By studying the differences between Chinese and Western wedding, I understand their characteristics: Western wedding is pure romantic, and China is happy wedding; Western wedding is feeling valued, and China values the ceremony. In the West because of their different customs, have also formed their own characteristics wedding customs. Though, have different customs, but no matter where the wedding was all full of blessings and laughter. Wedding days are often considered the most important day of many people’s lives. For this reason alone, throughout the past and into modern day, numerous customs and superstitions have developed around the wedding event, in hopes of creating ‘The Perfect Day!’ A very common custom still honored today is in reference to a time-old saying, ‘Something old, something new, something borrowed, something blue, and a silver sixpence inside your shoe’. So old is this that tracing it back to its origination is nearly impossible. Some contribute it to Victorian times, others say it is even older than that. The ‘old’ is believed to be the friends and family attending the wedding. The ‘new’ is represented by the couple themselves, as a ‘new’ union. The ‘borrowed’ is something from the families that is to be returned, such as the bride's wedding dress, or the veil, borrowed from her own mother. Something ‘blue’ is often interpreted to represent the bride’s virginity, as in the opposite of red, which throughout time has come to represent a woman of many men. Modern day brides often wear a bit of blue material tucked out of sight. The sixpence can be any form of money, tucked into the bride's shoe, this to bring wealth, both in monetary means and love, to the union.
中西方婚礼风俗差异The western wedding customs vary众所周知,当今世界正在向全球化的趋势发展,各国之间的关系也变得更为紧密了。今天无论是“借鉴”还是“拿来”西方的礼仪,或者是我们自创一套自己的礼仪系统,这在形式上都不难。难的是我们也能有一个完整而自洽的价值体系,有对自身文化的高度认同和深刻的觉悟。 As everyone knows, the world today is to the trend of globalization, the relations between various countries are also becoming more closely. Whether it is" reference" or" used" the western etiquette, or are we created a set of their own etiquette system, this form is not difficult. The difficulty is that we can have a complete and consistent value system, have to their own cultural identity and profound consciousness of height.自古以来,婚姻就是人的一生中至关重要的一项活动,几乎在每一个社会文化中,都有举办婚礼的习俗。人类似乎天生就有这么一种需要,用婚礼将丈夫和妻子的关系公开并确立下来。而最重要的是人们可以透过纷繁绚丽的风俗来更清楚的认识人类社会历史,探究人类社会的发展历程和规律,因此我门从这方面着手只到整个礼仪系统的学习。 Since ancient times, marriage is vital to people's life in an activity, in almost every culture in society, has held the wedding customs. Humans seem to be born with this kind of need, with the wedding will be husband and wife relationship public and established. And the most important thing is that people can through numerous beautiful custom to better understanding the history of human society, to explore the development of human society and the law, so me from this respect proceed only to the etiquette system study.婚礼同时也体现了中西方文化的碰撞。中国有着5000年灿烂而悠久的传统文化,这是世界各国有目共睹的,而婚礼文化在中国经历了历史的变迁后,已经有非常悠久的历史。而西方的婚礼文化也是随着社会的进步在不断地发生变化。Wedding but also reflects the western culture collision. China has a bright 5000 tradition culture, this is be obvious to people all over the world, and the wedding culture in China has experienced changes in the history, has a very long history. While the western wedding culture is also along with the progress of the society is constantly changing.现在社会上流行中式婚礼西方化,西式婚礼中国化,都在说明着婚礼的形式在不断的发生变化,这体现了婚礼文化的丰富,中西方两种文化的碰撞,以及中西方文化的交融。而文化的进一步交流也必然带动各国之间经济的合作发展,没有了文化上的冲突,政治也会变得相对稳定。 Now the popular Chinese wedding western, Western-style wedding in China, are in the form of a wedding in constant change, which reflects the rich western wedding culture, the collision of two kinds of culture, as well as the western culture blend. And cultural exchanges between countries also will promote the economic cooperation and development, no cultural conflict, political will become relatively stable.中国的婚礼形式在我门年轻人的眼中都觉得很烦琐,首先介绍个对象不说,还得各个亲戚看看是否“通过”,那我就简单说几句吧,相亲,是我们国家的俗称,大多数是男的相女的,哈哈,接下来就是“见面”、“递贴”、“换号”,后边才结婚呢,结婚当天也不是那么简单的,“通路”、“接亲”等等,就是事情比较多,也比较麻烦!现代的婚礼形式受到西方文化的影响,一般是在教堂或酒店里,男女双方在结婚公证处领取结婚证后就是喜宴,在喜宴上新娘要轮流向每位客人进酒,不管男女老少,都要喝一口新娘进的酒。有时双方的朋友会刁难新娘,新娘若回答不出他们的提问就要送一大堆的喜糖作为交换。喜宴结束后,大多数情侣会去度蜜月。 无论是古代还是现代都体现了中国婚礼的特点:隆重,热闹,喜庆。Chinese wedding in my young people feel very cumbersome, first introduced the object does not say, still have various relatives have a look whether" through", I would simply say something, to date, is our country most commonly known as, is male is female, ha ha, the next is"."," stick", pass" change", behind only wedding, wedding day is not so simple," the passage", "the kiss" and so on, is a thing more, have more trouble! Modern wedding has been the impact of western culture, is in the church or in a restaurant, both men and women in marriage notary office received a marriage certificate is the reception at the wedding reception, bride to rotate towards each guest wine, regardless of people of all ages and both sexes, to drink the bride into wine. Sometimes the friends will create difficulties for the bride, bride if you can't answer their questions was to send a lot of candy in exchange. After the wedding reception, the majority of couples take a ancient or modern reflects the Chinese wedding features: grand, lively, happy.西方的婚礼是属于浪漫型的,整个婚礼从一开始就充满了浪漫的气息。一般有以下步骤:1来宾入席。2奏结婚进行曲。亲友点上蜡烛,牧师领唱诗班进场,宣布婚礼开始.伴郎伴娘和新郎陆续进场,女方家长陪新娘进场全体起立.3女方家长入席。新娘挽着父亲的手,步入大堂,伴娘和花童一同进入会场,全体来宾起立,父亲郑重的把女儿交给新郎,女方家长就坐,全体来宾就坐。4牧师证婚。新人进行结婚宣誓,宣告愿意结为夫妻。5新郎新娘互戴婚戒,宣誓。6献诗。来宾在唱诗班的带领下,唱祝福歌。7礼成。奏乐,新郎站右边,新娘站左边,两人一起走出教堂,伴郎伴娘随后,家属以及来宾随后退场。8茶会或晚宴。Western wedding is a romantic type, the whole wedding party from the beginning is full of romantic atmosphere. The general has the following steps: 1 guests attend. 2 played the wedding march. Friends and relatives of a candle, the priest a choir approach, announces the beginning of the wedding. And groom groomsman Bridesmaid enters the arena in succession, the wife's side parents to accompany the bride enters the standing ovation . 3 female parents sitting. The bride in her hand, stepped into the lobby, flower girl bridesmaid and they entered the hall, all the guests stood up, father solemnly put the daughter to the groom, wife's side parents sat, all the guests sitting. The 4 priest. The new marriage oath, declaring to be married. 5 the bride and groom each other wearing a wedding ring, oath. The 6 choir. Guests at the choir 's lead, sing a song. The ceremony is over 7. The bride, groom on the right, stand on the left, along with two people out of the church, a groomsman Bridesmaid subsequently, families and guests then exit. 8 party or dinner.
写作思路:可以从中西方婚礼时候的穿着以及颜色进行对比,中心要明确,避免语法使用错误等等。
正文:
Chinese wedding is more serious, while western wedding is relaxed and pleasant. These traditional wedding customs reflect the cultural differences between different regions.
中国的婚礼是比较严肃的,而西方国家的婚礼则是轻松而又愉悦的。这些传统婚礼习俗映射出不同地区之间的文化差异。
The biggest difference between Chinese and Western wedding customs is color. In China, red is known as a festive, lively, auspicious and prosperous color. On the wedding day, red is the main color, and the word "zhe" must be adhered to all kinds of items. The bride is centered on red, and the bride can only wear red clothes to get married.
在中西方婚礼习俗里最大差别是颜色,在我们中国红色被誉为是喜庆、热闹、吉利、兴盛的。在结婚当天主要以红颜色为主,各类物品上都是必须要粘着颜色为大红的“囍”字的,新娘更是以大红色为中心,新娘子只可以穿红色的衣服出嫁。
In western countries, white is the main color of wedding. The bride on the wedding day must wear white wedding dress, because white symbolizes inner loyalty.
西方国家婚礼则是以白色为主要颜色,结婚当天的新娘,必须身穿白颜色的婚纱,因为白色象征着内心的忠贞。
The custom of wearing white wedding dress in the West originated from the Victorian period in England. White wedding dress became the favorite dress for girls on the wedding day, while men in the West must wear white or black suits.
西方穿白色婚纱的习俗源于英国维多利亚时期,白色婚纱便成为女孩在结婚当天最喜欢的礼服,而西方的男士一定要身穿白色或黑色西装。
西方的婚礼是属于浪漫型的,整个婚礼从开始到结束到充满了浪漫气息。新娘的礼服一般为白色,新郎是黑色的礼服,使整个婚礼显的庄重严肃.到教堂去举行结婚仪式是整个婚礼最重要的环节.首先,随着婚礼进行曲的节奏,新娘挽她的父亲的手走到新郎面前,由她的父亲将她亲手交到新郎手中.牧师会要求新郎新娘对对方作出一辈子的承诺,这也是整个婚礼的高潮.然后他们会在牧师和众人的祝福下,交换结婚戒指并亲吻对方。而新娘手中的花球也不是一般的装饰用品.在婚礼结束时,新娘就会抛给到场的女宾客,如果谁接到花球,谁就是下一个结婚的人,这就使整个婚礼在欢声笑语中结束了。二.西方人结婚时的很多习俗都是大家所熟悉的,婚庆场面既欢快热闹,又美丽浪漫。由于中国的不断开放和东西方文化交流,我国的婚俗不少方面也在受其影响,例如穿婚纱、戴钻戒等等已经成为都市婚礼不可或缺的重要内容。然而究其渊源和象征意义,并不是所有人都很清楚的。下面就简要介绍一下一些西方婚礼用品和名词的来历和含义。 三.比如以浪漫著称的法国就被称为白色婚姻,白色是浪漫的法国婚礼的住色调;在菲律宾,观礼的嘉宾会轮流与新郎跳舞,并把金钱钉在他们的衣服上,有时后候双方亲戚朋友还会比赛哪方得到的金钱多。韩国的婚礼服装也挺有特色,值得一提――“两点”,新娘韩国新郎会穿上大礼服,新娘的嫁衣则是七彩的丝织服,配以长袖子和黑丝顶冠,这以阿拉伯的婚礼服装我认为是挺相似的,因为阿拉伯的新娘会穿着华丽的土耳其长袖袍子,不同的是视礼的女士会依习俗为新娘出嫁而恸哭,所以阿拉伯的婚礼又称为“恸哭”,当然这与我所谈论的服装无关。 四.而西方的婚礼风俗则是浪漫式的,婚礼重在礼而不在乎排场。婚前礼节也没那么复杂。一切都爱轻松自在的气氛下进行。而结婚在西方国家也是各国有各国的独特的方式。如:法国的白色为婚礼的主色调。无论是布置用的鲜花,还是新娘的服饰。可以看出法国人眼中的婚姻应该是纯洁无暇的,而新人用的杯子,也有特定的名称,名为“Coupdemarriage”,意思为“婚礼之杯”。而德国人的“疯狂”与德国人一直崇高的理智与冷静不同。他们的婚礼更多呈现出疯狂的一面。德国人在婚礼中会举行party(派队),派对中,新人会被戏弄。这类似于我们中国的“闹洞房”,其中重头节目就是兴高采烈地将碟子掷碎……西方给东方人带来的最亮点大概就是举行教 回答者:anonymous首先,是在传统结婚仪式上面。中国的传统婚俗有三书六礼”三拜九叩”这些繁俗礼节。所谓三书”,就是指聘书、礼书、迎亲书。(聘书订亲之书,男女双方正式缔结婚约。纳吉(过文定)时用。 礼书过礼之书,即礼物清单,详尽列明礼物种类及数量。纳征(过大礼)时用。 迎亲书迎娶新娘之书。结婚当日(亲迎)接新娘过门时用。)而六礼”是指纳采、问名、纳吉、纳征、请期、亲迎。(纳采古时婚礼之首,属意女方时,延请媒人作谋,谓之纳采,今称「提亲」。 问名男方探问女方之姓名及生日时辰,以卜吉兆,谓之问名,今称「合八字」。 纳吉问名若属吉兆,遣媒人致赠薄礼,谓之纳吉,今称「过文定」或「小定」。 纳征奉送礼金、礼饼、礼物及祭品等, 回答者: 缚灵
餐饮礼仪问题可谓源远流长。据文献记载可知,至少在周代,饮食礼仪已形成一套相当完善的制度,特别是经曾任鲁国祭酒的孔子的称赞推崇而成为历朝历代表现大国之貌、礼仪之邦、文明之所的重要方面。 作为汉族传统的古代宴饮礼仪,自有一套程序:主人折柬相邀,临时迎客于门外。宾客到时,互致问候,引入客厅小坐,敬以茶点。客齐后导客入席,以左为上,视为首席,相对首座为二座,首座之下为三座,二座之下为四座。客人坐定,由主人敬酒让菜,客人以礼相谢。席间斟酒上菜也有一定的讲究:应先敬长者和主宾,最后才是主人。宴饮结束,引导客人入客厅小坐,上茶,直到辞别。这种传统宴饮礼仪在我国大部分地区保留完整,如山东、香港及台湾,许多影视作品中多有体现。 清代受西餐传入的影响,一些西餐礼仪也被引进。如分菜、上汤、进酒等方式也因合理卫生的食法被引入中餐礼仪中。中西餐饮食文化的交流,使得餐饮礼仪更加科学合理。 现代较为流行的中餐宴饮礼仪是在继续传统与参考国外礼仪的基础上发展而来的。其座次借西方宴会以右为上的法则,第一主宾就坐于主人右侧,第二主宾在主人左侧或第一主宾右侧,变通处理,斟酒上菜由宾客右侧进行,先主宾,后主人,先女宾,后男宾。酒斟八分,不可过满。上菜顺序依然保持传统,先冷后热。热菜应从主宾对面席位的左侧上;上单份菜或配菜席点和小吃先宾后主,上全鸡、全鸭、全鱼等整形菜,不能头尾朝向正主位。这些程序不仅可以使整个宴饮过程和谐有序,更使主客身份和情感得以体现和交流。因此,餐桌之上的礼仪可使宴饮活动圆满周全,使主客双方的修养得到全面展示。 特别具体的英国礼仪寻找困难,可参考正规书籍 1、就座时,身体要端正,手肘不要放在桌面上,不可跷足,与 餐桌的距离以便于使用餐具为佳。餐台上已摆好的餐具不要随意摆弄。将餐巾对折轻轻放在膝上。 2、使用刀叉进餐时,从外侧往内侧取用刀叉,要左手持叉,右手持刀;切东西时左手拿叉按住食物,右手执刀将其切成小块,用叉子送入口中。使用刀时,刀刃不可向外。进餐中放下刀叉时应摆成“八”字型,分别放在餐盘边上。刀刃朝向自身,表示还要继续吃。每吃完一道菜,将刀叉并拢放在盘中。如果是谈话,可以拿着刀叉,无需放下。不用刀时,可用右手持叉,但若需要作手势时,就应放下刀叉,千万不可手执刀叉在空中挥舞摇晃,也不要一手拿刀或叉,而另一支手拿餐巾擦嘴,也不可一手拿酒杯,另一支手拿叉取菜。要记住,任何时候,都不可将刀叉的一端放在盘上,另一端放在桌上。 3、喝汤时不要啜,吃东西时要闭嘴咀嚼。不要舔嘴唇或咂嘴发出声音。如汤菜过热,可待稍凉后再吃,不要用嘴吹。喝汤时,用汤勺从里向外舀,汤盘中的汤快喝完时,用左手将汤盘的外侧稍稍翘起,用汤勺舀净即可。吃完汤菜时,将汤匙留在汤盘(碗)中,匙把指向自己。 4、吃鱼、肉等带刺或骨的菜肴时,不要直接外吐,可用餐巾捂嘴轻轻吐在叉上放入盘内。如盘内剩余少量菜肴时,不要用叉子刮盘底,更不要用手指相助食用,应以小块面包或叉子相助食用。吃面条时要用叉子先将面条卷起,然后送入口中。 5、面包一般掰成小块送入口中,不要拿着整块面包去咬。抹黄油和果酱时也要先将面包掰成小块再抹。 6、吃鸡时,欧美人多以鸡胸脯肉为贵。吃鸡腿时应先用力将骨去掉,不要用手拿着吃。吃鱼时不要将鱼翻身,要吃完上层后用刀叉将鱼骨剔掉后再吃下层吃肉时,要切一块吃一块,块不能切得过大,或一次将肉都切成块。 7、喝咖啡时如愿意添加牛奶或糖,添加后要用小勺搅拌均匀,将小勺放在咖啡的垫碟上。喝时应右手拿杯把,左手端垫碟,直接用嘴喝,不要用小勺一勺一勺地舀着喝。吃水果时,不要拿着水果整个去咬,应先用水果刀切成四瓣再用刀去掉皮、核、用叉子叉着吃。 8、用刀叉吃有骨头的肉吃有骨头的肉时,可以用手拿着吃。若想吃得更优雅,还是用刀较好。用叉子将整片肉固定(可将叉子朝上,用叉子背部压住肉),再用刀沿骨头插人,把肉切开。最好是边切边吃。必须用手吃时,会附上洗手水。当洗手水和带骨头的肉一起端上来时,意味着“请用手吃”。用手指拿东西吃后,将手指放在装洗手水的碗里洗净。吃一般的菜时,如果把手指弄脏,也可请侍者端洗手水来,注意洗手时要轻轻地洗。 9、吃面包可蘸调味汁吃到连调味汁都不剩,是对厨师的礼貌。注意不要把面包盘子“舔”得很干净,而要用叉子叉住已撕成小片的面包,再蘸一点调味汁来吃,是雅观的作法。
其实一样西餐吃饭要的是安静不能有声音最重要的是西餐实用的是金属刀和叉中餐就要温文尔雅其实也是安静 所以一样
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跨文化交际中的中西礼貌原则对比研究论文
在学习、工作中,大家最不陌生的就是论文了吧,论文对于所有教育工作者,对于人类整体认识的提高有着重要的意义。那么,怎么去写论文呢?以下是我帮大家整理的跨文化交际中的中西礼貌原则对比研究论文,欢迎阅读与收藏。
论文摘要:礼貌原则是人们在社会言语交际中必须遵守的原则。然而中西方文化价值、自我观以及语言间接程度的差异导致了礼貌原则差异的存在,从而影响了跨文化交际的顺利进行。
论文关键词:礼貌原则 文化差异 跨文化交际
语言与文化密切相关,语言是文化的载体,同时也是文化的重要组成部分。人们在社会言语交际中,必须遵守一条原则——礼貌原则。礼貌是各社会、各群体共有的普遍现象,是人们交际活动的基本准则,是维系人际和谐的工具和手段,是实现人与人之间成功交际的基本条件,是人类文明进步的重要标志。但不同语言和文化的国度有不同的礼貌表达方式,深刻理解中西礼貌原则的差异及其渊源,有利于跨文化交际双方增进文化交流,提高跨文化交际能力,保证跨文化交际的顺利进行。
一、中西方礼貌原则概述美国语言学家
Grice(1967)提出了著名的言语交际中的会话合作原则(coopemtivenciple)。他认为在所有的语言交际中,说话人与听话人都有一种默契和合作,使整个谈话过程所说的话符合交谈的目标和方向。其内容体现为合作原则的四准则:量的准则、质的准则、关系准则和方式准则。英国语言学家IJeech于l983年在Gce的“合作原则”基础上,提出了另一条语用原则——礼貌原则。“礼貌原则”概括地说就是,在其他条件相同的情况下,把不礼貌信念的表达减弱到最低限度。具体包括六条准则:得体准则(1.actMa)【im)、慷慨准则(GeneIosh蜘m)、赞扬准则(AppmhtionMa)【im)、谦虚准则(哆Ma】【ill1)、一致准则(A脒IntMa】【irI1)和同情准则(lhyMaD【ilTI)。尽管IJeech提出的礼貌原则的各准则在不同程度上适用于各种文化,但是不同社会间的文化取向、价值观、思维方式不同,所以不同文化对各个准则的选取侧重会有所不同。顾日国先生根据汉语言文化中的礼貌特征,在Leech的理论框架基础上于l992年提出汉语礼貌五准则:贬己尊人准则、称呼准则、文雅准则、求同准则和德、言、行准则。
二、英汉礼貌原则对比分析
若将Leech的礼貌原则与顾日国的产生在中国文化基础上的礼貌准则相比较,我们便会发现二者的共性即是各个社会的普遍现象。在礼貌原则的指导下,不同文化背景的人们在社会人际交往中都努力变得更加礼貌起来,都渴求自己能够被别人接受。我们在承认礼貌普遍性的同时必须认识到其相对性,不同文化背景下的各个国家和民族,实现礼貌的方法以及在礼貌的判断标准上存在很大差异,这些差异是在社会、历史、人文、地理等多种因素的长期影响下逐步形成的。正是这些因素使得不同文化背景下的人们对礼貌原则的运用和侧重有所不同。
1.贬己尊人准则与谦虚准则
谦虚准则相当于汉语中贬己尊人准则的一部分,即以贬己来抬别人,指以尽量缩小对自己的标榜为准则。然而汉英礼貌原则由于产生于不同的文化背景,所以在跨文化语用研究中,对于同样的礼貌现象会存在不同的解释和反应。在汉语言文化中,贬己尊人准则是核心。在谈到自己或和自己有关的事的时候要“贬”要“谦”,而谈到听者或者和听者有关的事的时候就要“抬”要“尊”。“谦虚”是中国人的美德,但是中国人的“谦虚”与Leech提到的谦虚准则在本质上是不同的。汉语中经常听到“一点薄礼,略表心意,不成敬意”、“粗茶淡饭请海涵”、“鄙人拙见”、“不敢当”等类似的客套话,真正把对自身的贬损夸大到最大程度,以此来表示礼貌。西方社会的人们馈赠礼物时,会直接表达自己精心挑选的礼物得到对方喜欢、欣赏的希望,如“IthinkitUbeuset0y0u.”或“Ih0peyou’ulikeit.”出于礼貌,接受者会当场打开礼物表达自己的喜爱之心和感激之情。另外,中国人和西方人受到赞扬后的回应也存在很大差异。当受到称赞时,西方人会欣然接受,说“anky0u”,避免损害对方的积极面子,符合礼貌准则。中国人受到别人赞扬时,往往是否定对方的赞美之词,贬低自己,以示自谦。如“哪里,哪里”、“不敢当”、“我做的还不够好”等。而这种答辞在英美文化中却被看作是虚伪、缺乏自信的表现,使西方人感到自己的话被直言否决而认为对方不讲礼貌。因此如果按汉语思维习惯与西方人交流,则必定会造成交际失败。
2.称呼上的差异
中国人“上下有异,长幼有序”的观念在称呼上体现得淋漓尽致。使用称呼语时应考虑听话人的职业职务、年龄、性别、谈话场合以及同谈话人的关系等因素。如“王主任”、“刘老师”、“张经理”、“李医生等。并且人们非常重视用自称和他称来体现礼貌。如他称:贵姓、高见、大作等;自称:鄙人、卑职、拙见等。而英美文化中的称谓模式主要是称谓词Mr./Mrs./Miss./.+姓,如BiUG砒es,姓为Gates,名为BiU应称其为Mr.Gates。汉语文化中所讲究的“长幼尊卑贵贱”之分在家庭内部也有充分体现。在家庭成员中有叔、伯、姨、姑、兄、弟、姐、妹等表示辈分的称呼语。若直呼姓名则认为是不礼貌的甚至是冒犯的。在崇尚平等的西方文化中无论地位和职位高低,人们更愿意相互直呼其名,同辈的兄弟姐妹也不例外,这体现了朋友式的亲密关系。另外,汉语的称呼中经常出现“老”字,因为“老”是经验和知识的象征。“老司树’、“老爷爷”、“赵老”等称呼体现了对年长者的尊重。这在西方是无礼的,人们无法容忍。西方人害怕“老”,因为这意味着“孤独、痛苦、成为负担”。他们不愿意用“老”这个词,尤其是女性,最不愿意被问到的就是“H0woldarey0u?”
三、中西礼貌差异的渊源
在跨文化交际中,交际双方享有不同的文化系统和礼貌用语系统,由于文化障碍所导致的信息误解,使得交际中经常出现礼貌用语的语用失误。其根源在于不同的文化对于礼貌原则的理解和遵循程度是不同的主要表现在以下方面:
1.文化价值差异
中西方两种文化有着不同的礼貌评判标准。我国素有文明古国、礼仪之邦之称,长期以来提倡“礼”的精神思想。“礼”是中国古代哲学思想的·个重要组成部分。“谦虚”是中国人的美德,中国人的“谦虚”主要体现在“卑己尊人”上,这是在中国特定的文化环境下“礼”在交际中的具体体现,意味着贬低自己,抬高别人。汉文化重视谦逊准则,而西方文化则突出得体准则,认为欣然接受对方的赞扬可以避免损害对方的面子,是礼貌的。因此,西方人对恭维往往表现出高兴与感谢,采取一种迎合而非否定的方式,以免显露出与恭维者不一致,令人难堪。中国人则大都习惯否认,提倡“谦虚”和“卑己尊人”,但这种做法却会给西方人带来面子威胁。中国人使用语言进行交际更重要的是维系人际关系,形成和谐社会。而西方人注重的是利用语言来表现个体的存在和价值。
2.自我观差异
西方社会崇尚个人奋斗和个人价值,西方人所持有的是独立的自我观,这种自我观具有相对独立和固定的内核,因此,西方人在交际中注重个人隐私和独立,总是从个体主义立场出发,强调个人的面子。他们认为尊重个人的自由权利和独立是礼貌的,反之,则是不适合的,甚至被认为是粗鲁的。而中国人所持有的是依附性的自我观,这种自我观没有相对稳定的内核,他人和自我的关系相对不是那么清晰、分明,自我的内核依照自我和他人的关系而定,只有当自我被放在适当的社会关系中才会有意义,才会变得完整。汉文化人非常重视以及参与个体与团体的关系,注重集体荣誉感,在交际中,往往从集体主义文化观出发,强调群体的面子。因此,不断给宴请的客人夹菜以表示热情,叮嘱生病的朋友添加衣物、按时吃药以表示关心等等在汉语言文化中是礼貌的表现,但在英语文化中却被看作是侵犯个人自主的行为。
3.语言间接程度差异
在交际中人们并非总是在句法或词汇上直截了当地表明说话者的意图,而是让听话者去意会其深层的寓义即“言外之意”(i呷licatlⅡ℃)。语言使用中的这种“拐弯抹角”的现象就是语言的间接现象(indirecⅡess),它普遍存在于语言中,具有共性,但每一种语言又有其独特的表达方式。一般说来,礼貌程度与话语的间接程度成正比,话语越间接,语气就越委婉,给听话人留的余地就越大。正如【eech所说,我们可以保持同一命题的内容,而只须增加这个命题言语行为的间接性,便可以使该命题越来越礼貌。但是我们不能一概以话语表达的间接程度来确定话语的礼貌程度,因为中西方在直率的概念上有一定的.差异。英语文化属于低语境文化,人们通常会直接、明确地陈述自己的观点。因此交际双方不论在批评、邀请、馈赠或拒绝时,一般都直截了当。他们的语言直接、直率、肯定。汉语言文化是高语境文化,人们往往使用间接的、隐含的语言来沟通。只有明确说话时的情景并借助肢体语言、空间语言以及上下文联系后,接受者才能弄清对方所要传达的信息、观点或意见。当中国人想说“不”而不表示“不”时,或受到赞誉却不直接接受时,西方人迷惑不解。正是这些不同文化背景下的语言间接程度的差异,增加了中西方人际交往的困难。
四、结语
礼貌是社会现象,具有普遍性,也是具有不同文化背景的人们在跨文化交际中不可回避的现实。礼貌又具有文化特征,不同文化对礼貌言语行为会采用不同的准则和策略,赋予礼貌不同的内涵。由于中西方两种文化的巨大差异,导致了中西方礼貌原则及策略的差异,对跨文化交际产生了一定影响。在跨文化交际中,我们应当重视并尊重这些差异,正确使用礼貌原则,掌握礼貌用语,避免语用失误,提高跨文化交际的能力,以保证跨文化交际顺利进行。
一、引言
语言与文化关系密切, 语言是文化的重要载体, 也是文化的重要组成部分。任何生活在两种不同文化中的人, 都会感到不同文化的人说话方式会有很大差别, 其中人文历史论文,语用方面的差别就很大。语用差别的制约因素也很多, 但何自然曾经指出:“英汉两种语言在语用方面所受到的制约有诸多不同, 其中最重要的是文化因素的制约。”因此, 文化的差异, 可以直接体现在语言的运用和理解上。
作为人类文明的标志, 礼貌是人类社会活动中的一条重要准绳, “是对交际行为的规范,是一种为进行得体交际的策略”。中西两种不同文化背景的人对礼貌的理解有所不同, 所遵循的礼貌准则也不一样。从语用角度讲,礼貌现象是语言运用的普遍现象, 礼貌研究是语用研究的重要内容。
二、文化差异
文化差异, 这里主要指跨语言、跨文化交际中出现的中英文化差异。这种差异的产生, 是由讲中英两种语言的人的民族心理、思辨和推理模式的不同而导致的。跨文化交际中出现的语言障碍常常会造成误解或冲突, 主要原因是交际双方受各自文化背景的影响而缺少一个共有的语用前提。例如, 我们汉语中的谦词, 是一些并无实际意义的客套话。当发言结束时,人们常说:“不妥之处, 请大家指正 ”,“欢迎在座诸位批评指正 ”,“抛砖引玉 ”等等。而讲英语的本族人在同样的场合不说这样的话, 也许他们会说一声 “I hope you all enjoy my talk”, 但最常用的结束语还是 “Thank you”。再如人文历史论文,在英国文化中, 男性在公众面前赞誉女性的美貌和服饰被认为是一种礼貌, 被恭维者会欣然接受,但在中国这种恭维被认为是轻佻无理。类似以上的中西文化差异会给讲中英不同语言的人传达错误的信息人文历史论文,影响到他们之间的交流。故要做到交际双方的正确、合理的交流, 了解各自的文化背景知识是至关重要的。
三、中英礼貌原则对比
Leech根据英语文化和语言的特点列举了六条礼貌原则:
1. 策略准则, 又称得体准则 (Tact maxim)“尽量减少他人付出的代价, 尽量增大对他人的益处。”
2. 慷慨准则, 又称宽宏准则 (Generosity maxim)“尽量减少对自己的益处, 尽量增大自己付出的代价。”
3. 赞扬准则 (Approbation maxim)“尽量缩小对他人的批评, 尽量增强对他人的赞扬。”
4. 谦虚准则 (Modesty maxim)“尽量缩小对自己的标榜, 尽量夸大对自己的批评。”
5. 赞同准则, 又称一致准则 (Agreement maxim)“尽量缩小与他人的不同意见, 尽量夸大与他人的相同意见。”
6. 同情准则(Sympathy maxim)“尽量缩小对他人的厌恶, 尽量扩大对他人的同情。”
顾曰国先生根据汉语言文化中的礼貌特征, 在 Leech 的理论框架的基础上研究汉语中的礼貌现象, 总结了汉语言文化有关的礼貌准则, 于1992年提出汉语礼貌五准则:
1. 贬己尊人准则: 指谓自己或与自己相关的事物时要“贬”、要“谦”, 指谓听者或与听者相关联的事物时要“抬”、要“尊”。
2. 称呼准则: 指人们出自礼貌, 在互相称呼时仍按“上下有义、贵贱有分、长幼有等”的传统来体现人际交往中的社会关系。称呼语的改变意味着人际关系的改变; 而出自礼貌, 人们不同的语言行为和所处的不同环境又会影响称呼语的改变。
3. 文雅准则: 出言高雅、文质彬彬往往被人认为是懂礼貌、有教养, 文雅准则的重要内容仍然是“先用雅语、禁用秽语; 多用委婉语, 少用直言”。
4. 求同准则: 这与“脸”、“面子”有关, 所谓求同, 就是注意人的身份和社会地位要保持相称, 说话双方力求和谐一致。
5. 德、言、行准则: 指在行为动机上尽量减少他人付出的代价, 尽量增大他人的益处; 在言辞上尽量夸大别人给自己的好处, 尽量说小自己付出的代价。
四、礼貌原则所体现的文化差异
1. 称呼语之不同
受社会结构、传统伦理及血缘、宗教社会因素的影响, 汉语的称呼系统远比英语国家复杂得多。在中国, 小孩一般不能直呼父母和长辈的名字, 学生不能直呼老师的名字,下属不能直呼上司的名字, 否则就会被认为没有礼貌。中国人不仅喜欢用表示血缘关系的名字去称呼家人和亲属, 还喜欢用这种称谓来称呼非家人和亲属朋友。比如, 称与自己祖辈年龄相仿的男性为爷爷、女性为奶奶; 称与自己父母年龄相仿的男性为叔叔或伯伯、女性为阿姨。这在英语国家是非常少见的。中国人的称呼语体现出尊老的传统习惯。人们一般称呼年老的人为 “老某”, 像 “老王”、“老李”等, 表示对对方的尊敬; 称呼一些德高望重的老前辈为 “某老”或 “某老先生”, 像称周树人为周老先生等。这里的 “老”, 没有丝毫贬义, 只有尊敬或推崇。但如果将此称呼用在英语国家则极不得体, 有冒犯之意。由此看来, 汉语称呼语可以用 “上下长幼尊卑”来概括。在英语国家, 由于其社会格局、文化取向、人际关系与中国截然不同, 所以对称呼语的使用和对其意义的解释也相差甚远, 具体表现在称呼时到底是直呼其名还是使用“头衔 + 姓”的方式。一般来说, 英国人同自己的上司说话也许需要用比较尊敬的语言, 但并不需要什么特殊的称呼, 不论对方年龄多大, 地位多高, 人们更愿意直呼其名, 这充分表示出平等的文化取向。
2. 贬己尊人与平等交往
“贬己尊人”是顾曰国效法Leech所提出的汉语言文化的一条礼貌准则。中国人喜欢贬低自己而抬高对方的身份。这从表面看和Leech的赞誉准则相似, 但在中国文化中, 这条准则对人们的影响却更加深远。在日常生活中, 如果受到别人的夸奖, 我们中国人总会谦虚的说“哪里, 哪里, 您过奖了”。精心为别人挑选好了礼品, 在赠送时还不忘说“没来得急挑选,随便买了一份。”而在西方国家, 人们追求交往中的平等, 在日常生活中喜欢将自己的情感、优点外露, 而不喜欢过分的谦虚, 对别人的夸奖也欣然接受, 并视这种赞誉是生活中必不可少的。在西方人的眼中, 中国式的自谦将被认为是一种虚伪的表现。因此我们进行涉外交往时要清醒的认识到这种礼貌用语的差异,在西方人面前要大方地接受他们的赞赏, 善于充分的表现自己, 并学会展现自己的才华和优秀的一面, 而不要随意的贬低自己和过分自谦。
3. 热情关心与个人隐私
汉英民族对隐私的理解存在着差异。中国人在日常交往中不太注意维护自己的隐私, 也不注意尊重他人的隐私。在中国文化中, 关心他人, 对别人热情一直被视为是对对方重视和显示诚心的一种表现。例如, 我们在宴请客人时, 要不断给客人加菜以显示热情; 两个人第一次见面就会热情询问对方年龄、收入、婚姻状况; 朋友见了面更是问长问短, 把家里和工作的事情都询问、关心一遍; 在西方, 人们的隐私意识较强。英语民族对 privacy 这个词的含义理解较广, 诸如家庭、财产、婚姻、朋友、经历、收入、年龄、住址、身体状况、独处或单独生活等等。当在英语民族面前谈到有关隐私问题时, 会被人认为你让他人丢面子, 你不懂礼貌。
总之, 礼貌原则是每个群体或社会所广泛使用的文明的手段, 但必须承认, 不同文化对礼貌行为有不同的要求, 不同文化赋予礼貌不同的内涵。若对这一点认识不足, 不同文化背景的人们在相互交往时,很容易因此而产生误会。总之, 人们只有充分认识了礼貌原则在以上诸多方面的差异, 才能尽量减少跨文化交际中可能出现的语用失误, 以达到更自然和谐的交际效果。
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中西方婚礼风俗差异The western wedding customs vary众所周知,当今世界正在向全球化的趋势发展,各国之间的关系也变得更为紧密了。今天无论是“借鉴”还是“拿来”西方的礼仪,或者是我们自创一套自己的礼仪系统,这在形式上都不难。难的是我们也能有一个完整而自洽的价值体系,有对自身文化的高度认同和深刻的觉悟。 As everyone knows, the world today is to the trend of globalization, the relations between various countries are also becoming more closely. Whether it is" reference" or" used" the western etiquette, or are we created a set of their own etiquette system, this form is not difficult. The difficulty is that we can have a complete and consistent value system, have to their own cultural identity and profound consciousness of height.自古以来,婚姻就是人的一生中至关重要的一项活动,几乎在每一个社会文化中,都有举办婚礼的习俗。人类似乎天生就有这么一种需要,用婚礼将丈夫和妻子的关系公开并确立下来。而最重要的是人们可以透过纷繁绚丽的风俗来更清楚的认识人类社会历史,探究人类社会的发展历程和规律,因此我门从这方面着手只到整个礼仪系统的学习。 Since ancient times, marriage is vital to people's life in an activity, in almost every culture in society, has held the wedding customs. Humans seem to be born with this kind of need, with the wedding will be husband and wife relationship public and established. And the most important thing is that people can through numerous beautiful custom to better understanding the history of human society, to explore the development of human society and the law, so me from this respect proceed only to the etiquette system study.婚礼同时也体现了中西方文化的碰撞。中国有着5000年灿烂而悠久的传统文化,这是世界各国有目共睹的,而婚礼文化在中国经历了历史的变迁后,已经有非常悠久的历史。而西方的婚礼文化也是随着社会的进步在不断地发生变化。Wedding but also reflects the western culture collision. China has a bright 5000 tradition culture, this is be obvious to people all over the world, and the wedding culture in China has experienced changes in the history, has a very long history. While the western wedding culture is also along with the progress of the society is constantly changing.现在社会上流行中式婚礼西方化,西式婚礼中国化,都在说明着婚礼的形式在不断的发生变化,这体现了婚礼文化的丰富,中西方两种文化的碰撞,以及中西方文化的交融。而文化的进一步交流也必然带动各国之间经济的合作发展,没有了文化上的冲突,政治也会变得相对稳定。 Now the popular Chinese wedding western, Western-style wedding in China, are in the form of a wedding in constant change, which reflects the rich western wedding culture, the collision of two kinds of culture, as well as the western culture blend. And cultural exchanges between countries also will promote the economic cooperation and development, no cultural conflict, political will become relatively stable.中国的婚礼形式在我门年轻人的眼中都觉得很烦琐,首先介绍个对象不说,还得各个亲戚看看是否“通过”,那我就简单说几句吧,相亲,是我们国家的俗称,大多数是男的相女的,哈哈,接下来就是“见面”、“递贴”、“换号”,后边才结婚呢,结婚当天也不是那么简单的,“通路”、“接亲”等等,就是事情比较多,也比较麻烦!现代的婚礼形式受到西方文化的影响,一般是在教堂或酒店里,男女双方在结婚公证处领取结婚证后就是喜宴,在喜宴上新娘要轮流向每位客人进酒,不管男女老少,都要喝一口新娘进的酒。有时双方的朋友会刁难新娘,新娘若回答不出他们的提问就要送一大堆的喜糖作为交换。喜宴结束后,大多数情侣会去度蜜月。 无论是古代还是现代都体现了中国婚礼的特点:隆重,热闹,喜庆。Chinese wedding in my young people feel very cumbersome, first introduced the object does not say, still have various relatives have a look whether" through", I would simply say something, to date, is our country most commonly known as, is male is female, ha ha, the next is"."," stick", pass" change", behind only wedding, wedding day is not so simple," the passage", "the kiss" and so on, is a thing more, have more trouble! Modern wedding has been the impact of western culture, is in the church or in a restaurant, both men and women in marriage notary office received a marriage certificate is the reception at the wedding reception, bride to rotate towards each guest wine, regardless of people of all ages and both sexes, to drink the bride into wine. Sometimes the friends will create difficulties for the bride, bride if you can't answer their questions was to send a lot of candy in exchange. After the wedding reception, the majority of couples take a ancient or modern reflects the Chinese wedding features: grand, lively, happy.西方的婚礼是属于浪漫型的,整个婚礼从一开始就充满了浪漫的气息。一般有以下步骤:1来宾入席。2奏结婚进行曲。亲友点上蜡烛,牧师领唱诗班进场,宣布婚礼开始.伴郎伴娘和新郎陆续进场,女方家长陪新娘进场全体起立.3女方家长入席。新娘挽着父亲的手,步入大堂,伴娘和花童一同进入会场,全体来宾起立,父亲郑重的把女儿交给新郎,女方家长就坐,全体来宾就坐。4牧师证婚。新人进行结婚宣誓,宣告愿意结为夫妻。5新郎新娘互戴婚戒,宣誓。6献诗。来宾在唱诗班的带领下,唱祝福歌。7礼成。奏乐,新郎站右边,新娘站左边,两人一起走出教堂,伴郎伴娘随后,家属以及来宾随后退场。8茶会或晚宴。Western wedding is a romantic type, the whole wedding party from the beginning is full of romantic atmosphere. The general has the following steps: 1 guests attend. 2 played the wedding march. Friends and relatives of a candle, the priest a choir approach, announces the beginning of the wedding. And groom groomsman Bridesmaid enters the arena in succession, the wife's side parents to accompany the bride enters the standing ovation . 3 female parents sitting. The bride in her hand, stepped into the lobby, flower girl bridesmaid and they entered the hall, all the guests stood up, father solemnly put the daughter to the groom, wife's side parents sat, all the guests sitting. The 4 priest. The new marriage oath, declaring to be married. 5 the bride and groom each other wearing a wedding ring, oath. The 6 choir. Guests at the choir 's lead, sing a song. The ceremony is over 7. The bride, groom on the right, stand on the left, along with two people out of the church, a groomsman Bridesmaid subsequently, families and guests then exit. 8 party or dinner.
写作思路:可以从中西方婚礼时候的穿着以及颜色进行对比,中心要明确,避免语法使用错误等等。
正文:
Chinese wedding is more serious, while western wedding is relaxed and pleasant. These traditional wedding customs reflect the cultural differences between different regions.
中国的婚礼是比较严肃的,而西方国家的婚礼则是轻松而又愉悦的。这些传统婚礼习俗映射出不同地区之间的文化差异。
The biggest difference between Chinese and Western wedding customs is color. In China, red is known as a festive, lively, auspicious and prosperous color. On the wedding day, red is the main color, and the word "zhe" must be adhered to all kinds of items. The bride is centered on red, and the bride can only wear red clothes to get married.
在中西方婚礼习俗里最大差别是颜色,在我们中国红色被誉为是喜庆、热闹、吉利、兴盛的。在结婚当天主要以红颜色为主,各类物品上都是必须要粘着颜色为大红的“囍”字的,新娘更是以大红色为中心,新娘子只可以穿红色的衣服出嫁。
In western countries, white is the main color of wedding. The bride on the wedding day must wear white wedding dress, because white symbolizes inner loyalty.
西方国家婚礼则是以白色为主要颜色,结婚当天的新娘,必须身穿白颜色的婚纱,因为白色象征着内心的忠贞。
The custom of wearing white wedding dress in the West originated from the Victorian period in England. White wedding dress became the favorite dress for girls on the wedding day, while men in the West must wear white or black suits.
西方穿白色婚纱的习俗源于英国维多利亚时期,白色婚纱便成为女孩在结婚当天最喜欢的礼服,而西方的男士一定要身穿白色或黑色西装。
1、婚前习俗不一样
西方订婚戒,这个传统始于15世纪,当时奥地利大公麦西米伦以钻戒向玛丽许下海誓山盟。当时,他的亲信呈文献言:“殿下,在订婚时,您必须送一枚有钻石的戒指。”麦西米伦纳言。这个仪式从此流传至今,已有数世纪之久。
中方过大礼仪式,“过大礼”的仪式,这是订婚的最隆重,也是最重要的仪式;因为这仪式过后就等如正式定立了婚约。跟“过文定”一样,男家会选择一个吉日,带同聘金和各种礼品到女家;而女家亦会准备回礼礼品。
2、结婚当日流程不一样
中方,迎亲,就是在结婚之日,新郎会与媒人和亲友一起前往女家迎娶新娘。新郎前往女家之前会先到女家的祖庙行拜见之礼,然后以花轿接新娘回到男家。新人会在男家举行拜天、地、祖先的仪式,然后送入洞房。
西方:
(1)前往教堂
新人会前往教堂,到达后婚礼就正式举行。
(2)仪式开始
一般来说,西式婚礼是由牧师或神父主持的。亦有所谓的Civil Wedding,在此情况下,婚礼并没有任何的宗教仪式,那当然亦不会由牧师或神父主持了。)当牧师或神父到来时,伴郎及伴娘就会进入会场,这时也会播放或演奏进场的乐曲。而宾客即会起立;戒子童Ring Bearer 也同时会把戒子交给该牧师或神父。
跟着就会奏出婚礼进行曲,新娘会挽着她爸爸的手进场。新娘进场后,新娘的父亲就会把新娘交到新郎的手中。跟着就是最重要的时候了,全场的宾客都会肃静,而所有的奏乐也会停止。主持人会问新郎新娘会否愿意成为夫妇,这就是说I Do 我愿意的时候了!
然后是交换戒指的仪式;当然,在现今社会中,还需要签字作实,这才可以使西式婚礼具法律的约束力。
3、婚后习俗不一样
中方有三朝回门,即归宁,三朝是指婚后的第三天,新娘由丈夫的陪同下,带备烧猪及礼品回娘家祭祖,然后再随丈夫回到夫家。
西方,“蜜月”(Honeymoon) 一词的由来起源于古欧洲的习俗。新婚夫妇在婚后的30天内,或直到月缺时,每天都要喝由蜂蜜发酵制成的饮料,以增进性生活的和谐。古时候,蜂蜜是生命、健康和生育能力的象征。“蜜月”是新婚夫妇在恢复日常生活前的单独相处。
参考资料来源;百度百科-中国婚礼
百度百科-西式婚礼
隐喻的中西方文化差异Abstract: Metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon but also a way of thinking, which is one of the basic methods for human survival and cognition. It is rooted in language, thought and culture. Through the analysis and comparison of the use and concept of metaphor in different countries, we find that its universality and commonality of the metaphor as a basic human cognitive activities. However, metaphor in different languages reflects a different way of thinking and behavior and different cultural patterns. Owing to the different two modes of thinking and culture, there are some differences in understanding and formation that can not be ignored. Therefore, this paper will discuss the questions : metaphor, cross-cultural differences, translation. 1. Preamble Metaphor is a common phenomenon, a large number of people use metaphor to express his feelings and ideas. British scientists rhetoric Richards (IARichards) once said, "We have day-to-day in almost every conversation in three sentences may be a metaphor." According to statistics, life around the use of 4,700,000 new metaphor, 2,140,000 stereotypes of metaphor. Research in recent years, there is a great metaphor. This article introduced in the definition of metaphor on the basis of summing up the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western metaphor, and that its culture, precisely because of the prevalence of metaphor, how to translate metaphor has become a very important issue in the latter part of the article is aimed at The translation of metaphor put forward a translation of the three strategies. This paper studies aimed at trying to comparative analysis of English and Chinese in a large number of day-to-day language of metaphor to express, find out the differences and similarities, in order to be able to accurately translate the article in good metaphor to explore a little. This article is about the metaphor from the point of view to explore the differences in the way Thinking allows us to a deeper understanding of language, culture, the relationship between thinking and can more clearly understand the different ethnic language, culture, way of thinking, and so on On the nature of translation. 2. Metaphors in Chinese and Western studies In 1980, Lakoff & Johnson (George Lakoff & Mark Johnson) made a "living metaphor" (Metaphors We Live By) of the book, a modern metaphor to open a new chapter in the school. Domestic academia on the "metaphor" This is also a review of the system, such as Lin Wu's book "Study abroad metaphor Looking at the" beam-setting "metaphor research," Li of China and India "The main subjects Metaphor" and so on. However, the Chinese metaphor for the academic study of rare. "Chinese scholars on the study of metaphor, I am afraid the real contribution should be through the metaphor of the Chinese characteristics of research and study, through the metaphor of the Chinese and other languages in the comparative study of metaphor, metaphor for the establishment of a more general theory of the strong, and even unique The basis. "Lin Wu in the book" metaphor of the basic research the status quo, and the focus of the trend "in the main text, put forward a model of cultural metaphors with the relationship:" The language of metaphor is the emergence of expression into the system, which not only reflects the psychological Structure, but also reflect the different cultural models also play a role. " metaphor in the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures relationship Correspond to (corresponding) refers to the relationship between the two languages, English and Chinese in the meaning and metaphor in the use of the same meaning in the culture and image, and so on and-one mapping. This is because the survival of mankind itself, as well as all the external conditions, including the geographical environment, climate change, and the whole of human society and cultural background are certain there is a common, which formed a common humanity of their own and the outside world on many issues. In the "angry" mood, the English are angry that physiological responses, such as: grind one's teeth. (Teeth), bare one's teeth. (Ziyaliezui) an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth), reflecting the Chinese culture on the basis of common experience. non-correspondence English-Chinese metaphor, after all, rooted in two different languages on the soil, resulting in very different cultural backgrounds, fully corresponds to the few metaphors, the vast majority do not have common cultural identity in order to form the corresponding non-(non-corresponding ) Relations. Non-relationship metaphor can be roughly divided into three categories: Vehicle counterpart, Yu Yi does not correspond to English and Chinese in some cases there is the same as a metaphor, but in their own language and culture in the meaning of the metaphor means is different, even different. Peacock in the Chinese culture is auspicious, a symbol of beauty, especially the Dai people to express jumped Pavaner desire to better their own. If the Chinese people will be likened to a peacock, it means that beautiful light. However, in English, peacock (Peacock) is a symbol of pride, often interpreted as arrogance, love to show off. For example, They were eager to take the young peacock down a peg. (They want to pressure a pressure that the arrogant young guy's momentum). counterpart Yu Yi, the vehicle does not correspond to English-Chinese two nations due to their differences, from different angles to look at things the same, it will be a different analogy. As a result both English and Chinese language there is a different vehicle, but Yu was referring to was basically the same as the meaning of the case, that is the same kind of non-correspondence. Such as: a person described as the hearts of anxious, restless, Chinese is "ants on the hot pan" and English is "a cat on the bricks". There are similar: To kick down the ladder. Guohechaiqiao. Yu Yu Yi and do not correspond to Some of the metaphors Yu-Yu has a meaning and it refers to the language and culture are closely related, in another culture often can not find corresponding Yu and Yu Yi, which resulted in a culture known as the default Phenomenon. For example: in English "my rib" I am referring to Yu's wife, it comes from the "Bible" story, that is, Adam (Adam)'s wife Eve (Eve) God is with a piece of Adam's rib made. The Chinese did not, "the Bible" cultural background, and there was no analogy with rib habit, so the formation of a corresponding gap. Similarly, "ugly duckling" (Ugly Duckling) refers to the metaphor will get ahead of Little, "early bird" refers to the diligent Yu, in the words into Chinese language, culture, as a result of the default, can not find a corresponding relationship between metaphor . Chinese and Western cultures in the common metaphor Metaphor and culture to a large extent, human beings have a common understanding, rooted in the people's own day-to-day experience. In this connection, often between different ethnic groups are the same. Both English and Chinese language in a lot of abstract thinking that the metaphorical expression is the same. For example: the human child in the period to form a position on the concept of input in that direction in the form of many of them easily understood, including the position expressed by metaphor, which has become a fixed pattern of thinking. For example: The term direction (up, down) to describe people's social status, physical, emotional, and other abstract concepts to the case when the good is up; Sad is down. We Chinese are also not difficult to find a similar sentence: "Gas Prices "," enhance the social status "and" vision "and" depressed. " Since the objective laws of nature with the relative unity of different cultures to understand the nature of the course is similar to the cognitive experience. in the metaphor of the difference between Chinese and Western cultures As the English-Chinese geographical and cultural differences, living in two different cultures in practice there are a lot of differences, and different life experiences and let people understand the objective world, a different language carries different nationalities Cultural characteristics and cultural information. Understanding of metaphor is not out of socio-cultural backgrounds. For example, social and cultural impact of the color words is deep-rooted, some color words in different cultures in an entirely different meaning, has a distinctive feature of our national culture. Such as: English, said in green "inexperienced" and "shallow knowledge", such as: "a green hand", "I was very green when I started working there." The Chinese like to express the meaning of the word is "yellow" Such as: "Huangmaoyatou" and "flower girl". Cultural background knowledge is the metaphor to create a rich source of thinking, as the Eastern and Western cultures are different, metaphors in English and Chinese applications there are also significant differences. The metaphor of the cross-cultural differences between Chinese and Western influence Language is a cultural change in the development of the complex, subject to political, economic, historical, environmental and other factors. Chinese and Western styles are different, but in many ways to infiltrate interaction and integration, language differences and cultural metaphor for the inevitable impact is complex and diverse. metaphorical expression of cultural conflict Different nationalities in the world to observe a different perspective and ideas, different cultures there are a lot of conflict or inconsistency metaphor. If the animal metaphors, in English Long (dragon) is a kind of evil, will belch out smoke monster. "Bible", the dragon is the devil, is a symbol of evil and terror, there is a terrible vicious meaning. The Chinese dragon is in power, the auspicious symbol of Chinese traditional culture, the Chinese have "Wangzichenglong", "descendants of the Dragon." The same analogy in different cultures, different meaning, of two cultures "Dragon" to give a different connotation. differences in living conditions caused by differences in metaphor In English is a lot of metaphor and marine-related, such as: all at sea (at a loss what to do); drink like a fish (drinking cow); fish in the air (Shuizhonglaoyue); give up the ship (give up). In Chinese, there are a lot of the horse or cattle pose a metaphor, such as: "a willing ox" (a willing horse) Gan means to serve the community; "old ox" (a working horse) refers to the hard work; "bragging "(Talk horse), and so on. This is due to different geographical location and natural environment caused by different cultural metaphor. Britain is an island, ultimately, dependent on the sea, and China is a large agricultural country, farming culture deeply feudal society. different religious and cultural differences arising from the metaphor Religious culture of human culture is an important part of it by referring to the nation's religious beliefs, such as the formation of the sense of culture, "the Bible" in the story, with its language and meaning has become a feature of daily life in the West in terms of . For example, power of the keys (the keys to the kingdom of heaven; the rights of the Pope), in the right church, but in the wrong pew (in general is right, but not the details), and so on. Chinese culture and Buddhism, Taoism and more affected by the impact of Confucianism, the Chinese, there are a lot of related argot. "Jiehuaxianfo"; "临时抱佛脚"; "做一天和尚撞一天钟" and so on. It is due to the diversity of culture, resulting in the differences between English and Chinese metaphor. This difference to the cross-cultural communication has brought the impact. As a foreign language students, do not understand the difference between metaphor and language will make mistakes, sometimes mistakenly made good as pleasant, caused by either one or both of the conversation unpleasant; also sometimes mocked as a praise. When a native language other operators do not understand the language contained in the cultural differences, it is often difficult for such language to accurately convey the meaning of the understanding, difficulty to the cross-cultural exchange. 3. Metaphor of the three methods of translation The translation of metaphor not only accurately and effectively convey the original language, but also loyal, accessible, complete reproduction of the original language and cultural connotation and significance. But in the West because of cultural differences and different, so the translation of metaphor in English on the need to consider not only its literal sense, and so on, but also in the West should pay attention to their cultural differences. American Eugene Nida said: "Translation is the exchange between the two cultures. The real success of the translation, even more familiar with the two cultures is more important to master two languages. Because only in terms of its role in the culture In the background will only be meaningful. "Therefore, the translation of metaphor to combining Chinese and Western cultures, and cultural backgrounds to leave the translation, can not be achieved between the two languages of the real exchange. Literal Translation The so-called "literal" is asked in the language when conditions permit, in the translation to maintain the original content, but also to maintain the original form, in particular, to maintain the original metaphor, the image of the nation, and other local color. In the literal translation method to maintain the original expression of the culture and at the same time, target enriched the vocabulary and expression, such as: "a Pandora's box" (Pandora's Box); "chain reaction" (chain reaction). In the original text and asked the information contained in the same culture, we should adopt the literal translation method. (1) You are my sunshine, my only sunshine. : You are my sun, my only sunshine. In Chinese and English, the sun is warm, beautiful, in both languages, they disseminate information on culture are the same. As a rule, and asked in the original text in the form of grammatical structure, similar to the style or color on basically the same, the law should adopt the literal translation. (1) He is another Shylock. : He is also a Shylock. (Note: Shakespeare's Shylock is "The Merchant of Venice" in a very harsh mean business People. ) (2) To carry coals to Newcastle. : Coal to Newcastle. (Note: "Newcastle" is a British coal, coal is superfluous here.) 4. Conclusion Metaphor as a way to figures of speech or skills, a unique feature of grammar, which features make the sentence more flexible and constructive, but the United States. Is a metaphor to express more complex ideas and things, a powerful tool. Wherever and whenever people in their daily lives are often used metaphor. As Mr. Lin Zhuang said: "The metaphor is no longer expanding his knowledge and understanding of a passive process. To help us in the form of new knowledge, the metaphor has played an active role so that we can better a better understanding of the objective world." In English and Chinese Metaphorical significance of the difference is due to cultural differences between East and West, that mode of thinking, moral values and sense of difference. However, different cultural impact of what is the concept of metaphor, it is still a need to examine and address the problem. At the same time, in the metaphor of the process of translation must pay special attention to cultural differences. The best translation is to be able to accurately reflect the true meaning of the author, as well as its cultural and stylistic characteristics of the translation, that is, the translation of metaphor to make as much as possible the original language and to achieve the target language culture, and so on.
我也写这个题目,我的导师建议我从三方面写。1 中国各个菜系的饮食文化特点2 美国的饮食文化特点3 差异{饮食观念,饮食结构,制作方法,食用方式,餐桌礼仪,,,,]感觉还是好写,如果你学校图书资源丰富,有万方数据库,中国知网等,那就有很多参考的了
中国餐桌上的礼仪归结以下几点:第一,入座的礼仪。先请客人入座上席,在请长者入座客人旁依次入座。入座时要从椅子左边进入,入座后不要动筷子,更不要弄出什么响声来,也不要起身走动。如果有什么事要向主人打招呼。第二,进餐时。先请客人、长者动筷子。夹菜时每次少一些,离自己远的菜就少吃一些,吃饭时不要出声音,喝汤时也不要出声响。喝汤用汤匙一小口一小口地喝,不宜把碗端到嘴边喝,汤太热时凉了以后再喝,不要一边吹一边喝。有的人吃饭喜欢咀嚼食物,特别是使劲咀嚼脆食物发出很清晰的声音来,这种做法是不合礼仪要求的。特别是和众人一起进餐时,就要尽量防止出现这种现象。第三,进餐时不要打嗝,也不要出现其他声音。如果出现打喷嚏、肠鸣等不由自主的声响时,就要说一声“真不好意思”、“对不起”、“请原谅”之类的话以示歉意。第四,如果要给客人或长辈布菜,最好用公筷,也可以把离客人或长辈远的菜肴送到他们跟前。按我们中华民族的习惯,菜是一个一个往上端的。如果同桌有领导、老人、客人的话,每当上来一个新菜时就请他们先动筷子,或着轮流请他们先动筷子,以表示对他们的重视。第五,吃到鱼头、鱼刺、骨头等物时将它放到自己的碟子里或放在事先准备好的纸上。第六,要适时地抽空和左右的人聊几句风趣的话以调和气氛。不要光着头吃饭不管别人,也不要狼吞虎咽地大吃一顿,更不要贪杯。西餐餐桌礼仪 餐桌上必须要注意的是: 1.西餐点菜及上菜顺序 西餐菜单上有四或五大分类,其分别是开胃菜、汤、沙拉、海鲜、肉类、点心等。 应先决定主菜。主菜如果是鱼,开胃菜就选择肉类,在口味上就比较富有变化。除了食量特别大的外,其实不必从菜单上的单品菜内配出全餐,只要开胃菜和主菜各一道,再加一份甜点就够了。可以不要汤,或者省去开胃菜,这也是很理想的组合(但在意大利菜中,意大利面被看成是汤,所以原则上这两道菜不一起点)。 正式的全套餐点上菜顺序是: 1)头盘。西餐的第一道菜是头盘,也称为开胃品。开胃品的内容一般有冷头盘和热头盘之分,常见的品种有鱼子酱、鹅肝酱、熏鲑鱼、鸡尾杯、奶油鸡酥盒、焗蜗牛等。因为是要开胃,所以开胃菜一般都有特色风味,味道以咸和酸为主,而且数量少,质量较高。 2)汤。和中餐不同的是,西餐的第二道菜就是汤。西餐的汤大致可分为清汤、奶油汤、蔬菜汤和冷汤等4类。品种有牛尾清汤、各式奶油汤、海鲜汤、美式蛤蜊汤、意式蔬菜汤、俄式罗宋汤、法式焗葱头汤。冷汤的品种较少,有德式冷汤、俄式冷汤等。 3)副菜。鱼类菜肴一般作为西餐的第三道菜,也称为副菜。品种包括各种淡、海水鱼类、贝类及软体动物类。通常水产类菜肴与蛋类、面包类、酥盒菜肴品都称为副菜。因为鱼类等菜肴的肉质鲜嫩,比较容易消化,所以放在肉类菜肴的前面,叫法上也和肉类菜肴主菜有区别。西餐吃鱼菜肴讲究使用专用的调味汁,品种有鞑靼汁、荷兰汁、酒店汁、白奶油汁、大主教汁、美国汁和水手鱼汁等。 4)主菜。肉、禽类菜肴是西餐的第四道菜,也称为主菜。肉类菜肴的原料取自牛、羊、猪、小牛仔等各个部位的肉,其中最有代表性的是牛肉或牛排。牛排按其部位又可分为沙朗牛排(也称西冷牛排)、菲利牛排、“T”骨型牛排、薄牛排等。其烹调方法常用烤、煎、铁扒等。肉类菜肴配用的调味汁主要有西班牙汁、浓烧汁精、蘑菇汁、白尼斯汁等。 禽类菜肴的原料取自鸡、鸭、鹅,通常将兔肉和鹿肉等野味也归入禽类菜肴。禽类菜肴品种最多的是鸡,有山鸡、火鸡、竹鸡,可煮、炸、烤、焖,主要的调味汁有黄肉汁、咖喱汁、奶油汁等。 5)蔬菜类菜肴。蔬菜类菜肴可以安排在肉类菜肴之后,也可以和肉类菜肴同时上桌,所以可以算为一道菜,或称为一种配菜。蔬菜类菜肴在西餐中称为沙拉。和主菜同时服务的沙拉,称为生蔬菜沙拉,一般用生菜、西红柿、黄瓜、芦笋等制作。沙拉的主要调味汁有醋油汁、法国汁、干岛汁、奶酪沙拉汁等。 沙拉除了蔬菜之外,还有一类是用鱼、肉、蛋类制作的,这类沙拉一般不加味汁,在进餐顺序上可以作为头盘。 还有一些蔬菜是熟的,如花椰菜、煮菠菜、炸土豆条。熟食的蔬菜通常和主菜的肉食类菜肴一同摆放在餐盘中上桌,称为配菜。 6)甜品。西餐的甜品是主菜后食用的,可以算做是第六道菜。从真正意义上讲,它包括所有主菜后的食物,如布丁、煎饼、冰淇淋、奶酪、水果等。 7)咖啡、茶。西餐的最后一道是上饮料,咖啡或茶。喝咖啡一般要加糖和淡奶油。茶一般要加香桃片和糖。 2.位次问题 即使来宾中有地位、身份、年纪高于主宾的,在排定位次时,仍要请紧靠主人就坐。男主人坐主位,右手是第一重要客人的夫人,左手是第二重要客人的夫人,女主人坐在男主人的对面。她的两边是最重要的第一、第二位男客人。现在,如果不是非常正规的午餐或晚餐,这样一男一女的间隔坐法就显得不重要了。 3.刀叉的使用 使用刀叉时,从外侧往内侧取用刀叉,要左手持叉,右手持刀;切东西时左手拿叉按住食物,右手拿刀切成小块,用叉子往嘴里送。用刀的时候,刀刃不可以朝外。进餐中途需要休息时,可以放下刀叉并摆成“八”字形状摆在盘子中央,表示没吃完,还要继续吃。每吃完一道菜,将刀叉并排放在盘中,表示已经吃完了,可以将这道菜或盘子拿走。如果是谈话,可以拿着刀叉,不用放下来,但不要挥舞。不用刀时,可用右手拿叉,但需要作手势时,就应放下刀叉,千万不要拿着刀叉在空中挥舞摇晃,不要一手拿刀或叉,而另一只手拿餐巾擦嘴,也不要一手拿酒杯,另一只手拿叉取菜。任何时候,都不要将刀叉的一端放在盘上,另一端放在桌上。 4.餐桌上的注意事项。不要在餐桌上化妆,用餐巾擦鼻涕。用餐时打嗝是大忌。取食时,拿不到的食物可以请别人传递,不要站起来。每次送到嘴里的食物别太多,在咀嚼时不要说话。就餐时不可以狼吞虎咽。对自己不愿吃的食物也应要一点放在盘中,以示礼貌。不应在进餐中途退席。确实需要离开,要向左右的客人小声打招呼。饮酒干杯时,即使不喝,也应该将杯口在唇上碰一碰,以示敬意。当别人为你斟酒时,如果不需要,可以简单地说一声“不,谢谢!”或以手稍盖酒杯,表示谢绝。进餐过程中,不要解开纽扣或当众脱衣。如果主人请客人宽衣,男客人可以把外衣脱下搭在椅背上,但不可以把外套或随身携带的东西放到餐台上。
好不好写要看你能不能找到相关的参考资料,论文中一个重要部分是引用前人的观念证明自己的论点,当然你要突破创新那应该要鼓励,不过这样论文写起来很可能没方向,给你一条建议,写前最好能找到5本以上能贴合你论点的书、杂志、报道、分析报告等,看完心里有底了,那样写起来比较顺
餐饮礼仪问题可谓源远流长。据文献记载可知,至少在周代,饮食礼仪已形成一套相当完善的制度,特别是经曾任鲁国祭酒的孔子的称赞推崇而成为历朝历代表现大国之貌、礼仪之邦、文明之所的重要方面。 作为汉族传统的古代宴饮礼仪,自有一套程序:主人折柬相邀,临时迎客于门外。宾客到时,互致问候,引入客厅小坐,敬以茶点。客齐后导客入席,以左为上,视为首席,相对首座为二座,首座之下为三座,二座之下为四座。客人坐定,由主人敬酒让菜,客人以礼相谢。席间斟酒上菜也有一定的讲究:应先敬长者和主宾,最后才是主人。宴饮结束,引导客人入客厅小坐,上茶,直到辞别。这种传统宴饮礼仪在我国大部分地区保留完整,如山东、香港及台湾,许多影视作品中多有体现。 清代受西餐传入的影响,一些西餐礼仪也被引进。如分菜、上汤、进酒等方式也因合理卫生的食法被引入中餐礼仪中。中西餐饮食文化的交流,使得餐饮礼仪更加科学合理。 现代较为流行的中餐宴饮礼仪是在继续传统与参考国外礼仪的基础上发展而来的。其座次借西方宴会以右为上的法则,第一主宾就坐于主人右侧,第二主宾在主人左侧或第一主宾右侧,变通处理,斟酒上菜由宾客右侧进行,先主宾,后主人,先女宾,后男宾。酒斟八分,不可过满。上菜顺序依然保持传统,先冷后热。热菜应从主宾对面席位的左侧上;上单份菜或配菜席点和小吃先宾后主,上全鸡、全鸭、全鱼等整形菜,不能头尾朝向正主位。这些程序不仅可以使整个宴饮过程和谐有序,更使主客身份和情感得以体现和交流。因此,餐桌之上的礼仪可使宴饮活动圆满周全,使主客双方的修养得到全面展示。 特别具体的英国礼仪寻找困难,可参考正规书籍 1、就座时,身体要端正,手肘不要放在桌面上,不可跷足,与 餐桌的距离以便于使用餐具为佳。餐台上已摆好的餐具不要随意摆弄。将餐巾对折轻轻放在膝上。 2、使用刀叉进餐时,从外侧往内侧取用刀叉,要左手持叉,右手持刀;切东西时左手拿叉按住食物,右手执刀将其切成小块,用叉子送入口中。使用刀时,刀刃不可向外。进餐中放下刀叉时应摆成“八”字型,分别放在餐盘边上。刀刃朝向自身,表示还要继续吃。每吃完一道菜,将刀叉并拢放在盘中。如果是谈话,可以拿着刀叉,无需放下。不用刀时,可用右手持叉,但若需要作手势时,就应放下刀叉,千万不可手执刀叉在空中挥舞摇晃,也不要一手拿刀或叉,而另一支手拿餐巾擦嘴,也不可一手拿酒杯,另一支手拿叉取菜。要记住,任何时候,都不可将刀叉的一端放在盘上,另一端放在桌上。 3、喝汤时不要啜,吃东西时要闭嘴咀嚼。不要舔嘴唇或咂嘴发出声音。如汤菜过热,可待稍凉后再吃,不要用嘴吹。喝汤时,用汤勺从里向外舀,汤盘中的汤快喝完时,用左手将汤盘的外侧稍稍翘起,用汤勺舀净即可。吃完汤菜时,将汤匙留在汤盘(碗)中,匙把指向自己。 4、吃鱼、肉等带刺或骨的菜肴时,不要直接外吐,可用餐巾捂嘴轻轻吐在叉上放入盘内。如盘内剩余少量菜肴时,不要用叉子刮盘底,更不要用手指相助食用,应以小块面包或叉子相助食用。吃面条时要用叉子先将面条卷起,然后送入口中。 5、面包一般掰成小块送入口中,不要拿着整块面包去咬。抹黄油和果酱时也要先将面包掰成小块再抹。 6、吃鸡时,欧美人多以鸡胸脯肉为贵。吃鸡腿时应先用力将骨去掉,不要用手拿着吃。吃鱼时不要将鱼翻身,要吃完上层后用刀叉将鱼骨剔掉后再吃下层吃肉时,要切一块吃一块,块不能切得过大,或一次将肉都切成块。 7、喝咖啡时如愿意添加牛奶或糖,添加后要用小勺搅拌均匀,将小勺放在咖啡的垫碟上。喝时应右手拿杯把,左手端垫碟,直接用嘴喝,不要用小勺一勺一勺地舀着喝。吃水果时,不要拿着水果整个去咬,应先用水果刀切成四瓣再用刀去掉皮、核、用叉子叉着吃。 8、用刀叉吃有骨头的肉吃有骨头的肉时,可以用手拿着吃。若想吃得更优雅,还是用刀较好。用叉子将整片肉固定(可将叉子朝上,用叉子背部压住肉),再用刀沿骨头插人,把肉切开。最好是边切边吃。必须用手吃时,会附上洗手水。当洗手水和带骨头的肉一起端上来时,意味着“请用手吃”。用手指拿东西吃后,将手指放在装洗手水的碗里洗净。吃一般的菜时,如果把手指弄脏,也可请侍者端洗手水来,注意洗手时要轻轻地洗。 9、吃面包可蘸调味汁吃到连调味汁都不剩,是对厨师的礼貌。注意不要把面包盘子“舔”得很干净,而要用叉子叉住已撕成小片的面包,再蘸一点调味汁来吃,是雅观的作法。
1、中国婚姻法文化考论2、婚姻契约观念的限度与嬗变3、秦汉家族法研究4、我国民法典亲属法编立法构建研究5、中美婚内侵权行为之比较法研究6、当代中国婚姻法与婚姻家庭研究7、中国维吾尔族婚姻习惯法研究8、建国初期山东省宣传贯彻婚姻法研究9、建国初期山西省贯彻婚姻法运动研究10、论我国离婚诉讼中房产分割的若干问题11、离婚诉讼中无房女性利益的法律保护问题研究12、《婚姻法解释(三)》中不动产登记效力研究13、《婚姻法解释(三)》中夫妻财产制度的研究14、民国时期婚姻法的文学省思15、土地革命时期婚姻立法问题研究(学术堂提供更多论文知识)
1,配偶权与“包二奶”。新现行《婚姻法》对配偶权的问题也是个焦点问题。配偶权是一种身份权,过去我国的《婚姻法》和《民法通则》都没有明确提及这种权利,因而此次将配偶权正式纳入法律之中是必要的。而配偶权最基本的内容就是夫妻间的“忠实义务”。忠实义务主要是指专一的夫妻性生活义务,任何人不得和配偶之外的异性发生性关系。否则就是对其配偶权的一种侵害。“包二奶”的现象就是对配偶权的一种莫大侵害。2,家庭暴力家庭暴力不仅指夫妻关系,也指家庭其他成员之间的关系。设立此项,意从保护妇女儿童权益的角度出发,当然,也可保护某些“家庭”地位低下的男性。3,夫妻财产的规范现阶段在法定财产制这一法律原则下,还应有适当的约定财产制为补充,这样符合我国现阶段家庭经济多元化的现实。绝大多数国人没有婚前财产约定的习惯,认为刚结婚就想离婚时的财产纠纷是不吉利的。事实上,绝大多数的离婚案件都有财产纠纷。可在结婚登记时一并进行夫妻财产制约定,夫妻双方婚前既不用找律师也不用公证,可以直接选择一种约定夫妻财产制,不选择的则适用于法定夫妻财产制,这样使新婚夫妻在感情上更易接受。另外还有离婚中的“过错赔偿”子女探视权如果想写论文的话推荐配偶权与探视权可以参照德国法国等民法典的规定写写
统婚姻制度区域 1.浅析我国无效婚姻制度 2.我国“事实婚姻”制度的弊端与法律对策 3.论婚姻的成立 4.《婚姻登记条例》利与弊 5.中国妇女保护的立法不足 6.浅析抚养制度的完善 7.试论探望权的实现 8.关于离婚经济帮助制度的分析 9.关于离婚损害赔偿制度的思考 10.关于离婚几个法律问题的思考 11.法定离婚理由之探析 12.家庭暴力的法律对策 13.家庭调解制度在中国的命运 14.离婚过程中和离婚后对子女权益的法律保护 15.军人婚姻法律保护的利与弊 16.婚姻家庭法律在未来民法典中的地位 17.一夫一妻制度的法律保护 18.浅析可撤销婚姻制度 19.浅析我国的夫妻财产制度 20.离婚标准之探讨 21.亲权制度研究 22.中国古代婚姻制度研究 23.“婚内强奸”的立法研究 24.从平等原则看我国婚姻家庭中的男女平等 25.我国夫妻债务制度探讨 26.╳╳地方婚姻调查 27.浅析我国婚姻制度的改革和完善 28.违法婚姻问题研究 29.“感情确已破裂”解析 30.我国离婚救济制度研究 31.事实婚姻和非法同居关系的辨析 32.离婚损害赔偿之立法完善 33.居住权在婚姻家庭法的保护和实现 34.浅析中国古代的特色婚姻制度 35.从三部婚姻法看我国婚姻家庭理念的变迁 36.完善我国亲属抚养制度的几点思考 37.公证在婚姻法中的效力和地位 38.农村事实婚姻的状况与法律对策 39.夫妻侵权制度研究 40.准婚姻制度研究 婚姻家庭法哲学区域 1.婚姻法适用的道德机理 2.近现代法上婚姻本质属性研究 3.公平原则在离婚案件中的适用 4.试论夫妻相互忠实义务及其实现 5.婚姻家庭法的立法理念研究 6.关于配偶权的探讨 7.婚姻登记证的法律效力 8.“夫妻应当相互忠实”的法律分析 9.婚姻契约制度研究 10.婚内强迫性行为的法律性质分析 11.中国古代╳╳时期妇女法律地位探析 12.夫妻人身关系探析 13.“代孕”技术的法律反思 14.妇女人格独立制度研究 15.侵犯配偶权行为的法律规制 16.婚姻自由原则的法理分析 17.试论事实婚姻中的离婚问题 18.中国古代“抢婚”现象的法律分析 19.亲属法立法可行性探讨 20.婚姻自主权探讨 婚姻法学前沿区域 1.变性人及其原婚姻关系处理 2.同性恋(婚)的法律对策 3.婚前体检存废论 4.婚姻登记行为可诉性研究 5.试论准婚姻关系 6.“保卫婚姻俱乐部”的合法性探讨 7.浅析婚内索赔 8.对离婚的法律经济学分析 9.“性骚扰”法律问题研究 10.婚约的法律性质 11.“闪婚”的法律分析 12.人工生殖中的父母子女关系研究 13.试析“回族女子不外嫁”的习俗 14.同居者的权利义务探讨 15.关于大学生婚育权与高校管理权(或大学生受教育权)的探讨 16.婚内侵权赔偿制度研究 17.“半路夫妻”法律问题研究 18.“试婚”(或“试离婚”)的法律问题分析19.婚姻保险制度研究 20.“同性恋”婚姻立法趋势研究 21.浅析婚介所的法律地位 22.论服刑人员的结婚权 23.“换亲”的法律分析 24.浅析和谐社会与性别平等 25.网婚的法律分析
太长时间了吗你太