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应收账款(Accounting Receivable，简称 AR)，该账户核算企业因销售商品、材料、提供劳务等，[1]应向购货单位收取的款项，以及代垫运杂费和承兑到期而未能收到款的商业承兑汇票。下面是我为大家整理的应收账款 论文 参考文献，希望对大家有帮助。 应收账款论文参考文献一： [1]夏天.资本结构理论发展历程述评[J].商业时代.2014(09) [2]黄正辉，谢智勇.上市公司资本结构影响因素的实证分析--以我国房地产业为例[J].上海管理科学.2013(03) [3]刘文海.我国 旅游 业发展研究[J].中国市场.2012(24) [4]袁旭.工程建设项目投资风险分析与防范 措施 研究[D].对外经济贸易大学2007 [5]倪仁泉.中小房地产企业 融资 模式研究[D].对外经济贸易大学2007 [6]马新晖.关于降低机械制造成本的方法研究[D].对外经济贸易大学2007 [7]钟利红.新 会计 准则对 财务分析 影响的研究[D].对外经济贸易大学2007 [8]张慧.中国旅游上市公司经济效益分析[J].长春理工大学学报(社会科学版).2011(11) [9]高金霞，时学成，王道保.基于行业视角的我国上市公司资本结构影响因素分析[J].经济论坛.2010(07) [10]梁伟华.旅游业的资本结构分析[J].现代经济信息.2009(24) [11]叶蓓，袁建国.企业投资的行为公司财务研究综述[J]. 会计研究 .2007(12) [12]陈德萍，曾智海.资本结构与企业绩效的互动关系研究--基于 创业 板上市公司的实证检验[J].会计研究.2012(08) [13]张晓明，周春梅.我国旅游业上市公司现状分析及发展对策研究[J].西北大学学报(哲学社会科学版).2004(06) [14]霍守花，陆林.旅游上市公司资本结构与经营绩效关系的实证研究[J].安徽师范大学学报( 自然 科学版).2013(01) [15]宋卫俊.旅游企业劳资冲突的发生机制与对策研究[D].燕山大学2014 [16]孙洁.花卉旅游的游客感知价值及开发策略研究[D].新疆农业大学2014 [17]王元元.大数据背景下 旅行 社虚拟价值链模型研究[D].浙江 工商 大学2015 [18]富琳桦.基于非物质 文化 遗产传承的旅游纪念品开发[D].华东理工大学2015 [19]霍欣.我国旅游业上市公司资本结构影响因素的实证研究[D].对外经济贸易大学2014 [20]朱彦慧.杨家埠民间艺术大观园管理模式研究[D].西安石油大学2014 [21]李楠楠.中国旅游类上市公司对区域经济发展的效应分析[D].燕山大学2014 应收账款论文参考文献二： [1]高阳.非法集资的入罪及合法民间借贷的 法律 规制[D].华东政法大学2014 [2]张文江.独立担保制度法律分析[J].山西农业大学学报(社会科学版).2009(05) [3]李振.浅析独立担保在我国的发展[J].陕西青年职业学院学报.2009(03) [4]谢婧.金融危机背景下 国际 贸易结算方式的选择[J].现代金融.2009(03) [5]陈大艳.福费廷业务发展新趋势研究[J]. 科技 情报开发与经济.2008(17) [6]孙超.论未来应收账款的转让融资[J].北京工业大学学报(社会科学版).2008(02) [7]艾万泽.我国商业银行发展福费廷业务研究[D].西南 财经 大学2006 [8]李然.论福费廷业务在我国商业银行的发展[D].中国社会科学院研究生院2003 [9]刘桂丽.浅析承认独立担保国内效力的必要性[J].淮北煤炭师范学院学报(哲学社会科学版).2009(03) [10]王春华.福费廷业务研究[D].东北财经大学2003 [11]王慧.我国商业银行大力开展福费廷业务的对策[J].商场现代化.2008(02) [12]戴佳倩.福费廷业务的基本法律问题[J].重庆科技学院学报(社会科学版).2007(04) [13]庄乐梅.在金融危机中看金融创新[J].金融博览.2009(07)[1]黄斌，着.国际保理[M].法律出版社，2006 [14]陈辞.商业银行非标准化债权融资业务立法基本问题[D].华东政法大学2014 [15]蒋军平.建设工程优先权的行使[D].华东政法大学2014 [16]刘海蓉.应收帐款转让制度之比较研究[J].洛阳师范学院学报.2006(06) [17](美).科宾(ArthurLintonCorbin)着，王卫国等译.科宾论合同[M].中国大 百科 全书出版社，1998 应收账款论文参考文献三： [1]莫大卫.上海通用 汽车 供应链绿色绩效评估与改进[D].东北大学2012 [2]姜家华.论企业客户关系管理[J].企业家天地下半月刊(理论版).2009(05) [3]郭军.加强客户关系管理增强企业竞争力[J].现代商业.2009(12) [4]李景然.我国商业银行个人客户分层管理研究[D].上海外国语大学2014 [5]孙妍.网上银行客户忠诚度影响因素研究[D].哈尔滨工程大学2009 [6]巨建辉.航天六院动力厂客户关系管理研究[D].天津大学2009 [7]伍劲峰.中小企业型客户关系管理[D].武汉大学2005 [8]李丛伟.基于知识管理的客户关系管理研究[D].华中师范大学2007 [9]戴智.唐山联通3G服务客户忠诚度的研究[D].吉林大学2012 [10]咸晓静，李乃和.客户关系 管理理论 与实践的演变：同步发展[J]. 市场营销 导刊.2008(04) [11]杨俐.客户沟通在客户关系管理中的应用[J].合作经济与科技.2009(08) [12]陈炯，谢凤华.企业客户关系管理现状及对策研究[J].经济研究导刊.2009(06) [13]袁杰，张佳.新时期下的客户关系管理[J].商场现代化.2009(04) [14]时潮.HH公司钢材进销存系统的设计与开发[D].东北大学2011 [15]李思聪，陈尚松，俞欢军.基于J2EE的客户关系管理系统的设计与实现[J].工业控制 计算机 .2008(11) [16]高妤.以财务为中心的NE物流信息系统设计与开发[D].东北大学2011 [17]扶明信.首钢ERP销售与分销子系统优化项目的管理研究[D].东北大学2012 [18]熊岩.高职院校人才培养成本研究[D].东北大学2009 [19]葛文明.宝钢南方区域工贸一体化软件项目开发进度管理[D].东北大学2011
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应收账款管理Management of Account Receivable receivable is one of a series of accounting transactions dealing with the billing of customers who owe money to a person, company or organization for goods and services that have been provided to the customer. In most business entities this is typically done by generating an invoice and mailing or electronically delivering it to the customer, who in turn must pay it within an established timeframe called credit or payment example of a common payment term is Net30, meaning payment is due in the amount of the invoice 30 days from the date of invoice. Other common payment terms include Net45 & Net60 but could in reality be for any time period agreed upon by the vendor and booking a receivable is accomplished by a simple accounting transaction, the process of maintaining and collecting payments on the accounts receivable subsidiary account balances can be a full time proposition. Depending on the industry in practice, accounts receivable payments can be received up to 10 - 15 days after the due date has been reached. These types of payment practices are sometimes developed by industry standards, corporate policy, or because of the financial condition of the a company's balance sheet, accounts receivable is the amount that customers owe to that company. Sometimes called trade receivables, they are classified as current assets. To record a journal entry for a sale on account, one must debit a receivable and credit a revenue account. When the customer pays off their accounts, one debits cash and credits the receivable in the journal entry. The ending balance on the trial balance sheet for accounts receivable is always organizations which have become too large to perform such tasks by hand (or small ones that could but prefer not to do them by hand) will generally use accounting software on a computer to perform this accounting issues include recognizing accounts receivable, valuing accounts receivable, and disposing of accounts receivable departments use the sales types of accounting transactions include accounts payable, payroll, and trial not all customer debts will be collected, businesses typically record an allowance for bad debts which is subtracted from total accounts receivable. When accounts receivable are not paid, some companies turn them over to third party collection agencies or collection attorneys who will attempt to recover the debt via negotiating payment plans, settlement offers or legal action. Outstanding advances are part of accounts receivables : If a company gets an order from its customers with advance agreed in payment terms. Since no billing is being done to claim the advances several times this area of collectible is not reflected in Accounts Receivables. Ideally, since advance payment is mutually agreed term, it is the responsibility of the accounts department to take out periodically the statement showing advance collectible and should be provided to sales & marketing for collection of advances. The payment of accounts receivable can be protected either by a letter of credit or by Trade Credit can use their accounts receivable as collateral when obtaining a loan (Asset-based lending) or sell them through Factoring (finance). Pools or portfolios of accounts receivable can be sold in the capital markets through a Securitization.[edit] Bookkeeping for Accounts ReceivableCompanies have two methods available to them for measuring the net value of account receivables, which is computed by subtracting the balance of an allowance account from the accounts receivable account. The first method is the allowance method, which establishes a contra asset account, allowance for doubtful accounts, or more simply, allowance, as the offset to accounts receivable. Allowance is a contra asset that offsets the accounts receivable account to derive the net accounts receivable depicted in the balance sheet. The amount of the allowance can be computed in two ways; through the analysis based on sales method and analysis based on accounts receivable method. The reason a contra asset receivable account is necessary is to adhere to the matching principle of accounting, which mandates that accrual basis companies match all revenues and expenses with the period in which expense, and crediting the allowance contra asset account. Once it has been deemed that a particular account is uncollectible, it would be necessary to take the account off a company's books by debiting allowance for doubtful accounts and crediting the associated accounts receivable second method, known as the direct write off method, is simpler than the allowance method in that allows for one simple entry to reduce accounts receivable to its net realizable value. The entry would consist of debiting an uncollectible expense account and crediting the respective account tax reporting purposes, the direct write-off method must be used; however, for financial reporting purposes, it is necessary to use the allowance method because it is a period's revenue with associated expenses-a fundamental concept of accounting known as the matching principle.应收帐款（Accounts receivable，又为应收账款）於会计原理上，专指因出售商品或劳务，进而对顾客所发生的债权，且该债权且尚未接受任何形式的书面承诺。该科目重点於对象为顾客，若非顾客，即撇开此科目适用。Factoring is a word often misused synonymously with accounts receivable financing. Factoring is a financial transaction whereby a business sells its accounts receivable (., invoices) at a discount. Factoring differs from a bank loan in three main ways. First, the emphasis is on the value of the receivables, not the firm’s credit worthiness. Secondly, factoring is not a loan – it is the purchase of an asset (the receivable). Finally, a bank loan involves two parties whereas factoring involves : In Europe the term Factoring typically mean accounts receivable financing. Here the correct word for this article is: American three parties directly involved are: the seller, debtor, and the factor. The seller is owed money (usually for work performed or goods sold) by the second party, the debtor. The seller then sells one or more of its invoices at a discount to the third party, the specialized financial organization (aka the factor) to obtain cash. The debtor then directly pays the factor the full value of the company sells its invoices, even at a discount to their face value, when it calculates that it will be better off using the proceeds to bolster its own growth than it would be by effectively functioning as its "customer's bank." In other words, it figures that the return on the proceeds will exceed the income on the from bank loansFactors make funds available, even when banks would not do so, because factors focus first on the credit worthiness of the debtor, the party who is obligated to pay the invoices for goods or services delivered by the seller. In contrast, the fundamental emphasis in a bank lending relationship is on the creditworthiness of the small firm, not that of its customers. While bank lending offers funds to small companies at a lower cost than factoring, the key terms and conditions under which the small firm must operate differ significantly. Bank relationships provide a more limited availability of funds and none of the bundle of services that factors a combined cost and availability of funds and services perspective, factoring creates wealth for some but not all small businesses. For small businesses, their choice is slowing their growth or the use of external funds beyond the banks. In choosing to use external funds beyond the banks the rapidly growing firm’s choice is between seeking angel investors (., equity) or the lower cost of selling invoices to finance their latter is also easier to access and can be obtained in a matter of a week or two, versus the six months plus that securing funds from angel investment typically takes. Factoring is also used as bridge financing while the firm pursues angel investors and in conjunction with angel financing to provide a lower average cost of funds than would equity financing alone. Firms can also combine the three types of financing, angel/venture, factoring and bank line of credit to further reduce their total cost of funds. In this they can emulate larger with any technique, factoring solves some problems but not all. Businesses with a small spread between the revenue from a sale and the cost of a sale, should limit their use of factoring to sales above their breakeven sales level where the revenue less the direct cost of the sale plus the cost of factoring is factoring is an attractive alternative to raising equity for small innovative fast-growing firms, the same financial technique can be used to turn around a fundamentally good business whose management has encountered a perfect storm or made significant business mistakes which have made it impossible for the firm to work within the constraints of a bank line’s credit terms and conditions(, covenants). The value of using factoring for this purpose is that it provides management time to implement the changes required to turn the business around. The firm is paying to have the option of a future the owners control. The association of factoring with troubled situations accounts for the half truth of it being labeled 'last resort' financing. However, use of the technique when there is only a modest spread between the revenue from a sale and its cost is not advisable for turnarounds. Nor are turnarounds usually able to recreate wealth for the owners in this situation.应收账款保理,指企业将应收账款按一定折扣卖给第三方（保理机构），获得相应的融资款，以利於现金的尽快取得。Abstract: Account receivable is the fund that should be received from the purchasing or labor hiring entity for an enterprise’s sale of its commodities or products as well as its providing of labor service. Under the circumstances of market economy, using its credit standing to exert the labor benefaction is an unavoidable business behavior, which may be treated as a major method for enterprises to enlarge its business and raise its market share. However, by the influences of marketplace economic system and project management as well as engineering construction, the Account receivable increases rapidly year by year, so as to make the difficulties in enterprise’s capital turnover. Those hard situations even made the employees can’t get their full pay of the salary. By analysis of the cause and the advantages and disadvantages of it, this article introduced some way of how to minimize the Account receivable. 关键词key words：应收账款Account receivable；工程施工Engineering construction；合同管理The management of contracts摘 要：应收账款是企业因销售商品、产品、提供劳务等，应向购货单位或劳务单位收取的款项。在市场经济条件下利用自身的商业信用，施舍劳务是不可避免的商业行为，通过先施舍劳务可使企业更多地承揽业务、扩大市场份额，是企业提高市场占有率的必要手段。但是近年来由于市场经济体制及工程管理和工程施工过程中的种种原因，造成应收账款迅速膨胀，逐年增加，致使企业资金周转困难，甚至连工资都难以正常发放。本文分析了应收账款形成的原因及利弊，提出了如何减少应收账款的途径。 关键词：应收账款；工程施工；合同管理
外贸企业应收账款管理的问题与策略论文
在学习、工作生活中，大家总免不了要接触或使用论文吧，论文对于所有教育工作者，对于人类整体认识的提高有着重要的意义。你写论文时总是无从下笔？以下是我为大家收集的外贸企业应收账款管理的问题与策略论文，仅供参考，欢迎大家阅读。
摘 要：
随着“一带一路”的发展，经济全球化，贸易自由化的深入与发展，我国的外贸企业面临着日益复杂的海外应收账款风险，内部控制也是外贸企业实现现代化管理的要求。文章对外贸企业应收账款风险管理及改进措施进行了分析，首先阐述了应收账款风险管理的意义，接着讨论了外贸企业应收账款管理中存在的四个问题，最后结合相应问题，提出了外贸企业应收账款风险管理的改进措施，以为有效防范外贸企业应收账款风险提供参考。
关键词 :
外贸企业,应收账款,风险管理；
引言：
随着我国的进出口贸易总额量每年大幅增加，外贸企业对经济发展起着巨大的推动作用。随着贸易总额的连年增长，外贸企业的数量也在递增，国外应收款的数额也在大幅度提高，国外客户应收账款问题已经成为了外贸企业所面临的一大难题。随着市场经济环境日趋复杂，针对目前的形式而言外贸企业需进一步改进应收账款风险管理措施，保障资金回笼，才能有效推动企业经营实现可持续发展。
一、外贸企业进行应收账款风险管理的背景意义
企业的应收账款其主要来源于企业的赊销行为。在竞争激烈的国际市场经济中，企业要想生存发展，要想扩大销售，提升公司的市场占有率，提高企业的综合竞争力，必然会带来应收账款的增加，应收账款形成后会给企业带来巨大的资金压力和机会成本，会给企业造成重要的影响。
然而，目前我国一些外贸企业规模小，管理制度不健全，风险意识淡薄，抗风险能力差，国际贸易经验不足等问题，往往容易造成重视订单而忽略应收账款的风险控制。而一味的追求扩大销售争取订单，盲目赊账，导致应收账款不能按时无法收回，将形成企业的坏账。中小型外贸企业的流动资金本来就很紧张，一旦发生较大金额的坏账，很可能导致资金链断裂，使企业无法正常经营。应收账款的风险主要体现在以下几个方面：第一：应收账款的汇率风险；第二，应收外汇款增加企业的机会成本和管理成本；第三，应收账款的坏账风险。
二、外贸企业应收账款管理中存在的问题
（一）出口信用风险管理意识淡薄
我国外贸企业为了扩大出口规模，提高市场占有率，往往采用商用信用的方式出口货物，但是由于缺乏信用风险内部管理机制和管理经验，导致我国企业逾期的应收账款大大增加。出口信用保险及社会中介机构提供的资信调查、评估及应收账款的追收等业务构成了我国外贸企业出口信用风险管理服务体系。但是有些网络信息并不真实，所以很大程度上难以满足外贸企业的实际需要。同时，好多企业并没有通过中国信保来投保，没有将信用风险转移，致使有些海外应收账款无法追回，仅凭自身实力无法规避应收账款的系统风险。企业海外的坏账损失使企业经营的现金流量减少，增加经营风险。
（二）缺乏国际结算风险意识
不同的国际贸易结算方式有不同的利弊，以我国目前最常用的信用证结算方式为例，信用证的结算方式主要是银行信贷为主，因此在中国，外贸结算则是最安全和使用相对较多的结算方式，但是信用证清算方式同时存在一定程度的风险，主要因为开证银行要求信用证以贸易为基础的信用证以书面形式进行认证，以及目前国内外贸企业在签署合同以及进出口货物信用清算方面经验不足等方面导致。
（三）客户信息不完善，信用信息收集流于形式
外贸企业针对有意向签署合同的客户，在签订合同之前，企业的信用管理部门需要对海外客户信用进行评估，以充分调查海外客户的实际规模及性质，确保合同达成，但在实际的执行过程当中许多外贸企业在信息收集和资料整合以及对客户的评价等方面都缺乏真实性和有效性的，相关工作人员对信息采集评估工作不重视导致信息收集工作缺乏使用价值，使得评估信息采集工作流于形式，一些外贸企业的相关销售人员为了完成和提升个人的销售业绩甚至提供客户的虚假信息，徇私舞弊的行为往往忽略了信息收集的可靠性和真实性。另外，从相关人员角度来讲，由于销售人员缺乏财务知识，在与客户沟通时往往存在对客户提供的信息不敏感，捕捉不到有效信息也会直接导致企业获取的信息不准确，从而导致信息评估困难，企业对客户信用的分析和评估失真等问题出现。
（四）各部门之间缺乏沟通
应收账款管理是一个全方位、全过程管理，涉及部门多，企业内部门与部门之间的协调和沟通就显得尤为重要，企业经营过程中任何一个环节出现披露都有可能直接导致应收款项无法收回的情况发生。在日常经营管理中，好多外贸企业上到管理部门，下到职能部门相互之间的协调和信息沟通一旦缺乏准确性和时效性，都有可能影响到企业的正常运行，更严重的会直接影响应收账款的收回。
三、加强应收账款管理的'策略
（一）增强企业信用管理风险管理意识
1. 加强对信用风险的管理
外贸企业要加强对信用风险的管理，增强企业信用风险管理的意识，建立完善的信用风险管理体制，能够清楚的认识到国际贸易的复杂性和信用风险管理的重要性。在金融危机时代，外贸企业树立以“现金为王”的财务管理理念，企业需要完善和改进现金流量管理体系，对企业现金流进行动态监测，避免企业出现资金流断裂的情况从而导致企业无法正常的运行和经营，另外，外贸企业要想增强企业资金流动性，需要进一步加强与海关和国家外汇管理局部门的沟通协调等基础工作，从中获取相关政策信息，从而能够充分利用国家进出口优惠政策对价格风险的管理政策，也能够有效降低企业的管理成本和经营费用。
2. 新金融工具的使用能够有效降低应收账款的风险
新金融工具的使用可以有效地降低企业应收账款的风险，例如投保出口信用保险，首先，出口信用保险作为规避经济损失的有效手段，在出口贸易收汇有安全保障，出口信用报销在企业出口贸易发生损失时给与经济上的补偿，避免呆坏账发生；第二，出口信用保险可以为企业获得出口信贷融资提供便利；第三，可以提高企业的风险管理水平，投保的过程就是一个防范和控制风险的过程。通过投信用保险来保障收汇的安全，规避收汇风险。
（二）国际结算方式多样化
对于不同国家的客户，采用不同的结算方式。出口企业在选择国际贸易结算方式时应从安全收汇、资金占用、手续繁简和银行费用等方面综合分析。除了要考虑结算方式本身特点，还要考虑结算方式之外诸如出口产品特点、市场供求状况、贸易对象资信、运输方式、交易金额、汇率波动、国家政策等因素，力求选择最合适恰当的结算方式。企业为了保障出口货物与收汇安全应该对存在的结算风险做出进一步的改善策略，比如开证银行方面，需要选择资信评级好的银行开立，还要根据不同的情况采取不同的措施来防范开证银行风险。其次，规范出口合同，保证所签的外贸合同合法、有效；出口外贸合同中的项目内容和仲裁条款，违约条款等必须明确，保证外汇收汇的及时和安全。再者，认真、仔细地审核信用证，严格按照信用证规定交单，以保证在信用证规定的时间内能够收汇。
（三）完善客户档案管理，加强对客户的资信调查
针对特殊重要客户，企业可针对内部人员配置情况进行信用调查工作落实，也可委托第三方收集客户信用信息，对特殊重要客户的信用评级不容忽视，需建立专门的档案管理部门，根据往来业务收付款情况，对客户的付款和信用状况进行信用等级的设立和评定，在交易中，针对信用等级低的客户需要采取措施进行有效的风险规避，首先，可以限制交易产品数量。其次，交易付款条件需要严格设立。最后，发货应分批次进行，在上一批次货款未结清的情况下，禁止发下一批，有效避免公司损失。
（四）加强各部门之间的相互协调与沟通
外贸企业在应收账款管理过程中，涉及部门、环节和人员众多，首先要细化各部门的岗位职责和权限，确保各部门之间职责和权责明确，分工合理，信息畅通。在应收账款风险管理上，首先外贸企业应设置专门的资金管理工作组，指定完善的信用政策，同时，针对客户资金评级、付款方式等，需要加强监控，从而有效辅助业务部门加强应收账款风险管理。建立健全应收账款的监控体系、预警机制。应收账款的监控体系应包括赊销的发生、收账、逾期风险预警等各个环节。财务部门对应收账款的分析管理，计提坏账准备金，计入当期费用。财务部和销售部门也要及时和客户进行账款核对，保证应收账款的准确性。另外还需要内部各部门之间的共同努力，在管理过程中，要注意各部门之间的协调。做好合同签订与审核，有效规范合同格式，完善合同内容，有效避免部分客户利用合同漏洞，出现欺诈等行为，降低应收款项管理风险。
四、结语
本文对外贸企业应收账款风险管理及改进措施进行分析，首先阐述了应收账款的概念，接着讨论了外贸企业在应收账款管理中存在的风险管理问题，最后结合相应问题，提出了一些针对性的外贸企业应收账款风险管理改进措施。应收账款在外贸企业经营管理工作中占领重要地位，有效的应收账款管理体系能够保障外贸企业资金的有效回笼，是企业稳定发展的重要基石，尤其是针对海外客户，一般海外业务涉及的金额巨大，具有风险较高、回收成本高、程序复杂等特点，如果应收账款出现问题，将会严重影响企业健康稳定的发展，外贸企业要不断地通过实践经验，发现应收账款管理中存在的一系列问题，及时采取有效的措施应对，才能保证企业健康和稳定发展。
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可以参考一下：应收账款及管理什么是应收帐款应收账款是指企业销售产品、商品、提供劳务等原因，应向购货客户或接受劳务的客户收取的款项和代垫的运杂费，它是企业采取信用销售而形成的债权性资产，是企业流动资产的重要组成部分。应收账款管理的产生应收账款，是公司因销售商品、提供劳务等业务应向购买方、接受劳务的单位或个人收取的款项。形成应收账款的直接原因是赊销。虽然大多数公司希望现销而不愿赊销，但是面对竞争，为了稳定自己的销售渠道、扩大商品销路、开拓并占领市场，降低商品的仓储费用、管理费用、增加收入，不得不面向客户采用信用政策，提供信用业务。公司采用赊销，虽能给公司带来以上好处，但也要付出一定代价，给公司带来风险。如客户拖欠货款，应收账款收回难度越来越大，甚至收不回。所以，应收账款管理是一个企业管理的重中之重。应收账款的作用应收账款的作用主要体现在企业生产经营过程中。主要有以下两个方面：1.扩大销售在市场竞争日益激烈的情况下，赊销是促进销售的一种重要方式。企业赊销实际上是向顾客提供了两项交易：向顾客销售产品以及在一个有限的时期内向顾客提供资金。赊销对顾客来说十分有利的，所以顾客在一般情况下都选择赊购。赊销具有比较明显的促销作用，对企业销售新产品、开拓新市场具有更重要的意义。2.减少库存企业持有产成品存货，要追加管理费、仓储费和保险费等支出；相反，企业持有应收账款，则无需上述支出。因此，当企业产成品存货较多时，一般都可采用较为优惠的信用条件进行赊销，把存货转化为应收账款，减少产成品存货，节约相关的开支。应收账款管理现状应收账款管理存在以下两难局面：1、对购货企业应收账款放得太松，最直接影响的是企业资金运作，最坏的结果是应收账款不能收回，在企业中形成大量的呆账、死账。2、对应收账款管得太死，一些企业走向极端会出现不给钱不发货，紧缩供货现象，这将会影响企业的销售，造成部分客户流失。应收账款管理的目标对于一个企业来讲，应收账款的存在本身就是一个产销的统一体，企业一方面想借助于它来促进销售，扩大销售收入，增强竞争能力，同时又希望尽量避免由于应收账款的存在而给企业带来的资金周转困难、坏帐损失等弊端。如何处理和解决好这一对立又统一的问题，便是企业应收账款管理的目标。应收账款管理的目标，是要制定科学合理的应收账款信用政策，并在这种信用政策所增加的销售盈利和采用这种政策预计要担负的成本之间做出权衡。只有当所增加的销售盈利超过运用此政策所增加的成本时，才能实施和推行使用这种信用政策。同时，应收账款管理还包括企业未来销售前景和市场情况的预测和判断，及对应收账款安全性的调查。如企业销售前景良好，应收账款安全性高，则可进一步放宽其收款信用政策，扩大赊销量，获取更大利润，相反，则应相应严格其信用政策，或对不同客户的信用程度进行适当调整，确保企业获取最大收入的情况下，又使可能的损失降到最低点。企业应收账款管理的重点，就是根据企业的实际经营情况和客户的信誉情况制定企业合理的信用政策，这是企业财务管理的一个重要组成部分，也是企业为达到应收账款管理目的的必须合理制定的方针策略。应收账款管理不善的弊端1、降低了企业的资金使用效率，使企业效益下降。由于企业的物流与资金流不一致，发出商品，开出销售发票，货款却不能同步回收，而销售已告成立，这种没有货款回笼的入账销售收入，势必产生没有现金流入的销售业务损益产生、销售税金上缴及年内所得税预缴，如果涉及跨年度销售收入导致的应收账款，则可产生企业流动资产垫付股东年度分红。企业因上述追求表面效益而产生的垫缴税款及垫付股东分红，占用了大量的流动资金，久而久之必将影响企业资金的周转，进而导致企业经营实际状况被掩盖，影响企业生产计划、销售计划等，无法实现既定的效益目标。2、夸大了企业经营成果。由于我国企业实行的记账基础是权责发生制(应收应付制)，发生的当期赊销全部记入当期收入。因此，企业的帐上利润的增加并不表示能如期实现现金流入。会计制度要求企业按照应收账款余额的百分比来提取坏帐准备，坏帐准备率一般为3%-5%(特殊企业除外)。如果实际发生的坏帐损失超过提取的坏帐准备，会给企业带来很大的损失。因此，企业应收款的大量存在，虚增了账面上的销售收入，在一定程度上夸大了企业经营成果，增加了企业的风险成本。3、加速了企业的现金流出。赊销虽然能使企业产生较多的利润，但是并未真正使企业现金流入增加，反而使企业不得不运用有限的流动资金来垫付各种税金和费用，加速了企业的现金流出，主要表现为：(1)企业流转税的支出。应收账款带来销售收入，并未实际收到现金，流转税是以销售为计算依据的，企业必须按时以现金交纳。企业交纳的流转税如增值税、营业税、消费税、资源税以及城市建设税等，必然会随着销售收入的增加而增加。(2)所得税的支出。应收账款产生了利润，但并未以现金实现，而交纳所得税必须按时以现金支付。(3)现金利润的分配，也同样存在这样的问题，另外，应收账款的管理成本、应收账款的回收成本都会加速企业现金流出。4、对企业营业周期有影响。营业周期即从取得存货到销售存货，并收回现金为止的这段时间，营业周期的长短取决于存货周转天数和应收账款周转天数，营业周期为两者之和。由此看出，不合理的应收账款的存在，使营业周期延长，影响了企业资金循环，使大量的流动资金沉淀在非生产环节上，致使企业现金短缺，影响工资的发放和原材料的购买，严重影响了企业正常的生产经营。5、增加了应收账款管理过程中的出错概率，给企业带来额外损失。企业面对庞杂的应收款账户，核算差错难以及时发现，不能及时了解应收款动态情况以及应收款对方企业详情，造成责任不明确，应收账款的合同、合约、承诺、审批手续等资料的散落、遗失有可能使企业已发生的应收账款该按时收的不能按时收回，该全部收回的只有部分收回，能通过法律手段收回的，却由于资料不全而不能收回，直至到最终形成企业单位资产的损失。强化应收账款管理的可行途径应收账款管理工作要做的好，最重要是制定科学合理的应收账款信用政策。政策制定好了以后，企业要从以下三个方面强化应收账款信用政策执行力度。1.做好客户资信调查企业在赊销前对客户进行资信调查，就是要解决几个问题：能否和该客户进行商品交易；做多大量，每次信用额控制在多少为宜；采用什么样的交易方式、付款期限和保障措施。一般说来，客户的资信程度通常取决于5个方面，即客户的品德、能力、资本、担保和条件，也就是通常所说的“5C”系统，这五个方面的信用资料可以通过以下途径取得：财务报表。这是信用分析最理想的信息来源之一，但需注意报表的真实性，最好是取得近期经过审计后的财务报表。通过计算一些比率，特别是对资产的流动性和准时付款能力的比率进行分析，来评价企业能力、资本、条件的好坏，以利于企业提高应收账款投资的决策效果。信用评级报告或向有关国家机构核查。银行和其他金融机构或社会媒体定时都会向社会公布一些客户的信用等级资料，可以从相关报刊资料中进行搜集，也可向客户所在地的工商部门、企业管理部门、税务部门、开户银行的信用部门咨询，了解该企业的资金注册情况、生产经营的历史、现状与趋势、销货与盈利能力、税金缴纳情况等，看有无不良历史记录来评价企业的品德等。商业交往信息。企业的每一客户都会同时拥有多个供货单位，所以企业可以通过与同一客户有关的各供货企业交换信用资料，如往来时期的长短、提供的信用条件以及客户支付货款的及时程度。对上述信息进行信用综合分析后，企业就可以对客户的信用情况做出判断，并建立客户档案，除客户的基本资料如姓名、电话、住址等以外，还需着重记录客户的财务状况、资本实力以及历史往来记录等，并对每一客户确定相应的信用等级。但需注意的是，信用等级并非一成不变，最好能每年作一次全面审核，以便于能与客户的最新变化保持一致。对于不同信用等级的客户，企业在销售时就要采取不同的销售策略及结算方式。一般地，企业在规定信用期限的同时，往往会附有现金折扣条件，即客户若在规定期限内付款的话，可享受一定的折扣优惠，无非是希望客户能尽早支付货款，但要注意把握好度，即提供折扣应以取得的收益大于现金折扣的成本为宜。2.加强应收账款的日常管理工作公司在应收账款的日常管理工作中，有些方面做得不够细，例如账龄分析表的编制等。具体来讲，可以从以下几方面做好应收账款的日常管理工作：做好基础记录，了解客户(包括子公司)付款的及时程度，基础记录工作包括企业对客户提供的信用条件，建立信用关系的日期，客户付款的时间，目前尚欠款数额以及客户信用等级变化等，企业只有掌握这些信息，才能及时采取相应的对策。检查客户是否突破信用额度。企业对客户提供的每一笔赊销业务，都要检查是否有超过信用期限的记录，并注意检验客户所欠债务总额是否突破了信用额度。掌握客户已过信用期限的债务，密切监控客户已到期债务的增减动态，以便及时采取措施与客户联系提醒其尽快付款。分析应收账款周转率和平均收账期，看流动资金是否处于正常水平，企业可通过该项指标，与以前实际、现在计划及同行业相比，借以评价应收账款管理中的成绩与不足，并修正信用条件。企业要遵循稳健性原则，对坏账损失的可能性预先进行估计，积极建立弥补坏账损失的准备制度。并考察拒付状况，考察应收账款被拒付的百分比，即坏账准备率，以决定企业信用政策是否应改变，如实际坏账准备率大于或低于预计坏账准备率，企业必须看信用标准是否过于严格或太松，从而修正信用标准。编制账龄分析表，检查应收账款的实际占用天数，企业对其收回的监督，可通过编制账龄分析表进行，据此了解，有多少欠款尚在信用期内，应及时监督，有多少欠款已超过信用期，计算出超时长短的款项各占多少百分比，估计有多少欠款会造成坏账，如有大部分超期，企业应检查其信用政策。3.加强应收账款的事后管理对于逾期拖欠的应收账款应进行账龄分析，并加紧催收，因为账款最忌讳不及时追讨，据美国收账者协会统计，超过半年的账款回收成功率为，超过1年的账款回收成功率为，超过2年的账款只有可以收回。收账管理包括如下两部分工作：确定合理的收账程序，催收账款的程序一般为：信函通知、电报电话传真催收、派人面谈、诉诸法律，在采取法律行动前应考虑成本效益原则，遇以下几种情况则不必起诉：诉讼费用超过债务求偿额；客户抵押品折现可冲销债务；客户的债款额不大，起诉可能使企业运行受到损害；起诉后收回账款的可能性有限。确定合理的讨债方法。若客户确实遇到暂时的困难，经努力可东山再起，企业帮助其渡过难关，以便收回账款，一般做法为进行应收账款债权重整：接受欠款户按市价以低于债务额的非货币性资产予以抵偿；改变债务形式为“长期应收款”，确定一个合理利率，同意客户制定分期偿债计划；修改债务条件，延长付款期，甚至减少本金，激励其还款；在共同经济利益驱动下，将债权转变为对客户的“长期投资”，协助启动亏损企业，达到收回款项的目的。如客户已达到破产界限的情况，则应及时向法院起诉，以期在破产清算时得到部分清偿。针对故意拖欠的讨债，可供选择的方法有：讲理法、疲劳战法、激将法、软硬兼施法等。应收账款管理的措施及对策加强应收账款的日常管理1.设置应收账款明细分类账企业为加强对应收账款的管理，在总分类账的基础上，又按信用客户的名称设置明细分类账，来详细地、序时地记载与各信用客户的往来情况。会计的作用在于提供与决策相关的信息，应收账款明细分类账在应收账款的管理上正是充当了这一角色。但是，决策的正确与否，还将取决于信息的相关性、可靠性、及时性和完整性等特征。所以，对于应收账款明细分类账的设置与登记通常应注意以下几点：(1)全部赊销业务都应正确、及时、详细登入有关客户的明细分类账，随时反映每个客户的赊欠情况，根据需要还可设置销货特种日记账以反映赊销情况；(2)赊销业务的全过程应分工执掌，如登记明细账、填制赊欠客户的赊欠账单、向赊欠客户交送或邮寄账单和处理客户收入的现金等，都应分派专人负责；(3)明细账应定期同总账核对。对于影响应收账款收回金额的因素通常有：(1)销售折扣中的现金折扣；(2)销货退回与折让；(3)销货运费归谁负担；(4)坏账因素。这四方面的资料都将在应收账款明细账与销货日记账中得到详细的记录。对于这些情况的掌握，不光对维护应收账款的完整性有利，而且还利于企业对生产经营的控制，提高产品质量，改善企业的生存环境。比如第二个因素，我们通过大量的退货与折让的信息可了解到企业的产品质量如何，客户的消费偏好如何，客户对企业的产品质量、包装、外观及功能有些什么样喜好等。第三个因素是客观的，第一、第四个因素将在以下管理方法中进行阐述。2.设置专门的赊销和征信部门应收账款收回数额的多寡及时间的长短取决于客户的信用。坏账将造成损失，收账期过长将削弱应收账款的流动性。所以，企业应设置赊销和征信部门，专门对客户的信用进行调查，并向对企业进行信用评级的征信机构取得信息，以便确定要求赊购客户的信用状况及付款能力。企业的赊销和征信部门在应收账款管理中的职能是：(1)对客户的信用状况进行评级；(2)批准赊销的对象及规模，未经批准，企业的其他部门及人员一般无权同意赊销；(3)负责赊销账款的及时催收，加速资金周转。一般对账款的催收期限不能间隔太长，因为在法律上太长的期限可能暗示债权的放弃。赊销和征信部门对客户信用状况的评级，其信息来源除了向对企业进行信用评级的征信机构取得外，另一个重要的来源应该是明细账和销货日记薄。对于这两本账薄进行分析的一个重要方法就是采用账龄分析法，因为应收账款账户余额随着年龄的增加，最终收款的前景就越暗淡，这也是销货折扣被广泛采纳的重要原因。将应收账款各客户的余额按账龄的长短进行分类的表我们称之为账龄法，我们除了可以利用账龄表来估计可能发生的坏账比例外，账龄表还有另一个优点，那就是它能使经理人员对各个客户的信用做出特殊的判断。3.实行严格的坏账核销制度应收账款因赊销而存在，所以，应收账款从产生的那一天起就冒着可能收不回来的风险，即发生坏账的风险，可以说坏账是赊销的必然结果。对于整个赊销而言，我们可以将个别坏账理解为赊销费用，为了缩小企业的损失，根据配比原则，发生的坏账应同收益进行配比，从收益中扣除，从而列示企业的实有资产，同时不虚夸所有者权益及收益，这也是谨慎性原则的要求。 企业对坏账的处理有直接核销法和备抵法两种，比较而言，备抵法更符合配比原则与谨慎性原则，因而受到青睐。备抵法又分为赊销百分比法、应收账款余额百分比法和账龄分析法，三者各有优缺点，对这些方法，不同的人有不同的偏好。而实行严格的坏账核销制度，不以方法的采用而区分，它主要包括以下三个方面的内容：(1)准确地判断是否为坏账，坏账的核销至少应经两人之手。准备地判断坏账及其多寡并不是一件容易的事情，而两人以上的经手为防止舞弊提供可能。如某位销售员对已收回的应收账款装入自己的口袋而向上级申报为坏账。(2)在应收账款明细账中应清晰地记载坏账的核销，对已核销的坏账仍要进行专门的管理，只要债务人不是死亡或破产，只要还有一线希望，我们都不能放弃。同时还为以后的核对及审查留下信息。(3)对已核销的坏账又重新收回要进行严格的会计处理，先做重现应收账款的会计分录，后做收款的会计处理。这样做有利于管理人员掌握信息：客户希望重塑良好形象的愿望。实行严格的内审和内部控制制度应收账款收回数额及期限是否如实关系到企业流动资金的状况、企业生产的决策、信用客户的形象和内部控制对贪污及挪用企业款项的抵制等。因此，为维护资金的安全运行，对应收账款应实行严格的内审和内部控制制度，其内容包括：1.可靠的人事和明确的责任。要想进行成功的控制，最重要的一个因素就是人的因素。不合格和不诚实的员工会削弱一个系统的作用。雇用、训练、激励和管理员工是一项基础工作。必须视个人的能力、兴趣、经验和可靠程度的不同，分别授予他们权利、责任、和义务。责任意味着将任何一项行为都尽可能地追溯到底，这样，其结果就同个人联系在一起了。将责任固定下来，还可对雇员产生心理影响，促使他们不得不小心行事和注重效率。2.责任分离与岗位替换。分离责任不仅有助于保证精确地编制数据，还限制了需要两人或多人合伙才能舞弊的机会，这是一个异常重要而又经常被人忽视的要素。岗位的替换可以带来两个好处：第一，它保证至少有两名雇员知道做同一样的工作，这样，当其中一个因故不能出勤时，另一人能及时补上；第二，采用轮换制度可以预防舞弊行为的发生，因为当替补人员接替工作时可以很容易地发现前任的不轨行为。3.坏账核销凭证完备，要有完整的程序。坏账的核销要有依据，对于永久性坏账的核销要有客观的媒体报道，象债务人的死亡或破产。对于估计的长期无法收回的坏账，核销后应专门登记，并仍然要派专人负责进行催收，定期核对，避免贪污行为的发生。4.对赊销的权限进行监督。赊销及征信部门有权决定赊销的对象及数量，但决定必须建立在对信用资料分析的基础之上，而且，其权力属于全部门，个人的权利不能凌架于集体之上。合理地使用销售折扣商业信用的采用产生了应收账款，应收账款是企业拥有的，经过一定期间才能收回的债权。作为一项流动资产，它具有或有的特性。因此，在销售的时候我们会毫不犹豫地选择现销。然而，在前面的阐述中我们也谈到了企业也将不得不接受赊销，所以，为鼓励客户及时付款或者是尽可能早地付款，我们选择了销售折扣这一手段。销售折扣的确会减少应收账款的风险，但是，在使用中我们还应注意使用的对象(客户)、使用的方式和提供折扣的范围，否则，销售折扣就不能靠近我们所希望的结果。比如，现金折扣一般不用于普通客户，而商业折扣尽量少用于赊销方式。充分利用应收账款进行融资应收账款的持有一般不会增值，若考虑货币的时间价值，它的持有将会造成损失。因此，叵能充分利用应收账款，使其增值，为企业带来效益，将是一件重要的而且会是一件很有意义的事情。应收账款可以通过抵借或让售获得资金，用于生产的再循环。通常应收账款的让售对客户的信用级别要求很高，这种款项发生坏账的可能性很小。而应收账款的抵借，则会形成企业的或有负债。尽管如此，这两种方法都可使企业提前获得资金用于周转而获得效益，但是，利用这两种方式进行融资时，一定要注意效益大于成本的原则，即提前使用资金增加的收益应大于提前使用这笔资金的成本，否则，这两种方法是不能使用的。准确地使用法律武器企业的经济活动受法律的约束，同时，法律也会保护企业合法的经济活动，所以，维护应收账款的完整，我们不能离开法律这一有效的武器。首先，应规范销售合同。销售部门应会同财务部门、生产部门和法律部门共同制定销售合同，完善合同的内容，明确各方的责任和义务，尤其是违约条款的相关规定等，以避免日后纠纷。对于信用级别较低的客户，可以采用有担保销售和不赊销。其次，定期对账催账后要取得具有法律效力的书面文件，避免口头承诺。最后，对于陷入债务危机的客户，如其没有发展潜力，应及时启动债权人申请破产程序，以减少损失；如其有发展潜力，应合理有效地利用债务重组等方式，以挽救自己的损失。如：1996年某公司曾向内蒙古乌海某公司出售铁路货车两列，共计100辆，价值1400余万元，当时在合同中明确了分期付款的进度并约定：“货款未全部付清前，产权仍归该公司所有。”至1999年底，乌海公司尚欠该公司货款500余万元未付清，乌海公司因其他经济纠纷被诉，内蒙古高级人民法院查封了该两列铁路货车，该公司在得知这一情况后，迅速向内蒙古高级人民法院去函，说明情况。并正式以产权人的身份对其查封裁定提出异议。后又多次去人去函联系，据理力争。经过多方努力，终于在2000年下半年内蒙古高级人民法院撤消了对该两列自备车的查封裁定，解除了对自备车的查封。公司抓住机会，及时与乌海公司协商，以合理的价格收回其中一列共50辆车的所有权和经营权，以批项货款500万元。并根据当时的实际情况，很快在内蒙古当地出租给另外一家公司运营，至今已累计收回租金300余万元，租凭合同目前尚在继续履行。这一成功的案例充分说明，如果在合同中作了明确的产权约定，债权的实现就有了较为可靠的保障，并且还可视具体情况将产品收回再利用，使其能够创造出新的价值，有时甚至可以实现比单纯销售产品更高的收益。另外，保理业务是一种集融资、结算、账务管理和风险担保于一体的综合性服务业务，对于销售企业来说，也能使企业免除应收账款管理的麻烦，提高企业的竞争力。应收账款管理对企业的影响1、应收账款对企业生产经营的正面影响在激烈的商业竞争中，企业为了获得利润，就要销售商品，取得销售收入，收入的多少是检验经营成果的依据，特别是在市场经济条件下，有无经营成果，决定了企业的命运，所以说企业只有有收入才能有利润，而企业为了取得销售收入就会采取多种方式促进销售，而赊销是重要手段之一，赊销产生了应收账款，它吸引了大量客户，扩大了销售额，为企业带来了效益，所以说应收账款对企业的经营有着重大的影响。2、应收账款对企业生产经营的负面影响应收账款的增加为企业带来收入的同时，也带来了风险。如果应收账款未及时收回，发生坏账损失，则直接会减少企业利润，影响企业的生产经营。应收账款是企业的一项资金投放，长期占用了企业的资金造成企业资金周转减慢，增加了企业的经营成本，而且严重影响其再生产能力。…………………………
应收账款中包含的企业风险
佩服一楼，拿这种资料还不如让楼主自己去百度。
AppendixESTABLISH CREDIT SYSTEM INENTERPRISES TO STRENGTHEN THEMANAGEMENT OF ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE1Hong MeiAbstract: The main point about account receivable management is enterprises is that makes a reasonable credit policy is a enterprise according to real running state of the enterprise and reputation state of a customer。It is an important component as well as guiding principle and policy which should be made reasonably in the enterprise to achieve the goal about management of accounts receivable. At present, an overall amount of accounts receivable increased progressively each year and never cut down on overdue accounts in our country. This has become one of chronic and stubborn problems in business activities ,In the paper. Problems and causes about accounts receivable in a enterprise is analyzed in our country .suggest that the firm want to change this kind of current state, it may start with the two aspects from establishment of accounts receivable ,mechanism on guard and handle of overdue accounts. As fallowing of exact measures: Establish a perfect credit management system, Enhance internal monitor and control against accounts receivable, Strengthen daily management on accounts receivable and integrate accounts words: account receivable, credit policy, debt reorganization, internal controlTARGET FOR ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE MANAGEMENTThe target is that a firm should make a sensible and scientific credit policy about accounts receivable and weigh marketing gains and due costs from the credit policy, The firm can not put into effect and pursue this kind of credit policy until the marketing .earnings go beyond the costs added ,meanwhile the management has included the prediction and judgment on market and investigation on security of accounts receivable, If it seems that the market promises better ,higher security of accounts receivable, the firm can introduce more flexible collection policies and expand the credit business to make more profits. Conversely ,the firm should adopt strict policies or adjust the credit line to different customers so as to achieve better economic results2. ANALYSIS ON THE STATUS QUO AND CAUSE OF ACCOUNTSRECEIVABLE IN OUR The status quo of accounts receivable in our countryAt present, many products are the buyers market. Supply exceed demand has already become the normality in all trades and professions Many firms introduce the way of credit business to develop markets and create more favorable competition environment. The current survey showed that about 80% firms have used the method of credit business in our country, the figure is about the same as developed countries, but results are widely divergent .The section concerned survey should that accounts receivable constitute over 50 per cent of flow cashes in our country’s firms, the proportion is higher above 20 percent than the developed especially, the state-owned firms, have fallen into arrears with their payment for goods mutually .This is a very very serious problem. According to analysis of a professional institute statistics, in general ,overdue accounts in a firm should be cower 10 percent of told accounts receivable in developed market economy, but the proportion has been higher up to over to success of recovery will be affected directly with aging of accounts receivable and the amount of the overdue days be good credit receivable cannot be controlled effectively, bad market environment and customers credit seem on the surface to lead the current state .Therefore ,it is the direct and foundational reason that an internal management has the greatest flaw ,the credit problems are very real problems having solved and prominent contradiction in the economic life so ,the firms development has been limited seriously with lack of credit management, we must strengthen credit management to face the challenges and opportunities after entrance of The cause of accounts receivable in our countryThe market economy necessarily produce accounts receivable ,this is normal phenomenon, its nature is credit economy. The way and relationship of credit is principal form in social economic life. It is difficult to recover accounts receivable, why? here is how:1st. Lack of risk consciousness. In cut-throat competition, at the beginning of entry market ,sone firms want to get into the market, under the circumstances (without a thoroughgoing investigation of a payers credit, without right evaluation risk of accounts receivable),they conclude a short-term ,given credit-sale line contract (or agreement)with customers to attract more customers and expand their market that, the firm have to pay such enormous amounts of VAT(because the credit receipt is business receipt)that there is danger of exhausted . Without vigorous internal control. A majority of firms put to use the link total payroll with economic performance in order to bring into play the initiation of the staff at present ,yet have ignored the probability of the bad debts .Since accounts receivable have not been thought into the check system .a business department just pays attention to business task ,but does not mind recovering on accounts receivable, results in accounts eceivable increasing constantly, Some of the firms have not asked for the department concerned and the staff to press for payment of accounts receivable vigorously with effective countermeasures, caused the shortage of the flow cash ,in fact, there is the phenomenon of ‘false surplus and real loss’. Sedimentation of enormous amounts of accounts receivable make the firm bear serious financial . Weak of law awareness. As we know, at present default costs are relative lower .Many of the firms have this kind of mental attitude you owed mine, I owed his. Few people couldn’t safeguard their own lawful rights and interests with law, and then vicious circle .3. COUNTERMEASURES ON MANAGEMENT OF ACCOUNTSRECEIVABLE IN OUR Establish a perfect system of credit managementCredit policy is a vital component of credit management system, in duding credit standards, credit conditions, collection standard refers to when a firm agrees to credit-granting for customers, customers must have the lowest ability to pay, in general, it expresses with anticipatory percentage of damage on bad debts, when a firm will decide on credit standards, you have to consider mainly three factors a ,to realize your customers, knowing that your opponent and yourself ,The firm can introduce generous or strict credit standards according to different situation so as so take advantage, b, to consider the firm’s ability to bear default risk, c, to know about the customer’s credit status, on the basis of this to give him credit preference or condition is an exact condition that a firm asks for a customer’s payment, mainly including credit period, discount period and cash policy refers to a firm adopt the collection tactics when the credit condition was run counter to .If the firm adopted positive collection policy, you might reduce the cost of accounts recitative and the damage of bad debts ,that add to the collection costs ,sensible credit policy is decided ,the firm must consider credit standard, credit condition and collection policy to improve percentage of accounts Establishment of guarding system of accounts receivableIt is necessary to establish guarding system ,in the purpose of providing against possible trouble. ①you’d better set up a professional credit management institute to manage credit sale; ②set up a dymatic management system of a customer’s resource; ③set up control system of accounts Integrate accounts receivableIn order to recover overdue accounts effectively ,a firm should adopt sensible and practical measures. ①set up special collecting group; ②regroup the debts; ③creditor’s rights on strengthen everyday management of accounts . strengthen everyday management of accounts receivable①take basic notes well; ②check customer’s credit line; ③realize customers’debts beyond credit period; ④analyse turnover rate of accounts receivable and average collection period; ⑤inspect the status to refuse payment; ⑥make the aging Strengthen post management of accounts receivable.①use sensible collection program; ②make advantage of a reasonable debt-recovery Accounts receivable assessment method and management system①enhance the departments of managing and monitoring; ②improve methods of internal assessment; ③internal audit; ④set up system of internal control . The firm should establish a set of controlling system on accounts receivable.
应收账款管理Management of Account Receivable receivable is one of a series of accounting transactions dealing with the billing of customers who owe money to a person, company or organization for goods and services that have been provided to the customer. In most business entities this is typically done by generating an invoice and mailing or electronically delivering it to the customer, who in turn must pay it within an established timeframe called credit or payment example of a common payment term is Net30, meaning payment is due in the amount of the invoice 30 days from the date of invoice. Other common payment terms include Net45 & Net60 but could in reality be for any time period agreed upon by the vendor and booking a receivable is accomplished by a simple accounting transaction, the process of maintaining and collecting payments on the accounts receivable subsidiary account balances can be a full time proposition. Depending on the industry in practice, accounts receivable payments can be received up to 10 - 15 days after the due date has been reached. These types of payment practices are sometimes developed by industry standards, corporate policy, or because of the financial condition of the a company's balance sheet, accounts receivable is the amount that customers owe to that company. Sometimes called trade receivables, they are classified as current assets. To record a journal entry for a sale on account, one must debit a receivable and credit a revenue account. When the customer pays off their accounts, one debits cash and credits the receivable in the journal entry. The ending balance on the trial balance sheet for accounts receivable is always organizations which have become too large to perform such tasks by hand (or small ones that could but prefer not to do them by hand) will generally use accounting software on a computer to perform this accounting issues include recognizing accounts receivable, valuing accounts receivable, and disposing of accounts receivable departments use the sales types of accounting transactions include accounts payable, payroll, and trial not all customer debts will be collected, businesses typically record an allowance for bad debts which is subtracted from total accounts receivable. When accounts receivable are not paid, some companies turn them over to third party collection agencies or collection attorneys who will attempt to recover the debt via negotiating payment plans, settlement offers or legal action. Outstanding advances are part of accounts receivables : If a company gets an order from its customers with advance agreed in payment terms. Since no billing is being done to claim the advances several times this area of collectible is not reflected in Accounts Receivables. Ideally, since advance payment is mutually agreed term, it is the responsibility of the accounts department to take out periodically the statement showing advance collectible and should be provided to sales & marketing for collection of advances. The payment of accounts receivable can be protected either by a letter of credit or by Trade Credit can use their accounts receivable as collateral when obtaining a loan (Asset-based lending) or sell them through Factoring (finance). Pools or portfolios of accounts receivable can be sold in the capital markets through a Securitization.[edit] Bookkeeping for Accounts ReceivableCompanies have two methods available to them for measuring the net value of account receivables, which is computed by subtracting the balance of an allowance account from the accounts receivable account. The first method is the allowance method, which establishes a contra asset account, allowance for doubtful accounts, or more simply, allowance, as the offset to accounts receivable. Allowance is a contra asset that offsets the accounts receivable account to derive the net accounts receivable depicted in the balance sheet. The amount of the allowance can be computed in two ways; through the analysis based on sales method and analysis based on accounts receivable method. The reason a contra asset receivable account is necessary is to adhere to the matching principle of accounting, which mandates that accrual basis companies match all revenues and expenses with the period in which expense, and crediting the allowance contra asset account. Once it has been deemed that a particular account is uncollectible, it would be necessary to take the account off a company's books by debiting allowance for doubtful accounts and crediting the associated accounts receivable second method, known as the direct write off method, is simpler than the allowance method in that allows for one simple entry to reduce accounts receivable to its net realizable value. The entry would consist of debiting an uncollectible expense account and crediting the respective account tax reporting purposes, the direct write-off method must be used; however, for financial reporting purposes, it is necessary to use the allowance method because it is a period's revenue with associated expenses-a fundamental concept of accounting known as the matching principle.应收帐款（Accounts receivable，又为应收账款）於会计原理上，专指因出售商品或劳务，进而对顾客所发生的债权，且该债权且尚未接受任何形式的书面承诺。该科目重点於对象为顾客，若非顾客，即撇开此科目适用。Factoring is a word often misused synonymously with accounts receivable financing. Factoring is a financial transaction whereby a business sells its accounts receivable (., invoices) at a discount. Factoring differs from a bank loan in three main ways. First, the emphasis is on the value of the receivables, not the firm’s credit worthiness. Secondly, factoring is not a loan – it is the purchase of an asset (the receivable). Finally, a bank loan involves two parties whereas factoring involves : In Europe the term Factoring typically mean accounts receivable financing. Here the correct word for this article is: American three parties directly involved are: the seller, debtor, and the factor. The seller is owed money (usually for work performed or goods sold) by the second party, the debtor. The seller then sells one or more of its invoices at a discount to the third party, the specialized financial organization (aka the factor) to obtain cash. The debtor then directly pays the factor the full value of the company sells its invoices, even at a discount to their face value, when it calculates that it will be better off using the proceeds to bolster its own growth than it would be by effectively functioning as its "customer's bank." In other words, it figures that the return on the proceeds will exceed the income on the from bank loansFactors make funds available, even when banks would not do so, because factors focus first on the credit worthiness of the debtor, the party who is obligated to pay the invoices for goods or services delivered by the seller. In contrast, the fundamental emphasis in a bank lending relationship is on the creditworthiness of the small firm, not that of its customers. While bank lending offers funds to small companies at a lower cost than factoring, the key terms and conditions under which the small firm must operate differ significantly. Bank relationships provide a more limited availability of funds and none of the bundle of services that factors a combined cost and availability of funds and services perspective, factoring creates wealth for some but not all small businesses. For small businesses, their choice is slowing their growth or the use of external funds beyond the banks. In choosing to use external funds beyond the banks the rapidly growing firm’s choice is between seeking angel investors (., equity) or the lower cost of selling invoices to finance their latter is also easier to access and can be obtained in a matter of a week or two, versus the six months plus that securing funds from angel investment typically takes. Factoring is also used as bridge financing while the firm pursues angel investors and in conjunction with angel financing to provide a lower average cost of funds than would equity financing alone. Firms can also combine the three types of financing, angel/venture, factoring and bank line of credit to further reduce their total cost of funds. In this they can emulate larger with any technique, factoring solves some problems but not all. Businesses with a small spread between the revenue from a sale and the cost of a sale, should limit their use of factoring to sales above their breakeven sales level where the revenue less the direct cost of the sale plus the cost of factoring is factoring is an attractive alternative to raising equity for small innovative fast-growing firms, the same financial technique can be used to turn around a fundamentally good business whose management has encountered a perfect storm or made significant business mistakes which have made it impossible for the firm to work within the constraints of a bank line’s credit terms and conditions(, covenants). The value of using factoring for this purpose is that it provides management time to implement the changes required to turn the business around. The firm is paying to have the option of a future the owners control. The association of factoring with troubled situations accounts for the half truth of it being labeled 'last resort' financing. However, use of the technique when there is only a modest spread between the revenue from a sale and its cost is not advisable for turnarounds. Nor are turnarounds usually able to recreate wealth for the owners in this situation.应收账款保理,指企业将应收账款按一定折扣卖给第三方（保理机构），获得相应的融资款，以利於现金的尽快取得。Abstract: Account receivable is the fund that should be received from the purchasing or labor hiring entity for an enterprise’s sale of its commodities or products as well as its providing of labor service. Under the circumstances of market economy, using its credit standing to exert the labor benefaction is an unavoidable business behavior, which may be treated as a major method for enterprises to enlarge its business and raise its market share. However, by the influences of marketplace economic system and project management as well as engineering construction, the Account receivable increases rapidly year by year, so as to make the difficulties in enterprise’s capital turnover. Those hard situations even made the employees can’t get their full pay of the salary. By analysis of the cause and the advantages and disadvantages of it, this article introduced some way of how to minimize the Account receivable. 关键词key words：应收账款Account receivable；工程施工Engineering construction；合同管理The management of contracts摘 要：应收账款是企业因销售商品、产品、提供劳务等，应向购货单位或劳务单位收取的款项。在市场经济条件下利用自身的商业信用，施舍劳务是不可避免的商业行为，通过先施舍劳务可使企业更多地承揽业务、扩大市场份额，是企业提高市场占有率的必要手段。但是近年来由于市场经济体制及工程管理和工程施工过程中的种种原因，造成应收账款迅速膨胀，逐年增加，致使企业资金周转困难，甚至连工资都难以正常发放。本文分析了应收账款形成的原因及利弊，提出了如何减少应收账款的途径。 关键词：应收账款；工程施工；合同管理
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一、目前企业应收账款管理中存在的问题市场经济本质上是信用经济，信用销售已成为商家争取客户、扩大销售额和经营规模的最有效手段，以信用方式为主的结算方式已日趋成为取代现金结算而占主导地位的企业间交易形式。但是越来越多的企业发现：虽然利润表上的盈利数额非常可观，但实际上现金流量表上可供支配的自由现金流却捉襟见肘。企业无法将盈利转变为可供支配的现金流，从而无法把握投资机会，限制了企业的发展，甚至于影响到企业的生存。就中国的企业群体而言，这个问题更加突出。企业能否有效地控制应收账款，不仅直接决定了流动资金的周转水平和最终营业利润，而且还直接影响到销售业绩和市场竞争力。但是，我国企业在应收账款的管理中存在着许多问题。1．应收账款管理责任没有落实在许多企业中，销售部门和财务部门各司其职，没有人对应收账款的管理真正负责，因此也没有人对收款问题承担责任。在外部信用风险增大时，便产生大量拖欠账款，而且是在被拖欠了相当长的时间后才开始催收。其结果是前清后欠，屡禁不绝，包袱越背越重。2．销售部门考核扭偏由销售部门承担收账职责虽然改变了应收账款无人管理的状况，但实际上给企业带来更大的拖欠风险，因为销售业务人员的目标和能力在于销售而不在于收款。实际情况是：许多业务人员在销售激励机制下，盲目放账，而事后收款力度又不够，虽然销售额上去了，却往往给公司带来严重的呆账、坏账损失。3．财务部门难以控制信用销售和收账由财务部门负责虽然加强了应收账款的专门管理，但往往与实际相差太远。因为财务部门实际上不了解客户情况和交易背景，无法形成科学有效的管理。对于应收账款要么控制过严，企业销售额下降；要么失去控制，拖欠仍会大量发生。二、应收账款管理的目标应收账款管理的目标，就是要在赊销收益率和应收账款持有成本两者之间进行权衡，进而采取科学有效的措施，保证应收账款的流动性，并最终使企业的效益和价值得到最大程度的提高，实际上，也就是追求最好的流动性和效益性。其中，收账部门的工作主要是提高应收账款的流动性指标。另外，按照效益性的要求，应收账款要保持在一定合理的规模上，以便既能实现较高的销售收入，又不至于发生太高的持有成本。而且，应收账款发生之后应该及时催收，以免形成坏账损失。三、建立企业信用管理机制在我国，企业信用管理缺位是迫切需要解决的问题。国内企业现在已经越来越认识到信用管理的重要性，并且大都采取了相关举措，比如：设置信用部门或者明确相关部门的信用管理职能、制定信用管理目标和政策、对应收账款加强监管和催收的力度等。但总体而言，信用管理的职能还是相对薄弱。因此，笔者认为应该从以下几个方面加强企业的信用管理。1．建立切实可行的信用管理目标首先需要对企业战略目标进行层层分解，并对企业目前应收账款状况和客户来往的情况做具体深入的分析。可从以下几点入手，建立信用管理目标：①确保快速收回应收账款；②维持公司利润和销售的最大化；③维持和客户的关系；④提高公司的形象。2．建立客户信用资料档案信用部门集中保存并及时更新客户信息，不能再零散无序。这些资料应该包括企业与银行及主要客户交往的历史资料，主要有客户的基本信息、近期的财务报表、开户银行的证明以及银行和其他金融机构已公布的一些信用等级、信用申请表、营业执照复印件、信用调查报告、合同或订单、付款记录及往来信函等。建立这些完整的档案亦可防止因业务人员的离职而导致客户资源流失的情况。信用部门应逐步完善自身对客户的信用评估职能，根据已收集的信用资料，对客户的信用等级进行评定。3．制定严格统一的信用政策，并在企业信用部门内部严格执行从信用标准、信用条件和收款政策三方面制定企业的信用政策。在制定时，应依据自身的实际情况、考虑成本收益原则和客户信用状况，制定出准确、规范的信用政策。在信用政策执行过程中，一方面要严格按信用等级对客户执行不同的信用标准，同时要根据客户信用状况的动态变化随时调整对其的信用额度，从动态上保持信用政策执行的一贯性。另外，在信用政策制定时，要区别对待不同产品，不能采取一刀切的信用政策。4．建立信用管理人员的奖惩激励制度通过赊销责任制或者销售收款责任制的方式，将销售和信用部门的信用管理职能统一起来。可以采用销售人员销售和收款一条线负责制，将完成货款回笼作为销售人员业务流程的重要环节，对其考核标准采用销售额和货款回笼额双层次指标，同时将其与相关人员的工资奖金挂钩。5．加强客户信息反馈工作的力度一方面，企业应制定客户信用等级评级标准，另一方面，业务人员要对在具体业务过程中反映出来的客户信用情况进行及时总结。对老客户，可以按季度或者月份定期对其信用情况进行总结；对新客户和零散业务客户，应该在每笔业务结束后对客户信用情况进行总结，并且按相应标准，由业务人员对客户的信用状况进行量化评分，并将这些相应的资料作为客户信用资料纳入客户档案。企业应该把客户以后的表现和业务人员的总结进行及时的比较，加强考核力度。四、加强应收账款管理的措施
一、应收账款管理的相关研究二、信用风险测定的相关研究总 结[正文]前 言国内关于应收账款管理理论的研究不多，主要是在财务管理类书籍中，但作为一项专业研究并不多见。我们现在对应收账款管理的研究一般都是借鉴西方对应收账款管理研究的已有成果，结合具体的业务实际，形成了符合中国国情企业的应收账款管理特色。我国理论界与企业界对应收账款问题的研究介入的较晚，尤其计划经济时期，因为企业是公有制，无须研究企业信用问题，导致当时企业间三角债负担沉重。改革开放后，随着经济体制的改变，人们的观念也发生了深刻的变化。对应收账款管理的研究因市场的需要而逐渐多了起来，但我国学术界和实际工作部门对应收账款管理的研究和探讨都基本不涉及对信用风险的评级和防范问题。研究的应收账款的管理，是从企业应收账款管理存在的问题入手，分析企业自身存在的不足，结合企业自身经济实力、财务状况、财务人员水平、培训机制、财务规章、企业执行力强弱，以及客户财务实力、资信情况，来确定信用期限、信用额度、收款的风险、坏财损失等。最后找出解决办法，逐步完善公司应收账款管理制度。一、应收账款管理的相关研究国内外对应收账款管理方面的研究主要有三大方面:一是应收账款的分析，二是应收账款中不良资产的预测，三是应收账款价值的评定。 (1)应收账款分析[参考文献][1] 荆新、王化成．财务管理学，中国人民大学出版社，2002年6月第三版 [2] 注协考试委员会．财务成本管理，经济科学出版社，2007年4月版 [3] 汪晓莹．DLY公司应收账款管理系统研究．东北大学硕士学位论文，2005 [4] 袁园．关于企业应收账款管理问题的探讨，企业经济，2004年第 4期 [5] 孙铮．全泽，应收账款管理及其信息披露，上海会计，2003,4 [6] Robert Cole. Lon Mahler. Consumer and Business Credit Management. IrwinMcGraw-Hill companies, 1998 [7] Michael Dennis. Credit and Collection Handbook. Prentice Hall. 1999 ...[ 相关资料搜索 ]