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小论文英文摘要模板

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小论文英文摘要模板

原则上讲,中文摘要编写的注意事项都适用于英文摘要,摘要的内容主要是 ① 点明主题,解析文章的目的或意图; ② 介绍主要内容,使读者迅速了解文章或书籍的概貌; ③ 提出结论或建议,以供读者参考。但是,英语有其自己的表达方式、语言习惯,最主要的是中译英时往往造成所占篇幅较长,同样内容的一段文字,若用英文来描述,其占用的篇幅可能比中文多一倍。因此,撰写英文摘要更应注意简洁明了,力争用最短的篇幅提供最主要的信息。中英文摘要的一致性主要是指内容方面的一致性。对这个问题的认识存在两个误区,一是认为两个摘要的内容“差不多就行”,因此在英文摘要中随意删去中文摘要的重点内容,或随意增补中文摘要所未提及的内容,这样很容易造成文摘重心转移,甚至偏离主题。二是认为英文摘要是中文摘要的硬性对译,对中文摘要中的每一个字都不敢遗漏,这往往使英文摘要用词累赘、重复,显得拖沓、冗长。英文摘要应严格、全面的表达中文摘要的内容,不能随意增删,但这并不意味着一个字也不能改动,具体撰写方式应遵循英文语法修辞规则,符合英文专业术语规范,并照顾到英文的表达习惯。选择适当的时态和语态,是使摘要符合英文语法修辞规则的前提。通常情况下,摘要中谓语动词的时态和语态都不是通篇一律的,而应根据具体内容而有所变化,否则容易造成理解上的混乱。但这种变化又并非无章可循,其中存在着如下一些规律: 1) 英文摘要的时态。 英文摘要时态的运用以简练为佳,常用一般现在时、一般过去时,少用现在完成时、过去完成时,进行时态和其他复合时态基本不用。A. 一般现在时。用于说明研究目的、叙述研究内容、描述结果、得出结论、提出建议或讨论等。例如: This study (investigation) is (conducted, undertaken) to… , The result shows (reveals) that… , It is found that… , The conclusions are… , The author suggests that… .涉及到公认事实、自然规律、永恒真理等,也要用一般现在时。B. 一般过去时。用于叙述过去某一时刻(时段)的发现、某一研究过程(实验、观察、调查等过程)。例如: The techniques of questionnaire and interview were applied to study women customers' demand for cosmetics in January and August, 2005. 需要指出的是,用一般过去时描述的发现、现象,往往是尚不能确认为自然规律、永恒真理的,而只是当时如何如何;所描述的研究过程也明显带有过去时间的痕迹。C. 现在完成时和过去完成时。完成时少用,但不是不用。现在完成时把过去发生的或过去已完成的事情与现在联系起来,而过去完成时可用来表示过去某一时间以前已经完成的事情,或在一个过去事情完成之前就已完成的另一过去行为。例如: Concrete has been studied for many years. Man has not yet learned to store the solar energy. 2) 英文摘要的语态。 采用何种语态,既要考虑摘要的特点,又要满足表达的需要。一篇摘要很短,尽量不要随便混用,更不要在一个句子里混用。在多数情况下采用被动语态。采用被动语态的情况主要有:说明事实经过时,某件事是谁做的,无须一一证明;为强调动作承受者;有些情况必须用强调的事物做主语,例如: In this case, a greater accuracy in measuring distance might be obtained. 在某些情况下,特别是表达作者或有关专家的观点时,又常使用主动语态,其优点是鲜明有力。而且有时摘要中谓语动词采用主动语态有助于文字清晰、简洁及表达有力。例如: The author systematically introduces the history and development of the tissue culture of poplar 比 The history and development of the tissue culture of poplar are introduced systematically 语感要强。 3) 英文摘要的人称。 摘要的首句多用第三人称 This paper… 等开头,或采用更简洁的被动语态,一般不用第一人称。 4)遣词造句。 掌握一定的遣词造句技巧,简单、准确地表达作者的观点,减少读者的误解。A. 用词力求简单,在表达同样意思时,尽量用短词代替长词,以常用词代替生僻词。但是当描述方法、步骤时,应该用狭义词代替广义词。例如,英文中有不少动词 do, run, get, take 等,虽简单常用,但其意义少则十几个,多则几十个,用这类词来描述研究过程,读者难免产生误解,甚至会不知所云,这就要求根据具体情况,选择意义相对明确的词诸如 perform, achieve 等,以便于读者理解。B. 造句。尽量使用短句,长句容易造成语义不清;但要避免单调和重复。一是熟悉英文摘要的常用句型:尽管英文的句型种类繁多,丰富多彩,但摘要的常用句型却很有限,而且形成了一定的规律,大体可归纳为( 1 )表示研究目的,常用在摘要之首 In order to……This paper describes……The purpose of this study is…… ( 2 )表示研究的对象与方法 The curative effect/function] of certain drug was observed/studied… ( 3 )表示研究的结果: The result showed/It proved/The authors found that… ( 4 )表示结论、观点或建议: The authors suggest/conclude/consider that… 。 二是尽量采用 -ing 分词和 -ed 分词作定语,少用关系代词 which , who 等引导的定语从句。由于摘要的时态多采用一般过去时,使用关系代词引导的定语从句不但会使句式变得复杂,而且容易造成时态混乱(因为定语和它所修饰的主语、宾语之间有时存在一定的 “时间差”,而过去完成时、过去将来时等往往难以准确判定。采用 -ing 分词和 -ed 分词作定语,在简化语句的同时,还可以减少时态判定的失误。 5) 注意事项。 在英文摘要的写作过程中应避免一些常见的错误。 A. 冠词。主要是定冠词 the 易被漏用。 the 用于表示整个群体、分类、时间、地名以外的独一无二的事物、形容词最高级等较易掌握,用于特指时常被漏用。这里有个原则,即当我们用 the 时,听者或读者已经确知我们所指的是什么。例如: The author designed a new machine. The machine is operated with solar energy. 由于现在缩略语越来越多,要注意区分 a 和 an ,如 an X ray. B. 数词。避免用阿拉伯数字作首词,如: Three hundred samples are collected… 中的 Three hundred 不要写成 300. C. 单复数。一些名词单复数形式不易辨认,从而造成谓语形式出错。总之,多看英文文献,积累经验,摸索规律,提高英文写作水平,才能写好英文摘要。 英文摘要常见句型1) This paper deals with... 2) This article focuses on the topics of...3) This essay presents knowledge that... 4) This thesis discusses...5) This thesis analyzes... 6) This paper provides an overview of...7) This paper elaborates on ... 8) This article gives an overview of...9) This paper provides a method of ... 10) This paper considers...11) The writer of this paper discusses... 12) This paper strongly emphasizes...13) This article explores... 14) This paper tries to describe...15) This article covers the role of chemicals in...16) This paper presents up to date information on...17) This article not only describes...but also suggests...18) This paper includes discussions concerning...19) This article compares...and summarizes key ) This paper introduces an applicable procedure to analyze...21) This paper offers the latest information regarding...22) This paper is devoted to examining the role of...23) This paper addresses important topics including... 24) This paper expresses views on...25) This paper reports the latest information on ... 26) This paper provides an analysis of ...27) This paper gives an account of ... 28) The aim of this paper is to determine...29) The objective of this paper is to explore...30) The purpose of this article is to review/ prove/ show/ present/ develop/ generalize/ investigate 4. 关键词关键词是反映文章最主要内容的术语,对文献检索有重要作用。关键词一般用名词,而且从标题或摘要中选取,每篇文章可选 3 ~ 8 个关键词,文章题名中的人名、地名也可作为关键词标出。应标注中英文关键词。中、英文关键词应一一对应。中文关键词前应冠以“关键词:”,英文关键词前冠以“ Key words :”作为标识。多个关键词之间应以分号分隔,以便于计算机自动切分。将关键词扩展成词组 / 短语,毋用单一词汇,而是在单一词汇基础上进行扩展,如:营销→网络营销→网络营销管理。切记避免关键字堆砌。

英文论文摘要模板

英文论文摘要怎么写,你会写了吗?下面是我为大家收集的关于英文论文摘要模板,希望能够帮到大家!

ABSTRACT

As an important part of Chinese academic journals, sci-tech periodicalshave great significance to the spread of knowledge of science and to thedevelopment of technology. The level of internationalization of a sci-tec journalrepresents its recognition degree in the field of international publishing,besides, it is also a key criteria of the success for launching the journals. Thereare the largest number of sci-tech periodicals launched in Beijing, which leadsto a central role that taken by this area. Therefore, result from the researchwhich focus in Beijing can, to a certain extent, reflect the international level ofChinese sci-tech periodicals.

This paper is divided into six chapters: Chapter one is a brief review of theacademic theories and description about the practice status and the currentsystem of Chinese sci-tech periodicals. Also, it summarizes the stages andcharacteristics of the development of sci-tech periodicals in Beijing. In chaptertwo, it provides the historical foundation, system condition and thedevelopment of digital technology for the following analysis. Chapter three, tofive respectively elaborates the current situation of the development of sci-techperiodicals in Beijing area by 3 aspects: content innovation, business strategyand media. In chapter six, it concluded the problems that China's sci-techperiodicals are facing during the globalization and then provides possiblecountermeasures based on the analysis in previous chapters.

Key Words: Beijing; sci-tech periodicals; internationalization; impact factor

Abstract

Within the framework of feminism and archetypal criticism, this thesis, by taking ThePassion of New Eve as its discourse, analyzes and discusses Angela Carter's application ofdemythologizing as a feminist strategy. By rewriting and subverting those female archetypes,Carter aims to break the fetters and shackles of patriarchy, exploring the way to women'sliberation as well as the reconciliation between two genders.

Believing that human society has been established on patriarchy, feminists endeavor tochange women's subordinate status and achieve gender equality. Archetypal criticism, as oneof the most influential branches in literary criticism,regards myth as the origin of literature.

Myths,especially the Bible,cover all the forms and motifs known as archetypes in literature.

As a devoted pioneer and advocator of feminism, Carter realizes that those female archetypesare usually stereotyped and dogmatic, which is actually invented by patriarchy for theoppression and exploitation of women.

Based on intensive reading and exhaustive textual analysis, this thesis illustrates Carter'sdemythologizing of three female archetypes in The Passion of New Eve, which are“Temptress,,,”Mother Goddesses“ and ”Eve“ respectively. Firstly, the sufferings that Leilahencounter in the novel reveal that ”Temptresses“ are in fact victims of patriarchy instead oforigins of disloyalty and disasters. While seen by men as objects of their sexual desires, theyalso risk self-objectification, which results in the deprivation of subjectivity as independenthuman beings. Secondly, ”Mother“ in Beulah is just an artificial myth,汪 consolatory toolfabricated by patriarchy, behind the glorification of which are patriarchal values and codes.

Thirdly, the transformative journey Eve experienced from a chauvinist to a real womandemonstrates that femininity, rather than an inherent quality, is the result of social influenceand persistent imitations.

Through the demythologizing of those female archetypes, Carter overthrows thepatriarchal hegemony as well as Utopian matriarchal dreams,offering androgyny as a potentialsolution to the current sexual conflicts. In her opinion, the real reconciliation between twogenders should be based on mutual respect and understanding, which is confirmed by theunion between the new Eve and Tristessa in The Passion of New Eve.

Keywords: female archetype; demythologizing; Angela Carter; The Passion of New Eve

Abstract

In recent years, with the development of the financial sector, more and morepeople pay attention to the financial information search. However, the traditionalkeyword search method could hardly meet the needs of financial users. Therefore,semantic search products have gained more popularity. However, the semanticparsing process is complex and diverse. During the process of the analysis oflarge-scale real text, the sentence analysis which based on word granularity is verydifficult, but after chunk analysis, the accuracy can be significantly improved andthe complexity can be clearly reduced. At present, the user input method is almostthe Pinyin input method, thus it could probably happen that the input phonetic lettersare correct, while the Chinese character is wrong. In order to achieve the purpose ofimproving the user experience, the Pinyin text proofreading appears.

The content of this paper is a pretreatment subsystem of the finance Q & Asystem, and it contains two functions, Pinyin text proofreading and chunk partition.

Text proofreading is based on Pinyin, in the first place, putting the query sequenceinto phonetic sequence. Then it uses the multiple grammars, three grammars and twogrammars to fill the Chinese characters sequence. And if there is no ambiguity whenfilling, then it uses the text proofreading, otherwise, ignores the text proofreading.

For the chunk partition, this paper uses three different methods: the method ofthe shortest path chunk partition, the method of CRF chunk partition and the methodof neural network chunk partition. The subsystem designed and implemented thethree methods. The shortest path chunk partition is similar to the dictionary wordsegmentation method. CRF chunk partition divided the problem into the annotationproblem, through getting the optimal sequence labels, to reach the purpose of chunkpartition. Chunk neural network chunk partition is based on word segmentation,changing the query sequence into a sequence of nodes. If the sequence of possibilityimproved after adding chunk tag on each node sequence, the tag position is a chunkposition.

In practical test, the shortest path chunk partition based on the dictionary,cannot process the query which is not in the dictionary of chunk. CRF chunkpartition can solve the unknown chunk query, but the mark information is too simplewhen the training corpus increased,and the error percentage of results increasedsignificantly. When using neural networks in chunk partition, the predicted timeincreases significantly, however, the query generalization is a good idea. Throughthe above research, a reasonable way to chunk partition is the CRF method, whichproperly uses the query generalization.

Finally after testing, the pretreatment subsystem has not only met the needs ofthe finance Q & A system, largely improving the financial Q & A system userexperience, but also reduces the analytical complexity, significantly improved thecorrectness and performance.

Keywords: Pretreatment system question analysis, chunk, text proofreading, CRF,neural network

英文摘要格式

①首行居中打印论文英文标题(TimesNewRoman四号加粗)。

②下空一行居中打印英文单词“Abstract”(TimesNewRoman小四号加粗)。

③下空一行打印摘要内容(TimesNewRoman小四,倍行距,两端对齐)。

④摘要内容后下空一行打印“KeyWords”(TimesNewRoman小四号加粗),其后接着打印关键词(3-7个关键词,TimesNewRoman小四号)。除了专有名词外,其他单词的首字母不大写。各关键词之间用分号隔开,最后一个关键词后不打标点符号。

⑤摘要正文各自然段首行空5个字符。

中文摘要:

①首行居中打印论文中文标题(宋体四号加粗)。

②下空一行居中打印“摘要”二字(宋体小四号加粗),字间空一字符。

③“摘要”二字下空一行打印摘要内容(宋体小四号)。

④摘要内容后下空一行打印“关键词”三字(宋体小四号加粗),其后接着打印关键词(3-7个,宋体小四号),各关键词之间用逗号隔开,最后一个关键词后不打标点符号。

把握好内容的一致性

关于学术期刊论文中英文摘要的一致性,两"规范"都明确规定:英文题名应与中文题名含义一致,英文摘要的内容应与中文摘要相对应,中、英文关键词应一一对应。

可见,中英文摘要的一致性主要是指含义、内容、数量和顺序的一致性。英文摘要应忠实、准确地反映中文摘要的内容,不能随意更改或删去中文摘要的重点内容或重要信息,不能随意增补中文摘要中未提及的内容。

但这并不意味着英文摘要是中文摘要的硬性对译,如果受汉语思维的影响生硬地按照中文字面意思直译或进行句对句、词对词的一一对译,一个词也不改动,这不仅会导致在表达上出现中式英语的现象,而且会使英文摘要用词重复累赘、句子繁杂冗长、语义不流畅。

下面是关于学术论文英文摘要模板,希望对你们有帮助。

Abstract

Since Dewey developed the concept of “critical thinking”, many scholars abroadhave carried out a series of studies about improving students' critical thinking skills ineducation field. In the 1980s,critical thinking became the target of higher educationprograms in such foreign countries as the US and Canada. It has gained its widespreadattention in China only in recent years. But there are only few studies about it ineducation field. Our traditional English teaching method pays much attention to thetraining of students' linguistic knowledge and language skills but ignores thecultivation of students' critical thinking abilities. In the process of skill practice,teachers often stress the importance of memorizing vocabulary and imitating skillsrigidly,but neglect the students' abilities in analyzing problems and putting forwardinnovative solutions. Therefore, English writing teaching is affected by this andmerely attaches emphasis to train students' reading and writing skills. There are fewstudies which aim at systematically cultivating students' analysis, synthesis, summary,comparison and reasoning skills while they are writing. Therefore,this study aims atdesigning some writings tasks and teaching strategies which can be used to fostercollege students' critical thinking awareness and promote students' all-rounddevelopment.

According to six critical thinking skills,this study was carried out by requiringstudents to hand in an argumentation. All participants in this study are non-Englishmajor college freshmen from a 211 key university. The revised version of Rubric forQualitative Critical Thinking Skills Instrument was used in this study. Withquantitative and qualitative analysis,writing experiment is conducted within a wholesemester to collect data concerning students' learning behavior. Reading-to-write isused in experimental class while traditional method is adopted in control class. Thewriting scores by the experimental and control class were statistically processed bysoftware SPSS . And also the interview was launched in some of students inexperimental class to assess students' critical thinking abilities reflected in theirwritings-The final analysis indicated that EGAP writing model exerted a significantlypositive influence in improving students' critical thinking skills, especially in arousingstudents' writing enthusiasm and critical thinking awareness. Compared with controlclass, students in experimental class made big progress in writing competence. Inaddition, this study put forward some reform proposals to the teaching of Englishwriting. The study is of great value to instruct students to employ critical thinkingskills in their writing.

Abstract

A large body of research has been conducted on the effects of technology-enhancedEnglish vocabulary learning since the 1960s (Marty, 1981)。 However, no consensus hasbeen reached yet (Choo, Lin, & Pandian,2012; Mohsen & Balakumarohsen, 2011)。

Despite the fact that some narrative reviews have evaluated and explored thesecontradictory results, this study aims at quantifying the overall effectiveness oftechnology-enhanced English vocabulary learning with a different approach to review:meta-analysis and performing in-depth moderator analyses of learning method and testtype further.

Totally, twenty effect sizes from thirteen pieces of primary research are obtainedafter collecting related literature published or unpublished in recent ten years via fourchannels and selecting through three filters. Later, all the primary research is coded anddata are computed in random-effects model with software ComprehensiveMeta-Analysis.

Results show that: (1) Technology has a positively large effect on Englishvocabulary learning according to Cohen's standards as proposed in 1992 (g = 95% confidential interval of [, ])。 (2) Learning methods (intentional learning,incidental learning, and integrated learning) have impacts on the overall effectiveness.

Heterogeneity exists in the three learning methods (g = = 0,01 < ),Effectiveness of intentional learning, incidental learning and integrated learning is ^ =, g 二 , g = respectively. Incidental learning under technology-enhancedenvironment yields the largest effectiveness on English vocabulary learning. (3) Testtypes (recognition tests, recall tests,recognition + recall tests) also have impacts on theoverall effectiveness. The three test types are heterogeneous as well {Q = , p = < )。 Recognition tests, recall tests, and recognition + recall tests have effectsizes of and respectively. Technology-enhanced English vocabularylearning achieves the largest effectiveness in recognition tests.

Abstract

The present study, which is based on the Competing Values Framework (. CVF:a framework to identify the organizational effectiveness and to define organizationalculture), aims to investigate English teachers, teaching motivation at universities, theirperception of the organizational culture in the target university,their professionalaspiration and how they affect each other. The research questions to be addressed are asfollows: (1) How do the English teachers perceive the organizational culture at theirworkplace? (2) How much effort will the teachers pay for their professionalengagement and aspiration? (3) What kinds of motivation do the English teachers in thetarget university appear to have? (4) How will the organizational culture and theprevious experience affect teachers' motivation?

This study employed four different questionnaires as the research instruments,including one demographic questionnaire and three research questionnaires, . thedemographic questionnaire, the Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument (. theOCAI) (Cameron & Quinn, 1999),the Professional Engagement and CareerDevelopment Aspiration-scale (. the PECDA-scale) (Watt & Richardson, 2008b),andthe Work Tasks Motivation Scale for Teachers Teaching (. the WTMST) (Fernet et al.,2008),to investigate the above mentioned research questions. The whole investigationtook roughly 12 weeks and involved three stages: the preparation stage,the pilot study,and the main study.

The findings of the present study show that most of the teachers are intrinsicallymotivated and with identified regulation influenced by the performance culture and theclan culture which are the dominant culture types of the target research site. Results alsoindicate that the overseas experience and length of teaching experience affect teachers'perception of tixe organizational culture and motivation. The participants who haveoverseas experience tend to be more with the sense of professionalism, moreintrinsically motivated and be more confident with their competence in the academicarea; and the ones who have longer years of teaching experience are with moreidentified regulation and introjected motivation and are more committed and moreassured of staying in the education field. The participants in the target universitybasically belong to the highly engaged persisters,and the male teachers expect to be theleadership.

Abstract

Owing to the economic, social and academic needs as well as the advantages of EGAP(General Academic Purpose in Chinese College English) itself, there exist 这 great deal ofnecessity and feasibility for applying English for EGAP class. It is our understanding thatwriting plays an extremely important role in the course of EGAP and genre is a quiteinfluential factor in improving students5 writing competency. However,the investigation ofstudents' current writing situation shows that being deeply influenced by traditional writingteaching methods which emphasize grammar and vocabulary; the students have littleknowledge about genre approach theoretically or systematically and lack the awareness ofgenre. Because of this,it becomes necessary to put forward an English writing teachingapproach which is effective as well as applicable to the situation in China so as to enhancetheir writing competence.

This paper firstly gives a brief introduction to the developing trend of EGAP bydiscussing its necessity and applicability in China and the main views of two schools of genretheory, the tiieoretical foundation and genre-based approaches of three main schools of genrestudy and practice. And also,their characteristics are compared and the adaptability inChinese College EGAP class is analyzed, based on which it puts forward a modifiedGenre-based approach in EGAP writing class in order to enhance students' genre awarenessand improve their writing skills.

To achieve this, two non-English major classes of freshmen in East China University ofScience and Technology (ECUST) have been selected as the experimental class andcontrolled class, and the research lasts one semester. The Genre-based approach is applied inthe experimental class following a modified Genre-based approach. And a comparison hasbeen made on the same subject at the beginning and the end of the semester and thecomparison and contrast between the experimental class and controlled class have also beenmade. Owing to various factors,such as learning motivation, different students show variedextent of acceptance to certain teaching approaches. Therefore, emphasis has not only beenput on the overall changes,but also on the individual differences.

There are three hypotheses:

1. Can Genre-based approach enhance students' genre awareness? 2. Can “genreawareness” really improve students' writing ability in EGAP? If the students can get overallimprovement, is there any difference in gender and the students with diverse learningaptitudes because of the individual difference? If some students fail to improve, what's thepossible reason behind it? 3. Will Chinese students accept and adapt to Genre-basedApproach?

Three sets of data from six writing assignments, writing in final-term examination andquestionnaires are collected and analyzed with the help of the software SPSS . And thestudy indicates that: (1) Genre-based approach has a significant effect in sensitizing students'genre awareness, improving holistic writing competence; (2) during the whole experimentalprocess, girls have a stable superiority over boys, however, boys' improvement fluctuation iscomparatively obvious; (3) students of medium efficiency have the greatest potential to makebig improvement; (4) Unavoidably, in this research there are some students who fail to gainimprovement in terms of writing ability or get changed in terms of writing notions, andthrough analysis it has been found that the main objective reasons are: the difficulty ofwriting itself,the differences of culture and ways of thinking between east and west,thelimited teaching period, etc.; and subjective reasons mainly come from: the limitedcompetence of students themselves, the lack of interest in English writing, etc(5) aoverwhelming majority of students are liable to accept this approach and able to adapt to itpretty well, yet acceptation is not absolutely accompanied by adaptation; (6) feedback is adispensable part in English writing teaching, and more specific feedback will bring strongermotivation in students' self-correcting and developing;In the end,the author presents some limitations in her research and hopes that this cangive some hints and tips to further research in EFL writing classes.

Abstract

In college English listening & speaking classrooms, language and other semioticsystems cooperate together to help students construct meaning. It can be reflected inthe design of textbooks and the use of audios, videos and images, etc. Thus, in thisthesis, the theoretical foundation is the theory of multimodal discourse analysis (MDA)derived from Systemic Functional Linguistics and Social Semiotics. The essence ofMDA is that other semiotic resources such as: images, audios, etc. are as important aslanguage in the meaning-making system. Visual Grammar, Acoustical Grammar andthe integrated frameworks of MDA are the main analysis approaches in this thesis.

Meanwhile, the results of the teaching investigation and the MDA for textbooksare the practical foundation for the multimodal teaching design, providing feasibleand effective suggestions in this thesis. According to the results, it can be concludedthat students have more or less realized multimodality in this course and argue thatmultimodality should be used in moderation; multimodal classroom activities, socialcontent, etc. should be brought into the class; teachers should remind students to payattention to images, fonts change and other multimodal factors in textbooks.

Therefore, when conducting the multimodal teaching design, attention should bepaid to: (1) Modalities influence each other with clear priorities in this course. (2)Words modality and acoustical modality are the primary modalities, while othermodalities are just used as tools to provide supplementary information and to improveteaching efficiency. (3) The chosen modalities should provide supplementaryinformation to make the learning material more easily understood and help studentsconcentrate. Then, on the basis of the above principles and the writer's teachingexperience, a sample teaching design has been worked out, then its' feasibility andeffectiveness have been verified by an empirical study with the method of interview.

Abstract

Degree adverbs play a crucial role in daily language communication. However,owing to their wide varieties and similar meanings, it is hard for language learners toreally master their meanings and usages.

With the aid of AntConc and based on the corpora of FROWN (TheFreiburg-Brown Corpus of American English),FLOB (The Freiburg-LOB Corpus ofBritish English) and CLEC (Chinese Learner English Corpus), the study aims tocompare the actual use of common English degree adverbs in terms of semanticprosody between Chinese EFL learners and native English speakers. The researchprocedures consist of two steps. First, AntConc is launched to extractconcordance lines of the target node words in each corpus and the semantic featuresof the node words' collocates are analyzed; then, the semantic prosodies of these nodewords are summarized and comparisons are made between the two corpora.

The results indicate that there are differences as well as similarities betweennative English speakers and Chinese learners in their use of semantic prosody.

Chinese EFL learners tend to underuse the negative semantic prosodies of fairly,highly, and totally?,overuse the negative semantic prosodies of extremely; and misusethe semantic prosody of terribly. The results also show that some problems exist inChinese learners' use of semantic prosodies of degree adverbs, and the reasons mayinclude their first language transfer, intralingual transfer, and the lack of informationabout the semantic prosody in dictionaries and textbooks.

论文小摘要模板

毕业论文摘要范文篇一

“看”生态 “救”生态

[摘要]随着生产力的发展,人类活动对生态系统的干扰日益增大引发了生态危机。本文通过分析生态系统的各要素及其功能,从系统科学的角度来“看”,说明现今市场经济的条件下,人的主体能动性的异化是导致生态危机的真正根源;从非线性思维的角度来“救”。

改变和突破人类以往所具有的线性思维和观念,建立一种全新的“大自然观”、全新的“大生产观”、全新的“大社会观”。

[关键词]系统科学 非线性思维 生态系统

[中图分类号] [文献标识码]A [文章编号]1009-5349(2012)11-0098-02

生态系统指由生物群落与无机环境构成的统一整体,它是个开放的系统,为了保证自身的稳定,必须不断输入能量,否则就有崩溃的危险;生态系统也是生态学领域的一个主要结构和功能单位,它属于生态学研究的最高层次。

随着科学技术的不断发展,人类的各种活动对生态系统的干扰不断增大,在破坏与保护、生命与金钱的痛苦交织中,人类逐渐意识到了生态系统的真正价值。

人类才真正开始关注生态系统的现状,并将其纳入伦理道德体系中,形成一种全新的生态伦理道德,这一切都深深地影响着人类的命运。

一、当前生态系统的现状

半个世纪以来,随着人口的迅速增长和科技的飞速发展,人类不但拥有了空前强大的建设和创造能力,也拥有了巨大的破坏和毁灭力量。一方面,由于人类的各种活动增大了向自然资源索取的速度和规模,导致了生态失衡,带来了一系列灾害。

另一方面,由于自然规律的反馈作用,人类本身也遭到“报复”。因此,当今世界不管是发达国家,还是发展中国家,都已经把生态环境问题作为制约经济和社会发展的重大课题来研究。

人类目前正面临着一场空前险恶的生态危机。所谓生态危机,就是指生态破坏、环境恶化、臭氧层损耗、气候异常、资源匮乏、疾病蔓延、生物多样性锐减等。

二、系统科学地“看”生态

系统科学就是以系统为研究对象的基础理论和应用开发的学科组成的学科群。它主要考察各类系统的关系和属性,并揭示其活动规律,探讨其有关系统的各种方法和理论。系统科学的方法和理论正在从自然科学和工程技术领域向社会科学领域广泛转移。

生态系统依其不同的结构实现其一定的功能,而系统的特定功能的实现要具备一定的结构。若要调整生态系统的结构,就有可能会改变系统的功能;而要改变生态系统的功能,就必须改变系统的结构,人类片面追求经济价值使其结构和功能发生混乱。

导致了一系列的生态危机。这些都表明,人类解决生态问题已经不仅仅是理论认识的问题,而更多的是社会经济的问题。客观地说,现今市场经济的条件下,人的主体能动性的异化是导致生态危机的真正根源。

(一)人的主体能动性的异化

科学技术的发展和人类社会的进步之所以能导致一系列的生态危机,其根本原因是由于人拥有了一种特殊的能力,它不同于自然界的意志自由,它被称为人的主体能动性。而人的主体能动性的异化,就是人失去了自己的本质而被置于对立面的状态。

并且在这种状态中,人的“自由意志”发挥已不再是“以人为目的”,而成了一种实现外在过程的工具,因此,当这种工具把自然与人的分离与对抗推向极端的时候,就导致了生态危机的发生。

论文摘要万能模板

论文摘要万能模板,写论文是每个毕业学子的必要任务,论文写得好不好直接影响后续的学业,最近很多朋友都在写论文,下面我就来分享论文摘要万能模板,供大家参考,希望能对大家有所帮助!

1、首先介绍本文研究的背景和发展现状,指出本文尚待解决的问题和造成的`影响。一般在前言中可以挑出研究背景、目的或假设。

范例:随着(社会)的发展,(主题)在(主题领域)中扮演着越来越重要的角色。而过去,人们对(主题)的理解仅限于(背景现状)。从而导致了一系列问题(罗列3-5条本文待解决的问题),这些问题造成了(详述什么影响)。

2、之后,叙述研究采用的技术方法和路线

范例:基于此,本文拟采用(实验法、调查法、实证研究法、定量分析法)进行研究

3、再简述某某问题的技术解决策略,并带来怎样的结果

范例:并为解决上述问题,提出了(3-5条,与前述的问题对应)解决方案。

4、对上述内容总结,将结果上升到对社会、科学研究等领域,突出其作用价值。在结论章节中可以挑出有用的句子。注意避免夸大结论

范例:期望能够促进(主题)的发展,推动(主题领域)继续更好地发展。

5、最后,将以上内容重新整理,组成200-300字的一个段落。确保文意顺畅,删除文章里没有提及的信息和不必要的方法细节。

1、基于、、、理 论,本文分析了……; 当前,……(背景),本文从……角度/方向/领域进行关于……的研究; 针对……问题/现象,从……方面,利用……方法进行研究。

2、本文采用……研究方法/研究模型,综合比对……理 论; 根据……研究方法/理 论模型,充分考量/考虑/分析……,对……问题进行了深入探索。

3、研究表明/显示/证实,……; 数据证明,……;……的发现,对……问题的解决和突破具有重要意义/影响。

4、建议……;实践证明,……; 为……,已证明……。

5、本论文以《……》为切入点,重点研究……。本文分为四个部分,第一部分简单分析了……现状;第二部分阐述了……模式;第三部分……模式现存问题;第四部分打造……的思考。

无论是在学校还是在社会中,大家最不陌生的就是论文了吧,论文是进行各个学术领域研究和描述学术研究成果的一种说理文章。你知道论文怎样写才规范吗?以下是我整理的论文摘要模板,仅供参考,大家一起来看看吧。

一、什么是论文摘要?

1.论文摘要即“摘其要点而发”。

2.论文摘要是对论文内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述。

3.摘要又称概要、内容提要。摘要是以提供文献内容梗概为目的,不加评论和补充解释,简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。

4.论文摘要就是论文内容提要,是在对论文进行总结的基础之上,用简单、明确、易懂、精辟的语言对全文内容加以概括,提取论文的主要信息。

6.内涵:短文

7.外延:陈述论文主要内容的简明、确切的,不加解释和评论的。

9.论文摘要是简明、确切、不加解释和评论地陈述论文主要内容的短文。

二、论文摘要起什么作用?

不阅读论文全文即能获得必要的信息。

1.读者尽快了解论文的主要内容,以补充题名的不足。现代科技文献信息浩如烟海,读者检索到论文题名后是否会阅读全文,主要就是通过阅读摘要来判断;所以,摘要担负着吸引读者和将文章的主要内容介绍给读者的任务。

2. 为科技情报文献检索数据库的建设和维护提供方便。论文发表后,文摘杂志或各种数据库对摘要可以直接利用,论文摘要的索引是读者检索文献的重要工具。所以论文摘要的质量高低,直接影响着论文的被检索率和被引频次。

三、论文摘要应包含那些内容?

摘要的内容应包含与论文同等量的主要信息,供读者确定有无必要阅读全文。

摘要的'四要素:

1.目的: 研究的目的、范围、重要性;

2.方法: 采用的手段和方法;

3.结果: 完成了哪些工作取得的数据和结果;

4.结论: 得出的重要结论及主要观点,论文的新见解。

(1)目的:指出研究的范围、目的、重要性、任务和前提条件,不是主题的简单重复。

(2)方法:简述课题的工作流程,研究了哪些主要内容,在这个过程中都做了哪些工作,包括对象、原理、条件、程序、手段等。

(3)结果:陈述研究之后重要的新发现、新成果及价值,包括通过调研、实验、观察并剖析其不理想的局限部分。

(4)结论:通过对这个课题的研究所得出的重要结论,包括从中取得证实的正确观点,进行分析研究,比较预测其在实际生活中运用的意义,理论与实际相结合的价值。

1、应该怎么写

文字:简明扼要:文字必须十分简练,内容需要充分概括;引起读者对文章的兴趣,使他们继续读。

2、不应该怎么写

不能冗长,少写无关的东西,语句不能含糊不清。论文摘要论文摘要不要列举例证,不讲研究过程,不用图表,不给化学结构式,也不要作自我评价。

1) 应排除本学科领域已成为常识的内容;切忌把应在引言中出现的内容写入摘要;一般也不要对论文内容作诠释和评论(尤其是自我评价)。

2) 不得简单重复题名中已有的信息。比如一篇文章的题名是《几种中国兰种子试管培养根状茎发生的研究》,摘要的开头就不要再写:“为了……,对几种中国兰种子试管培养根状茎的发生进行了研究”。

3) 结构严谨,表达简明,语义确切。摘要先写什么,后写什么,要按逻辑顺序来安排。句子之间要上下连贯,互相呼应。

4)句型应力求简单,慎用长句。每句话要表意明白,无空泛、笼统、含混之词。

5) 要使用规范化的名词术语,不用非公知公用的符号和术语。新术语或尚无合适汉文术语的,可用原文或译出后加括号注明原文。

6) 除了实在无法变通以外,一般不用数学公式和化学结构式,不出现插图、表格。

7) 不用引文,除非该文献证实或否定了他人已出版的著作。

8) 缩略语、略称、代号,除了相邻专业的读者也能清楚理解的以外,在首次出现时必须加以说明。目前摘要编写中的主要问题有:要素不全,或缺目的,或缺方法;出现引文,无独立性与自明性;繁简失当。

3.摘要的基本规范

(1)应以第三人称写作.摘要是完整的短文,具有独立性,可以单独使用.即使不看论文全文的内容,仍然可以理解论文的主要内容,作者的新观点和想法以及论文所要实现的目的,采取的方法,研究的结果与结论.

(2)叙述完整,突出逻辑性,短文结构要合理.

(3)文字简明扼要,不容赘言,采用直接表述的方法,不使用不必要的文学修饰,做到用最少的文字提供最大的信息量.

4、摘要里主要包括什么

主要包括简要的研究背景,所采用的研究工具,研究方法,得出的重要结论。另外可以说明论文的创新点

5、摘要应该怎么写

写作的过程中应当简明扼要,应当引起读者对文章的兴趣,使他们继续读,另外得出的结论写作要精炼

6、现在论文摘要常见的错误有哪些

常出现,记流水帐,把自己整篇文章从头到尾的标题说明一番。

一、[示例]

论文题目:天体对地球重力加速度的影响

论文摘要:地球重力加速度是一个极其重要的物理量,随着对重力加速度测量精度要求的日益提高,必须考虑天体对地球重力加速度的影响。

本文介绍了天体(包含日、月及太阳系行星)对地球重力加速度影响的基本概念,推导了影响的计算公式,并经过误差分析,证明此公式的相对误差小于1×10-9,完全可满足现代精密重力加速度测量的要求。

撰写论文摘要的常见毛病,一是照搬论文正文中的小标题(目录)或论文结论部分的文字;二是内容不浓缩、不概括,文字篇幅过长。

二、[示例]

论文题目:集成电路热模拟模型和算法

论文提要:众所周知,半导体器件的各种特性参数都是温度的灵敏函数学[诸如ls(T),B(T),C1(T),Cp(T)]。

集成电路将大量元件集成在一块苡片上,电路工作时,元件功耗将产生热量,沿晶片向四周扩散。但是由于半导体片及基座材料具有热阻,因此芯片上各点温度不可能相同。特别对于功率集成电路,大功率元件区域将有较高温度所以在芯片上存在着不均匀的温度分布。

但是为了简化计算,一般在分析集成电路性能时,常常忽略这种温度差别,假定所有元件者处于同一温度下。例如通用的电路模拟程序--SPICE就是这样处理的。显然这一假定对集成电路带来计算误差。对于功率集成电路误差将更大。

因此,如何计算集成电路芯片上的温度分布,如何计算元件温度不同时的电路特性,以及如何考虑芯片上热、电相互作用,这就是本文的目的。本文介绍集成电路的热模拟模型,并将热路问题模拟成电路问题,然后用电路模拟程序求解芯片温度分由。这样做可以利用成熟的电路分析程序,使计算的速度和精度大为提高。

作者根据这一模型和算法,编制了一个YM-LiN-3的FORTRAN程序,它可以确定芯片温度分布,也可发计算元件处于不同温度时的电路特性,该程序在微机IBM-PC上通过,得到满意结果。

上述论文提要字数近600,显然过长,只要认真加以修改(例如:第一段可删掉,第二段只保留其中的最后几句话,加上第三段),便可以二三百个字编写论文摘要。

中英论文摘要模板

英文摘要格式

①首行居中打印论文英文标题(TimesNewRoman四号加粗)。

②下空一行居中打印英文单词“Abstract”(TimesNewRoman小四号加粗)。

③下空一行打印摘要内容(TimesNewRoman小四,倍行距,两端对齐)。

④摘要内容后下空一行打印“KeyWords”(TimesNewRoman小四号加粗),其后接着打印关键词(3-7个关键词,TimesNewRoman小四号)。除了专有名词外,其他单词的首字母不大写。各关键词之间用分号隔开,最后一个关键词后不打标点符号。

⑤摘要正文各自然段首行空5个字符。

中文摘要:

①首行居中打印论文中文标题(宋体四号加粗)。

②下空一行居中打印“摘要”二字(宋体小四号加粗),字间空一字符。

③“摘要”二字下空一行打印摘要内容(宋体小四号)。

④摘要内容后下空一行打印“关键词”三字(宋体小四号加粗),其后接着打印关键词(3-7个,宋体小四号),各关键词之间用逗号隔开,最后一个关键词后不打标点符号。

把握好内容的一致性

关于学术期刊论文中英文摘要的一致性,两"规范"都明确规定:英文题名应与中文题名含义一致,英文摘要的内容应与中文摘要相对应,中、英文关键词应一一对应。

可见,中英文摘要的一致性主要是指含义、内容、数量和顺序的一致性。英文摘要应忠实、准确地反映中文摘要的内容,不能随意更改或删去中文摘要的重点内容或重要信息,不能随意增补中文摘要中未提及的内容。

但这并不意味着英文摘要是中文摘要的硬性对译,如果受汉语思维的影响生硬地按照中文字面意思直译或进行句对句、词对词的一一对译,一个词也不改动,这不仅会导致在表达上出现中式英语的现象,而且会使英文摘要用词重复累赘、句子繁杂冗长、语义不流畅。

导语:这里要讨论的主要是中文科技论文所附的英文摘要,其内容包含题名、摘要及关键词。GB 7713—87规定,为了国际交流,科学技术报告、学位论文和学术论文应附有外文(多用英文)摘要。原则上讲,以上中文摘要编写的注意事项都适用于英文摘要,但英语有其自己的表达方式、语言习惯,在撰写英文摘要时应特别注意。

英文题名

1) 题名的结构

英文题名以短语为主要形式,尤以名词短语(noun phrase)最常见,即题名基本上由1个或几个名词加上其前置和(或)后置定语构成。例如: The Frequent Bryophytes in the Mountain Helanshan(贺兰山习见苔藓植物);Thermodynamic Characteristics of Water Absorption of Heattreated Wood(热处理木材的水分吸着热力学特性)。短语型题名要确定好中心词,再进行前后修饰。各个词的顺序很重要,词序不当,会导致表达不准。题名一般不应是陈述句,因为题名主要起标示作用,而陈述句容易使题名具有判断式的语义;况且陈述句不够精练和醒目,重点也不易突出。少数情况(评述性、综述性和驳斥性)下可以用疑问句做题名,因为疑问句可有探讨性语气,易引起读者兴趣。例如:Can Agricultural Mechanization be Realized Without Petroleum?(农业机械化能离开石油吗?)。

2) 题名的字数

题名不应过长。国外科技期刊一般对题名字数有所限制。例如,美国医学会规定题名不超过2行,每行不超过42个印刷符号和空格;美国国立癌症研究所杂志J NatCancer Inst要求题名不超过14个词;英国数学会要求题名不超过12个词。这些规定可供我们参考。总的原则是,题名应确切、简练、醒目,在能准确反映论文特定内容的前提下,题名词数越少越好。

3) 中英文题名的一致性

同一篇论文,其英文题名与中文题名内容上应一致,但不等于说词语要一一对应。在许多情况下,个别非实质性的词可以省略或变动。例如:工业湿蒸汽的直接热量计算,The Direct Measurement of Heat Transmitted Wet Steam。英文题名的直译中译文是“由湿蒸汽所传热量的直接计量”,与中文题名相比较,二者用词虽有差别,但内容上是一致的。

4) 题名中的冠词

在早年,科技论文题名中的冠词用得较多,近些年有简化的趋势,凡可用可不用的冠词均可不用。例如:The Effect of Groundwater Quality on the Wheat Yield and Quality.其中两处的冠词the 均可不用。

5) 题名中的大小写

题名字母的大小写有以下3种格式。

全部字母大写。例如:OPTIMAL DISPOSITION OF ROLLER CHAIN DRIVE

每个词的首字母大写,但3个或4个字母以下的冠词、连词、介词全部小写。例如:The Deformation and Strength of Concrete Dams with Defects

题名第1个词的首字母大写,其余字母均小写。例如:Topographic inversion of interval velocities.

目前b.格式用得最多,而c.格式的使用有增多的趋势。

6) 题名中的`缩略词语

已得到整个科技界或本行业科技人员公认的缩略词语,才可用于题名中,否则不要轻易使用。

作者与作者单位的英译

1) 作者

中国人名按汉语拼音拼写;其他非英语国家人名按作者自己提供的罗马字母拼法拼写。

2) 单位

单位名称要写全(由小到大),并附地址和邮政编码,确保联系方便。前段时间一些单位机构英译纷纷采取缩写,外人不知所云,结果造成混乱。FAO,WHO,MIT尽人皆知,而BFU是Beijing Forestry University,恐怕只有“圈内”人知。另外,单位英译一定要采用本单位统一的译法(即本单位标准译法),切不可另起炉灶。

英文摘要

1) 英文摘要的时态

英文摘要时态的运用也以简练为佳,常用一般现在时、一般过去时,少用现在完成时、过去完成时,进行时态和其他复合时态基本不用。

一般现在时

用于说明研究目的、叙述研究内容、描述结果、得出结论、提出建议或讨论等。分别举例如下:This study(investigation) is (conducted, undertaken) to…The anatomy of secondary xylem(次生木质部) in stem of Davidia involucrata (珙桐) and Camptotheca acuminata (喜树) is compared. The result shows(reveals)…,It is found that…The conclusions are…The author suggests….涉及到公认事实、自然规律、永恒真理等,当然也要用一般现在时。

一般过去时

用于叙述过去某一时刻(时段)的发现、某一研究过程(实验、观察、调查、医疗等过程)。例如:The heat pulse technique was applied to study the stemstaflow (树干液流) of two main deciduous broadleaved tree species in July and August,1996.需要指出的是,用一般过去时描述的发现、现象,往往是尚不能确认为自然规律、永恒真理的,而只是当时如何如何;所描述的研究过程也明显带有过去时间的痕迹。

现在完成时和过去完成时

完成时少用,但不是不用。现在完成时把过去发生的或过去已完成的事情与现在联系起来,而过去完成时可用来表示过去某一时间以前已经完成的事情,或在一个过去事情完成之前就已完成的另一过去行为。例如:Concrete has been studied for many years. Man has not yet learned to store the solar energy.?

2) 英文摘要的语态

采用何种语态,既要考虑摘要的特点,又要满足表达的需要。一篇摘要很短,尽量不要随便混用,更不要在一个句子里混用。

主动语态

现在主张摘要中谓语动词尽量采用主动语态的越来越多,因其有助于文字清晰、简洁及表达有力。The author systematically introduces the history and development of the tissue culture of poplar 比 The history and development of the tissue culture of poplar are introduced systematically语感要强。必要时,The author systematically都可以去掉,而直接以Introduces开头。

被动语态

以前强调多用被动语态,理由是科技论文主要是说明事实经过,至于那件事是谁做的,无须一一证明。事实上,在指示性摘要中,为强调动作承受者,还是采用被动语态为好。即使在报道性摘要中,有些情况下被动者无关紧要,也必须用强调的事物做主语。例如:In this case, a greater accuracy in measuring distance might be obtained.?3) 英文摘要的人称。原来摘要的首句多用第三人称This paper…等开头,现在倾向于采用更简洁的被动语态或原形动词开头。例如:To describe…, To study…, To investigate…, To assess…,To determine…,The torrent classification model and the hazard zone mapping model are developed based on the geography information system.行文时最好不用第一人称,以方便文摘刊物的编辑刊用。

4) 注意事项。应避免一些常见的错误

冠词

主要是定冠词the易被漏用。the用于表示整个群体、分类、时间、地名以外的独一无二的事物、形容词最高级等较易掌握,用于特指时常被漏用。这里有个原则,即当我们用the时,听者或读者已经确知我们所指的是什么。例如:The author designed a new machine is operated with solar energy.?由于现在缩略语越来越多,要注意区分a和an,如an X ray.

数词

避免用阿拉伯数字作首词,如:Three hundred Dendrolimus tabulaeformis larvae are collected…中的 Three hundred?不要写成300.?

单复数

一些名词单复数形式不易辨认,从而造成谓语形式出错。

尽量使用短句

因为,长句容易造成语义不清;但要避免单调和重复。科技期刊涉及专业多,英文更是不易掌握,各行各业甚至表达方式、遣词造句都有区别。如果有机会,要多与英语国家同行接触,多请他们改一些国人所撰写的摘要或论文,积累经验,摸索规律。如果缺少这样的机会,多看英文文献,也会有助于我们英文写作及水平的提高。

论文摘要英文版模板

一、标题

一篇较长的英语论文(如英语毕业论文)一般都需要标题页,其书写格式如下:第一行标题与打印纸顶端的距离约为打印纸全长的三分之一,与下行(通常为by,居中)的距离则为5cm,第三、第四行分别为作者姓名及日期(均居中)。

如果该篇英语论文是学生针对某门课程而写,则在作者姓名与日期之间还需分别打上教师学衔及其姓名(如:Dr./)及本门课程的编号或名称(如:English 734或British Novel)。

二、提纲

英语论文提纲页包括论题句及提纲本身,其规范格式如下:先在第一行(与打印纸顶端的距离仍为左右)的始端打上 Thesis 一词及冒号,空一格后再打论题句,回行时左边须与论题句的第一个字母上下对齐。

主要纲目以大写罗马数字标出,次要纲目则依次用大写英文字母、阿拉伯数字和小写英文字母标出。各数字或字母后均为一句点,空出一格后再打该项内容的第一个字母;处于同一等级的纲目,其上下行左边必须对齐。

需要注意的是,同等重要的纲目必须是两个以上,即:有Ⅰ应有Ⅱ,有A应有B,以此类推。如果英文论文提纲较长,需两页纸,则第二页须在右上角用小写罗马数字标出页码,即ii(第一页无需标页码)。

三、摘要

1、英文摘要是应用符合英文语法的文字语言,提供论文内容梗概为目的的短文。(内容基本与中文摘要相同,但不用完全逐句对应)。

2、英文题目、摘要、关键词自成一页(1页即可),放在中文摘要页之后。

3、英文字体与行间距: 统一使用“西文字体”中的“Times New Roman”,倍行间距。

4、英文题目: 使用三号字加粗。

5、英文摘要: “Absract”顶格,使用四号字,并加粗。

6、英文关键词: “Key Words”顶格,使用四号字并加粗。

四、正文

有标题页和提纲页的英语论文,其正文第一页的规范格式为:论文标题居中,其位置距打印纸顶端约5cm,距正文第一行约。段首字母须缩进五格,即从第六格打起。

正文第一页不必标页码(但应计算其页数),自第二页起,必须在每页的右上角(即空出第一行,在其后部)打上论文作者的姓,空一格后再用阿拉伯数字标出页码;阿拉伯数字(或其最后一位)应为该行的最后一个空格。

在打印正文时尚需注意标点符号的打印格式,即:句末号(句号、问号及感叹号)后应空两格,其他标点符号后则空一格。

五、文中引述

正确引用作品原文或专家、学者的论述是写好英语论文的重要环节;既要注意引述与论文的有机统一,即其逻辑性,又要注意引述格式 (即英语论文参考文献)的规范性。

引述别人的观点,可以直接引用,也可以间接引用。无论采用何种方式,论文作者必须注明所引文字的作者和出处。美国学术界通行的做法是在引文后以圆括弧形式注明引文作者及出处。

六、文献目录

论文作者在正文之后必须提供论文中全部引文的详细出版情况,即文献目录页。美国高校一般称此页为 Works Cited, 其格式须注意下列几点:

目录页应与正文分开,另页打印,置于正文之后。

目录页应视为英语论文的一页,按论文页码的顺序在其右上角标明论文作者的姓和页码;如果条目较多,不止一页,则第一页不必标出作者姓和页码(但必须计算页数),其余各页仍按顺序标明作者姓和页码。

标题Works Cited与打印纸顶端的距离约为,与第一条目中第一行的距离仍为;各条目之间及各行之间的距离亦为,不必留出更多空白。

各条目内容顺序分别为作者姓、名、作品名、出版社名称、出版地、出版年份及起止页码等;各条目应严格按各作者姓的首字母顺序排列,但不要给各条目编码,也不必将书条与杂志、期刊等条目分列。各条目第一行需顶格打印,回行时均需缩进五格,以将该条目与其他条目区分开来。

英语论文摘要又称文摘,是论文的重要组成部分,它是以提供文献内容梗概为目的,不加评论和补充解释,简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。摘要应具有独立性和自明性,并拥有与文献同等量的主要信息,即不需阅读全文,就可获得重要的信息。

摘要通常置于文题之后,文章之首。在论文发表后,论文摘要常被文献检索系统所收集。英语论文摘要一般为200-300单词,并有与英文摘要表达观点一致的中文摘要与之对应。

论文的作用

论文为进行各个学术领域的研究和描述学术研究成果的文章。它既是探讨问题进行学术研究的一种手段,又是描述学术研究成果进行学术交流的一种工具。不同的人发表论文的作用也不同:

1、评职称(晋升职称):研究生 毕业需要;教师 、医护人员 、科研院所的人员、企业员工 等 晋升高一级的职称时,发表期刊论文是作为一项必须的参考指标。

2、申报基金、课题 :教育、科技、卫生系统 每年申报的国家自然科学基金项目、其它各种基金项目、各种研究课题时,发表论文 是作为 基金或课题 完成的一种研究成果的结论性展示。

3、世界性基础领域的研究,比如在医学、数学、物理、化学、生命科学 等领域开展的基础性研究,公开发表论文 是对最新科技 科学研究成果、研究方法的一种展示和报道。以推动整个社会的科技进步等。

参考资料来源:百度百科-英语论文

原则上讲,中文摘要编写的注意事项都适用于英文摘要,摘要的内容主要是 ① 点明主题,解析文章的目的或意图; ② 介绍主要内容,使读者迅速了解文章或书籍的概貌; ③ 提出结论或建议,以供读者参考。但是,英语有其自己的表达方式、语言习惯,最主要的是中译英时往往造成所占篇幅较长,同样内容的一段文字,若用英文来描述,其占用的篇幅可能比中文多一倍。因此,撰写英文摘要更应注意简洁明了,力争用最短的篇幅提供最主要的信息。中英文摘要的一致性主要是指内容方面的一致性。对这个问题的认识存在两个误区,一是认为两个摘要的内容“差不多就行”,因此在英文摘要中随意删去中文摘要的重点内容,或随意增补中文摘要所未提及的内容,这样很容易造成文摘重心转移,甚至偏离主题。二是认为英文摘要是中文摘要的硬性对译,对中文摘要中的每一个字都不敢遗漏,这往往使英文摘要用词累赘、重复,显得拖沓、冗长。英文摘要应严格、全面的表达中文摘要的内容,不能随意增删,但这并不意味着一个字也不能改动,具体撰写方式应遵循英文语法修辞规则,符合英文专业术语规范,并照顾到英文的表达习惯。选择适当的时态和语态,是使摘要符合英文语法修辞规则的前提。通常情况下,摘要中谓语动词的时态和语态都不是通篇一律的,而应根据具体内容而有所变化,否则容易造成理解上的混乱。但这种变化又并非无章可循,其中存在着如下一些规律: 1) 英文摘要的时态。 英文摘要时态的运用以简练为佳,常用一般现在时、一般过去时,少用现在完成时、过去完成时,进行时态和其他复合时态基本不用。A. 一般现在时。用于说明研究目的、叙述研究内容、描述结果、得出结论、提出建议或讨论等。例如: This study (investigation) is (conducted, undertaken) to… , The result shows (reveals) that… , It is found that… , The conclusions are… , The author suggests that… .涉及到公认事实、自然规律、永恒真理等,也要用一般现在时。B. 一般过去时。用于叙述过去某一时刻(时段)的发现、某一研究过程(实验、观察、调查等过程)。例如: The techniques of questionnaire and interview were applied to study women customers' demand for cosmetics in January and August, 2005. 需要指出的是,用一般过去时描述的发现、现象,往往是尚不能确认为自然规律、永恒真理的,而只是当时如何如何;所描述的研究过程也明显带有过去时间的痕迹。C. 现在完成时和过去完成时。完成时少用,但不是不用。现在完成时把过去发生的或过去已完成的事情与现在联系起来,而过去完成时可用来表示过去某一时间以前已经完成的事情,或在一个过去事情完成之前就已完成的另一过去行为。例如: Concrete has been studied for many years. Man has not yet learned to store the solar energy. 2) 英文摘要的语态。 采用何种语态,既要考虑摘要的特点,又要满足表达的需要。一篇摘要很短,尽量不要随便混用,更不要在一个句子里混用。在多数情况下采用被动语态。采用被动语态的情况主要有:说明事实经过时,某件事是谁做的,无须一一证明;为强调动作承受者;有些情况必须用强调的事物做主语,例如: In this case, a greater accuracy in measuring distance might be obtained. 在某些情况下,特别是表达作者或有关专家的观点时,又常使用主动语态,其优点是鲜明有力。而且有时摘要中谓语动词采用主动语态有助于文字清晰、简洁及表达有力。例如: The author systematically introduces the history and development of the tissue culture of poplar 比 The history and development of the tissue culture of poplar are introduced systematically 语感要强。 3) 英文摘要的人称。 摘要的首句多用第三人称 This paper… 等开头,或采用更简洁的被动语态,一般不用第一人称。 4)遣词造句。 掌握一定的遣词造句技巧,简单、准确地表达作者的观点,减少读者的误解。A. 用词力求简单,在表达同样意思时,尽量用短词代替长词,以常用词代替生僻词。但是当描述方法、步骤时,应该用狭义词代替广义词。例如,英文中有不少动词 do, run, get, take 等,虽简单常用,但其意义少则十几个,多则几十个,用这类词来描述研究过程,读者难免产生误解,甚至会不知所云,这就要求根据具体情况,选择意义相对明确的词诸如 perform, achieve 等,以便于读者理解。B. 造句。尽量使用短句,长句容易造成语义不清;但要避免单调和重复。一是熟悉英文摘要的常用句型:尽管英文的句型种类繁多,丰富多彩,但摘要的常用句型却很有限,而且形成了一定的规律,大体可归纳为( 1 )表示研究目的,常用在摘要之首 In order to……This paper describes……The purpose of this study is…… ( 2 )表示研究的对象与方法 The curative effect/function] of certain drug was observed/studied… ( 3 )表示研究的结果: The result showed/It proved/The authors found that… ( 4 )表示结论、观点或建议: The authors suggest/conclude/consider that… 。 二是尽量采用 -ing 分词和 -ed 分词作定语,少用关系代词 which , who 等引导的定语从句。由于摘要的时态多采用一般过去时,使用关系代词引导的定语从句不但会使句式变得复杂,而且容易造成时态混乱(因为定语和它所修饰的主语、宾语之间有时存在一定的 “时间差”,而过去完成时、过去将来时等往往难以准确判定。采用 -ing 分词和 -ed 分词作定语,在简化语句的同时,还可以减少时态判定的失误。 5) 注意事项。 在英文摘要的写作过程中应避免一些常见的错误。 A. 冠词。主要是定冠词 the 易被漏用。 the 用于表示整个群体、分类、时间、地名以外的独一无二的事物、形容词最高级等较易掌握,用于特指时常被漏用。这里有个原则,即当我们用 the 时,听者或读者已经确知我们所指的是什么。例如: The author designed a new machine. The machine is operated with solar energy. 由于现在缩略语越来越多,要注意区分 a 和 an ,如 an X ray. B. 数词。避免用阿拉伯数字作首词,如: Three hundred samples are collected… 中的 Three hundred 不要写成 300. C. 单复数。一些名词单复数形式不易辨认,从而造成谓语形式出错。总之,多看英文文献,积累经验,摸索规律,提高英文写作水平,才能写好英文摘要。 英文摘要常见句型1) This paper deals with... 2) This article focuses on the topics of...3) This essay presents knowledge that... 4) This thesis discusses...5) This thesis analyzes... 6) This paper provides an overview of...7) This paper elaborates on ... 8) This article gives an overview of...9) This paper provides a method of ... 10) This paper considers...11) The writer of this paper discusses... 12) This paper strongly emphasizes...13) This article explores... 14) This paper tries to describe...15) This article covers the role of chemicals in...16) This paper presents up to date information on...17) This article not only describes...but also suggests...18) This paper includes discussions concerning...19) This article compares...and summarizes key ) This paper introduces an applicable procedure to analyze...21) This paper offers the latest information regarding...22) This paper is devoted to examining the role of...23) This paper addresses important topics including... 24) This paper expresses views on...25) This paper reports the latest information on ... 26) This paper provides an analysis of ...27) This paper gives an account of ... 28) The aim of this paper is to determine...29) The objective of this paper is to explore...30) The purpose of this article is to review/ prove/ show/ present/ develop/ generalize/ investigate 4. 关键词关键词是反映文章最主要内容的术语,对文献检索有重要作用。关键词一般用名词,而且从标题或摘要中选取,每篇文章可选 3 ~ 8 个关键词,文章题名中的人名、地名也可作为关键词标出。应标注中英文关键词。中、英文关键词应一一对应。中文关键词前应冠以“关键词:”,英文关键词前冠以“ Key words :”作为标识。多个关键词之间应以分号分隔,以便于计算机自动切分。将关键词扩展成词组 / 短语,毋用单一词汇,而是在单一词汇基础上进行扩展,如:营销→网络营销→网络营销管理。切记避免关键字堆砌。

英文摘要格式如下:

1、英文摘要是应用符合英文语法的文字语言,提供论文内容梗概为目的的短文(内容基本与中文摘要相同,但不用完全逐句对应)。

2、英文题目、摘要、关键词自成一页(1页即可),放在中文摘要页之后。

3、英文字体与行间距:统一使用“西文字体”中的“Times New Roman”,倍行间距。

4、英文题目:使用三号字加粗。

5、英文摘要:“Absract”顶格,使用四号字,并加粗。英文摘要具体内容使用四号字。

6、英文关键词:“Key Words”顶格,使用四号字并加粗。每个关键词使用四号字。

论文摘要应包含以下内容:

(1)从事这一研究的目的和重要性。

(2)研究的主要内容,指明完成了哪些工作。

(3)获得的基本结论和研究成果,突出论文的新见解。

(4)结论或结果的意义。

以上内容参考:百度百科-摘要

以上内容参考:百度百科-论文摘要

英文论文摘要模板

英文论文摘要怎么写,你会写了吗?下面是我为大家收集的关于英文论文摘要模板,希望能够帮到大家!

ABSTRACT

As an important part of Chinese academic journals, sci-tech periodicalshave great significance to the spread of knowledge of science and to thedevelopment of technology. The level of internationalization of a sci-tec journalrepresents its recognition degree in the field of international publishing,besides, it is also a key criteria of the success for launching the journals. Thereare the largest number of sci-tech periodicals launched in Beijing, which leadsto a central role that taken by this area. Therefore, result from the researchwhich focus in Beijing can, to a certain extent, reflect the international level ofChinese sci-tech periodicals.

This paper is divided into six chapters: Chapter one is a brief review of theacademic theories and description about the practice status and the currentsystem of Chinese sci-tech periodicals. Also, it summarizes the stages andcharacteristics of the development of sci-tech periodicals in Beijing. In chaptertwo, it provides the historical foundation, system condition and thedevelopment of digital technology for the following analysis. Chapter three, tofive respectively elaborates the current situation of the development of sci-techperiodicals in Beijing area by 3 aspects: content innovation, business strategyand media. In chapter six, it concluded the problems that China's sci-techperiodicals are facing during the globalization and then provides possiblecountermeasures based on the analysis in previous chapters.

Key Words: Beijing; sci-tech periodicals; internationalization; impact factor

Abstract

Within the framework of feminism and archetypal criticism, this thesis, by taking ThePassion of New Eve as its discourse, analyzes and discusses Angela Carter's application ofdemythologizing as a feminist strategy. By rewriting and subverting those female archetypes,Carter aims to break the fetters and shackles of patriarchy, exploring the way to women'sliberation as well as the reconciliation between two genders.

Believing that human society has been established on patriarchy, feminists endeavor tochange women's subordinate status and achieve gender equality. Archetypal criticism, as oneof the most influential branches in literary criticism,regards myth as the origin of literature.

Myths,especially the Bible,cover all the forms and motifs known as archetypes in literature.

As a devoted pioneer and advocator of feminism, Carter realizes that those female archetypesare usually stereotyped and dogmatic, which is actually invented by patriarchy for theoppression and exploitation of women.

Based on intensive reading and exhaustive textual analysis, this thesis illustrates Carter'sdemythologizing of three female archetypes in The Passion of New Eve, which are“Temptress,,,”Mother Goddesses“ and ”Eve“ respectively. Firstly, the sufferings that Leilahencounter in the novel reveal that ”Temptresses“ are in fact victims of patriarchy instead oforigins of disloyalty and disasters. While seen by men as objects of their sexual desires, theyalso risk self-objectification, which results in the deprivation of subjectivity as independenthuman beings. Secondly, ”Mother“ in Beulah is just an artificial myth,汪 consolatory toolfabricated by patriarchy, behind the glorification of which are patriarchal values and codes.

Thirdly, the transformative journey Eve experienced from a chauvinist to a real womandemonstrates that femininity, rather than an inherent quality, is the result of social influenceand persistent imitations.

Through the demythologizing of those female archetypes, Carter overthrows thepatriarchal hegemony as well as Utopian matriarchal dreams,offering androgyny as a potentialsolution to the current sexual conflicts. In her opinion, the real reconciliation between twogenders should be based on mutual respect and understanding, which is confirmed by theunion between the new Eve and Tristessa in The Passion of New Eve.

Keywords: female archetype; demythologizing; Angela Carter; The Passion of New Eve

Abstract

In recent years, with the development of the financial sector, more and morepeople pay attention to the financial information search. However, the traditionalkeyword search method could hardly meet the needs of financial users. Therefore,semantic search products have gained more popularity. However, the semanticparsing process is complex and diverse. During the process of the analysis oflarge-scale real text, the sentence analysis which based on word granularity is verydifficult, but after chunk analysis, the accuracy can be significantly improved andthe complexity can be clearly reduced. At present, the user input method is almostthe Pinyin input method, thus it could probably happen that the input phonetic lettersare correct, while the Chinese character is wrong. In order to achieve the purpose ofimproving the user experience, the Pinyin text proofreading appears.

The content of this paper is a pretreatment subsystem of the finance Q & Asystem, and it contains two functions, Pinyin text proofreading and chunk partition.

Text proofreading is based on Pinyin, in the first place, putting the query sequenceinto phonetic sequence. Then it uses the multiple grammars, three grammars and twogrammars to fill the Chinese characters sequence. And if there is no ambiguity whenfilling, then it uses the text proofreading, otherwise, ignores the text proofreading.

For the chunk partition, this paper uses three different methods: the method ofthe shortest path chunk partition, the method of CRF chunk partition and the methodof neural network chunk partition. The subsystem designed and implemented thethree methods. The shortest path chunk partition is similar to the dictionary wordsegmentation method. CRF chunk partition divided the problem into the annotationproblem, through getting the optimal sequence labels, to reach the purpose of chunkpartition. Chunk neural network chunk partition is based on word segmentation,changing the query sequence into a sequence of nodes. If the sequence of possibilityimproved after adding chunk tag on each node sequence, the tag position is a chunkposition.

In practical test, the shortest path chunk partition based on the dictionary,cannot process the query which is not in the dictionary of chunk. CRF chunkpartition can solve the unknown chunk query, but the mark information is too simplewhen the training corpus increased,and the error percentage of results increasedsignificantly. When using neural networks in chunk partition, the predicted timeincreases significantly, however, the query generalization is a good idea. Throughthe above research, a reasonable way to chunk partition is the CRF method, whichproperly uses the query generalization.

Finally after testing, the pretreatment subsystem has not only met the needs ofthe finance Q & A system, largely improving the financial Q & A system userexperience, but also reduces the analytical complexity, significantly improved thecorrectness and performance.

Keywords: Pretreatment system question analysis, chunk, text proofreading, CRF,neural network

论文详细摘要和小摘要写作模板

毕业论文摘要范文篇一

“看”生态 “救”生态

[摘要]随着生产力的发展,人类活动对生态系统的干扰日益增大引发了生态危机。本文通过分析生态系统的各要素及其功能,从系统科学的角度来“看”,说明现今市场经济的条件下,人的主体能动性的异化是导致生态危机的真正根源;从非线性思维的角度来“救”。

改变和突破人类以往所具有的线性思维和观念,建立一种全新的“大自然观”、全新的“大生产观”、全新的“大社会观”。

[关键词]系统科学 非线性思维 生态系统

[中图分类号] [文献标识码]A [文章编号]1009-5349(2012)11-0098-02

生态系统指由生物群落与无机环境构成的统一整体,它是个开放的系统,为了保证自身的稳定,必须不断输入能量,否则就有崩溃的危险;生态系统也是生态学领域的一个主要结构和功能单位,它属于生态学研究的最高层次。

随着科学技术的不断发展,人类的各种活动对生态系统的干扰不断增大,在破坏与保护、生命与金钱的痛苦交织中,人类逐渐意识到了生态系统的真正价值。

人类才真正开始关注生态系统的现状,并将其纳入伦理道德体系中,形成一种全新的生态伦理道德,这一切都深深地影响着人类的命运。

一、当前生态系统的现状

半个世纪以来,随着人口的迅速增长和科技的飞速发展,人类不但拥有了空前强大的建设和创造能力,也拥有了巨大的破坏和毁灭力量。一方面,由于人类的各种活动增大了向自然资源索取的速度和规模,导致了生态失衡,带来了一系列灾害。

另一方面,由于自然规律的反馈作用,人类本身也遭到“报复”。因此,当今世界不管是发达国家,还是发展中国家,都已经把生态环境问题作为制约经济和社会发展的重大课题来研究。

人类目前正面临着一场空前险恶的生态危机。所谓生态危机,就是指生态破坏、环境恶化、臭氧层损耗、气候异常、资源匮乏、疾病蔓延、生物多样性锐减等。

二、系统科学地“看”生态

系统科学就是以系统为研究对象的基础理论和应用开发的学科组成的学科群。它主要考察各类系统的关系和属性,并揭示其活动规律,探讨其有关系统的各种方法和理论。系统科学的方法和理论正在从自然科学和工程技术领域向社会科学领域广泛转移。

生态系统依其不同的结构实现其一定的功能,而系统的特定功能的实现要具备一定的结构。若要调整生态系统的结构,就有可能会改变系统的功能;而要改变生态系统的功能,就必须改变系统的结构,人类片面追求经济价值使其结构和功能发生混乱。

导致了一系列的生态危机。这些都表明,人类解决生态问题已经不仅仅是理论认识的问题,而更多的是社会经济的问题。客观地说,现今市场经济的条件下,人的主体能动性的异化是导致生态危机的真正根源。

(一)人的主体能动性的异化

科学技术的发展和人类社会的进步之所以能导致一系列的生态危机,其根本原因是由于人拥有了一种特殊的能力,它不同于自然界的意志自由,它被称为人的主体能动性。而人的主体能动性的异化,就是人失去了自己的本质而被置于对立面的状态。

并且在这种状态中,人的“自由意志”发挥已不再是“以人为目的”,而成了一种实现外在过程的工具,因此,当这种工具把自然与人的分离与对抗推向极端的时候,就导致了生态危机的发生。

如下:

一、什么是论文摘要?

1.论文摘要即“摘其要点而发”。

2.论文摘要是对论文内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述。

3.摘要又称概要、内容提要。摘要是以提供文献内容梗概为目的,不加评论和补充解释,简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。

4.论文摘要就是论文内容提要,是在对论文进行总结的基础之上,用简单、明确、易懂、精辟的语言对全文内容加以概括,提取论文的主要信息。

5.内涵:短文

6.外延:陈述论文主要内容的简明、确切的,不加解释和评论的。

7.论文摘要是简明、确切、不加解释和评论地陈述论文主要内容的短文。

二、论文摘要起什么作用?

不阅读论文全文即能获得必要的信息。

1.读者尽快了解论文的主要内容,以补充题名的不足。现代科技文献信息浩如烟海,读者检索到论文题名后是否会阅读全文,主要就是通过阅读摘要来判断;所以,摘要担负着吸引读者和将文章的主要内容介绍给读者的任务。

2. 为科技情报文献检索数据库的建设和维护提供方便。论文发表后,文摘杂志或各种数据库对摘要可以直接利用,论文摘要的索引是读者检索文献的重要工具。所以论文摘要的质量高低,直接影响着论文的被检索率和被引频次。

三、论文摘要应包含那些内容?

摘要的内容应包含与论文同等量的主要信息,供读者确定有无必要阅读全文。

摘要的'四要素:

1.目的: 研究的目的、范围、重要性;

2.方法: 采用的手段和方法;

3.结果: 完成了哪些工作取得的数据和结果;

4.结论: 得出的重要结论及主要观点,论文的新见解。

(1)目的:指出研究的范围、目的、重要性、任务和前提条件,不是主题的简单重复。

(2)方法:简述课题的工作流程,研究了哪些主要内容,在这个过程中都做了哪些工作,包括对象、原理、条件、程序、手段等。

(3)结果:陈述研究之后重要的新发现、新成果及价值,包括通过调研、实验、观察并剖析其不理想的局限部分。

(4)结论:通过对这个课题的研究所得出的重要结论,包括从中取得证实的正确观点,进行分析研究,比较预测其在实际生活中运用的意义,理论与实际相结合的价值。

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