英语论文的标准格式参考
在学习、工作生活中,大家总少不了接触论文吧,论文写作的过程是人们获得直接经验的过程。那么,怎么去写论文呢?以下是我收集整理的英语论文的标准格式参考,欢迎大家分享。
英语论文用激光打印机打印,打印稿为黑白稿,彩色打印件会影响出版效果。 版心:a4纸,上、下页边距 cm,左、右页边距均为 mm。论文内容宽不得超过, 长不得超过。
字体和字号:正文,标题,作者联络信息和图表中的文字均为times new roman 12号字。可以跟据需要使用同类字体中的粗体,斜体。
行距:单倍行距。
页码:论文正文和文后所附图例都需添加页码。页码为阿拉伯数字,位于页面下方居中。
文体:文章应语法正确,技术用词准确。标题应该以最简洁的语言概括文章内容。如果标题较长,请采用title: subtitle的形式。
数学公式:文中的数学公式不得手写,必须打印。公式如果在文中多次被引用,应该编号。公式之间,公式和正文之间都应该空一行。 单位: 文中所用的度量衡单位应为国际单位。可在括号内,单位对应表中列出其他单位。有关国际单位的使用(standard practice for use of the international system of units)可以通过电话1-向asce索取。其他相关使用参考文献,如anmc metric editorial guide, 5th ed,1992 可向美国国家公制协会 索取(american national metric council, 1735n. lynn street, suite 950, arlington, va 22209-2022)
图表:
标题说明和图例:插入的图表应该以出现顺序编号(figure 1,figure 2,table 1,table 2)。图的说明和标题,包括图的序号应该位于图的下方。表的说明和标题,包括表的序号应该位于表格上方。
位置:图可以插入到正文中,或者集中放在文章最后。如果在正文中插入图,尽量放在页面的顶部或尾部。不要选择文字环绕图形的对齐方式,可选择上下环绕方式。
底纹:插图中不要选择带阴影或底纹,否则会影响印刷效果。
照片:如果文中需要附上照片,在文中出现照片的地方贴上其黑白光面冲洗照片,标题说明位于照片下方。照片将和正文一起缩印,请不要提供彩色照片,以免影响印刷效果。
扫描图:印刷后的扫描图不如原件清晰。如果文中有扫描图,请提供灰色色标扫描图。
作者联络信息:请用横线和正文隔开。联络信息可以为一位作者或所有作者的,包括以下内容:作者全名;所属学会;学历或授予的荣誉;所在单位;通讯地址和电子邮箱;电话和传真。
参考文献:所有参考文献为单倍行距,放在文章最后,按照第一作者姓氏的字母顺序排列。如有同一作者的两篇以上文献,按出版年代先后排列。正文中引用参考文献时,作者和出版年代应该放入括号内。由于上标缩印后会变小,难于辨认,正文中不使用上标标注参考文献。所列出的参考文献应当在正文中都有所引用,如果正文中没有引用,请将文献列入文章最后的附加信息(additional information)部分,或者相关材料(related materials)部分。
扩展: 英语学术论文格式
1、TITLE标题
既然是标题,不言而喻,就要力求新颖、简明、扼要,例如以下几个例子。Advances in Control of Cancer Pain控制癌肿疼痛方法的进展。Semiquantitatie Analysis of the Autoradiographs放射自显影半剂量分析The Higher the Diffusion Rate,the Higher thdChance of Each NewlyIodinated Tgb Molecule Cominginto Repeated Contact with the Peroxidase Site at theApical Membrane弥散率越高,新碘化的Tgb分子与实膜过氧物酶部位所接触的机会越多。
有些杂志,某些作者除采用正标题之外,还采用副标题,这种情况在国外刊物上的各类论文中可谓俯拾即是。采用副标题,一般是在正标题过于简单、笼统的情况下,起到补充和系统说明正题等的作用,或是要强调某一个方面或几个方面,以其引起读者注意等等。Ultra-Low-Volume Administration:SystemsEvaluation and Date Analysis超低量用药一系列评价和数据分析(补充正题)。Medical News:Adjuvant Chemotherapy Works forBreast Cancer with Involved Nodes医学新闻:辅助性化学疗法对伴有淋巴结转移的乳腺癌奏效(说明上题)。Unresolved Issue:Do Smokers Catch Less LungCancer?尚未解决的问题:吸烟者患肺癌少吗?(提醒人们注意吸烟者患肺癌的数量增加)。
有时,为了避免标题太长而使用缩写词。Effect of LATS(=Long-Acting Thyroid Stimula-tor)and LATS Protectoron HTACA(=Human Thy-roid Adeny Cyclase Activity)长效甲状腺刺激素和长效甲状腺刺激素保护物对人体甲状腺甙酸环化酶活性的作用。考虑文章较长,可在统一的标题下,用不同的副标题分成若干相对独立的篇章。例如:Factors Influ-encing one's Ability to Adopt to Chronic Illness影响个人对慢性疾病适应能力的因素(1)CARE保健;(2)TECHNOLOGY技术学;(3)FAMILY RELATION-SHIPS家庭关系;(4)DEVELOPMENTAL LEVEL发展水平(研究标准);(5)CULTURAL VALUESAND BELIEFS文化价值和信仰。
2、ABSTRACT(SUMMARY)摘要、提要
这部分是对整篇文章的高度概括或浓缩,故要简单、明了。常用的词汇和句型有:Somebody studied(examined investigated,determined,found,reported,interviewed,measured,documented,considered,though evaluated,observed,…)。运用这些动词,所采用的时态通常是一般过去时和现在完成时。被动语态也屡见不鲜,常见有:This study was taken to ex-amine… ;Patients with…were followed up for+时间;It is showed that… ;It is concluded that… ;Indicationswere obtained that… ,等。结尾时常用的表达方法有:The results indicate(show,state,suggest,demon-strate,conclude,express…)that… ;These findingshave special importance in showing that… ;The find-ings have general significance in that… ;This possibilityis strengthening by the observation that… ,等等。例:
Enzyme Linkel Immunosorbent Assay(ELISA)isused to the detection for antibody of anti-thy oglobulinin normal human serum,cord serum,and amniotic results demonstrate that it seemed to be an cer-tain rule that the lower appeared in the amniotic fluid,the highest in cord is decreasing for anormal level with the grown-up age after isthus concluded that antibody of anti-thyroglobulin wemeasured may play a certain significance in diagnosis ofcretinism by ELISA.作者采用ELISA对正常人的血清、脐带血清和羊水中的抗甲状腺球蛋白抗体进行了测定。其结果有一定规律:抗体在胎生期首先出现,分娩时浓度达高峰,而后随年龄增长逐渐降至正常水平。故测定该抗体对地方克汀病之诊断有一定意义。
3、INTRODUCTION引言
本项除课题意义外,主要涉猎前人研究情况的评述及本研究的目的,后两者有时分别列出。兹分述如下:
、REVIEW OF PREVIOUS WORK
以往研究评论 还有用其它题目的,例如:REVIEW OF LITER-ATURE(文献评述),LITERATURE CITED(文献引述),PRIOR RESEARCH(以前的研究),SOMEPAST DESIGNS(过去的某些设计),BACK-GROU-ND(背景材料),等等。而这些资料引文的重点要放在引述与本文有关的以往研究的结果,否则会喧宾夺主。句式常有 (reported,gave,car-ried out experiment on… ;Sb found(showed…)that… .还有若干不同的其它表达方法,写在下边:our exper-iments show that… ;The present study was undertakentoidentify… ,Date are presented that suggest… ,Ourresults supported… ;The distribution has reported by… ;Our laboratory has undertaken a reexamination of… ;This article(paper)documents… ;We trace(evi-dence)…This model extends… ;Our findings demon-strate… ;We reasoned that… ;The effect…were evalu-ated by means of… ;The present results add some fur-ther elements to… .A recent study analyzed he effect of aspirin(ASA)on primaryhemostasis in uremia,measuring bleedingtime(BT).It was found that the same dose of ASA pro-longed BT more in uremic that in control subjects,sug-gesting platelets were more susceptible to the inhibitory-of might be due to different ASA pharma-cokinetics and bioavailability that might be influenced bythe uremic condition.新近一项研究分析了乙酰水扬酸对尿毒症第一期出血的影响,测定了出血的时间。我们发现,同样剂量的ASA均可延长出血时间,而尿毒症受验者比对照受验者要多。这提示尿毒症的血小板对ASA的抑制更具敏感性。这可能是由于ASA的药物动力学和生物可用性不同所致。
、OBJECTIVES目的
这一条还可写作OBJEC-TIVES OF STUDY(研究的目的),有时OBJEC-TIVES不列在INTRODUCTION之内,而独立列为一项。多采用开门见山,直接点出目的方式。常见的用语有:The(major main,overall,broad,primary…)objectives(purpose goal,aim…)of this study(research,article,paper,project,experiment),were(was)… ;The study aims at doing something…。例:The objec-tive of this article was to suggest that pulmonaryimpedance rheograph is one of the methods for differen-tial diagnosis of early pulmonale cor and hyperthyroi-dism。本文的目的在于提示肺阻抗图是早期肺心病和甲状腺机能亢进的鉴别诊断方法之一。
4、METHODS or EQUIPMENT AND TEST(EX-PERIMENT)PROCE DURI方法、设备和试验程序
这一部分内容须视论文的类别而有所不同,但就该题目而论,则多系试验研究和技术报告一类。还可以用以下名称等:TEST AND EQUIPMENT(试验与设备),MATERIALS AND METHODS(材料及方法),EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE(试验过程),DESCRIPTION OF EXPERIMENT(试验描述),或者只写PROCEEDURE(过程),及METHODS(方法),较常见的句式有:Sb or Sth was(were)tested at… ;Sb or Sth participated in this study;或者The equip-ment which was used(consisted of,constructed from,furnished to…by,…)is… .例:Three groups of sub-jects participated in this study:(a)18 patients(10 menand 8 women with a medianage of 46 year,range 24~69)with chronic renal failure with anuria…参加本研究的有:(a)18例无尿慢性肾衰竭患者,其中男性10人,女性8人,平均年龄为46岁,年龄范围为24~69岁… …。The test equipment which was used consisted of acupboard complete with temperature measuring trans-ducers and recording equipment.所有的试验装置由一个配有测温传感器和记录器的.小柜组成。
5、RESULTS AND DISCUSSION结果和讨论
这个项目是全文的重点,其篇幅约占整个文章的一半或三分之二。它将对研究、试验、观察等结果加以分析和讨论,其中包括曲线、图表和照片等。大都采用分题逐一讨论的方法。常用语有:The test(experi-mental)results presented(obtained)show(indicate,con-firm)…that… ;It should be noted that…等。例:Ourresults have shown that T-cell deplection iseffective inthe prevention of acute and chronic GVHD.我们的结果已经说明,T细胞缺失对预防GVHD有效。
6、CONCLUSION结论
其它的表达方法还有:SUMMARY AND CON-CLUSIONS(小结及结论),CONCLUSIONS ANDRECOMMENDATIONS(SUGGESTIONS)(结论与建议)。常用语有:From(On the basis of)… ,the fol-lowing conclusions can(may)be made(drawn,reached)…或者The following recommendations(SUGGES-TIONS…)may be made(PUT FORWARD)…。例:The following recommendations may be made for theimprovement of the method of this kind of operations…对这类手术方法的改进可作下述改进…
7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS感谢
这项的常用语是:We acknowledge with… ;Thisstudy was supported by… ,We thank…for… ;Thisstudy was supported grants from…。例:We wish tothank profeor for his valuable suggestionsand thank also for herassistance at the initial stage of this work and Ms,Be-better wilkerson for typing the manuscript.通常,thank和support均可用以人和单位,而前者多用于人,后者多用于单位。有时,在这一项之后还有一行内容:Correspondence should be addresed MRC Cancer Trials office,Medical ResearchCouncil Centre,Hills Road,Cambridge CB22 QH这是表示致函的地点和单位。
8、REFERENCES参考文献
参考文献的写法有多种,但都有一定格式。无论采用哪一种,前后要一致。众所周知,列出参考文献是为了查看或查证与文章叙述或引用部分有关的资料。通常的办法是在论文中的引用部分按出现的先后顺序编上号码。参考文献要按号码顺序排列。每一条书目要包拓以下几个内容:作者姓名、书名、出版者和出版年份、页数等。也可以不按文中引用先后编号,而按作者姓氏的字母顺序排列,而出版年份紧跟在姓名之后。例:
文章正文:The capillary tube is used in such appli-ances ashousehold refrigerauors,small freezers and roomair conditioners,usually up to three ton system[1].Cen-tral air conditioning systems insmall residence,small ice-making machins and small beverage cooler also use thecapillary is not practicle in large commercial-systems because of its lack of sensitivity to loadchanges。
如上所述,我们把参考的文献,按照作者的姓氏的字母排序,写在下面:(1978)Modern Refrigeration andAir Michael Wallace,et al.(eds)New Developments in University (1976)Selected Writings of MaxBlack in Modern Air-conditioning Engineering( ).Oxford University (1972a)Principles of York:McGra-wHill(1972)Commercialand Industrial Science,May1972,~68,(1972b)ibid,~74注意:(1)若文章选自一本论文集,则先写作者姓名、篇目,然后另起一句注明该文集的编辑者姓名及文集名称。如不另起一句,中间要用逗号。ed,eds分别为editor和editors的缩写。(2)作者姓名和书名一般不用逗号隔开。而书名和出版社之间用句号分开。每条书目的最后用逗号,也可不用。(3)出版年份指的是所引出书籍或文章的印刷年份,不是第一版的出版年份。(4)P、PP分别是page和pages的缩写,ibid意为“同上”。(5)若论文多次引出同一篇文章,则可以引文后面写上作者的姓名和文章、书籍的出版年份,并注上页次,前后用括号括上,如(Nelson,1972,)。如果出现引用同一作者,同一年份的几本着作,要在印刷年份加上a,b… ,以示区别,如(Nels on,1972a,),(Nelson,1972b,~68)。
9、APPENDIX附录、补遗
这一项包括LIST OF SYMBOLS AND DEFINI-TIONS(符号及定义表),NOME NCLATURE(技术术语表),等。如何用英语撰写医学论文,笔者认为,对很多作者来说,耗时最多的工作不是本文所谈及的,而应是扎扎实实地搞好平时的英语学习和阅读;加强文学修养及本专业知识的学习、提高和更新等。如果做好这些工作,用英语撰写医学论文,并且撰写较高水平论文的问题便会迎刃而解。
一、标题
一篇较长的英语论文(如英语毕业论文)一般都需要标题页,其书写格式如下:第一行标题与打印纸顶端的距离约为打印纸全长的三分之一,与下行(通常为by,居中)的距离则为5cm,第三、第四行分别为作者姓名及日期(均居中)。
如果该篇英语论文是学生针对某门课程而写,则在作者姓名与日期之间还需分别打上教师学衔及其姓名(如:Dr./)及本门课程的编号或名称(如:English 734或British Novel)。
二、提纲
英语论文提纲页包括论题句及提纲本身,其规范格式如下:先在第一行(与打印纸顶端的距离仍为左右)的始端打上 Thesis 一词及冒号,空一格后再打论题句,回行时左边须与论题句的第一个字母上下对齐。
主要纲目以大写罗马数字标出,次要纲目则依次用大写英文字母、阿拉伯数字和小写英文字母标出。各数字或字母后均为一句点,空出一格后再打该项内容的第一个字母;处于同一等级的纲目,其上下行左边必须对齐。
需要注意的是,同等重要的纲目必须是两个以上,即:有Ⅰ应有Ⅱ,有A应有B,以此类推。如果英文论文提纲较长,需两页纸,则第二页须在右上角用小写罗马数字标出页码,即ii(第一页无需标页码)。
三、摘要
1、英文摘要是应用符合英文语法的文字语言,提供论文内容梗概为目的的短文。(内容基本与中文摘要相同,但不用完全逐句对应)。
2、英文题目、摘要、关键词自成一页(1页即可),放在中文摘要页之后。
3、英文字体与行间距: 统一使用“西文字体”中的“Times New Roman”,倍行间距。
4、英文题目: 使用三号字加粗。
5、英文摘要: “Absract”顶格,使用四号字,并加粗。
6、英文关键词: “Key Words”顶格,使用四号字并加粗。
四、正文
有标题页和提纲页的英语论文,其正文第一页的规范格式为:论文标题居中,其位置距打印纸顶端约5cm,距正文第一行约。段首字母须缩进五格,即从第六格打起。
正文第一页不必标页码(但应计算其页数),自第二页起,必须在每页的右上角(即空出第一行,在其后部)打上论文作者的姓,空一格后再用阿拉伯数字标出页码;阿拉伯数字(或其最后一位)应为该行的最后一个空格。
在打印正文时尚需注意标点符号的打印格式,即:句末号(句号、问号及感叹号)后应空两格,其他标点符号后则空一格。
五、文中引述
正确引用作品原文或专家、学者的论述是写好英语论文的重要环节;既要注意引述与论文的有机统一,即其逻辑性,又要注意引述格式 (即英语论文参考文献)的规范性。
引述别人的观点,可以直接引用,也可以间接引用。无论采用何种方式,论文作者必须注明所引文字的作者和出处。美国学术界通行的做法是在引文后以圆括弧形式注明引文作者及出处。
六、文献目录
论文作者在正文之后必须提供论文中全部引文的详细出版情况,即文献目录页。美国高校一般称此页为 Works Cited, 其格式须注意下列几点:
目录页应与正文分开,另页打印,置于正文之后。
目录页应视为英语论文的一页,按论文页码的顺序在其右上角标明论文作者的姓和页码;如果条目较多,不止一页,则第一页不必标出作者姓和页码(但必须计算页数),其余各页仍按顺序标明作者姓和页码。
标题Works Cited与打印纸顶端的距离约为,与第一条目中第一行的距离仍为;各条目之间及各行之间的距离亦为,不必留出更多空白。
各条目内容顺序分别为作者姓、名、作品名、出版社名称、出版地、出版年份及起止页码等;各条目应严格按各作者姓的首字母顺序排列,但不要给各条目编码,也不必将书条与杂志、期刊等条目分列。各条目第一行需顶格打印,回行时均需缩进五格,以将该条目与其他条目区分开来。
英语论文摘要又称文摘,是论文的重要组成部分,它是以提供文献内容梗概为目的,不加评论和补充解释,简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。摘要应具有独立性和自明性,并拥有与文献同等量的主要信息,即不需阅读全文,就可获得重要的信息。
摘要通常置于文题之后,文章之首。在论文发表后,论文摘要常被文献检索系统所收集。英语论文摘要一般为200-300单词,并有与英文摘要表达观点一致的中文摘要与之对应。
论文的作用
论文为进行各个学术领域的研究和描述学术研究成果的文章。它既是探讨问题进行学术研究的一种手段,又是描述学术研究成果进行学术交流的一种工具。不同的人发表论文的作用也不同:
1、评职称(晋升职称):研究生 毕业需要;教师 、医护人员 、科研院所的人员、企业员工 等 晋升高一级的职称时,发表期刊论文是作为一项必须的参考指标。
2、申报基金、课题 :教育、科技、卫生系统 每年申报的国家自然科学基金项目、其它各种基金项目、各种研究课题时,发表论文 是作为 基金或课题 完成的一种研究成果的结论性展示。
3、世界性基础领域的研究,比如在医学、数学、物理、化学、生命科学 等领域开展的基础性研究,公开发表论文 是对最新科技 科学研究成果、研究方法的一种展示和报道。以推动整个社会的科技进步等。
参考资料来源:百度百科-英语论文
那是因为你的单词在一行没有写完跳到第二行了,这个不影响的,如果你实在不想这样,就把你第一行的最后那个单词拆开写到第二行一部分,但记住要把用一个连接符号“-”,不然别人会以为你那是2个单词了哦,这个符号写在第一行最后单词的拆开处。
原则上讲,中文摘要编写的注意事项都适用于英文摘要,摘要的内容主要是 ① 点明主题,解析文章的目的或意图; ② 介绍主要内容,使读者迅速了解文章或书籍的概貌; ③ 提出结论或建议,以供读者参考。但是,英语有其自己的表达方式、语言习惯,最主要的是中译英时往往造成所占篇幅较长,同样内容的一段文字,若用英文来描述,其占用的篇幅可能比中文多一倍。因此,撰写英文摘要更应注意简洁明了,力争用最短的篇幅提供最主要的信息。中英文摘要的一致性主要是指内容方面的一致性。对这个问题的认识存在两个误区,一是认为两个摘要的内容“差不多就行”,因此在英文摘要中随意删去中文摘要的重点内容,或随意增补中文摘要所未提及的内容,这样很容易造成文摘重心转移,甚至偏离主题。二是认为英文摘要是中文摘要的硬性对译,对中文摘要中的每一个字都不敢遗漏,这往往使英文摘要用词累赘、重复,显得拖沓、冗长。英文摘要应严格、全面的表达中文摘要的内容,不能随意增删,但这并不意味着一个字也不能改动,具体撰写方式应遵循英文语法修辞规则,符合英文专业术语规范,并照顾到英文的表达习惯。选择适当的时态和语态,是使摘要符合英文语法修辞规则的前提。通常情况下,摘要中谓语动词的时态和语态都不是通篇一律的,而应根据具体内容而有所变化,否则容易造成理解上的混乱。但这种变化又并非无章可循,其中存在着如下一些规律: 1) 英文摘要的时态。 英文摘要时态的运用以简练为佳,常用一般现在时、一般过去时,少用现在完成时、过去完成时,进行时态和其他复合时态基本不用。A. 一般现在时。用于说明研究目的、叙述研究内容、描述结果、得出结论、提出建议或讨论等。例如: This study (investigation) is (conducted, undertaken) to… , The result shows (reveals) that… , It is found that… , The conclusions are… , The author suggests that… .涉及到公认事实、自然规律、永恒真理等,也要用一般现在时。B. 一般过去时。用于叙述过去某一时刻(时段)的发现、某一研究过程(实验、观察、调查等过程)。例如: The techniques of questionnaire and interview were applied to study women customers' demand for cosmetics in January and August, 2005. 需要指出的是,用一般过去时描述的发现、现象,往往是尚不能确认为自然规律、永恒真理的,而只是当时如何如何;所描述的研究过程也明显带有过去时间的痕迹。C. 现在完成时和过去完成时。完成时少用,但不是不用。现在完成时把过去发生的或过去已完成的事情与现在联系起来,而过去完成时可用来表示过去某一时间以前已经完成的事情,或在一个过去事情完成之前就已完成的另一过去行为。例如: Concrete has been studied for many years. Man has not yet learned to store the solar energy. 2) 英文摘要的语态。 采用何种语态,既要考虑摘要的特点,又要满足表达的需要。一篇摘要很短,尽量不要随便混用,更不要在一个句子里混用。在多数情况下采用被动语态。采用被动语态的情况主要有:说明事实经过时,某件事是谁做的,无须一一证明;为强调动作承受者;有些情况必须用强调的事物做主语,例如: In this case, a greater accuracy in measuring distance might be obtained. 在某些情况下,特别是表达作者或有关专家的观点时,又常使用主动语态,其优点是鲜明有力。而且有时摘要中谓语动词采用主动语态有助于文字清晰、简洁及表达有力。例如: The author systematically introduces the history and development of the tissue culture of poplar 比 The history and development of the tissue culture of poplar are introduced systematically 语感要强。 3) 英文摘要的人称。 摘要的首句多用第三人称 This paper… 等开头,或采用更简洁的被动语态,一般不用第一人称。 4)遣词造句。 掌握一定的遣词造句技巧,简单、准确地表达作者的观点,减少读者的误解。A. 用词力求简单,在表达同样意思时,尽量用短词代替长词,以常用词代替生僻词。但是当描述方法、步骤时,应该用狭义词代替广义词。例如,英文中有不少动词 do, run, get, take 等,虽简单常用,但其意义少则十几个,多则几十个,用这类词来描述研究过程,读者难免产生误解,甚至会不知所云,这就要求根据具体情况,选择意义相对明确的词诸如 perform, achieve 等,以便于读者理解。B. 造句。尽量使用短句,长句容易造成语义不清;但要避免单调和重复。一是熟悉英文摘要的常用句型:尽管英文的句型种类繁多,丰富多彩,但摘要的常用句型却很有限,而且形成了一定的规律,大体可归纳为( 1 )表示研究目的,常用在摘要之首 In order to……This paper describes……The purpose of this study is…… ( 2 )表示研究的对象与方法 The curative effect/function] of certain drug was observed/studied… ( 3 )表示研究的结果: The result showed/It proved/The authors found that… ( 4 )表示结论、观点或建议: The authors suggest/conclude/consider that… 。 二是尽量采用 -ing 分词和 -ed 分词作定语,少用关系代词 which , who 等引导的定语从句。由于摘要的时态多采用一般过去时,使用关系代词引导的定语从句不但会使句式变得复杂,而且容易造成时态混乱(因为定语和它所修饰的主语、宾语之间有时存在一定的 “时间差”,而过去完成时、过去将来时等往往难以准确判定。采用 -ing 分词和 -ed 分词作定语,在简化语句的同时,还可以减少时态判定的失误。 5) 注意事项。 在英文摘要的写作过程中应避免一些常见的错误。 A. 冠词。主要是定冠词 the 易被漏用。 the 用于表示整个群体、分类、时间、地名以外的独一无二的事物、形容词最高级等较易掌握,用于特指时常被漏用。这里有个原则,即当我们用 the 时,听者或读者已经确知我们所指的是什么。例如: The author designed a new machine. The machine is operated with solar energy. 由于现在缩略语越来越多,要注意区分 a 和 an ,如 an X ray. B. 数词。避免用阿拉伯数字作首词,如: Three hundred samples are collected… 中的 Three hundred 不要写成 300. C. 单复数。一些名词单复数形式不易辨认,从而造成谓语形式出错。总之,多看英文文献,积累经验,摸索规律,提高英文写作水平,才能写好英文摘要。 英文摘要常见句型1) This paper deals with... 2) This article focuses on the topics of...3) This essay presents knowledge that... 4) This thesis discusses...5) This thesis analyzes... 6) This paper provides an overview of...7) This paper elaborates on ... 8) This article gives an overview of...9) This paper provides a method of ... 10) This paper considers...11) The writer of this paper discusses... 12) This paper strongly emphasizes...13) This article explores... 14) This paper tries to describe...15) This article covers the role of chemicals in...16) This paper presents up to date information on...17) This article not only describes...but also suggests...18) This paper includes discussions concerning...19) This article compares...and summarizes key ) This paper introduces an applicable procedure to analyze...21) This paper offers the latest information regarding...22) This paper is devoted to examining the role of...23) This paper addresses important topics including... 24) This paper expresses views on...25) This paper reports the latest information on ... 26) This paper provides an analysis of ...27) This paper gives an account of ... 28) The aim of this paper is to determine...29) The objective of this paper is to explore...30) The purpose of this article is to review/ prove/ show/ present/ develop/ generalize/ investigate 4. 关键词关键词是反映文章最主要内容的术语,对文献检索有重要作用。关键词一般用名词,而且从标题或摘要中选取,每篇文章可选 3 ~ 8 个关键词,文章题名中的人名、地名也可作为关键词标出。应标注中英文关键词。中、英文关键词应一一对应。中文关键词前应冠以“关键词:”,英文关键词前冠以“ Key words :”作为标识。多个关键词之间应以分号分隔,以便于计算机自动切分。将关键词扩展成词组 / 短语,毋用单一词汇,而是在单一词汇基础上进行扩展,如:营销→网络营销→网络营销管理。切记避免关键字堆砌。
英语论文致谢词模板(精选5篇)
论文致谢是很多毕业生都必须要撰写的,用于感谢在论文写作过程中帮助过自己的所有老师、同学、家长及朋友,让我们坐下来好好写写论文致谢吧。你知道写论文致谢需要注意哪些问题吗?以下是我帮大家整理的英语论文致谢词模板,欢迎阅读,希望大家能够喜欢。
This thesis would not have been completed without much assistance,encouragement and support from many people. I want sincerely to avail thisopportunity to express my cordial thanks to those who have granted me invaluableinstructions during the process of thesis writing.
First and foremost, I extend my greatest gratitude to Professor Hongbo Song,myadvisor and supervisor, for his insightful guidance and earnest help. He advised me tothink over the selection of the subject and to carry out a series of relevant research at avery early time; and during the process of writing,he spent a lot of time guiding me ina right direction and provided many useful suggestions. It is under his strenuous helpthat I could complete this thesis in time.
Moreover, my sincere thanks go to my teachers in the School of ForeignLanguages at Zhejiang Gongshang University. They provide me with a wonderfullearning environment where I learn and grow up for their tireless instructions that willdefinitely exert a deep influence on my later life.
Besides, I express my gratitude to my friends and fellow classmates. They sharetheir knowledge with me and help me out when I am faced with any difficulties aboutthe thesis. They have tried their best to give me their precious suggestions during theprocess of writing the thesis.
Last but not least, I am deeply in debt to my beloved parents for theirencouragement, understanding and endless love during my life. They have created thebest environment for me to focus on the thesis writing during the winter holiday, andall this could not be possible without their selfless sacrifice and persistent support.
Based on the CET 4 and CET6 compositions extracted from the CLEC,the study aimsto reveal the relationship between the linguistic features and the writing quality by meansof the advanced software,namely Lexical Frequency Profile, and L2Syntactic Complexity Analyzer for the analysis of vocabulary, syntax and textual cohesion.
This study will be of great value mainly for the following two aspects:Firstly, theoretically speaking, the study is going to offer guidance and reference forthe teaching methodology of L2 writing. The study reveals the contribution of lexicaldiversity, syntactic complexity, textual cohesion to writing quality, reflects the mostdecisive factor of the writing quality and analyzes the mutual relationship between thelexical diversity and quality of writing, the syntactic complexity and quality of writing aswell as the textual cohesion and quality of writing. Hopefully, this research will shedsome light on the instruction of CET 4 and 6 writing and provide practical , practically speaking, the study demonstrates a new direction for thedevelopment of automatic assessment of the writing.
The study is to be carried out bothby means of software and labor work to comprehensively examine more than 28variables that might have an impact on writing quality and build the relation modelbetween these related variables and writing scores.
I would like to express my gratitude to all those who helped me during the writing of this thesis.
My deepest gratitude goes first and foremost to Professor ******, my supervisor, for his constant encouragement and guidance. He has walked me through all the stages of the writing of this thesis. Without his consistent and illuminating instruction, this thesis could not have reached its present form.
Second, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to Professor *******, who led me into the world of translation. I am also greatly indebted to the professors and teachers at the Department of English: ********who have instructed and helped me a lot in the past two years.
Last my thanks would go to my beloved family for their loving considerations and great confidence in me all through these years. I also owe my sincere gratitude to my friends and my fellow classmates who gave me their help and time in listening to me and helping me work out my problems during the difficult course of the thesis.
First of all, I would like to express my gratitude to all those who helped me during the writing of this thesis. I gratefully acknowledge the help of my supervisor, Ms**, who has offered me valuable suggestions in the academic studies. In the preparation of this thesis, she has spent much time reading through each draft and provided me with inspiring advice. Without her patient instruction, insightful criticism and expert guidance, the completion of this thesis would not have been possible.
Second, I also owe a special debt of gratitude to all the professors in Foreign Languages Institute, from whose devoted teaching and enlightening lectures I have benefited a lot and academically prepared for the thesis.
Last, I should finally like to express my gratitude to my beloved parents who have always been helping me out of difficulties and supporting without a word of complaint.
Time is a bird forever on the wing. For the past two years' post-graduate study, Ireally had a fulfilling life here. Not only have I met many knowledgeable teachers, butalso truthful friends. I would like to give my deep gratitude to many of them.
First of all, Iam most grateful to Professor Zhang Ruwen, my supervisor, who offers me invaluableguidance and help both in my study and my life. Without her enlightening suggestions andinstructions, it would be a tough task for me to finish my thesis.
Besides, I also appreciatemany other teachers who have offered their useful suggestions and inspire me a lot. Mythanks also go to my parents, grandparents, my classmates and my loving friends. Their company is a great consolation to me. I wish everyone could live in peace and happiness.
英文论文致谢范文
再感谢老师和同学们的信任和支持时,回首过往,我们的学校中的点点滴滴是不是都在脑海中翻腾呢?
During the process of the completion of this tfiesis, I have received muchguidance, help and support from many people. Here I'd like to extend my sinceregratitude.
Firstly, I am greatly indebted to my supervisor Song Hongbo for his enlighteningguidance and valuable advice through the entire process from preparation toaccomplishment. Without his great patience and constant encouragement, theaccomplishment of this thesis wouldn't have been possible. I am also deeplyimpressed by his strong sense of responsibility and professional dedication, which hasnot only taught me how to do academic research but also set a good example for myfuture work.
Secondly, many thanks go to all the other teachers who have taught me duringmy postgraduate period. Their lively and enlightening lectures have enriched myknowledge in linguistics, academic writing, statistics, and translation and so on. Alsomy heartfelt thanks go to my friends and classmates, who offer me great support andhelp in data collection, thesis writing and so on.
Last but not the least, I'd like to give my special thanks to my beloved parents,my elder sister,my wife, and my newly born son Leo, who have always stood by meand brought me much joy.
This thesis would not have been completed without much assistance,encouragement and support from many people. I want sincerely to avail thisopportunity to express my cordial thanks to those who have granted me invaluableinstructions during the process of thesis writing.
First and foremost, I extend my greatest gratitude to Professor Hongbo Song,myadvisor and supervisor, for his insightful guidance and earnest help. He advised me tothink over the selection of the subject and to carry out a series of relevant research at avery early time; and during the process of writing,he spent a lot of time guiding me ina right direction and provided many useful suggestions. It is under his strenuous helpthat I could complete this thesis in time.
Moreover, my sincere thanks go to my teachers in the School of ForeignLanguages at Zhejiang Gongshang University. They provide me with a wonderfullearning environment where I learn and grow up for their tireless instructions that willdefinitely exert a deep influence on my later life.
Besides, I express my gratitude to my friends and fellow classmates. They sharetheir knowledge with me and help me out when I am faced with any difficulties aboutthe thesis. They have tried their best to give me their precious suggestions during theprocess of writing the thesis.
Last but not least, I am deeply in debt to my beloved parents for theirencouragement, understanding and endless love during my life. They have created thebest environment for me to focus on the thesis writing during the winter holiday, andall this could not be possible without their selfless sacrifice and persistent support.
「长江后浪推前浪,前浪死在沙滩上」,在这句职场警惕名言驱使下,于不惑之年,满怀着求知的热切与家人的支持,重回校园。进入成大二年的求学历程中,体会到学习是一件快乐的事,除了专业知识的提升,更开阔了人际网络与视野。
由衷地感谢王执行长在学习环境、师资阵容、选课弹性与教材方面不断地推陈出新,力求完善。EMBA一系列的专业训练课程,让我更有信心且有条不紊的克服工作难题;而论文写作课程训练,令我得偿宿愿—将专业理论融入工作实务。
本论文得以顺利完成,首先感谢恩师王明隆博士,在其鼓励与指导下,尝试以英文写作论文,个人深感获益良多。二年来王老师除以其丰富的学术涵养及企业实务经验,提供精辟的见解,更以其一贯的严谨治学信念,要求论文架构、内容及用字遣词务必完善。
在论文审查期间,承蒙陈俊男、陈嬿如二位老师悉心匡正,提出诸多宝贵的建议,因此,本论文得以更趋严谨与完善,谨致上无限的'谢意。
回首这二年求学期间,感谢钖贤、建维,武泰、皇忠等学长,不时地分享您们丰富的人生历练,而治学的态度更是我学习的榜样。秉勋、重宏、朝成、怡晔、肯璋、秀婉、武东与伯贵等同学的相互切磋与鼓励,以及明儒、建中及胜隆下班后一同开车赶赴学校上课的点点滴滴,实为人生中弥足珍贵的回忆。此外,同事孟蓉、怀珍、柏练及JeffThompson耐心的校稿,至为感激。
对一个在职生而言,完成硕士班的学业颇为辛苦,所幸小儿靖寰、靖宇在父亲长期派外工作时,课余时间能够帮忙分担家事,且如愿考上心目中的学校,让我无后顾之忧完成学业。
一路走来,幸有老公则舜的精神鼓励及挚友们的相助与扶持让我能够在学业、工作与家庭间取得平衡。即将告别校园生活,此刻心情喜悦与感伤交集,对于一路上协助我、指导我的师长与同学们,在此表达我个人最诚挚的谢意与祝福,并将此份喜悦分享给我的好友与家人。
毕业论文致谢词范文(英文版)
论文致谢词英文一:
I would like to extend my deep gratitude to all those who have offered mepractical, cordial and selfless support in writing this thesis.
Firstly, I am extremely grateful to my supervisor, Prof. Wang Baorong. He guidesme, influences me and helps me in the process of writing this thesis. It is with hispatience, generosity, and encouragement that I finally write, revise and perfect mythesis.
Secondly, I am much obliged to all teachers who ever taught me during the yearsof my postgraduate studies, esp. Prof. Li Changbao, associate Prof. Shao Youxue,associate Prof. Ceng Qunxia, associate Prof. Chen Xianghong and associate Prof.
Teng Chao. It is these distinguished professors who give me the opportunity to walkinto the academic world. To study with them will always be an honor for me and theirinstructions will follow me in my future studies.
Thirdly, my dear friend, Bao Yizong, who has worked in the audio-visual fieldfor more than three years, has also offered me great help. Based on his real experience,I can really catch a glimpse of the subtitling process and subtitlers' workingenvironment, which paves way for an accurate and pragmatic study of Red Sorghum'sEnglish subtitles.
Lastly, I also want to thank my family members, esp. my wife and my lovelydaughter. It is their understanding and patience that make this thesis possible.
论文致谢词英文二:
The completion of the thesis is attributed to many people's support andencouragement.
First and foremost, I want to extend my heartfelt gratitude to my supervisor,Professor Cao Daogen, whose patient guidance, valuable suggestions and constantencouragement make me successfully complete this thesis. His conscientious academicspirit and modest, open-minded personality inspire me both in academic study and dailylife. He gives me much help and advice during the whole process of my writing, whichhas made my accomplishments possible.
Also, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all the professors who havetaught me in this university. Their instructions have helped broaden my horizon andtheir enlightening teaching has provided me with a solid foundation to accomplish thispaper and will always be of great value for my future career and academic research.
My thanks also go to the authors whose books and articles have given meinspiration in the writing of this paper.
Last but not least, I would like to express my special thanks to my parents, whosecare and support motivate me to move on and make me want to be a better person.
论文致谢词英文三:
Upon finishing this thesis, I would like to express my great gratitude towards allthose who have offered me sincere assistance in the three years.
First and foremost, my hearty thanks go to my supervisor, Professor ZhangRuwen, who has given me insightful suggestions and constant encouragement both inmy study and in my life. Furthermore, Professor Zhang's painstaking teaching andvaluable advice have profoundly contributed to the completion of the present thesis.
Also, I own my thanks to all the professors who have taught and enlightening meduring my studies in the campus, for guiding me in the field of research work, whichis both challenging and fantastic. The experience and profit I obtained will be ofgrand importance to my further studies.
Finally, I am also grateful to my family and friends, who encourage and supportme and share with me my worries, frustrations, and happiness.
格式不对。打不上字这种情况,一般是由于文档的对齐方式设置不当,如果是在word中表格的内容,则把光标插入空白处,表格工具,布局,可以看到原来的对齐方式为靠上居中对齐,我们可以选择靠上两端对齐就可以解决空白问题,可以进行很好的排版。当我们编辑好word文档时,我们有时会发现文档还剩余部分空段落与空格行,这些空段落与空格行会影响到文档的整体美观。
是一种格式要求。论文空格是论文格式里写着,一级标题,标题和文字间空两格,二级标题段前空两格,标题和文字间空两格等。
论文研究空白你可以这样写,仅供参考:1,可以记录新的科研成果,本身就是学术研究的有效手段. 2,促进学术交流,成果推广和科技发展. 3,促进科研的深化. 4,是考核作者知识,科研水平的重要载体之一.
别人没有研究过的都是;别人研究过的但深度没达到的也是;别人研究过的深度也达到但你选不同角度那也是;所以不是没有空白,而是需要发现空白的眼光;不是有句话说:有困难要上,没有困难制造困难也要上哈哈。祝你成功!
这个确实比较难,如果是本科毕业论文1.写出你这个方向的常见课题和问题2.去数据库检索,看看这个几个问题的论文数目3.然后按正常思路写就行了
一、封面
题目:小二号黑体加粗居中。
各项内容:四号宋体居中。
二、目录
目录:二号黑体加粗居中。
章节条目:五号宋体。
行距:单倍行距。
三、论文题目:
小一号黑体加粗居中。
四、中文摘要
1、摘要:小二号黑体加粗居中。
2、摘要内容字体:小四号宋体。
3、字数:300字左右。
4、行距:20磅。
5、关键词:四号宋体,加粗。词3-5个,每个词间空一格。
五、英文摘要
1、ABSTRACT:小二号Times New Roman。
2、内容字体:小四号Times New Roman。
3、单倍行距。
4、Keywords:四号加粗。词3-5个,小四号Times New Roman词间空一格。
六、绪论
小二号黑体加粗居中。内容500字左右,小四号宋体,行距:20磅。
七、正文
(一)正文用小四号宋体。
(二)安保、管理类毕业论文各章节按照一、二、三、四、五级标题序号字体格式。
章:标题小二号黑体,加粗,居中。
节:标题小三号黑体,加粗,居中。
一级标题序号如:一、二、三、标题四号黑体,加粗,顶格。
二级标题序号如:(一)(二)(三)标题小四号宋体,不加粗,顶格。
医学、体育类毕业论文各章序号用阿拉伯数字编码,层次格式为:
1xxxx(小2号黑体,居中)xxxxxxxxxxxxxx(内容用4号宋体)。
(3号黑体,居左)xxxxxxxxxxxxx(内容用4号宋体)。
(小3号黑体,居左)xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx(内容用4号宋体)。
xxxx(用与内容同样大小的宋体)xxxx(用与内容同样大小的宋体)。
(三)表格
每个表格应有自己的表序和表题,表序和表题应写在表格上方正中。表序后空一格书写表题。表格允许下页接续写,表题可省略,表头应重复写,并在右上方写“续表xx”。
(四)插图
每幅图应有图序和图题,图序和图题应放在图位下方居中处。图应在描图纸或在洁白纸上用墨线绘成,也可以用计算机绘图。
(五)论文中的图、表、公式、算式等,一律用阿拉伯数字分别依序连编编排序号。序号分章依序编码,其标注形式应便于互相区别,可分别为:图、表、公式()等。
文中的阿拉伯数字一律用半角标示。
八、结束语
小二号黑体加粗居中。内容300字左右,小四号宋体,行距:20磅。
九、致谢
小二号黑体加粗居中。内容小四号宋体,行距:20磅。
十、参考文献
(一)小二号黑体加粗居中。内容8—10篇,五号宋体,行距:20磅。参考文献以文献在整个论文中出现的次序用、形式统一排序、依次列出。
论文格式字体:标准论文格式字体的第一页:论文题目(黑体、居中、三号字)(空一行)作者(宋体、小三)(空一行)[摘要](四号黑体)空一格打印内容(四号宋体,200-300字)……(空一行)[关键词](四号黑体)关键词内容(小四号宋体、每两个关键词之间空两格)标准论文字体格式的第二页:目录(居中、四号黑体)(空一行)(空一行)引言(小四号宋体)……页码(小四号宋体)一、标题(小四号宋体)……页码(小四号宋体)1.(小标题)(小四号宋体)……页码(小四号宋体)(1)(下级标题)(小四号宋体)……页码(小四号宋体)二、(标题)(小四号宋体)……页码(小四号宋体)1.(小标题)(小四号宋体)……页码(小四号宋体)(1)(下级标题)(小四号宋体)……页码(小四号宋体)参考文献(小四号宋体)……页码(小四号宋体)附录(小四号宋体)……页码(小四号宋体)致谢语(小四号宋体)……页码(小四号宋体)英文题目、摘要、关键词(小四号宋体)……页码(小四号宋体)第三页开始:毕业论文正文引言(居中、四号黑体)(空一行)(空一行)引言内容用小四号宋体打印(空一行)(空一行)一、(标题)(居中、四号黑体)(空一行)(空一行)1、(小标题)(四号宋体)(空一行)(1)(下级小标题)(小四号黑体)(正文内容用小四号宋体、下同)(空一行)(空一行)1、(小标题)(四号宋体)(空一行)(1)(下级小标题)(小四号黑体)···(空一行)(空一行)结论(内容用小四号宋体)(空一行)(空一行)附录(居中、四号黑体)附录内容(内容用小四号宋体)(空一行)(空一行)参考文献(居中、四号黑体)参考文献(内容用五号宋体)(空一行)(空一行)致谢(居中、四号黑体)(空一行)(空一行)致谢语(内容用小四号宋体)(空一行)(空一行)最后一页(英文题目)(居中、小四号Arial体)(空一行)(空一行)摘要(小四号Arial体)(内容用五号Arial体)关键词(小四号Arial体)(内容用五号Arial体、每个单词间空二格)备注:1、英文译文打印格式:标题用四号黑体、内容用小四号宋体.(本回答来源于学术堂)
文章题目不超过20个字,不用不常见的英文缩写(三号、黑体、加粗,居中)摘 要(黑体、小四、加粗,左对齐):中文摘要要求200字左右。中文摘要用第三人称编写,简短精炼,明确具体。摘要格式要规范,不能出现本文、论文等类似字样,不能出现数学公式、插图、表格、参考文献序号等。摘要中应用黑体明确列述该文的创新点(新理论,新观点,新技术,新工艺等等),以便于创新性知识的发现,提取和评价,。英文摘要同中文一致,创新点用斜体标出。(宋体、小四)关键词(黑体、小四、加粗,左对齐):词1;词2;词3(宋体,小四,要求3-8个,用分号隔开)Title(三号、Times New Roman体、加粗、居中)Abstract(小四、Times New Roman体、加粗):Abstract abstract abstract abstract abstract abstract abstract abstract abstract abstract abstract abstract abstract abstract abstract abstract abstract abstract abstract abstract abstract abstract abstract abstract abstract abstract. abstract abstract abstract abstract abstract abstract abstract abstract abstract abstract abstract abstract abstract. abstract abstract (小四、Times New Roman体)Key words(小四、Times New Roman体、加粗):word1; word2; word3(小四、Times New Roman体,一律小写,英文缩写除外)(以上单独成1-2页)目 录(三号、黑体、加粗、居中、字间空两字符)1 一级标题(绪论、前言或引言)(小四、黑体、加粗、左对齐)……….……………… 二级标题1(小四、宋体、首行缩进2字符)…………………………………….三级标题1(小四、宋体、首行缩进2字符)……………….………………….. 二级标题2…………………………………..…………………………….252 一级标题(实验)……………………………….………………………………二级标题1 …………………………………..…………………………….三级标题1………………………………….……………………………..403 一级标题(结论、结束语)……………………………………………………..100参考文献(不加标题编号)…………………………………………………………102附录(不加标题编号)…………………………………………………………………104附录1………………………………………………………………………………110附录2………………………………………………………………………………115附录3 …………………………………………………………………………….120致谢(不加标题编号) ………………………………………………………………130(以上单独成页)1 一级标题(四号、黑体、加粗、左对齐)(三级标题,不得出现四级) 二级标题式样(小四、黑体、加粗、左对齐) 三级标题式样(小四、宋体、加粗、左对齐)正文内容。(小四,宋体,倍行距,字符不缩放,字符间距为“标准”;参考文献标识符号[1],方括号加数字,小四,Times New Roman,上标表示;所有数字和英文全部为Times New Roman字;除目录可适当调整行距外,其他部分全部为倍行距。页面上下边距为,左右边距为;中英文题目、摘要和关键词页面用罗马数字注页码,其他部分用阿拉伯数字注页码,页码为页脚标识,六号、宋体、居中。)表(一律用三线表)表 表的名称(表序分两级,小四、宋体、加粗、居中)表内文字:小四号、宋体、上下左右居中注(五号、宋体、加黑):内容(五号、宋体),有多条注释,用“①、②……”分列。2 一级标题(四号、黑体、加粗、左对齐) 二级标题式样(小四、黑体、加粗、左对齐) 三级标题式样(小四、宋体、加粗、左对齐)正文内容。(小四,宋体,倍行距,字符不缩放,字符间距为“标准”;参考文献标识符号[1],方括号加数字,小四,Times New Roman,上标表示;所有数字和英文全部为Times New Roman字;除目录可适当调整行距外,其他部分全部为倍行距。页面上下边距为,左右边距为;中英文题目、摘要和关键词页面用阿拉伯数字注页码,其他部分用罗马数字注页码,页码为页脚标识,六号、宋体、居中。)图(图序一级,依次标识,小四号、宋体、加黑、居中)图1 图片名称3 一级标题(四号、黑体、加粗、左对齐) 二级标题式样(小四、黑体、加粗、左对齐) 三级标题式样(小四、宋体、加粗、左对齐)正文内容。(小四,宋体,倍行距,字符不缩放,字符间距为“标准”;参考文献标识符号[1],方括号加数字,小四,Times New Roman,上标表示;所有数字和英文全部为Times New Roman字;除目录可适当调整行距外,其他部分全部为倍行距。页面上下边距为,左右边距为;中英文题目、摘要和关键词页面用罗马数字注页码,其他部分用阿拉伯数字注页码,页码为页脚标识,六号、宋体、居中。)公式(公式格式:公式居中,公式编号右对齐,英文字母和数字为Times New Roman体,小四号字)≤Q≤ 1-1(以上单独成页)[参考文献](五号、黑体、加粗、居中):1) 期刊文献的著录格式[序号] 主要责任者.文献题名[文献类型标识].刊名,年,卷(期):起止页码. (五号、宋体、下同)2)普通图书(专著)的著录格式[序号] 主要责任者.书名[文献类型标识]. 其他责任者(选择项).版本(第1版不标注).出版地:出版者,出版年:页码(选择项).3)析出文献的著录格式[序号] 主要责任者.析出文献题名[文献类型标识] // 编者.原文献名.出版地:出版者,出版年:析出文献起止页码.4)学位论文的著录格式[序号] 作者.题名:[文献类型标识].保存地:保存者,年份.5)报纸文章的著录格式[序号] 主要责任者.文献题名[文献类型标识].报纸名,出版日期(版次).6)电子文献的著录格式[序号] 主要责任者.电子文献题名[电子文献及载体类型标识].电子文献的出处或可获得地址,发表或更新日期/引用日期(任选).7)专利文献的著录格式[序号] 专利申请者.专利题名[文献类型标识].专利国别,专利号,出版日期.8)技术标准(规范)的著录格式[序号] 起草责任者.标准代号 标准顺序号—发布年 标准名称[文献类型标识].出版地:出版者,出版年(也可略去起草责任者、出版地、出版者和出版年).9)各种未定义类型文献的著录格式[序号] 主要责任者.文献题名[Z].出版地:出版者,出版年.10)外文文献的引用格式各类外文文献的文后参考文献格式与中文格式相同,其中题名的首字母及各个实词的首字母应大写,为了减少外文刊名引用不规范所造成的引文统计及链接误差,用(SXXXX-XXXX)格式在刊名后加ISSN号例如[1] KANAMORI H. Shaking without Quaking [J]. Science (S0036-8075), 1998, 279: 2063.附: 参考文献类型及标识代码文献类型 标识代码 文献类型 标识代码 文献载体类型 标识代码普通图书 M 报告 R 磁带 MT会议录 C 标准 S 磁盘 DK汇编(论文集) G 专利 P 光盘 CD报纸 N 数据库 DB 联机网络 OL期刊 J 计算机程序 CP学位论文 D 电子公告 EB(以上单独成页)附 录附录1:附录2:附录3:(以上单独成页)致 谢感谢院系领导感谢指导老师感谢父母(以上单独成页)
论文最好能建立在平日比较注意探索的问题的基础上,写论文主要是反映学生对问题的思考以下就是由小编为您提供的标准论文格式要求。
(一)标题
论文(设计)标题应简短、明白,把毕业论文的内容、专业特性概括出来。标题主标题字数普通不宜超越20个字,能够设副标题。主标题用宋体三号字加粗副标题用宋体小三号字,均在文本居中位置。
(二)摘要及关键词
论文摘要字数要恰当,中文摘要普通以300字左右为宜,“中文摘要”字样为黑体四号字,居中格式。另起一行打印摘要内容键词是反映论文(设计)主题概念的词或词组,普通每篇可选3-5个,多个关键词之间用分号分隔。
(三)正文
文中如有插图和照片,应比例恰当,分明美观;插图应标明图序和图题,序号和图题之间空一格;图序以阿拉伯数字连续编号,图题普通居中位于图的下方。
文中如有表格,应构造简约,表格应有表序和表题。序号和表题居中位于表格上方,两者之间空一格。表序以阿拉伯数字连续编号。假如表格援用别处,要注明表格的出处和相关信息。文中一行不占页,一字不占行。
(四)注释
毕业论文注释统一采用页下注的方式,在所需援用或注释处用上标①、②、③表示,注释内容包括作者、出处、出版年份、页码等信息。注释也可是解释性语句。一切注释采用小五号宋体。
(五)参考文献
按正文参考文献呈现的先后次第用阿拉伯数字在方括号中连续编号。文献中假如有三位以上作者时,只罗列前三位作者,中间以逗号隔开,其他以“等”字表示。
在正文后另起一页采用四号黑体打印“参考文献”四字,空一行,采用小四号宋体打印参考文献的内容,“参考文献”字样和内容均采取左对齐格式,每篇论文的参考文献不得少于15条,要注重文献的时效性和权威性。
(六)页眉
论文的页眉内容为论文标题,宋体小五号字,居中。
(七)附录
(必要时可加,不用要时,无需附录)
关于一些不宜放在正文中,但又具有参考价值的内容能够编入毕业论文(设计)的附录中。依照文中呈现的次第依次列出附录的内容。
(八)页码
论文页码一概采用页下居中方式。正文前的目录和摘要局部单独编排页码,页码采用罗马文字“Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ”等标示,正文独立编排页码,用阿拉伯数字“1、2、3、4、5”等标志。