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英语翻译实践报告论文答辩

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英语翻译实践报告论文答辩

英语毕业论文答辩稿范文(精选8篇)

一段忙碌又充实的大学生活要即将结束,我们毕业前都要通过最后的`毕业论文,毕业论文是一种比较重要的检验学生学习成果的形式,快来参考毕业论文是怎么写的吧!下面是我帮大家整理的英语毕业论文答辩稿范文,希望对大家有所帮助。

Good morning, all appraises committee members. I am XXX and my supervisor is XXX.

With his constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper.

Now it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.

The title of my paper is Comparative Study between English and Chinese idioms.

With the developing globalization, communication demand precise language.

Idioms are not a separate part of the language, we cannot omit. Studying the similarities and differences between English and Chinese idioms would be helpful to cross-cultural understanding and it’s also a good advance to our future if we can learn well.

For the above facts, I select the subject of “comparative study between English and Chinese idioms” as the title of my paper.

In the main part of this paper, I divide it four parts.

Part one presents general introduction to the basic concept and the studying purpose.

Part two presents overview of the Chinese and English idioms; it concludes similar origins and similar functions. Part three emphasize differences between English and Chinese idioms.

Through contrast analysis of well-known Chinese and English language, found the differences cultural discrepancy and the translation of animal words. Part four draws some conclusions that characteristics of English and Chinese idioms. And it is helpful to cross-culture .It’s necessary for a better understanding of international promotional communication. OK, that’s all. Thank you.

Good morning,Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense.

I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points(Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van )The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.

Good afternoon, all appraiser committee members. I’m Zhang Da and my supervisor is Professor Zhang Jingcai. With her constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.

The title of my paper is On the Significance of Drama Method in the Improvement of English Learning in Chinese Rural Junior High School. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. First of all, I really want to be a teacher, so during the four years, I have read many books about how to become a good teacher. Secondly, when I was a freshman in the summer of 2008, I was chosen as a teaching assistant of the summer camp which was organized by the New Oriental English School in Shijiazhuang. In the summer camp, I rewrote a script of an English drama to be one of the programs of the open ceremony. It was very popular among those students. They thought it was very interesting. In 2010, I was practiced as an English teacher at Chenguantun Middle School in Qinhuangdao, I found that the students have little interest towards English learning, so I hoped I could help them. So I use the Drama Method as my teaching method. Almost all of the students were highly motivated by the interesting teaching method and they have made great progress in the exam one month later. So the research proved that the Drama Method can be used as an effective teaching method. For the above facts, I select the subject of On the Significance of Drama Method in the Improvement of English Learning in Chinese Rural Junior High School as the title of my paper. I hope by studying this topic we can find an effective teaching method to help all the students’ English learning in junior high school.

Next, it is an outline of my paper. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into five parts.

Part one presents an introduction to identify the major problem of junior high school students’ English learning problems

Part two overviews all relevant researches in drama application in teaching oral English.

Part three is the research design, the research hypothesis, the subjects of the research, the research methods and the research procedures are conducted.

Part four is the findings from research data. After analyzing the data with Excel 2007, pedagogical findings and implications are delivered before the conclusion of the thesis.

Part five draws some conclusions about the research. As what has been shown in the research, there are a lot of benefits from drama performance; the Drama Method can be used as an effective teaching method. In addition, there are some suggestions for forthcoming researches.

OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions.

Good evening, all the appraiser committee members. I come from HUST, majoring in foreign linguistics and applied linguistics. With her sincere and intellectual guidance, for nearly one whole year's hard work, I have finished my paper. Finally, it is the show time. This evening I will present my efforts to you all and I gratefully welcome any correction.

The title of my paper is A Study of the Causes of the Gothic Style

in from a Feminist Perspective. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Firstly, I am fond of literature works , especially gothic literature works. Secondly, I am quite familiar with this short story as this is one of the texts in our intensive teaching course and I have taught this text for more than 3 times . Last but not the least ,as a female , I am keen on the study of feminism. For the above facts, I select the subject of as the title of my paper.

I hope by studying this short story we can know more about American southern women in certain history and culture and more importantly help women in modern society get a deeper understanding about ourselves ,help us raise our independence and confidence and show more concern for our mental health.

Next , I will present it to you. Here is an outline of my presentation. They are literature review, gothic tradition , the gothic style in the story and the causes of the gothic style .

This paper consists of six parts. Part one presents an introduction to the author William Faulkner and by pointing out the purpose and significance of this study. Part two is literature review which introduces the relevant research about this novel at home and abroad and then points out the theoretical basis and methods. Part three gives a timeline of the gothic tradition in literature and explains the main characteristics of gothic works. Part four explains the three aspects of the gothic style in the novel,that is, the death theme, grotesque characters and mystic atmosphere. Part five then explains in detail the causes of the gothic style in this novel: patriarchal oppression, the myth of southern ladyhood and Emily’s attitude towards love. Finally, in the conclusion, the author summarizes the previous parts and emphasizes the significance of the argument of the thesis again.

Ok, that's all. Now you may raise your questions ! I am ready! Thank you !!!

I will present my efforts to you and welcome any title of my paper is on transformation of parts of speech in translation. i choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. each language has its own special structure. and there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. in order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators. so the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in english to chinese based on different characteristics of english and chinese. for the above facts, i select the subject of“on transformation of parts of speech”as the title of my hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in english to chinese translation. through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation way of thinking and expressing is quite different between chinese and english. english is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. while chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often when we make translation in english to chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of , it is an outline of my paper. in the main part of this paper, i divide it into five one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of three gives four basic ways of transformation of parts of speech through illustrative examples. there are transformed english words into chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives and four presents some problems about transformation and gives some advise to solve the five draws some conclusions that transformation between parts of speech is necessary for us to achieve good translation. it is demonstrated that we can have a good master of transformation and improve the translation. in addition, we must continuously study and explore in all kinds of translation ! that is all. thank you!

Good morning,Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. (或Welcome to attend the oral defense.) :I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points(Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van )The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.

stant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it's show time. You and I will work hard to welcome any topic of my thesis is 《Angela carter to mythology research - the female archetype in “new eve passion”, for example》。 I choose this as my topic due to the following Carter (1940-1992) is an outstanding feminist writer whose influence on Britishwomen's writing was “pivotal in this opening and transformation” [“23]. The year 2014 represents the 22”^ anniversary of Angela Carter's death. In those twenty-two years, her works have been widely taught internationally and brought about much critical debate. In a survey conducted by Cristina Bacchilega and Danielle M. Roemer [2],Carter is one of the most commonly taught women writers on North American programs. She has endowed us with an amazingly large number of legacies in her comparatively limited life, setting foot in various fields such as novels,short stories,children stories, dramas, non-fictions and so on. The acute observations with great insights,as well as the devastating wit and poignant mockery in Carter's works have made her stand out as an iconic figure in English literature. Many scholars and critics have devoted themselves to the research on Angela Carter from many perspectives,including gothic, magic realism, feminism,post-modernism and so on. As a prolific writer who is always ready to blur the boundaries between different genres, Carter has left us a wonderful world to delve the emergence of western women's movement as well as the development of feminist criticism in the 1960s,the feminist approach has become a potent weapon for those who are concerned with the emancipation and legal rights of women. Though women's social status has considerably improved due to the contribution made by countless predecessors,the fundamental problem still lingers on. Carter, with her versatile and avant-garde reputation, is best known as a feminist writer. Concerning the dilemmas and predicaments faced by women nowadays,it is very necessary for us to probe into her insightful and penetrating reflections on femininity as well as the relationship between two genders. The Passion of New Eve, as one of Carter's most representative works, is of great value in the research of her feminist thoughts and , is my paper outline. In the main part of this article, I put it into five one is an introduction to the thesis, covering the research background, theobjective and significance as well as the organization of the two presents a broad picture of Angela Carter's life and her works, as well as the background information about The Passion of New Eve. It also reviews previous studies on Angela Carter and her works at home and abroad, summarizing achievements in the past and pointing out new directions in the three conducts a retrospective study on feminism and archetypal criticism. The author attempts to work out the origin and development of feminism, demonstrating the important role feminism plays in Carter's life. Then is the history of archetypal criticism,as well as those classic female archetypes in mythology. Regarding those fossilized and monotonous images as impediments to women's freedom and liberation,Carter endeavors to shatter them in her demythologizing strategy and appeals for a rational attitude toward heterosexual four is the main body of the thesis. Through an in-depth analysis on The Passion of New Eve,it demonstrates Carter's demythologizing of “The Temptress,,,”Mother Goddess“and ”Eve“ respectively in the text. Leilah,the embodiment of Delilah,the famous temptress in the Bible,cannot escape the fate of being objectified by men and herself. By exposing”temptresses“ as mere victims rather than symbols of viciousness. Carter condemns the oppression and exploitation of women in a patriarchal society. ”Mother“ in Beulah serves as a severe satire on those mother goddesses in mythology. Carter smashes the legend by revealing the surgically-made essence of mother and the patriarchal values lurking behind her alleged matriarchal kingdom, warning against the peril and impracticality of extremist her most convincing example goes to Eve, the most important female character in the Bible, Her transformative journey from a chauvinist to a real woman in the story illustrates that gender, rather than a hereditary feature, is the result of social influence and unremitting imitations. Carter concludes the story with proposing ”androgyny“ as a solution to the current problems,implying that mutual respect and understanding is the only way to achieve the harmony between the two five comes to a general conclusion, summarizing the limitations of the theses as well as some suggestions for further ! That is all. Thank you!

Good morning, distinguished professors and teachers, thank you for attending the oral defense. I’m *** and come from class *. My supervisor is professor Li. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Prof. his consistent guidance and valuable suggestions, I have finished my paper. Now I will present my efforts to you and gratefully welcome any suggestion.

Firstly, I am very interested in the study of ambiguity. Ambiguity is a common phenomenon in all natural languages. As is known to all, in our daily conversations, ambiguity is often employed to achieve the effect of humor, thus creating a relaxing atmosphere and letting people feel at ease. Some jokes caused by ambiguity is very interesting.

Secondly, I have read several articles about ambiguity written by linguistics and scholars. I found my knowledge of ambiguity is very limited, superficial and nonsystematic. What I knew is just the tip of the iceberg. So I plan to learn more about ambiguity by this research.

Thirdly, I found many scholars have carried out numerous studies of ambiguity, but a majority of these studies are focused on single language separately. Articles about comparison between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity are not sufficient. So it is necessary to make further study.

For the above facts, I select this title.

Next, I will present the outline of my thesis. It consists of 7 parts.

The first part gives a brief introduction to the ambiguity and structure of the thesis.

The second part is literature review, briefly introducing the development of study of ambiguity and some scholars’s main views.

The third to fifth parts focus on three types of ambiguity in English and Chinese: phonological ambiguity, lexical ambiguity, syntactic ambiguity. In every broad type, I respectively list some detailed branches and cite some vivid English and Chinese examples to explain these ambiguity phenomena. But I put more focus on the third part and point out two differences of ambiguity between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity.

The part six will point out positive results by using ambiguity deliberately in daily conversations, advertisements and literary works.

The last part is the conclusion.

I hope by this contrastive research, we will have a better understanding of ambiguity in English and Chinese and apply it to our life and study.

When reading the final draft, I still find my argument is not so comprehensive and improvements are needed. So welcome your precious suggestion.

That’s all. Thank you.

1. 关于目的论理论方面的问题,以考查你是否真的了解所用理论。2。翻译方法、翻译原则方面的问题,以考查你对翻译理解的程度。3。你论文中所涉及的具体问题,包括语言问题、老师认为表述不巧当的地方等,都可以提问。4。具体的翻译,比如让你当场翻译。总之,对自己的论文要非常熟悉,每个句子每个单词都不能马虎。

英语专业毕业论文答开场白

早上好。

尊敬的教授和老师们,女士们,先生们,谢谢您参加口头答辩。

我是XX。首先,我要对我的上司教授的聪明的指导,宝贵的指导和对我的论文的评价表示由衷的感谢。在他的宝贵帮助下,我终于完成了本论文。

我的主题是“历史转折处的悲剧人物”。全文共分六个部分。第一部分将简要介绍Kong和Rip的消极,逃避和保守态度,以及该主题在现实社会中的意义。第二部分将分析这些人物的背景,以显示悲剧的历史必要性。第三部分将进一步探讨悲剧英雄根据其生存环境所遭受的性格败坏,第四部分则是探讨他们在社会中的性格倾向和行为倾向。然后,作者将在第五部分中深入探讨悲剧的根本原因,

谢谢!

英语专业毕业论文答辩开场白

中英文思维和表达方式大不相同。英语是一种静态语言,倾向于使用更多的名词。汉语是动态的,经常使用动词。因此,当我们将英语翻译成中文时,我们应该知道这一点并改变词性。接下来,这是我的论文提纲。在本文的主要部分,我将其分为五个部分。

第一部分介绍语音和转换部分的基本概念。

第二部分讨论了翻译的定义,强调了词性转换在翻译过程中的重要性。

第三部分通过说明性例子给出了四种转换词性的基本方法。英语单词被转换成中文动词,名词,形容词和副词。

第四部分介绍了有关转换的一些问题,并提出了解决这些问题的建议。

第五部分得出一些结论,即语音部分之间的转换对于我们实现良好的翻译是必要的。事实证明,我们可以很好地掌握转换并改进翻译。此外,我们必须不断学习和探索各种翻译实践。

以上就是环球青藤小编关于英语本科毕业论文答辩开场白的相关分享,希望对各位小伙伴们有所帮助,想要了解更多毕业论文相关的内容,欢迎大家关注本平台。

英语翻译实践报告论文答辩问题

一般都是用英语提问,内容针对你的论文内容,可能要你解释相关概念等,各地各校情况不同~

会从你的论文里挑出某一段,让你谈谈自己的看法等等,英语提问,一般不会很难,只要熟悉自己的论文就行了

为什么要写这篇论文,也就是你的论文和已有的这个领域的其他论文相比有啥特色和特长。你论文中用的理论与论文内容的结合方面的问题,意思就是你要想办法怎么说让它们听起来能够结合到一起。在就是揪出些毛病让你解释 。很简单,不要哑巴了都能过,除非写的实在叫破。

你论文的理论支撑是什么?一般会问点关于理论的问题,看你是不是真懂了然后就是结合你论点的一些东西了反正不会太难,都是你论文里有的。。。可以准备一张presentation打印好啊 答辩的时候应该可以拿着的吧

英语翻译实践论文答辩

英语专业毕业论文答开场白

早上好。

尊敬的教授和老师们,女士们,先生们,谢谢您参加口头答辩。

我是XX。首先,我要对我的上司教授的聪明的指导,宝贵的指导和对我的论文的评价表示由衷的感谢。在他的宝贵帮助下,我终于完成了本论文。

我的主题是“历史转折处的悲剧人物”。全文共分六个部分。第一部分将简要介绍Kong和Rip的消极,逃避和保守态度,以及该主题在现实社会中的意义。第二部分将分析这些人物的背景,以显示悲剧的历史必要性。第三部分将进一步探讨悲剧英雄根据其生存环境所遭受的性格败坏,第四部分则是探讨他们在社会中的性格倾向和行为倾向。然后,作者将在第五部分中深入探讨悲剧的根本原因,

谢谢!

英语专业毕业论文答辩开场白

中英文思维和表达方式大不相同。英语是一种静态语言,倾向于使用更多的名词。汉语是动态的,经常使用动词。因此,当我们将英语翻译成中文时,我们应该知道这一点并改变词性。接下来,这是我的论文提纲。在本文的主要部分,我将其分为五个部分。

第一部分介绍语音和转换部分的基本概念。

第二部分讨论了翻译的定义,强调了词性转换在翻译过程中的重要性。

第三部分通过说明性例子给出了四种转换词性的基本方法。英语单词被转换成中文动词,名词,形容词和副词。

第四部分介绍了有关转换的一些问题,并提出了解决这些问题的建议。

第五部分得出一些结论,即语音部分之间的转换对于我们实现良好的翻译是必要的。事实证明,我们可以很好地掌握转换并改进翻译。此外,我们必须不断学习和探索各种翻译实践。

以上就是环球青藤小编关于英语本科毕业论文答辩开场白的相关分享,希望对各位小伙伴们有所帮助,想要了解更多毕业论文相关的内容,欢迎大家关注本平台。

“论文答辩”"Thesis defense"“论文答辩”"Thesis defense"

问题一:通过论文答辩用英语怎么说 通过论文答辩 Through the thesis reply 通过论文答辩 Through the thesis reply 问题二:“如顺利通过论文答辩”用英文怎么说? 如顺利通过论文答辩 If the oral defense goes *** ooth, If I can pass the oral defense successfully, 问题三:“论文答辩”,“答辩论文”英语怎么说? the oral defense for a thes贰s the defensed thesis 问题四:博士学位答辩或论文答辩英语怎么说? plea to Doctor's degree 或者 oral defense of Doctor's degree oral defense of thesis 问题五:国内毕业答辩的“答辩”,英文怎么表达 动词用 defend,名词用 defence。 问题六:“论文答辩”英语怎么说? 5分 oral defense 或者说thesis defense 问题七:毕业答辩,用英语怎么翻译?谢谢 Graduation defence oral defence of Ph绩 口语的话常说viva

俄语翻译实践报告论文答辩

一是专业必修课(通常为5门)常见的开设的课程有文献查找与论文写作、英汉文本编译、近代翻译史与翻译理论、宏观经济学概论、语言服务项目管理;二是限制性选修课(常见8门选择4门)常见的开设课程有译本比较与正误、翻译实践I:英汉笔译、翻译实践II:汉英笔译、企业社会责任及伦理管理、人力资源管理、人力资源管理、古汉语阅读、英语口译基础等;三是非限制性选修课(任选其中7门)常见的开设课程有本地化与国际化工程、西方文化入门(英语口语)、应用语言学、英语语言史、研究生第二外语、文化心理学、联合国与国际组织、语言与文化、国际贸易、国际法基础;四是翻译实践IV(课程外英译汉翻译实践作业)五是综合实践(专业实习)综合实践一般要求选择撰写“项目研究报告”的研究生,要完成不少于20周的专业实习任务。选择撰写“翻译研究报告”的研究生,要完成不少于12周的专业实习任务。研究生通常经自己联系或中心安排,于第二学年到一家管理规范的大中型语言服务企业或本中心的语言服务机构,参加一项有一定规模的翻译项目的管理及部分翻译工作,并在完成实习任务后向中心提交一份2,000字左右的实习报告,对实习内容及工作量做出具体描述,并对实习收获做出简单的总结。实习报告后面须附上实习单位指导教师对实习报告的真实性及研究生实习表现的评语。目前来看,由于项目研究报告要求太高,多数学校对此不做硬性要求,多数同学选择完成“翻译研究报告”。六是政治理论(公共必修课)

论文最好自己写,题目选你擅长的那部分知识,或者你看看手头的资料比较丰富的内容,由此来决定内容。当然,也可以听取指导教师的建议----和指导教师进行必要的沟通,对你的论文大有帮助。题目确定了,方向也就同时确定了。实在为难的话,就找找动词、口语、汉俄翻译、语法等方面的书籍----这些书在书店和图书馆很容易找到,我相信你的老师手里可能都有很多----看看那些内容比较容易,就根据那些资料编写好了。我目前指导两个学生的论文题目分别是:《俄语同音异义词》和《口语中语气词的类别》。你可以考虑下面几个题目:《中俄谚语隐含的文化差异比较》、《口语中动词的用法》、《口语缩略语式浅析》、《中俄酒(或茶)文化的异同》、《定向动词与非定向动词》。这些题目都是近期和教师及学生们涉及到的,对你可能有帮助。加油吧,论文没什么难的。

1)从语言学的角度谈俄语广告文本Обсуждениерусскогорекламноготекстасточкизрениялингвистики.2)从语言学的角度谈俄罗斯(报刊)广告的语言特点обсужддениеязыковуюхарактеристикуроссийкыхреклам(вгазетахинажурналах)сточкизрениялингвистики.

一般来说会涉及一下课程,不同学校会有变化。

公共必修课:

中国特色社会主义理论与实践

中国语言文化

马克思主义与社会方法论

公共选修课:

第二外国语(日语、朝鲜语、俄语、法语、德语、西班牙语、意大利语)

专业必修课:

翻译概论

笔译理论与技巧

口译理论与技巧

应用翻译

文学翻译

专业选修课:

高级口语笔译工作坊I笔译工作坊II笔译工作坊III英语写作

汉语写作高级阅读计算机辅助翻译基础知识计算机辅助翻译项目实践

翻译项目管理汉英语言对比与翻译论文写作 商务笔译跨文化交际

通识选修课:

翻译职业规范与涉外礼仪东北亚概况

专业实习

毕业论文一般为翻译实践报告,5000字英文,翻译材料为10000字原文,英译汉,汉译英均可。只有完成15万字笔译实践量以及专业实习时常后才可参加答辩,毕业。

英语翻译实践报告论文素材

最简单的事用金山词霸翻译

英语和汉语是两种高度发展的语言,对比其异同,对于英语翻译教学是很重要的。下文是我为大家整理的关于英汉翻译的论文的范文,欢迎大家阅读参考!

英汉语言的异同及其翻译策略

在英汉翻译中,两种语言在词汇方面的不同主要体现在词的意义,词的顺序和词的搭配能力三个方面;从句法方面来说,英语和汉语在句子结构,句子顺序和其他一些表达方式上则有各自的特点。下面笔者就从词汇现象和句法现象两方面来探讨英汉的对应程度如何,以及根据这些对比,在进行翻译实践时,应该运用哪些翻译技巧。

1、英汉语言的对比

英汉词汇现象的对比

首先,从词的意义方面来看。词汇作为语言的三要素之一,相比于语音和语法,它的变化最快。随着社会和科学的不断发展和变化,在语言中一方面增加了新词,一方面旧词增添了新的意义。人类发明轮船以前,用的是帆船,英语“sail”一词原意为“帆”,短语“setsail”,就有张帆起航之意。但是随着社会的发展,帆船逐渐被用煤,柴油,甚至是用核动力的轮船所代替。自从潜艇出现后,“sail”这个词又增添了“潜艇指挥塔”的新含义。这就是词义的发展变化,我们在对比英汉语言时,应该明确它们的对应情况是随着时间的变迁和社会的发展而发展变化着的。英语词汇在汉语里的对应程度,大致可以归纳为四种情况。第一,完全对应。英语中的词所表达的意义,可以在汉语里找到完全对应的词来表达。如“computationallinguistics”(计算语言学),“”(美国国务院)。这主要是一些已有通用译名的专用名词,术语和生活中常见事物名称等。第二,部分对应。英语中有些词和汉语中的词汇在词义上只能部分对应,体现在有广义和狭义之分。如“morning”(上午,早晨),“gun”(枪,炮),一个英语单词相对应有较多的汉语意义.第三,无对应。

英语中有些词或汉语里有些词在对方语言里找不到对应的词来表达。这主要是指一些新词以及反映社会特殊风俗和事物的词。如英语单词“beddo”(指的是一种多用途的床),“plumber”(美国调查政府雇员泄密的特工),“brunch”(为了休闲和放松,通常周日才吃的早午餐);汉语里如“八仙桌”,“太师椅”等在英语中都无法找到对应的词。最后,英语中很多词都是一词多义,分别与汉语中几个词对应。对于这些多义词的具体意义,要联系上下文来确定。比如“time”一词,在“havenotimetodosomething”中,它的意思是时间;在“Thetimesaredifferent.”中,意思为时代;在“Imetherseveraltimes.”一句中,它指的是次数。可见一个单词可能会有很多词义,意思随着不同的使用场合而不同。

其次,从词的搭配能力方面看。英语和汉语在词的搭配能力上有差异,一个英语单词往往可以搭配很多其他的单词,来表达不同的汉语意思。以单词“cut”为例,可以用于以下短语之中,如cutcake{切蛋糕},cutwheat(割麦子),cutfingernails(剪指甲)。由此可见,cut的搭配能力很强,可以用于“cake,wheat,fingernails”,而汉语就需要分别用“切,割,剪”来搭配.在翻译时,要注意英汉语在搭配能力上的差异,译文选词要符合汉语的表达习惯。如“Sheworeapairofsunglassesandawhitedress.”一句中,wear分别搭配了两个名词“sunglasses”,和“dress”,应译为“戴太阳镜”和“穿连衣裙”.

最后,从词的顺序方面看。英汉句子中主要成分如主语,谓语动词,宾语的词序基本上是一致的。但是定语的位置和状语的顺序在英汉语中则有同有异,变化多样。例如,汉语句子“他们在教室里唱歌”,翻译成英语是“Theyaresingingintheclassroom.”,汉语中状语“在教室”是放在谓语动词的前面,而英语中状语“intheclassroom”,放在了谓语动词的后面。又如英语中时间或地点状语之间的排列顺序是从小到大,而汉语的顺序是从大到小。如“.”,译为“她出生于1990年10月1日上午8点。”另外,定语的位置在英语和汉语中也有差异,英语单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词的前面,但有时也后置,如“aninterestingstory”中,定语“interesting”是放在被修饰词“story”的前面;而“somethinginteresting”,当中定语“interesting”放在被修饰的词的后面。然而汉语的定语一般前置。

英汉句法现象的对比

在翻译中,英汉句子结构有时不需要转换,有时则要根据情况进行转换,这要求我们正确处理好形式和内容的关系。英汉句法现象上的差异,主要就体现在句子结构和句子顺序两个方面。

句子结构的转换分以下几种情况,将英语简单句转换为汉语复合句,将英语复合句转换为汉语简单句,英语倒装句转换为汉语正装句,英语被动结构转换为汉语主动结构等。如“Shedoesn'tknowwhatlifemeanstoher.”这句话在译为中文时,可将英语中的主从复合句转换为汉语的简单句,译为“她不知道人生的意义”.在英语中,为了突出重点和上下文语气的需要,常常用倒装结构,而汉语一般不倒装,此时应将英语倒装句译为汉语正装句。

另外,英汉的句子顺序,这里指的是主句,从句的时间顺序和逻辑顺序也不完全相同,因此它们的先后位置也不完全一样。

现以英汉复合句中的时间顺序为例。英语主从复合句中,表时间的从句既可以放在主句之后,也可以放在主句之前,位置很灵活。而汉语则会按照比较严格的时间先后顺序,将先发生的事陈述,之后陈述后面发生的事。如“AfterIhadmydinner,IwatchedTV.”英语句中,不论动作发生的先后顺序,主从句位置可以互换。若将此句翻译为汉语句子,则应先说先发生的事:

“吃完晚饭后,我看电视”.表示因果的英语复合句也是一样,因果顺序较为灵活,而汉语的习惯表达是因在前,果在后。

2、英汉翻译技巧

通过以上对英汉两种语言的词汇和句法现象的对比,可以看出两种语言各有特点,在翻译时根据这些特点,可以运用一些翻译方法和技巧来表达语言形式的思想内容。英汉翻译常用的方法和技巧很多,如词义的选择,引申,词类转译,增词法,省略法,正反表达法,分句合句法,各种从句的译法,习语,拟声词的译法等。现根据上文提到的英汉差异,从分析语言的特点入手,着重选择几种翻译技巧加以说明。

词义的选择

英汉两种语言都有一词多义,一词多类的现象,同一个词往往有几个不同的词义,属于几个不同的词类。在英汉翻译的过程中就要根据英汉词汇的对应情况,选择和确定关键词的意义,有时还需要对词进行引申和选择其褒贬意义。选择词义可以从两方面入手,其一,根据词在句中的词类和联系上下文,看词在句中的搭配关系。如在“Likechargesrepel,unlikechargesat-tract.”一句中,根据分析词类,判断出“like”是形容词,汉语意思是“相同的”,全句翻译为“同性电荷相排斥,相异电荷相吸引”.

“like”除了作形容词外,还可以作动词和介词。如“Tomlikestoplayfootball.”中,“like”作动词“喜欢”讲.“Herhairisshininglikegoldinthesunbeam.”中,like作介词“像”讲.从以上例句可以看出要选择正确的词义,可以根据该词在句中的词类来确定。另一方面,英语中同一个词,同一词类在不同的语言环境中往往也有不同的含义,必须结合上下文再根据词的搭配来确定某个词在特定场合中的意义。如以下几句话中的“serve”一词,都作动词,但根据上下文,可以确定它的词义是不同的。“.”中译为“任职”;在“Histwodaughtersandasonservedinthearmy.”中译为“服役”;在“Itisyourturntoserve.”中,译为“发球”.

英语中,常用一个表具体形象的词来表示一种概念或一种属性,而汉语常用抽象的概念。在翻译时,要注意到英汉在表达习惯上的差异,不能逐词死译,应根据上下文和逻辑关系将该词的意义作进一步的引申.如,“Everylifehasitsrosesandthorns”中的“rose”(玫瑰)和“thorn”(刺)这两个具体形象不能直译,而要引申为“甜”和“苦”.整句话译为“每个人生都有自己的苦与甜”.又如,“Ihavealittlemoneyputasideforarainyday.”此句中的“rainyday”不能译为“下雨天”,而是一个抽象概念,指急需用钱之时。

转译法

在英汉翻译中,由于英汉两种语言的表达方式不同,就不能“一个萝卜一个坑”来死搬硬套,有些词在翻译时需要转换词类,这样才能使译文流畅自然。词类的转译法就是指将原文的词类转译为其他的词类,如英语名词转译为汉语动词,例句“.”中的“teacher”是名词“教师”,在翻译时可转译为动词“教”,本句译为“我想她会教得比我好”,如果译为“我想她会是比我好的教师”就显得死板生硬。形容词有时也可以转译为名词。英语中有些形容词加定冠词可以表示一类人,汉译时就要把形容词译为名词。如“Wewilldoourbesttohelpthesickandthewounded”中的形容词“thesickandthewounded”要译为名词“病人和伤员”.英语中还有一些形容词表感觉,情绪,如“angry,confident,afraid,aware,concerned,ashamed,thankful”等,这类形容词放在系动词后作表语用时,往往可以转译为汉语动词。

如“Heisawareofhismistakes.”此句中形容词aware应译为动词“知道”.英语和汉语比较起来,汉语中动词用得比较多。根据这一特点,英语中很多词类,尤其是名词,形容词,副词在汉译时往往可以转译成动词。

增词法

英汉两种语言,由于表达方式不尽相同,翻译时,除了转换词类外,还可在词量上作增减。增词法就是根据意义和句法上的需要增加一些词使译文更加忠实于原文的思想内容。为了使句子更加通顺流畅,在翻译时可以增加动词,形容词,副词,名词等。如“Hewenthomeafterthebanquetsandconcerts.”如果直译为“在宴会和音乐会后,他回家了。”,意思似乎不够明确,但如果在名词前加上动词,译为“在参加完宴会和出席了音乐会之后”,这样就形成了两个动宾词组,句子就更通顺了。又如“Thecrowdsmeltedaway,”(人群渐渐散开了)。本句中,在动词前增加了副词“渐渐地”,使译文的表达更加确切。再如“Youshouldwashbeforemeal.”(你应该饭前洗手)。该句的宾语“手”其实是隐含在动词“wash”之后的,所以在翻译时要把宾语表达出来,在这里增加了名词。另外,英语中的数词往往能直接与可数名词连用,而汉语往往要借助量词来表达其形状,特征。如,abike一(辆)自行车,abaddream一(场)恶梦,aredsun一(轮)红日.

以上几个例子中,在汉译时都增加了量词,这样才符合汉语的表达习惯。

省略法

前面提到的增词法是指增加一些词来使译文更通顺,省略法则是指原文有些词不需要译出来,删除一些可有可无,有之反而累赘或违背译文语言习惯的词。但省略并不是摒弃原文的思想内容,而是译文中虽无其词但明其意。现从语法角度和修辞角度分别举例加以探讨。第一,从语法角度看,可以省略代词,it,连接词,冠词,前置词等。根据汉语的习惯,前一句话已经出现主语,而后一句若是相同主语,则不需要重复使用。然而英语通常每句话都有主语,在翻译时应考虑到英汉在表达上的差异。如“Hewasthinandhelookedmiserable.”(他很消瘦,看上去很可怜),第二句话中的主语在翻译时已省略掉。英语中的物主代词在汉译时往往也可以省略。如“Heshruggedhisshouldersandshookhishead.”中的物主代词“his”不需要译出来,该句译为“他耸耸肩,摇了摇头”.在英语中,it也是一种代词,它常常作非人称用,此时,往往省略不译。如Sheglancedathiswatch;itwas7.(她一看表,是七点了)。另外,汉语词语之间的连接词不多,其逻辑联系常常是暗含的,英语则不然,连接词用得比较多,因此,英汉翻译时不需要把连接词译出来。第二,从修辞角度看,英语句子有些短语反复出现,英译汉时可作适当省略。“Appli-cantswhohadworkingexperiencewouldreceivepreferenceoverthosewhohadnot.”译为“应聘者有工作经验的优先录取。”如果不作省略,译成“应聘者有工作经验的比没有工作经验的优先录取”就显得罗嗦。

英汉翻译还有很多方法和技巧,如重复法,正反表达法,反正表达法,分句合句法等,在此就不一一赘述了。英语和汉语是两种高度发展的语言,对比其异同,对于英语翻译教学是很重要的。本文对比研究了英语汉语在语言文字上最普遍最典型的特点和差异,提出几种适当的翻译方法和技巧供教师在翻译课教学时参考。当然,各种翻译方法和技巧在翻译时应根据原文的具体思想内容加以灵活运用,不应生搬硬套。总之,翻译是一种语言的创造性活动,经过实践积累总结的翻译理论和技巧之所以有价值,是因为它们可以用来指导和启发翻译实践,而翻译实践也是检验翻译理论是否正确的标准。作为英语教师,在进行翻译课的教学时,应注意到翻译理论和实践的辩证关系,做到既重视翻译实践,也不忽视必要的翻译理论。

参考文献:

[1]张培基。英汉翻译教程[M].上海外语教育出版社,1998.

[2]陈国强。现代英语词汇学[J].上海外语教育出版社,1998.

[3]方梦之。英语汉译实践与技巧[J].天津翻译出版公司,1994.

[4]范仲英。实用翻译教程[J].外语教学与研究出版社,1999.

英汉翻译中的“忠实”

摘要:随着国际化进程的不断加速,越来越多的人意识到英语的重要性,英文写作的重要性。但是由于中英文背景的巨大差异,思维方式的不同以及写作角度、方法、用词等的不同使得我们在英语写作中出现了很多错误。很多的实例证明,英语的学习言语错误与汉语干扰有直接的关系,即负迁移,也就是汉语之间的差异对外语学习造成的干扰以及与所学外语的某些特点、某些规则造成的干扰有关。

关键词:英汉翻译 表达方式 忠实 1 英文对同一事物的表达方式的不同造成的错误

词性错误

很多同学在英文写作时只注意所选词的词义,而忽视了该词的词性,造成用词错误的发生。

(1)My friend doesn’t afraid of dogs.

(2)His father adviced him not to fight with anybody.

例句1)把形容词误用为动词,而例句2)把名词误用为动词。这是由于基础不牢,对一些常用词不认真考证,导致用词的错误。

词形错误

在英文写作中经常会出现遗漏第三人称单数现在时形态,还有关于名词单、复数的错误,这是因为在汉语中,汉语的名词一般不分单、复数,也无可数、不可数之分,主谓间也不存在数的关系,谓语没有第三人称单数的问题,由于中英文用词这明显的区别,在英文写作时会写出这样的句子:

(1)There are many sheeps on the grassland.

(2)She look after 3 children.

例句(1)中,sheep被当作可数名词,其实它不可数名词。例句2)中,look应为第三人称单数looks。

虚词错误

英语虚词包括冠词、介词和连词,冠词和介词在汉语中根本就不存在,用错的几率很频繁,而唯一在汉语中可以对上号儿的连词显然起到了很是深远的负迁移的作用:

(1)He arrived Beijing yesterday.

(2)I bought the dictionary in 1980s.

(3)Although it is raining, but I go to school all the same.

在例句1)中,arrive是不及物动词,其后一定要用前置词in或at,所以arrive后应加in。例句2)中,英语中“…年代”前必须用定冠词,所以应改为“in the 1980s”。例句3)中,由于受到汉语“虽然…但是…”结构的影响而出错,所不同的是在英语中although…but只能用一个。

语境不同所选词也应不同,这是又一个易出错的地方

语境不同,用词也应不同,语境在很大的程度上制约着用词,因此在写作时必须要选用适合上下问的词语来选词,如不注意语境对选词的影响,就可能因用词不当而写出前后矛盾、不合逻辑的句子。

May I open the gate?The are in the room is too close.

此句从上下文看,说话者gate指的是房门,应该用door才合理,而gate指的是“院落的大门”,不符合上下文的表达。

2 翻译界在翻译的标准问题上很难达成共识,但有两条标准是大家所公认的忠实、通畅

所谓“忠实”,首先是指译文必须准确如实的传达原文的内容,对原文的意思既不能随意歪曲,也不能任意增减。内容除了指原文中所叙述的事实,说明的道理,描写的景物以外,也包括作者在叙述、说明和描写过程中所反映的思想、观点、立场和感情。“忠实”还指对原文风格的如实传达。译者者不能随意改动原作的风格面貌,如原作是口语体,就不能译做书面体;原作是粗俗的文体,就不能译成高雅的格调,也就是说,译者不能用自己的风格去代替原文的风格。

有些译者过分拘泥于原文的字面形式,译文晦涩难懂,不知所云

汉英翻译中,“忠实原著”一向是第一要求,是多少年来翻译理论和实践一直围绕的中心。但是近年来,越来越多的呼吁想要告诉大家对翻译的仅仅“忠实”已经满足翻译要求。《外国语》1998年第3期所载《从梦想到现实:对翻译学科的东张西望》一文可以作为一个典型的例子。文中引勒菲弗尔语曰:“忠实只不过是多种翻译策略里头的一种,是某种意识形态和某种文学观结合之下才导致的产物。把它捧为唯一一种可能的、甚至唯―一种可容许的策略,是不切实际的、徒劳无益的。”文章作者据此及其他一些类似论点得出结论:“忠于原文不是理所当然的、唯一的标准,世界上没有永恒不变的、绝对正确的标准。”

译者可否选择百分之三十、五十、七十的忠实

翻译的出现是出于文化交流的需要。在这一点上,完全可以把它比之于向国人介绍西洋绘画、西洋音乐,或者相反,把中国画或者中国的民族音乐介绍到国外去。无论这种介绍活动的其他目的怎样,在一个首要的、根本的目标上它们是一致的:向文化的接受者呈现原作的本来面貌。在这个起点上要求的是绝对忠实,我们并没有“百分之三十、五十、七十”的选择。

这时“忠实”就意味着一个客观存在的对象完完全全、不多不少的再现。但是我们无法把翻译与介绍绘画、音乐的类比坚持到底,其根本原因在于,两者所使用的媒介不同。钱钟书先生早就指出,“我们该辨清,假使绘画的媒介(medium)是颜色线段,音乐的媒介是音调,那末诗文的媒介不就是文字,是文字和文字的意义;假使我们把文字本身作为文学的媒介,不顾思想意义,那末一首诗从字形上看来。只是不知所云的墨迹,从字音上听来,只是不成腔调的声浪。”

到这时“忠实”就成了一个非常主观的概念,缺乏客观性就缺乏可操作性。

但是,翻译的“忠实”标准并不是如此就能被轻易否定的。在实践中,人们可能牺牲一部分“忠实”,但这往往是为了保证更大部分的“忠实”能够实现,仍然是为了最大限度的“忠实”。事实上,―旦放弃对于忠实的主观追求,译者就没有理由停止在“百分之三十”,而会走向百分之十、百分之五甚至更少。对忠实的追求是维持原文与译文之间联系的纽带,这根纽带一旦被切断,也就无从被称之为译文,翻译也就随之不复存在。

3 结语

在翻译中,“忠实”固然重要,但只有忠实是远远不够的。翻译不是一字不落的复制,也不是不顾原著的表达肆意加上译者的思想随意篡改,翻译不仅要重现原文中所叙述的事实、所描述的景物更重要的还要重现作者在叙述、说明和描写过程中所反映的思想、观点、立场和感情及风格。

1、论文题目

2、摘要与关键词

3、目录

4、翻译任务描述:主要写有关报告的背景,翻译任务的内容,目的、意义及报告整体结构。

5、翻译过程描述:包括译前——准备、文本特点分析、有关文献的查阅等,译中——翻译工具、翻译策略的选择等,译后——译后的校对、修改等。

6、文献综述:对该研究领域的研究现状(包括主要学术观点、前人研究成果和研究水平、争论焦点、存在的问题及可能的原因等)、发展前景等内容进行综合分析、归纳整理和评论,并提出自己的见解和研究思路,而不仅仅是相关领域学术研究的“堆砌"。

7、案例分析:如何通过具体翻译案例将翻译理论运用到翻译实践中,应从不同维度、不同侧面,如从词汇、句法、语篇等方面分析理论与实践的结合。这部分一定要分析到位,突出理论如何对翻译实践起指导作用,但也不能生搬硬套,要做到理论指导实践。

8、结论:主要包括翻译实践的总结、主要发现、局限性以及展望。

9、参考文献:应使用规范的格式将引用的参考文献一一列出(如APA或MLA)。

10、致谢。

翻译报告注意事项:

1、合理拟定翻译选题和理论

研究理论与选题的匹配程度和创新程度大概率会影响报告质量!一个优秀的选题通常源于对现实问题的兴致。选题必须是明确的问题,并与具体的学术领域紧密关联。选择方向、提炼观点、确定理论是确立题目的必经之路。

如果实在迷茫,不知道选取哪个理论,就把所有有关翻译的理论找出来,列一个清单,选择最擅长、最稳妥的理论我们需要大量阅读、吃透所选理论和与翻译材料,积极查阅知网等文献检索工具,多多查看与所选理论和翻译材料相近的类似的实践报告,学习使用规范严谨的学术语言。

2、制定翻译计划

在阅读材料之前,应当先统筹制定一份翻译方案,确定翻译进程,确定译中、译后总结复盘事宜。在阅读翻译材料过程中,可以顺手记录材料中的生词、术语、长难句,优先进行翻译。

3、撰写结论

撰写结论的内容,包括以下三个方面:

1)翻译过程的总结。

2)翻译报告的局限性。

3)对翻译的进一步展望。可主要写翻译中的经验、收获、局限以及建议等。

一.关于本专业毕业论文的选题 英语专业本科生毕业论文选题可以在三个大的方向中进行,即英语文学,语言学和翻译学。各个大方向中又可以选择小的方向,具体解释如下: 1.英语文学:选择英语文学的毕业论文选题可以从三个方向进行:国别文学研究、文学批评理论研究和比较文学研究。 在进行国别文学研究选题时,一般选取英国文学或美国文学中的某一经典作家(如海明威),某一经典作品(如《双城记》),某一写作手法(如象征手法的运用)或某一文学思潮(如浪漫主义运动)作深入研究。但在选择作家或作品时最好选择在文学史上作为经典的作家或作品。有个别流行作家或作品极富盛名,容易引起学生的兴趣,如《飘》或《荆棘鸟》,学生有强烈愿望选择它们作为研究对象。在不可避免上述情况时,应该尽可能地挖掘作品内在的深刻含义,不能流于肤浅的分析。 文学批评理论的选题一般不太适合英语专业本科生,因为该理论知识的学习在英语专业研究生阶段,本科生一般不具备文学批评理论的知识结构。这个方向的选题可以有关某一文学批评理论,一文学批评术语的阐释或某两种或以上的文学批评理论的比较。 比较文学研究就是将两个以上的作家或作品进行比较。这两个作品或作家可以是同一国别的(如“雪莱与拜伦的诗歌比较”),也可以是不同国别的(如《牡丹亭》与《罗密欧与朱丽叶》) 2.语言学:选择语言学的毕业论文选题可以在两个大的方向进行:普通语言学和应用语言学。 普通语言学的研究就是对于英语语言的任何一个方面的研究,如对一种词性、或一种时态、或拼写、语调等等方面的研究(如“一般现在时及其交际功能”)。 应用语言学包括教学法的研究和其它一些新兴的应用语言学分支的研究。师范专业或本身从事教师职业的学生选择教学法方向的较多。在这个方向选题,也要避免过大范围的选题,而应对一个具体问题进行研究,最重要的是要结合教学实践或实验。这个方向的好的选题有:“个性与英语教学”,“方言对英语学习的影响”等。 3.翻译学:翻译学的选题一般可以在两个方向上进行:翻译理论以及翻译活动。对翻译理论的研究就是探讨某一种翻译理论等等。相比之下,对翻译活动的研究更多一些,这些选题可以是对一种语言现象的翻译、或一种修辞格的翻译的研究(如“汉语成语的英译”)。应该注意的是,在对翻译活动作研究时,往往需要某种翻译理论支撑,总结规律,并对这一活动作出评价,要避免仅仅时例子的罗列。 二.英语专业毕业论文格式要求 学位论文包括前置、主体、附录等三个部分。 (一)前置 1.英文封面:由论文英文题目、解释、作者、指导老师姓名和职称、时间组成。 2.目录:由论文的中、英文摘要、篇、章、条、款以及参考书目、附录等序号、题名和页码组成,排在英文封面之后另页。 3.中、英文内容摘要:摘要是论文的内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述,宜以最简洁的语言介绍论文的概要、作者的突出论点、新见解或创造性成果以及实验方法、数据或结论,是一篇完整的短文,可以独立使用,中文摘要一般在200字左右 4关键词:关键词是用以表示全文主题内容信息的单词或术语。为便于文献检索,学位论文应注明三至五个具有代表意义中、外文“关键词”,这些关键词就是论文的中心词,以显著的字符另起一行,分别排在中、外文摘要的左下方。各关键词之间用“分号”隔开。外文关键词应与中文关键词相对应。 (二)主体部分 主题部分包括引言(Introduction)、正文(Body)、结论(Conclusion)、参考文献(Bibliography)。主体部分必须由另页右页开始。 1.引言:主要说明研究工作的目的、涉及范围、相关领域的前人研究成果和知识空白、研究设想、研究方法等方面的概述、理论意义和实用价值等。 2.正文:论文的正文是核心部分,占主要篇幅。一般论文选题需要从几个方面来论述或论证。要求论据充分,论点明确。行文必须实事求是,客观真切,准确完备,合乎逻辑,层次分明,简练可读。正文部分要有分级标题,章、条、款、项的序号编码方法,采用阿拉伯数分级系列编号法,论文中的章、条、款、项依次排列,依次从1开始,连续编号,中间用“.”相隔,最末级编号之后不加点。示例: 1. 2.…… …… .… 3.结论:学位论文的结论是最终的、总体的结论,它是对正文部分的论述的概述,也可以在结论或讨论中提出建议、研究设想、尚待解决的问题等。 4.参考文献:写作学位论文过程中,阅读或运用过某些文献所列出的书目清单,置于正文之后,另页开始。参考文献的著录按原文献语种为原则。 (1)文献目录应另页书写,外文文献排前,中文文献排后。外文文献书名须用斜体。 (2)文献目录一律按作者姓氏汉语拼音或外文字母顺序排列。 (3)每条文献必须顶格写,回行时空两字或五个英语字母。 (4)将各文献的类型代号(即文献英文名的首字母)注明在文献之后: 专著[M] 学位论文[D] 论文集〔C〕 报纸文章〔N〕 期刊文章〔J〕 报告[R] 专利 [P] 专著、论文集的析出文献[A] 其他未说明文件 〔Z〕 电子文献中光盘图书 [M/CD](MONOGRAPH ON CD) 网上期刊〔J/OL〕(serial online) 5.文内所引文献:要求附夹注,应在引文后加括号注明作者姓名(英文只注姓),出版年和引文页码。若为转引文献,则加quoted in 字样。 例:(王佐良,1982:38) (Newmark,8:26-33) 6.文献中列出的文献应该与正文中标注的文献一一对应。正文中没有出现的,不应出现在参考文献中。 (三)附录部分 附录包括所有与论文有关的补充材料,如图表或照片等。

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