调是指对汽车座厢内的空气质量进行调节的装置。不管车外天气状况如何变化,它都能把车内的湿度、温度、流速、洁度保持在驾驶人员感觉舒适的范围内。最原始的汽车空调仅是开窗换气式。最早的汽车空调装置始于1927年,它仅由加热器、通风装置和空气过滤器三者组成,且只能对车室供暖。准确地讲,汽车空调的历史,应该从制冷技术应用在车上开始。20世纪30年代末期美国的几部公共汽车上装上了应用制冷技术的冷气装置。直到20世纪60年代,应用制冷技术的汽车空调才开始逐步地普及起来。以后,人们对汽车空调的兴趣逐年增加,汽车空调技术日趋完善,功能也越来越全面。它的发展大体上可以分为如下几个阶段:单一供暖空调装置阶段 始于1927年,目前在寒冷的北欧,亚洲北部地区,汽车空调仍使用单一供暖系统。单一供冷空调装置阶段 始于1939年,美国帕克汽车公司率先在轿车装上机械制冷降温空调器。目前单一降温的汽车空调仍在热带、亚热带部分地区使用。冷暖型汽车空调阶段 始于1954年,原美国汽车公司,首先在轿车安装于冷暖一体化空调器,这样汽车空调才具备了降温、除湿、通风、过滤、除霜等空气的调节功能。该方式目前仍然大量的使用在低档车上,是目前使用量最大的一种方式。自控汽车空调装置阶段 由于前述的冷暖型汽车空调需依靠人工调节,这既增加上司机的工作量,还使控制不理想。通用汽车公司1964年率先在轿车上应用自控汽车空调。自控空调只需预先设定温度装置,便能自动地在设定的温度范围内运行。装置根据传感器随时检测车外温度,自动地调制装置各部件工作,达到控制车外温度和行驶其他功能的目的。目前,大部分的中高级轿车,高级大客车都装备自控空调电脑控制汽车空调阶段 自1977年美国通用汽车公司、日本五十铃汽车公司,同时将自行研制的电脑控制汽车空调系统装上各自的轿车上后,即预示着汽车空调技术已发展到一个新阶段。电脑控制的汽车空调功能增加,显示数字化,冷、暖、通风调控三位一体化。电脑按照车内外的环境所需,实现了调节的精细化。通过电脑控制实现了空调运行与汽车运行的协调,极大地提高了制冷效果,节约了燃料,从而提高了汽车的整体性能和舒适程度。目前电脑控制的空调都装上豪华型轿车上。(二)汽车空调的特点众所周知汽车空调是以采用发动机的动力为代价来完成调节车厢内空气环境的。了解汽车空调的特点,有利于进行汽车空调的使用和维修。与室内空调相比,汽车空调主要有如下特点:1. 汽车空调安装在行驶的车辆上,承受着剧烈频繁的振动和冲击,因此,各部件应有足够的强度和抗振能力,接头应牢固并防漏。不然将会造成汽车空调制冷系统的泄露,结果破坏了整个空调系统的工作条件,严重的会损坏制冷系统的压缩机等部件。使用中要经常检查系统内制冷剂的多少,据统计,由于制冷剂的泄露而引起的空调故障约占全部故障的80%。2. 汽车空调所需的动力均来自发动机。其中轿车、轻型汽车、中小型客车及工程机械,空调所需的动力和驱动汽车的动力均来自一台发动机。这空调称非独立空调系统。大型客车和豪华型大、中客车,由于所需制冷量和暖气量大,一般采用专用发动机驱动制冷压缩机和设立独立的取暖设备,故称之为独立式空调系统。虽然非独立空调系统会影响汽车的动了性,但它相对于独立空调,在设备成本、运行成本上都较经济。据测试,汽车安装了非独立式空调后,耗油量会增加10%到20%(与车速有关)。发动机输出功率减少10%到12%。3. 汽车空调的特定工作环境要求汽车空调的制冷、制热能力尽可能的大。其原因如下:(1)夏天车内的乘客密度大,产热量大,热负荷高;冬天采暖人体所需的热量亦大。(2)为了减轻自重,汽车隔热层一般很薄,加上汽车门窗多,面积大,所以汽车隔热性差,热损大。(3)汽车的工作环境因在野外,直接受阳光、霜雪、风雨等的影响,环境变化剧烈。要使汽车空调在最短的时间里在车厢内达到舒适的环境,就要求其制冷量特别大。对非独立的空调系统来说,由于发动机工况频繁变化,所以制冷系统的制冷机变化大。比如发动机在高速和怠速运行时,转速相差10倍。这必然导致压缩机输送的制冷剂量变化极大。制冷剂流量变化大,轻者引起制冷效果不佳,重者引起压力过高,压缩机出现敲击现象,发生事故。因此,汽车空调制冷系统较室内复杂得多。(4)由于汽车本身的特点,要求汽车空调结构紧凑,质轻、量小,能在所有限的空间进行安装。目前空调的总比重比60年代下降了50%,而制冷能力却提高了50%。(5)汽车空调的供暖方式与室内空调完全不同。对于非独立式汽车空调,一般利用发动机的冷却水或废气余热,而室内空调则是利用一个电磁阀,改变制冷剂量,机组很快起动并转入稳定状况。(三)汽车空调的性能评价指标1.温度指标温度指标是指最重要的一个环节。人感到最舒服的温度是200C到280C,超过280C,人就会觉得燥热。超过400C,即为有害温度,会对人体健康造成损害。低于140C人就会觉得冷。当温度下降到00C时,会造成冻伤。因此,空调应用控制车内温度夏天在250C,冬天在180C,以保证驾驶员正常操作,防止发生事故,保证乘员在舒适的状况下旅行。2.湿度指标湿度的指标用相对湿度来表示。因为人觉得最舒适的相对湿度在50%--70%,所以汽车空调的湿度参数要控制在此范围内。3.空气的清新度由于空间小,乘员密度大,在密闭的空间内极易产生缺氧和二氧化碳浓度过高。汽车发动机废气中的一氧化碳和道路上的粉尖,野外有毒的花粉都容易进入车厢内,造成车内空气浑浊,影响驾驶人员身体健康。这样汽车空调必须具有对车内空气过滤的功能,以保证车内空气清新度。4.除霜功能由于有时汽车内外温度相差很大,会在玻璃上出现雾式霜,影响司机的视线,所以汽车空调必须有除霜功能。5.操作简单、容易、稳定。汽车空调必须作到不增加驾驶员的劳动强度,不影响驾驶员的视线的正常驾驶。第二章汽车空调的组成与原理(一)汽车空调的工作原理压缩机运转时,将蒸发器内产生的低温低压制冷剂蒸气吸入并压缩后,在高温高压(约700C,1471KPa)的状况下排出。这些气态蒸气流入冷凝器,并在此受到散热和冷却风扇的作用强制冷却到500C 左右。这时,制冷剂由气态变为液态。被液化了的制冷剂,进入干燥器,除去了水和杂质后,流入膨胀阀。高压的液态制冷剂从膨胀阀的小空流出,变为低压雾状后流入蒸发器。雾状制冷剂在蒸发器内吸热汽化变为气态制冷剂,从而使蒸发器表面温度下降。从送风机出来的空气,不断流过蒸发器表面,被冷却后送进车厢内降温。气态制冷剂通过蒸发器后又重新被压缩机吸入,这样反复循环即可达到制冷目的。(二)汽车空调主要功能包括以下4大部分: 制冷、制热、通风、除湿制冷系统原理:汽车空调的压缩机依靠汽车发动机的动力提供,汽车在怠速状态下打开空调制冷怠速会明显增大,油耗也会相应的增加,油耗增加的大小与环境温度有最直接的关系,环境温度高制冷剂膨胀的压力大,发动机驱动空调的消耗也相应加大,环境温度低油耗相应减少。制热系统原理:汽车空调制热与压缩机没有丝毫关系,制热的热源不是空调本身获取的,是由汽车的散热水箱(中控台下面的暖风机总成内的副水箱)提供,早晨在热车前空调吹出来的是冷风,待热车后空调热风源源不断的送出来,制热本身基本没有能量消耗,是利用汽车的余热完成的.但在冬季,为了提升水温,加大喷油量,也使耗油量增加。但是只是在启动初期,等发动机运转正常,就是利用发动机的散热来供暖了。(而有的柴油车由于水温上升慢,为了一发动车就能享受到暖风,所以在暖风机里面加有电热丝)。通风:通风分为内循环和外循环, 使用内循环时车内空气基本不与外界交流,使用外循环时位于挡风玻璃下的新风口会将外界的空气源源不断的送进来,以保持车内空气的清新.除湿:空调制冷的过程就是除湿的过程,从制冷时产生的大量冷凝水就可以看出来了,在湿度较大的阴雨天气或是温差太大的时候车内的玻璃上容易起雾,打开空调驱雾就是一个除湿的过程。(三)汽车空调的组成 汽车空调一般主要由压缩机、电控离合器、冷凝器、蒸发器、膨胀阀、贮液干燥器、管道、冷凝风扇等组成。汽车空调分高压管路和低压管路。1.电磁离合器 在非独立式汽车空调制冷系统中,压缩机是由汽车主发动机驱动的。在需要时接通或切断发动机与压缩机之间的动力传递。另外,当压缩机过载时,它还能起到一定的保护作用。因此,通过控制电磁离合器的结合与分离,就可接通与断开压缩机。 当空调开关接通时,电流通过电磁离合器的电磁线圈,电磁线圈产生电磁吸力,使压缩机的压力板与皮带轮结合,将发动机的扭矩传递给压缩机主轴,使压缩机主轴旋转。当断开空调开关时,电磁线圈的吸力消失。在弹簧作用下,压力板和皮带轮脱离,压缩机便停止工作。2.压缩机作用是使制冷剂完成从气态到液态的转变过程,达到制冷剂散热凝露的目的。同时在整个空调系统,压缩机还是管路内介质运转的压力源,没有它,系统不仅不制冷而且还失去了运行的动力。 (1)用于汽车制冷系统的压缩机按运动型式可分为:往复活塞式 曲轴连杆式径向活塞式轴向活塞式 翘板式斜板式旋转式 旋叶式 圆形汽缸椭圆形汽缸转子式 滚动活塞式三角转子式螺杆式涡旋式1)曲轴连杆式压缩机 图(1)曲轴连杆式压缩机曲轴连杆式压缩机如图(1)它是一种应用较为广泛的制冷压缩机。压缩机的活塞在汽缸内不断地运动,改变了汽缸的容积,从而在制冷系统中起到了压缩和输送制冷剂的作用。压缩机的工作,可分为压缩、排气、膨胀、吸气等四个过程 2) 斜板式压缩机图(2)斜板式压缩机斜板式压缩机如图(2)它的润滑方式有两种,一种是采用强制润滑,用由主轴驱动的油泵供油到各润滑部位及轴封处。主要用于豪华型轿车或小型客车较大制冷量的压缩机。另一种是采用飞溅润滑,我国上海内燃机油泵厂生产的斜板式压缩机即是采用飞溅润滑。斜板式压缩机结构紧凑,效率高,性能可靠,因而适用于汽车空调。3)旋叶式压缩机图(3)旋叶式压缩机旋转叶片式压缩机如图(3)由于旋转叶片式压缩机的体积和重量可以做到很小 ,易于在狭小的发动机舱内进行布置 ,加之噪声和振动小以及容积效率高等优点 ,在汽车空调系统中也得到了一定的应用 。但是旋转叶片式压缩机对加工精度要求很高 ,制造成本较高 。4)滚动活塞式压缩机滚动活塞式压缩机具有质量小、体积小、零部件少、效率高、可靠性好以及适宜于大批量生产等优点。3.冷凝器 汽车空调制冷系统中的冷凝器是一种由管子与散热片组合起来的热交换器。其作用是:将压缩机排出的高温、高压制冷剂蒸气进行冷却,使其凝结为高压制冷剂液体。 汽车空调系统冷凝器均采用风冷式结构,其冷凝原理是:让外界空气强制通过冷凝器的散热片,将高温的制冷剂蒸气的热量带走,使之成为液态制冷剂。制冷剂蒸气所放出的热量,被周围空气带走,排到大气中。汽车空调系统冷凝器的结构形式主要有管片式、管带式和鳝片式三种。(1) 管带式它是由多孔扁管与S形散热带焊接而成,如图 12所示。管带式冷凝器的散热效果比管片式冷凝器好一些(一般可高10%左右〉,但工艺复杂,焊接难度大,且材料要求高。一般用在小型汽车的制冷装置上。(2) 鳝片式它是在扁平的多通管道表面直接锐出鳝片状散热片,然后装配成冷凝器,如图 13所示。由于散热鳝片与管子为一个整体,因而不存在接触热阻,故散热性能好;另外,管、片之间无需复杂的焊接工艺,加工性好,节省材料,而且抗振性也特别好。所以,是目前较先进的汽车空调冷凝器。4.蒸发器 也是一种热交换器,也称冷却器,是制冷循环中获得冷气的直接器件。其作用是将来自热力膨胀阀的低温、低压液态制冷剂在其管道中蒸发,使蒸发器和周围空气的温度降低。同时对空气起减湿作用。5.膨胀阀膨胀阀也称节流阀,是组成汽车空调制冷系统的主要部件,安装在蒸发器入口处,是汽车空调制冷系统的高压与低压的分界点。其功用是:把来自贮液干燥器的高压液态制冷剂节流减压,调节和控制进入蒸发器中的液态制冷剂量,使之适应制冷负荷的变化,同时可防止压缩机发生液击现象(即未蒸发的液态制冷剂进入压缩机后被压缩,极易引起压缩机阀片的损坏)和蒸发器出口蒸气异常过热。 6.贮液干燥器贮液干燥器简称贮液器。安装在冷凝器和膨胀阀之间,如图 20所示,其作用是临时贮存从冷凝器流出的液态制冷剂,以便制冷负荷变动和系统中有微漏时,能及时补充和调整供给热力膨胀阀的液态制冷剂量,以保证制冷剂流动的连续和稳定性。同时,可防止过多的液态制冷剂贮存在冷凝器里,使冷凝器的传热面积减少而使散热效率降低。而且,还可滤除制冷剂中的杂质,吸收制冷剂中的水分,以防止制冷系统管路脏堵和冰塞,保护设备部件不受侵蚀,从而保证制冷系统的正常工作。贮液器出口端旁边装有一只安全熔塞,也称易熔螺塞,它是制冷系统的一种安全保护装置。其中心有一轴向通孔,孔内装填有焊锡之类的易熔材料,这些易熔材料的熔点一般为85℃-95℃。7.孔管孔管是固定孔口节流装置。两端都装有滤网,以防止系统堵塞。和膨胀阀一样,孔管也装在系统高压侧,但是取消了贮液干燥器,因为孔管直接连通冷凝器出口和蒸发器进口。孔管不能改变制冷剂流量,液态制冷剂有可能流出蒸发器出口。因此,装有孔管的系统,必须同时在蒸发器出口和压缩机进口之间,安装一个积累器,实行气液分离,以防液击压缩机。 孔管是一根细钢管,它装在一根塑料套管内。在塑料套管外环形槽内,装有密封圈。有的还有两个外环形槽,每槽各装一个密封圈。把塑料套管连同孔管都插入蒸发器进口管中,密封圈就是密封塑料套管外径和蒸发器进口管内径间的配合间隙用的。安装使用后,系统内的污染物集聚在密封圈后面,使堵塞情况更加恶化。就是这种系统内的污染物,堵塞了孔管及其滤网。这种孔管不能修,如需维护,只能清理滤网。坏了只有更换,孔管内孔的积垢,也不能清理。 8.积累器 用孔管代替膨胀阀时,汽车空调制冷系统要在低压侧安装积累器。积累器是一种特殊形式的贮液干燥器,用于回气管路中的气液分离,滤网设计有特殊要求,只许润滑油从中通过,而不允许液态制冷剂从中通过。使用孔管的汽车空调制冷系统,总是存在一种可能性:制冷剂离开蒸发器时,还是液体。为了防止液态制冷剂损坏压缩机,必须在蒸发器出口和压缩机进口之间设置积累器,以防止液态制冷剂通过。液态制冷剂在积累器中蒸发,然后以气态形式进入压缩机。9.风机 汽车空调制冷系统采用的风机,大部分是靠电机带动的气体输送机械,它对空气进行较小的增压,以便将冷空气送到所需要的车室内,或将冷凝器四周的热空气吹到车外,因而风机在空调制冷系统中是十分重要的设备。 风机按其气体流向与风机主轴的相互关系,可分为离心式风机和轴流式风机两种。10.电磁旁通阀电磁旁通阀多用于大、中型客车的独立式空调制冷系统,其作用是控制蒸发器的蒸发压力和蒸发温度,防止蒸发器因温度过低而结霜。电磁旁通阀一般安装在贮液干燥器与压缩机吸入阀之间。11.主轴油封 主轴油封损坏,会引起雪种和润滑油泄漏。一般可以从有关的油迹来确定泄漏的地方。也可将压缩机拆下,浸入水中,以进出、口不没入水中为度。将排气口堵住,再从进气口加气压。从有关冒气泡的地方很容易确诊是不是主轴油封泄漏。 (四)汽车空调系统分类(按动力源分) 1.独立式空调:有专门的动力源(如第二台内燃机)驱动整个空调系统的运行。一般用于长途货运、高地板大中巴等车上。独立式空调由于需要两台发动机,燃油消耗高,同时造成较高的成本,并且其维修及维护十分困难,需要十分熟练的发动机维修人员,而且发动机配件不易获得,尤其是进口发动机;另外设计和安装更容易导致系统质量问题的发生,而额外的驱动发动机更增加了发生故障的概率。 2.非独立式空调:直接利用汽车的行驶动力(发动机)来运转的空调系统。非独立式空调由主发动机带动压缩机运转,并由电磁离合器进行控制。接通电源时,离合器断开,压缩机停机,从而调节冷气的供给,达到控制车厢内温度的目的。其优点是结构简单、便于安装布置、噪音小。由于需要消耗主发动机10%-15%的动力,直接影响汽车的加速性能和爬坡能力。同时其制冷量受汽车行驶速度影响,如果汽车停止运行,其空调系统也停止运行。尽管如此,非独立式空调由于其较低的成本(相对独立式空调),已逐渐成为市场的主导产品。目前,绝大部分轿车、面包车、小巴都使用这种空调。 (五)汽车自动空调系统汽车自动空调系统指的是根据设置在车内外的各种温度传感器的输出信号,由ECU中的微机进行平衡温度的演算,对进气转换风扇、送气转换风门、混合风门、水阀、加热继电器、压缩机和鼓风机等进行自动控制,按照乘客的要求,使车厢内的温度和温度等小气候保持在使人体感觉最舒适的状态。自动空调控制系统的传感器一般有车厢内温度传感器、车厢外温度传感器、蒸发器温度传感器、太阳能传感器、水温传感器等。其中水温传感器位于发动机出水口,它将冷却水温度反馈至ECU,当水温过高时ECU能够断开压缩机离合器而保护发动机,同时也使ECU依据水温控制冷却水通往加热芯的阀门。各个传感器将温度信息反馈到ECU,ECU通过“混合风档”的冷暖风比例而控制空气流的温度,例如当温度过低时ECU指令冷气流经加热芯升温,当温度过高时则增大冷气,当车厢内温度达到预定值时,ECU会发出指令停止“混合风档”伺服电动机运转。同时,ECU还通过“方式风档”伺服电动机控制气流流向,确定出风口的吹风角度。第三章汽车空调的检修一、汽车空调检修的基本工具1.修理空调器的常用工具(1)活板手(2)开口扳手(3)套筒扳手(4)内六角扳手(5)钢丝钳(6)尖嘴钳(7)十字螺丝刀(8)一字螺丝刀(9)锉刀:圆(10)手弓钢锯(11)手枪钻(12)钻头(13)冲击钻(14)刀子(15)剪刀(16)锤子:铁锤、木锤、橡皮锤各1把 (17)卡钳(18)小镜子(19)钢卷尺(20)酒精灯(21)温度计(22)电烙铁(23)万用表(24)低压测电笔2.维修用大设备 (1)真空泵:一般选用排气量为2L/s,真空度达到5×10-4mmHg的真空泵;(2)气焊设备:氧气瓶、乙炔瓶、减压阀、乙炔单向阀及配套输气管及焊具共1套; (3)电焊设备:电焊机、输入和输出电缆线、焊把及、焊条共1套;(4)制冷器钢瓶:用来存放制冷剂,一般选用3kg~40kg不等,按实定; (5)定量加液器:可以准确地比空调器充注制冷剂 1套; (6)台秤:以确保小钢瓶的充灌制冷剂不超过额定量,避免意外发生 1台; (7)氮气瓶:存放氮气,可对空调器进行试压、检漏,以及对制冷系统进行冲洗 1套及配套;(8)卤素检漏灯或电子卤素检漏仪:对制冷系统进行检漏 1套;(9)兆欧表:测导线绝缘程度 500V直流的1套; (10)数字温度表:1套 测量空调器的进、出风温度; (11)功率表:测量空调器的输入功率1套;(12)可移动配电盘:供维修接临时电源用;3.维修专用工具(1)胀管器和扩口器:1套 (2)割管刀:切割铜管 1套 (3)弯管器:滚轮式弯管器和弹簧管式弯管器各1套 (4)修理阀:三通修理阀或复式修理阀1套(常用) (5)封口钳:将压缩机充气管封死,然后才可以焊封充气管 1套 (6)力矩扳手:空调配管之间的连接螺母一定要用相应的力矩扳手来坚固 (7)电动空心钻:用以打墙孔(小孔径可用冲击钻)、钻头选用70mm、80mm两种规格二、汽车空调制冷系统检修的基本操作1.制冷系统工作压力的检测 (1)将歧管压力计正确连接到制冷系统相应的检修阀上,如果手动阀,应使阀处于中位。 (2)关闭歧管压力计上的两个手动阀。 (3)用手拧紧歧管压力计上的高低压注入软管的联接螺母,让系统内侧的制冷剂将高低压注入软管内的空气排出,然后再将联接螺母拧紧。 (4)起动发动机并使发动机转速保持在1000~1500r/min,然后打开空调A/C开关和鼓风机开关,设置到空调最大制冷状态,鼓风机高速运转,温度调节在最冷。(5)关闭车门、车窗和舱盖,发动机预热。(6)把温度计插进中间出风口并观察空气温度,在外界温度为270C时,运行5min后出风口温度应接近70C.(7)观察高低压侧压力,压缩机的吸气压力应为207pa~24kpa,排气压力应为1103~1633kpa 。应注意,外界高温高湿将造成高温高压的条件。如果离合器工作,在离合器分离之前记录下数值。2.从制冷系统内放出制冷剂具体方法如下(1)关闭歧管压力计上的手动高低压阀,并将其高低压软管分别接在压缩机高低压检修阀上,将中间软管的自由端放在干净的软布上。(2)慢慢打开手动高压阀,让制冷剂从中间软布上排出,阀门不能开的太大,否则压缩机内的冷冻油会随制冷剂流出。(3)当压力表读数降到以下时,再慢慢打开手动低压阀,使制冷剂从高低两侧流出。(4)观察压力表读数,随着压力的下降,逐渐打开手动高低压阀,直至低压表读数到零为止。3.制冷剂充注程序 抽真空作业从高压侧充注200g液态制冷剂 第四章 总结随着我国汽车工业的高速发展,作为汽车技术现代化标志之一的汽车空调技术在我国蓬勃发展。汽车空调大大改善了乘坐环境,提高了成员的舒适性。近年来,各种完善的多功能型空调装置的应用,受到用户的普遍欢迎。但对于汽车空调维修人员来说将面临新的挑战!本论文对汽车空调的原理、结构以及必备的工具等知识做了一般性的介绍。重点对修理、维护做了详尽的介绍。这样做的原因,主要是考虑本论文所面对是汽车空调维修人员,并由此希望能帮助学习动手解决一般汽车空调故障的技能。第五章 参考文献【1】冯玉琪《实用空调制冷设备维修大全》电子工业出版社1994【2】张蕾 《汽车空调》机械工业出版社2007【3】夏云铧 齐红《汽车空调应用与维修—从入门到精通》机械工业出版社
我系制冷仔!耶
给你提供一份篇幅21页的,实际内容大约15页。【英语牛人团】
你可以去图书馆购买
你是学建筑环境也设备工程的不
暖通专业的论文,最好是发国家级或者核心期刊了,不过审核也相当严的,
testing of an air-cycle refrigeration system for road transportAbstractThe environmental attractions of air-cycle refrigeration are considerable. Following a thermodynamic design analysis, an air-cycle demonstrator plant was constructed within the restricted physical envelope of an existing Thermo King SL200 trailer refrigeration unit. This unique plant operated satisfactorily, delivering sustainable cooling for refrigerated trailers using a completely natural and safe working fluid. The full load capacity of the air-cycle unit at −20 °C was 7,8 kW, 8% greater than the equivalent vapour-cycle unit, but the fuel consumption of the air-cycle plant was excessively high. However, at part load operation the disparity in fuel consumption dropped from approximately 200% to around 80%. The components used in the air-cycle demonstrator were not optimised and considerable potential exists for efficiency improvements, possibly to the point where the air-cycle system could rival the efficiency of the standard vapour-cycle system at part-load operation, which represents the biggest proportion of operating time for most : Air conditioner; Refrigerated transport; Thermodynamic cycle; Air; Centrifuge compressor; Turbine expander COP, NomenclaturePRCompressor or turbine pressure ratioTAHeat exchanger side A temperature (K)TBHeat exchanger side B temperature (K)TinletInlet temperature (K)ToutletOutlet temperature (K)ηcompCompressor isentropic efficiencyηturbTurbine isentropic efficiencyηheat exchangerHeat exchanger effectiveness1. IntroductionThe current legislative pressure on conventional refrigerants is well known. The reason why vapour-cycle refrigeration is preferred over air-cycle refrigeration is simply that in the great majority of cases vapour-cycle is the most energy efficient option. Consequently, as soon as alternative systems, such as non-HFC refrigerants or air-cycle systems are considered, the issue of increased energy consumption arises over legislation affecting HFC refrigerants and the desire to improve long-term system reliability led to the examination of the feasibility of an air-cycle system for refrigerated transport. With the support of Enterprise Ireland and Thermo King (Ireland), the authors undertook the design and construction of an air-cycle refrigeration demonstrator plant at LYIT and QUB. This was not the first time in recent years that air-cycle systems had been employed in transport. NormalAir Garrett developed and commercialised an air-cycle air conditioning pack that was fitted to high speed trains in Germany in the 90s. As part of an European funded programme, a range of applications for air-cycle refrigeration were investigated and several demonstrator plants were constructed. However, the authors are unaware of any other case where a self-contained air-cycle unit has been developed for the challenging application of trailer King decided that the demonstrator should be a trailer refrigeration unit, since those were the units with the largest refrigeration capacity but presented the greatest challenges with regard to physical packaging. Consequently, the main objective was to demonstrate that an air-cycle system could fit within the existing physical envelop and develop an equivalent level of cooling power to the existing vapour-cycle unit, but using only air as the working fluid. The salient performance specifications for the existing Thermo King SL200 vapour-cycle trailer refrigeration unit are listed .It was not the objective of the exercise to complete the design and development of a new refrigeration product that would be ready for manufacture. To limit the level of resources necessary, existing hardware was to be used where possible with the recognition that the efficiencies achieved would not be optimal. In practical terms, this meant using the chassis and panels for an existing SL200 unit along with the standard diesel engine and circulation fans. The turbomachinery used for compression and expansion was adapted from commercial . Thermodynamic modelling and design of the demonstrator plantThe thermodynamics of the air-cycle (or the reverse ‘Joule cycle’) are adequately presented in most thermodynamic textbooks and will not be repeated here. For anything other than the smallest flow rates, the most efficient machines available for the necessary compression and expansion processes are turbomachines. Considerations for the selection of turbomachinery for air-cycle refrigeration systems have been presented and discussed by Spence et al. [3]. a typical configuration of an air-cycle system, which is sometimes called the ‘boot-strap’ configuration. For mechanical convenience the compression process is divided into two stages, meaning that the turbine is not constrained to operate at the same speed as the primary compressor. Instead, the work recovered by the turbine during expansion is utilised in the secondary compressor. The two-stage compression also permits intercooling, which enhances the overall efficiency of the compression process. An ‘open system’ where the cold air is ejected directly into the cold space, removing the need for a heat exchanger in the cold space. In the interests of efficiency, the return air from the cold space is used to pre-cool the compressed air entering the turbine by means of a heat exchanger known as the ‘regenerator’ or the ‘recuperato ’. To support the design of the air-cycle demonstrator plant, and the selection of suitable components, a simple thermodynamic model of the air-cycle configuration shown in was developed. The compression and expansion processes were modelled using appropriate values of isentropic efficiency, as defined in heat exchange processes were modelled using values of heat exchanger effectiveness as defined in The model also made allowance for heat exchanger pressure drop. The system COP was determined from the ratio of the cooling power delivered to the power input to the primary compressor, as defined in illustrate air-cycle performance characteristics as determined from the thermodynamic model:illustrates the variation in air-cycle COP and expander outlet temperature over a range of cycle pressure ratios for a plant operating between −20 °C and +30 °C. The cycle pressure ratio is defined as the ratio of the maximum cycle pressure at secondary compressor outlet to the pressure at turbine outlet. For the ideal air-cycle, with no losses, the cycle COP increases with decreasing cycle pressure ratio and tends to infinity as the pressure ratio approaches unity. However, the introduction of real component efficiencies means that there is a definite peak value of COP that occurs at a certain pressure ratio for a particular cycle. However,illustrates, there is a broad range of pressure ratio and duty over which the system can be operated with only moderate variation of class of turbomachinery suitable for the demonstrator plant required speeds of around 50 000 rev/min. To simplify the mechanical arrangement and avoid the need for a high-speed electric motor, the two-stage compression system shown was adopted. The existing Thermo King SL200 chassis incorporated a substantial system of belts and pulleys to power circulation fans, which severely restricted the useful space available for mounting heat exchangers. A simple thermodynamic model was used to assess the influence of heat exchanger performance on the efficiency of the plant so that the best compromise could be developed show the impact of intercooler and aftercooler effectiveness and pressure loss on the COP of the proposed two-stage system in incorporated an intercooler between the two compression stages. By dispensing with the intercooler and its associated duct work a larger aftercooler could be accommodated with improved effectiveness and reduced pressure loss. Analysis suggested that the improved performance from a larger aftercooler could compensate for the loss of the the impact of the recuperator effectiveness on the COP of the plant, which is clearly more significant than that of the other heat exchangers. As well as boosting cycle efficiency, increased recuperator effectiveness also moves the peak COP to a lower overall system pressure ratio. The impact of pressure loss in the recuperator is the same as for the intercooler and aftercooler shown in. The model did not distinguish between pressure losses in different locations; it was only the sum of the pressure losses that was significant. Any pressure loss in connecting duct work and headers was also lumped together with the heat exchanger pressure loss and analysed as a block pressure specific cooling capacity of the air-cycle increases with system pressure ratio. Consequently, if a higher system pressure ratio was used the required cooling duty could be achieved with a smaller flow rate of air. shows the mass flow rate of air required to deliver 7,5 kW of cooling power for varying system pressure the demonstrator system was to be based on commercially available turbomachinery, it became important to choose a pressure ratio and flow rate that could be accommodated efficiently by some existing compressor and turbine rotors. and were based on efficiencies of 81 and 85% for compression and expansion, respectively. While such efficiencies are attainable with optimised designs, they would not be realised using compromised turbocharger components. For the design of the demonstrator plant efficiencies of 78 and 80% were assumed to be realistically attainable for compression and turbomachinery efficiencies corresponded to higher cycle pressure ratios and flow rates in order to achieve the target cooling duty. The cycle design point was also compromised to help heat exchanger performance. The pressure losses in duct work and heat exchangers increased in proportion with the square of flow velocity. Selecting a higher cycle pressure ratio corresponded to a lower mass flow rate and also increased density at inlet to the aftercooler heat exchanger. The combined effect was a decrease in the mean velocity in the heat exchanger, a decrease in the expected pressure losses in the heat exchanger and duct work, and an increase in the effectiveness of the heat exchanger. Consequently, a system pressure ratio higher than the value corresponding to peak COP was chosen in order to achieve acceptable heat exchanger performance within the available physical space. The below optimum performance of turbomachinery and heat exchanger components, coupled with excessive bearing losses, meant that the predicted COP of the overall system dropped to around 0,41. The system pressure ratio at the design point was 2,14 and the corresponding mass flow rate of air was 0,278 kg/ moving the design point beyond the pressure ratio for peak COP, it was anticipated that the demonstrator plant would yield good part-load performance since the COP would not fall as the pressure ratio was reduced. Also, operating at part-load corresponded to lower flow velocities and anticipated improvements in heat exchanger performance. Part-load operation was achieved by reducing the speed of the primary compressor, resulting in a decrease in both pressure and mass flow rate throughout the . Prime mover and primary compressorThe existing diesel engine was judged adequate to power the demonstrator plant. The standard engine was a four cylinder, water cooled diesel engine fitted with a centrifugal clutch and all necessary ancillaries and was controlled by a microprocessor the thermodynamic model, the pressure ratio for the primary compressor was 1,70. The centrifugal compressor required a shaft speed of around 55 000 rev/min. Other alternatives were evaluated for primary compression with the aim of obtaining a suitable device that operated at a lower speed. Other commercially available devices such as Roots blowers and rotary piston blowers were all excluded on the basis of poor one-off gearbox was designed and manufactured as part of the project to step-up the engine shaft speed to around 55 000 rev/min. The gearbox was a two stage, three shaft unit which mounted directly on the end of the diesel engine and was driven through the existing centrifugal . Cold air unitThe secondary compressor and the expansion turbine were mounted on the same shaft in a free rotating unit. The combination of the secondary compressor and the turbine was designated as the ‘Cold Air Unit’ (CAU). While the CAU was mechanically equivalent to a turbocharger, a standard turbocharger would not satisfy the aerodynamic requirements efficiently since the pressure ratios and inlet densities for both the compressor and the turbine were significantly different from any turbocharger installation. Consequently, both the secondary compressor and the turbine stage were specially chosen and developed to deliver suitable turbochargers use plain oil fed journal bearings, which are low-cost, reliable and provide effective damping of shaft vibrations. However, plain bearings dissipate a substantial amount of shaft power through viscous losses in the oil films. A plain bearing arrangement for the CAU was expected to absorb 2–3 kW of mechanical power, which represented around 25% of the anticipated turbine power. Also, the clearances in plain bearings require larger blade tip clearances for both the compressor and the turbine with a consequential efficiency penalty. Given the pressurised inlet to the secondary compressor, the limited thrust capacity of the plain bearing arrangement was also a concern. A CAU utilising high-speed ball bearings, or air bearings, was identified as a preferable arrangement to plain bearings. Benefits would include greatly reduced bearing power losses, reduced turbomachinery tip clearance losses and increased thrust load capacity. However, adequate resources were not available to design a special one-off high speed ball bearing system. Consequently, a standard turbocharger plain bearing system was secondary compressor stage was a standard turbocharger compressor selected for a pressure ratio of 1,264. Secondary compressor and turbine selection were linked because of the requirement to balance power and match the speed. Since most commercial turbines are sized for high temperature (and consequently low density) air at inlet, a special turbine stage was developed for the application. Cost considerations precluded the manufacture of a custom turbine rotor, so a commercially available rotor was used. The standard turbine rotor blade profile was substantially modified and vaned nozzles for turbine inlet were designed to match the modified rotor, in line with previous turbine investigations at QUB (Spence and Artt,). An exhaust diffuser was also incorporated into the turbine stage in order to improve turbine efficiency and to moderate the exhaust noise levels through reduced air velocity. The exhaust diffuser exited into a specially designed exhaust performance of the turbine stage was measured before the unit was incorporated into the complete demonstrator plant. The peak efficiency of the turbine was established at 81%.5. Heat exchangersDue to packaging constraints, the heat exchangers had to be specially designed with careful consideration being given to heat exchanger position and header geometry in an attempt to achieve the best performance from the heat exchangers. Tube and fin aluminium heat exchangers, similar to those used in automotive intercooler applications, were chosen primarily because they could be produced on a ‘one-off’ basis at a reasonable cost. There were other heat exchanger technologies available that would have yielded better performance from the available volume, but high one-off production costs precluded their use in the demonstrator different tube and fin heat exchangers were tested and used to validate a computational model. Once validated, the model was used to assess a wide range of possible heat exchanger configurations that could fit within the Thermo King SL200 chassis. Fitting the proposed heat exchangers within the existing chassis and around the mechanical drive system for the circulation fans, but while still achieving the necessary heat exchanger performance was very challenging. It was clear that potential heat exchanger performance was being sacrificed through the choice of tube and fin construction and by the constraints of the layout of the existing SL200 chassis. The final selection comprised two separate aftercooler units, while the single recuperator was a large, triple pass unit. Based on laboratory tests and the heat exchanger model, the anticipated effectiveness of both the recuperator and aftercooler units was 80%.6. InstrumentationA range of conventional pressure and temperature instrumentation was installed on the air-cycle demonstrator plant. Air temperature and pressure was logged at inlet and outlet from each heat exchanger, compressor and the turbine. The speed of the primary compressor was determined from the speed measurement on the diesel engine control unit, while the cold air unit was equipped with a magnetic speed counter. No air flow measurement was included on the demonstrator plant. Instead, the air flow rate was deduced from the previously obtained turbine performance map using the measurements of turbine pressure ratio and rotational . System testingDuring some preliminary tests a heat load was applied and the functionality of the demonstrator plant was established. Having assessed that it was capable of delivering approximately the required performance, the plant was transported to a Thermo King calorimeter test facility specifically for measuring the performance of transport refrigeration units. The calorimeter was ideally suited for accurately measuring the refrigeration capacity of the air-cycle demonstrator plant. The calorimeter was operated according to standard ARI 1100-2001; the absolute accuracy was better than 200W and all auxiliary instrumentation was calibrated against appropriate performance capacity of transport refrigeration units is generally rated at two operating conditions; 0 and −20 °C, and both at an ambient temperature of +30 °C. Along with the specified operating conditions of 0 and −20 °C, a further part-load condition at −20 °C was assessed. Considering that the air-cycle plant was only intended to demonstrate a concept and that there were concerns about the reliability of the gearbox and the cold air unit thrust bearing, it was decided to operate the plant only as long as was necessary to obtain stabilised measurements at each operating point. The demonstrator plant operated satisfactorily, allowing sufficient measurements to be obtained at each of the three operating conditions. The recorded performance is summarised .In total, the unit operated for approximately 3 h during the course of the various tests. While the demonstrator plant operated adequately to allow measurements, some smoke from the oil system breather suggested that the thrust bearing of the CAU was heavily overloaded and would fail, as had been anticipated at the design stage. Testing was concluded in case the bearing failed completely causing the destruction of the entire CAU. There was no evidence of any gearbox deterioration during . Discussion of measured performanceFrom the calorimeter performance measurements, the primary objective of the project had been achieved. A unique air-cycle refrigeration system had been developed within the same physical envelope as the existing Thermo King SL200 refrigeration unit, w
暖通空调就很好了
是的。
Vol. 是Volume的缩写,对应中文的意思是“卷“。
在论文参考文献中,NO.或者Iss是Issue的缩写,对应中文的意思是“期”。
而在论文参考文献中,P. 是Page的缩写,对应中文的意思是”页”。
期的形式还可以表示成“No.”
页的形式还可以表示成“PP.”
卷的意思是指本期刊自创刊以来已经多少年了,17卷即表示今年是创刊以来的第17年。
期的意思是指本册期刊是该期刊本年度的第几册,1期即表示本册期刊是该期刊的第1册。
需要注意的是全年连续编页码的刊物可省去(期)。
扩展资料:
当在论文中首次引用一本著作的资料时,注释中须将该书的作者姓名、书名、出版地、出版者、出版年代及资料所在页码顺序注明。
作者姓名按通常顺序排列,后面加逗号。书名用斜体,手稿中可在书名下用横线标出。书名后紧接圆括号,括号内注出版地,加冒号,后接出版者名称,再加逗号,然后注出版年代。
括号后面加逗号,再注出引用资料所在的页码,页码后加句号表示注释完毕。单页页码用“ p.” 表示。多页页码用“ pp.” 表示,意为 pages。
参考资料:百度百科-参考文献
暖通空调就很好了
本科毕业论文参考文献标准格式要求
参考文献是在学术研究过程中,对某一著作或论文的整体的参考或借鉴。下面就是我整理的本科毕业论文参考文献标准格式要求,一起来看一下吧。
一、参考文献的类型
参考文献(即引文出处)的类型以单字母方式标识,具体如下:
M——专著 C——论文集 N——报纸文章
J——期刊文章 D——学位论文 R——报告
对于不属于上述的`文献类型,采用字母“Z”标识。
对于英文参考文献,还应注意以下两点:
①作者姓名采用“姓在前名在后”原则,具体格式是: 姓,名字的首字母. 如: Malcolm Richard Cowley 应为:Cowley, .,如果有两位作者,第一位作者方式不变,&之后第二位作者名字的首字母放在前面,姓放在后面,如:Frank Norris 与Irving Gordon应为:Norris, F. & .;
②书名、报刊名使用斜体字,如:Mastering English Literature,English Weekly。
二、参考文献的格式及举例
1.期刊类
【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名,出版年份,卷号(期号):起止页码.
【举例】
[1] 王海粟.浅议会计信息披露模式[J].财政研究,2004,21(1):56-58.
[2] 夏鲁惠.高等学校毕业论文教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育,2004(1):46-52.
[3] Heider, . The structure of color space in naming and memory of two languages [J]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 1999, (3): 62 – 67.
2.专著类
【格式】[序号]作者.书名[M].出版地:出版社,出版年份:起止页码.
【举例】[4] 葛家澍,林志军.现代西方财务会计理论[M].厦门:厦门大学出版社,2001:42.
[5] Gill, R. Mastering English Literature [M]. London: Macmillan, 1985: 42-45.
3.报纸类
【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[N].报纸名,出版日期(版次).
【举例】
[6] 李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N]. 光明日报,1998-12-27(3).
[7] French, W. Between Silences: A Voice from China[N]. Atlantic Weekly, 1987-8-15(33).
4.论文集
【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[C].出版地:出版者,出版年份:起始页码.
【举例】
[8] 伍蠡甫.西方文论选[C]. 上海:上海译文出版社,1979:12-17.
[9] Spivak,G. “Can the Subaltern Speak?”[A]. In & L. Grossberg(eds.). Victory in Limbo: Imigism [C]. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988, .
[10] Almarza, . Student foreign language teacher’s knowledge growth [A]. In and (eds.). Teacher Learning in Language Teaching [C]. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1996. .
5.学位论文
【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[D].出版地:保存者,出版年份:起始页码.
【举例】
[11] 张筑生.微分半动力系统的不变集[D].北京:北京大学数学系数学研究所, 1983:1-7.
6.研究报告
【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[R].出版地:出版者,出版年份:起始页码.
【举例】
[12] 冯西桥.核反应堆压力管道与压力容器的LBB分析[R].北京:清华大学核能技术设计研究院, 1997:9-10.
7.条例
【格式】[序号]颁布单位.条例名称.发布日期
【举例】[15] 中华人民共和国科学技术委员会.科学技术期刊管理办法[Z].1991—06—05
8.译著
【格式】[序号]原著作者. 书名[M].译者,译.出版地:出版社,出版年份:起止页码.
三、注释
注释是对论文正文中某一特定内容的进一步解释或补充说明。注释前面用圈码①、②、③等标识。
四、参考文献
参考文献与文中注(王小龙,2005)对应。标号在标点符号内。多个都需要标注出来,而不是1-6等等 ,并列写出来。
最后,引用毕业论文属于学位论文,如格式5
5.学位论文
【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[D].出版地:保存者,出版年份:起始页码.
【举例】
[11] 张筑生.微分半动力系统的不变集[D].北京:北京大学数学系数学研究所, 1983:1-7.
本科毕业论文参考文献格式
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[11]刘永炬.渠道[M].北京:中国工人出版社,2003: 25-62
[12]牛海鹏.销售通路管理[M].北京:企业管理出版社,1995:62-85
[13]月马唯星.如何管理好经销商[J].经营与管理,2003: 20-36
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[15]王自勤.工业品分销渠道的冲突与协调[J],商业经济与管理,2000:45-85
[16]赵霓君.营销渠道冲突的博弈分析[J].市场周刊,2004:1-25
[17]庄贵军、周筱莲.权力、冲突与合作[M].北京:企业管理出版社,2006:74-78
[18]黎永生.2003年空调行业市场回顾[J]?成功营销,2004:21-30
[19]董明珠.棋行天下[M].广州:花城出版社,2000: 188-220
[20]傅勇、杨华.国美互下封杀令一新旧渠道的最后博弈[J].经济参考,2004:2: 2-6
[21]彭剑峰.中国企业营销建设团队建设与组织管理[J].销售与市场,2005,4: 4-5
[22]张炜.中国家电企业分销渠道的变革与创新[J].商业经济与管理,2004,4: 5-9
[23]陈涛.国外营销渠道冲突及其管理研究综述[J].外国经济与管理,2008,8:78-85
[25]斯特恩,安瑟理,库格伦.赵平、廖建军、孙燕军译.市场营销渠道[M].第5版.北京:清华大学出版社,2001:199-255
[26]安妮T?科兰.蒋青云、孙民等译.营销渠道[M].第6版.北京:电子工业出版社,2003:25-56
[27]伯特?罗森布罗姆.李乃和、奚俊芳等译.营销渠道管理[M].第6版.北京:机械工业出版社,2003:78-98
08]菲利浦?科特勒.梅汝和、梅清豪、周安柱译.营销管理[M].第10版.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2001:17-19
[29]凯文?莱恩?凯勒.李乃和,李凌,沈维,曹晴译.战略品牌管理[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2003:10-89
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[32]刘志超,宋新华.市场营销渠道的冲突与管理[J].企业经济,2001,5:2-3
[33]戚泽,王颗越.营销渠道扁平化发展动因及其理论阐释[J].商业经济与管理,2006,2:1-5
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我有,你分太少了。
学妹 这个要问度娘
这个很好写,具体的我给你看一些部分吧,你参考参考。你大可按这样的方向去研究和分析。
一、汽车空调的过去与未来
汽车空调是指对汽车座厢内的空气质量进行调节的装置。不管车外天气状况如何变化,它都能把车内的湿度、温度、流速、洁度保持在驾驶人员感觉舒适的范围内。
二、汽车空调的特点
众所周知汽车空调是以采用发动机的动力为代价来完成调节车厢内空气环境的。了解汽车空调的特点,有利于进行汽车空调的使用和维修。
2.汽车空调所需的动力均来自发动机。其中轿车、轻型汽车、中小型客车及工程机械,空调所需的动力和驱动汽车的动力均来自一台发动机。
3.汽车空调的特定工作环境要求汽车空调的制冷、制热能力尽可能的大。
1)夏天车内的乘客密度大,产热量大,热负荷高;冬天采暖人体所需的热量亦大。
(2)为了减轻自重,汽车隔热层一般很薄,加上汽车门窗多,面积大,所以汽车隔热性差,热损大。
(3)汽车的工作环境因在野外,直接受阳光、霜雪、风雨等的影响,环境变化剧烈。
三、汽车空调的性能评价指标
1.温度指标
温度指标是指最重要的一个环节。
2.湿度指标
湿度的指标用相对湿度来表示。因为人觉得最舒适的相对湿度在50%--70%,所以汽车空调的湿度参数要控制在此范围内。
3.空气的清新度
由于空间小,乘员密度大,在密闭的空间内极易产生缺氧和二氧化碳浓度过高。
4.除霜功能
由于有时汽车内外温度相差很大,会在玻璃上出现雾式霜,影响司机的视线,所以汽车空调必须有除霜功能。
5.操作简单、容易、稳定。
汽车空调必须作到不增加驾驶员的劳动强度,不影响驾驶员的视线的正常驾驶。
汽车空调的组成与原理
一、汽车空调的制冷原理
压缩机运转时,将蒸发器内产生的低温低压制冷剂蒸气吸入并压缩后,在高温高压(约70℃,1471KPa)的状况下排出。
二、汽车空调的主要功能
制冷系统原理
三、汽车空调的组成
汽车空调一般主要由压缩机、电磁离合器、冷凝器、蒸发器、膨胀阀、贮液干燥器、管道、冷凝风扇等组成。
四、汽车空调系统分类(按动力源分)
独立式空调:有专门的动力源(如第二台内燃机)驱动整个空调系统的运行。
五、汽车自动空调系统
汽车自动空调系统指的是根据设置在车内外的各种温度传感器的输出信号
汽车空调的检修
一、汽车空调检修的基本工具
二、汽车空调制冷系统检修的基本操作
三、制冷剂的补充
四、制冷系统内的空气排除
五、冷冻油的加注
六、空调系统定性检查
七、空调系统的定量检测
八、制冷系统性能实验
九、非独立空调系统的检修
空调系统方案设计论文
1、运行控制设计
夏季除湿工况新风阀开度确定
夏季除湿工况,从节能角度,在保持最低换风次数要求的前提下,使新风阀处于最小开度。根据我国暖通空调规范规定:对于室温允许±℃波动范围的空调区域,换气次数应大于或等于5次/时(最小送风量)。保证最低换气次数,回风阀最小开度计算:为获取新风量数值,在新风直管段设置风速检测口,日常运行时封堵,检测时插入风速仪测量新风风速。参数定义:空调控制区域容积-VN空调新风量-Qx新风管截面积-Sx新风管测得风速-则新风量Qx=SxVx,欲使室内换风次数每小时达到5次,须满足:Vx=。通过调整新风阀开度,使风速vx满足上式要求,确认并记录该风速下的新风阀开度。为满足空调节能运行要求,夏季除湿阶段,新风阀可保持这一开度值,定期测试风速,实施新风阀开度值修正。
温、湿度分控模式
在夏季降温除湿工况时,将原有温、湿度联合控制程序调整为温、湿度独立分控程序,即根据室内回风含湿量(通过回风温湿度计算转化得出)与室内设定工况含湿量之间的差值,或根据新风湿度的变化跟踪室内设定工况湿度通过PI调节,来控制主表冷器(除湿通道)的.阀门开度;根据室内回风温度与室内设定温度之间的差值,来控制副表冷器(降温通道)的阀门开度。过渡季,仍按原变新风比或全新风运行,只是需要增加旁通新风阀的开关控制,具体逻辑是当室外工况进入过渡季、新风除湿电动冷水阀关闭,旁通新风阀应同时打开。当室外处于夏季除湿工况时、新风除湿电动冷水阀开度不为零,旁通新风阀应处于关闭状态。过渡季对新风量的调节仍由原新风、回风调节阀负责。
2、常规控制与双通道温湿度独立控制热力工况对比分析
参数定义
G1-新风量N-室内设定点G2-回风量W-夏季室外状态点G-总风量(G1+G2)C-混风状态点i-焓值L-机器露点Q-冷量消耗O-夏季送风状态点
常规空调系统在夏季除湿工况下的再热分析
常规夏季除湿空气热湿处理过程卷烟厂空调系统为卷烟生产工艺提供高精度的室内温湿度环境,系统一般都配有表冷、加热、加湿等多种热湿处理手段。常规空调系统夏季热湿处理过程为:新回风混合后,经表冷器降温除湿,再经加热器再热,达到送风状态点后向室内送风。其对应的空气处理过程焓湿图表述常规空调系统在夏季除湿工况下的空气处理过程焓湿图。
常规表冷处理冷量消耗计算1)混风状态点(C)焓值计算:根据:,得出:iC=iN+(iW-iN)2)冷量(Q)消耗计算:Q=(G1+G2)(iC-iL)=(G1+G2)(iN-iO)室内负荷+(G1+G2)(iO-iL)再热负荷+G1(iW-iN)新风负荷。
双通道温湿度独立处理方案的节能分析
双通道除湿工况空气热湿处理过程根据上文所述,空调系统双通道温湿度独立处理过程概括为:新风(或与部分回风混合)经主表冷器降温除湿,回风经副表冷器干冷却后,新回风进一步混合,达到送风状态点后向室内送风。
温湿度分控冷量消耗:1)混风状态点(C)焓值计算根据:=得出:iC=iN-(iN-iL)2)冷量(Q)消耗计算:Q=G1(iW-iL)+(G1+G2)(iC-iO)=(G1+G2)(iN-iO)室内负荷+G1(iW-iN)新风负荷温湿度分控冷量消耗与常规处理冷量消耗比较,常规夏季除湿空气热湿处理过程中(G1+G2)(iO-iL)再热负荷部分已消除。
3、结论
两种空气处理方式的节能点在于:温湿度分控方案节省了再热部分能耗;对于单一冷冻水管网系统,不会额外增加制冷机组的运行能耗,相反会减少因常规降温除湿过程的过冷负荷调节,降低制冷机组能耗。此方案可彻底解决夏季冷热相抵的不合理现象,大量节省夏季再热量和制冷量,可迅速收回初投资,节能效率十分明显。同时不影响过渡季变新风或全新风运行,空调机组硬件设备改动幅度小、改造难度不大。