发布时间：
英文写作必背之35句型一、~~~ the + ~ est + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc) ~~~ the most + 形容词 + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc) 例句：Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen. 海伦是我所看过最美丽的女孩。Mr. Chang is the kindest teacher that I have ever had. 张老师是我曾经遇到最仁慈的教师。二、Nothing is + ~~~ er than to + V Nothing is + more + 形容词 + than to + V 例句：Nothing is more important than to receive education. 没有比接受教育更重要的事。 三、~~~ cannot emphasize the importance of ~~~ too much.（再怎么强调...的重要性也不为过。） 例句：We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much. 我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。四、There is no denying that + S + V ...（不可否认的...） 例句：There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse.不可否认的，我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。 五、It is universally acknowledged that + 句子~~ （全世界都知道...）例句：It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us. 全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。 六、There is no doubt that + 句子~~ （毫无疑问的...） 例句：There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired. 毫无疑问的我们的教育制度令人不满意。 七、An advantage of ~~~ is that + 句子 （...的优点是...） 例句：An advantage of using the solar energy is that it won't create (produce) any pollution. 使用太阳能的优点是它不会制造任何污染。 八、The reason why + 句子 ~~~ is that + 句子 （...的原因是...） 例句：The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide us with fresh air./ The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us. 我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。 九、So + 形容词 + be + 主词 + that + 句子 （如此...以致于...） 例句：So precious is time that we can't afford to waste it. 时间是如此珍贵，我们经不起浪费它。 十、Adj + as + Subject（主词）+ be, S + V~~~ （虽然...） 例句：Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory. {by no means = in no way = on no account 一点也不}虽然我们的国家富有，我们的生活品质绝对令人不满意。十一、The + ~er + S + V, ~~~ the + ~er + S + V ~~~ The + more + Adj + S + V, ~~~ the + more + Adj + S + V ~~~（愈...愈...） 例句：The harder you weww progress you make. 你愈努力，你愈进步。 The more books we read, the more learned we become. 我们书读愈多，我们愈有学问。 十二、By +Ving, ~~ can ~~ （借着...，..能够..） 例句：By taking exercise, we can always stay healthy. 借着做运动，我们能够始终保持健康。 十三、~~~ enable + Object（受词）+ to + V （..使..能够..） 例句：Listening to music enable us to feel relaxed. 听音乐使我们能够感觉轻松。 十四、On no account can we + V ~~~ （我们绝对不能...） 例句：On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge. 我们绝对不能忽略知识的价值。 十五、It is time + S + 过去式 （该是...的时候了） 例句：It is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the traffic problems. 该是有关当局采取适当的措施来解决交通问题的时候了。 十六、Those who ~~~ （...的人...） 例句：Those who violate traffic regulations should be punished. 违反交通规定的人应该受处罚。 十七、There is no one but ~~~ （没有人不...） 例句：There is no one but longs to go to college. 没有人不渴望上大学。 十八、be + forced/compelled/obliged + to + V （不得不...） 例句：Since the examination is around the corner, I am compelled to give up doing sports. 既然考试迫在眉睫，我不得不放弃做运动。 十九、It is conceivable that + 句子 （可想而知的） It is obvious that + 句子 （明显的） It is apparent that + 句子 （显然的） 例句：It is conceivable that knowledge plays an important role in our life. 可想而知，知识在我们的一生中扮演一个重要的角色。 二十、That is the reason why ~~~ （那就是...的原因） 例句：Summer is sultry. That is the reason why I don't like it. 夏天很燠热。那就是我不喜欢它的原因。 二十一、For the past + 时间，S + 现在完成式...（过去...年来，...一直...） 例句：For the past two years, I have been busy preparing for the examination. 过去两年来，我一直忙着准备考试。 二十二、Since + S + 过去式，S + 现在完成式。 例句：Since he went to senior high school, he has worked very hard. 自从他上高中，他一直很用功。二十三、It pays to + V ~~~ （...是值得的。） 例句：It pays to help others. 帮助别人是值得的。 二十四、be based on （以...为基础） 例句：The progress of thee society is based on harmony. 社会的进步是以和谐为基础的。 二十五、Spare no effort to + V （不遗余力的） 例句：We should spare no effort to beautify our environment. 我们应该不遗余力的美化我们的环境。 二十六、bring home to + 人 + 事 （让...明白...事） 例句：We should bring home to people the value of working hard. 我们应该让人们明白努力的价值。 二十七、be closely related to ~~ （与...息息相关） 例句：Taking exercise is closely related to health. 做运动与健康息息相关。 二十八、Get into the habit of + Ving = make it a rule to + V （养成...的习惯） We should get into the habit of keeping good hours. 我们应该养成早睡早起的习惯。 二十九、Due to/Owing to/Thanks to + N/Ving, ~~~ （因为...） 例句：Thanks to his encouragement, I finally realized my dream. 因为他的鼓励，我终于实现我的梦想。 三十、What a + Adj + N + S + V!= How + Adj + a + N + V!（多么...！） 例句：What an important thing it is to keep our promise! How important a thing it is to keep our promise! 遵守诺言是多么重要的事！ 三十一、Leave much to be desired （令人不满意） 例句：The condition of our traffic leaves much to be desired. 我们的交通状况令人不满意。 三十二、Have a great influence on ~~~ （对...有很大的影响） 例句：Smoking has a great influence on our health. 抽烟对我们的健康有很大的影响。 三十三、do good to （对...有益），do harm to （对...有害） 例句：Reading does good to our mind.读书对心灵有益。 Overwork does harm to health.工作过度对健康有害。 三十四、Pose a great threat to ~~ （对...造成一大威胁） 例句：Pollution poses a great threat to our existence. 污染对我们的生存造成一大威胁。 三十五、do one's utmost to + V = do one's best （尽全力去...） 例句：We should do our utmost to achieve our goal in life. 我们应尽全力去达成我们的人生目标。
英文论文的详细格式：
一、标题
一篇较长的英语论文(如英语毕业论文)一般都需要标题页,其书写格式如下:第一行标题与打印纸顶端的距离约为打印纸全长的三分之一,与下行(通常为by,居中)的距离则为5cm,第三、第四行分别为作者姓名及日期(均居中)。
如果该篇英语论文是学生针对某门课程而写,则在作者姓名与日期之间还需分别打上教师学衔及其姓名(如:Dr./)及本门课程的编号或名称(如:English 734或British Novel)。打印时,如无特殊要求,每一行均需double space,即隔行打印,行距约为(论文其他部分行距同此)。
二、提纲
英语论文提纲页包括论题句及提纲本身,其规范格式如下:先在第一行(与打印纸顶端的距离仍为左右)的始端打上 Thesis 一词及冒号,空一格后再打论题句,回行时左边须与论题句的第一个字母上下对齐。
主要纲目以大写罗马数字标出,次要纲目则依次用大写英文字母、阿拉伯数字和小写英文字母标出。各数字或字母后均为一句点,空出一格后再打该项内容的第一个字母；处于同一等级的纲目,其上下行左边必须对齐。
需要注意的是,同等重要的纲目必须是两个以上,即:有Ⅰ应有Ⅱ,有A应有B,以此类推。如果英文论文提纲较长,需两页纸,则第二页须在右上角用小写罗马数字标出页码,即ii(第一页无需标页码)。
三、摘要
1、英文摘要是应用符合英文语法的文字语言，提供论文内容梗概为目的的短文。（内容基本与中文摘要相同，但不用完全逐句对应）。
2、英文题目、摘要、关键词自成一页（1页即可），放在中文摘要页之后。
3、英文字体与行间距： 统一使用“西文字体”中的“Times New Roman”，倍行间距。
4、英文题目： 使用三号字加粗。
5、英文摘要： “Absract”顶格，使用四号字，并加粗。
英文摘要具体内容使用四号字。
6、英文关键词： “Key Words”顶格，使用四号字并加粗。
四、正文
有标题页和提纲页的英语论文,其正文第一页的规范格式为:论文标题居中,其位置距打印纸顶端约5cm,距正文第一行约。段首字母须缩进五格,即从第六格打起。
正文第一页不必标页码(但应计算其页数),自第二页起,必须在每页的右上角(即空出第一行,在其后部)打上论文作者的姓,空一格后再用阿拉伯数字标出页码；阿拉伯数字(或其最后一位)应为该行的最后一个空格。
在打印正文时尚需注意标点符号的打印格式,即:句末号(句号、问号及感叹号)后应空两格,其他标点符号后则空一格。
五、文中引述
正确引用作品原文或专家、学者的论述是写好英语论文的重要环节；既要注意引述与论文的有机统一,即其逻辑性,又要注意引述格式 （即英语论文参考文献）的规范性。
引述别人的观点,可以直接引用,也可以间接引用。无论采用何种方式,论文作者必须注明所引文字的作者和出处。美国学术界通行的做法是在引文后以圆括弧形式注明引文作者及出处。
六、文献目录
论文作者在正文之后必须提供论文中全部引文的详细出版情况,即文献目录页。美国高校一般称此页为 Works Cited, 其格式须注意下列几点:
目录页应与正文分开,另页打印,置于正文之后。
目录页应视为英语论文的一页,按论文页码的顺序在其右上角标明论文作者的姓和页码；如果条目较多,不止一页,则第一页不必标出作者姓和页码(但必须计算页数),其余各页仍按顺序标明作者姓和页码。
标题Works Cited与打印纸顶端的距离约为,与第一条目中第一行的距离仍为；各条目之间及各行之间的距离亦为,不必留出更多空白。
各条目内容顺序分别为作者姓、名、作品名、出版社名称、出版地、出版年份及起止页码等；各条目应严格按各作者姓的首字母顺序排列,但不要给各条目编码,也不必将书条与杂志、期刊等条目分列。各条目第一行需顶格打印,回行时均需缩进五格,以将该条目与其他条目区分开来。
英语论文摘要又称文摘，是论文的重要组成部分，它是以提供文献内容梗概为目的，不加评论和补充解释，简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。摘要应具有独立性和自明性，并拥有与文献同等量的主要信息，即不需阅读全文，就可获得重要的信息。
摘要通常置于文题之后，文章之首。在论文发表后，论文摘要常被文献检索系统所收集。英语论文摘要一般为200-300单词，并有与英文摘要表达观点一致的中文摘要与之对应。
扩展资料：
发表论文作用：
论文是指进行各个学术领域的研究和描述学术研究成果的文章。它既是探讨问题进行学术研究的一种手段，又是描述学术研究成果进行学术交流的一种工具。不同的人发表论文的作用也不同：
1、评职称（晋升职称）：研究生 毕业需要；教师 、医护人员 、科研院所的人员、企业员工 等 晋升高一级的职称时，发表期刊论文是作为一项必须的参考指标。
2、申报基金、课题 ：教育、科技、卫生系统 每年申报的国家自然科学基金项目、其它各种基金项目、各种研究课题时，发表论文 是作为 基金或课题 完成的一种研究成果的结论性展示。
3、世界性基础领域的研究，比如在医学、数学、物理、化学、生命科学 等领域开展的基础性研究，公开发表论文 是对最新科技 科学研究成果、研究方法的一种展示和报道。以推动整个社会的科技进步等。
参考资料来源：百度百科——英文论文
论文整体用一般现在时。但叙述以前发生的历史事件要用过去时，如in1992,heproposedatheorythat......,直接引用，时态和原文一样。
使用率高的英文写作中常用句式1．表示原因1）There are three reasons for this．2）The reasons for this are as follows．3）The reason for this is obvious．4）The reason for this is not far to seek．5）The reason for this is that．．．6）We have good reason to believe that．．．例如：There are three reasons for the changes that have taken place in our life．Firstly，people’s living standard has been greatly improved．Secondly，most people are well paid， and they can afford what they need or like．Last but not least，more and more people prefer to enjoy modern life．注：如考生写第一个句子没有把握，可将其改写成两个句子。如：Great changes have taken place in our life． There are three reasons for this．这样写可以避免套用中的表达失误。2．表示好处1）It has the following advantages．2）It does us a lot of good．3）It benefits us quite a lot．4）It is beneficial to us．5）It is of great benefit to us．例如：Books are like friends．They can help us know the world better，and they can open our minds and widen our horizons．Therefore，reading extensively is of great benefit to us．3．表示坏处1）It has more disadvantages than advantages．2）It does us much harm．3）It is harmful to us．例如：However，everything divides into two．Television can also be harmful to us．It can do harm to our health and make us lazy if we spend too much time watching television．4．表示重要、必要、困难、方便、可能1）It is important（necessary，difficult，convenient， possible）for sb．to do sth．2）We think it necessary to do sth．3）It plays an important role in our life．例如：Computers are now being used everywhere，whether in the government，in schools or in business．Soon， computers will be found in every home，too．We have good reason to say that computers are playing an increasingly important role in our life and we have stepped into the Computer Age．5．表示措施1）We should take some effective measures．2）We should try our best to overcome（conquer）the difficulties．3）We should do our utmost in doing sth．4）We should solve the problems that we are confronted（faced）with．例如：The housing problem that we are confronted with is becoming more and more serious．Therefore，we must take some effective measures to solve it．6．表示变化1）Some changes have taken place in the past five years．2）A great change will certainly be produced in the world’s communications．3）The computer has brought about many changes in education．例如：Some changes have taken place in people’s diet in the past five years．The major reasons for these changes are not far to seek．Nowadays，more and more people are switching from grain to meat for protein，and from fruit and vegetable to milk for vitamins．7．表示事实、现状1）We cannot ignore the fact that．．．2）No one can deny the fact that．．．3）There is no denying the fact that．．．4）This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in．5）However，that’s not the case．例如：We cannot ignore the fact that industrialization brings with it the problems of pollution．To solve these problems， we can start by educating the public about the hazards of pollution．The government on its part should also design stricter laws to promote a cleaner environment．8．表示比较1）Compared with A，B．．．2）I prefer to read rather than watch TV．3）There is a striking contrast between them．例如：Compared with cars，bicycles have several advantages besides being affordable．Firstly，they do not consume natural resources of petroleum．Secondly，they do not cause the pollution problem．Last but not least，they contribute to people’s health by giving them due physical exercise．9．表示数量1）It has increased（decreased）from．．．to．．．2）The population in this city has now increased （decreased）to 800，000．3）The output of July in this factory increased by 15％ compared with that of January．例如：With the improvement of the living standard，the proportion of people’s income spent on food has decreased while that spent on education has increased．再如：From the graph listed above，it can be seen that student use of computers has increased from an average of less than two hours per week in 1990 to 20 hours in 2000．10．表示看法1）People have（take，adopt，assume）different attitudes towards sth．2）People have different opinions on this problem．3）People take different views of（on）the question．4）Some people believe that．．．Others argue that．．．例如：People have different attitudes towards failure．Some believe that failure leads to success．Every failure they experience translates into a greater chance of success at their renewed endeavor．However， others are easily discouraged by failures and put themselves into the category of losers．再如：Do “lucky numbers really bring good luck？Different people have different views on it．注：一个段落有时很适宜以问句开始，考生应掌握这一写作方法。11．表示结论1）In short，it can be said that ．．．2）It may be briefly summed up as follows．3）From what has been mentioned above，we can come to the conclusion that ．．．例如：From what has been mentioned above，we can come to the conclusion that examination is necessary，however， its method should be improved．注：例句1可用于任何一个段落的结论句；例句3则多用文章结论段的第一句。12．套语1）It’s well known to us that ．．．2）As is known to us，．．．3）This is a topic that is being widely talked about．4）From the graph（table，chart）listed above，it can be seen that ．．．5）As a proverb says，“Where there is a will，there is a way． 例如：As is well known to us，it is important for the students to know the world outside campus．The reason for this is obvious．Nowadays，the society is changing and developing rapidly，and the campus is no longer an “ivory tower ．As college students，we must get in touch with the world outside the campus．Only in this way can we adapt ourselves to the society quickly after we graduate．再如：Does it pay to be honest？This is a topic that is being widely talked about and different people have different opinions on it．
第一，避免出现谦词、关联词、感叹词、疑问词等。第二，摘要属纯客观介绍，一般用第三人称。第三，本科毕业论文摘要一般不用分段。第四，摘要应避免和论文引言、结论部分重复。第五，摘要要结构严谨避免冗杂，用简洁话语表述即可，一般不用长句。
论文摘要的功能论文摘要是一篇论文的缩影，是论文内容的高度概括。摘要宜简短扼要，提纲契领，文字一般在200左右。硕士或博士毕业论文摘要的长度会更长一些。摘要具有以下几个功能：（1）帮助读者在细读论文全文之前对全文概貌有一个整体把握。（2）帮助只想了解论文概貌的读者快速掌握论文中的重要信息。（3）为文摘索引之类的检索期刊和情报部门提供必要的资料源。（4）如果作者想参加某个学术会议，可满足会议文摘征集要求。2.摘要的类别、内容与常用句式论文摘要一般可以分为概要型（generalizing abstracts）、描述型（descriptive abstracts）和信息型摘要（informative abstracts）三类。概要型摘要一般是概括出论文的主题、文中的主要论点及结论。这类摘要多用于理论性较强的研究论文。描述型摘要一般是按照目录对全文内容的一个提纲契领式的描述，多用于技术研究报告性论文。信息型摘要除介绍论文的要旨和要点外，一般还要说出有关的实验结果、所得出的具体数据、所采用的方法以及准确度、可信度分析等。这类摘要多用于实验类研究论文或技术性较强的研究报告。英语专业的论文多为两者（概括型与信息型）或三者的结合。这种综合型的论文摘要通常为三个部分：开头部分，展开部分和结尾部分。开头部分的第一句话通常称为主题句（topic sentence），它开门见山的点名主题，指出论文的主旨和主要内容。常见句式有：
文献综述写作实用篇一 文献综述特征 1.一般字数控制在4000-6000字左右，大约8-15页； 2.以评述为主，不可罗列文献； 3.基本格式通常包括题目、作者、摘要、关键词、前言、正文、结语和参考文献等几个部分； 4.中文参考15-20篇，英文参考20篇左右，文献要新，50％-80％最好为3年内的文献。 5.如果文献综述是为开题报告作准备，整篇文章建议为漏斗状结构，即“有什么研究进展，问题是什么，怎么找方向”。二 按照文献综述的结构顺序分析常用句型 1 题目 如果文章为结果论文标题格式 a） Effect of （因素） on（观测项目）in（研究对象）Progress b） （观测对象）in （研究对象） Progress c） 无固定格式 如果文章为方法论文标题格式 d） Methods for … Progress 2 摘要常用句型归纳了…研究中的关键问题指出了…及其…研究的主要进展讨论了…的类型、影响因素、过程机理和描述方法在此基础上，对…规律的研究前景进行了展望 3 关键词略 4 前言 内容：问题的历史、现状和发展动态，有关概念和定义，选择这一专题的目的和动机、应用价值和实践意义。 常用句式 …是…的重要研究内容过去研究主要集中在… （深度上）… （广度上）… （有争论的问题）… 鉴于…的工作将对今后…研究意义以及…的现实应用意义作者就…的关键问题进行了系统的分析和综述 5 正文 综述材料来源广泛，因此段落结构格式非常重要，举例如下表；第一句 第二句 第三句 第四句 第五句 第六句主题句 陈述理论1 研究支持1 陈述理论2 研究支持2 略主题句 研究支持1 研究支持2 研究支持3 略 例外情况研究意义 主题句 研究支持1 说明理论1 略 主题句 纵横结合式写法写历史背景采用纵式写法，围绕某一专题，按时间先后顺序或专题本身发展层次，对其历史演变、目前状况、趋向预测作纵向描述；写目前状况采用横式写法，对某一专题在国际和国内的各个方面，如各派观点、各家之言、各种方法、各自成就等加以描述和比较。通过横向对比，既可以分辨出各种观点、见解、方法、成果的优劣利弊，又可以看出国际水平、国内水平和本单位水平，从而找到了差距。 相关研究不必全部列举，每一个主题举2-5个有代表意义的研究。 常用句式了解…的成因及其影响因素对认识…有重要的意义 …的特征可用…来描述，其中常用的有… 由于…受…等多种因素的影响，所以研究者通过…来描述各因素对…的影响影响…的因素很多，下面就…进行论述 …不仅取决于…，而且受到…的制约 …与…有关 …是…的重要影响因素之一 …对…的影响主要表现在… 研究表明… 产生…的原因有… 6 结语一般为展望结构，如果是开题报告前的文献综述，需要把想做什么阐述清楚
医学毕业论文写作技巧
导语：医学毕业论文写作的技巧有哪些呢?医学论文的标题要简明扼要，突出重点。下面是我分享的医学毕业论文写作的技巧，欢迎阅读!
人们读书看报，首先要看的是标题，题目常常能概括地反应文章的内容。题目取得好，简练又吸引人，才会引起读者的兴趣。标题“居文之首，句文之要”，被人们比喻为文章的眼睛。标题在学术论文中同样起着至关重要的作用。随着经济全球化的发展，医学界国际交流活动日趋频繁，在交流活动中起主导作用的学术期刊更加“规范化、标准化”，国内越来越多刊物须附英文标题和摘要。因此，学术论文的标题英译也越来越重要。医学论文题名具有高度概括集中反映文献主题的功能，指导读者查找文献资料的导读功能和信息储存提供编制文献检索的功能。本文主要探讨医学论文英文标题写作中应遵循的主要修辞原则及表达策略，以期更好地发挥学术论文标题的功能，促进学术交流。
1、突出主题原则及修辞策略
题名是论文最重要的、浓缩的信息点，是读者最先得到的直接信息，即文章的主要观点和主要论点。因此，标题应简明扼要、重点突出、反映论文主题。根据国际医学期刊编辑委员会制定的《生物医学期刊投稿的统一要求》中对文题的要求：简练和反映论文主题，英文标题应切题准确，反映文章的中心内容，便于索引，利于论文广泛流通。
好的标题不仅能起到“画龙点睛”的作用，还可以提高论文索引的利用价值。通常读者总是先浏览期刊的文章标题，在对其感兴趣后才会通读全文。因此，在标题英译时，应从以下两个方面注意修辞策略：
在信息传递上，要充分反映论文的创新内容，重要内容前置，突出中心;准确使用题名的必要结构要素来完整表达医学文献主题，在医学论文中最常见的结构类型是由研究对象、研究目的和研究方法三要素组成的题名。在表达方式上，多用名词、名词词组、动名词来表达。文字安排应结构合理、选词准确、详略得当，重要的词放在文题的起始，如association,application,determination，effect，detection，establishment等词所引导的短语都是研究的中心内容。
2、准确规范原则及修辞策略
准确是修辞的基本原则，也是翻译必须遵循的原则。科技文体写作更应遵循这一原则，因为学术研究特别强调准确，不能模糊不清、模棱两可。措辞准确、表达客观、逻辑严密、行文简洁、词义明确、含义固定是科技文体所共有的文体特征[2]。医学英语除了具备以上特征外，它还有大量的专业词汇、术语以及特定的词汇结构体系、语法规则和语篇结构。因此，在医学论文题名写作时语言表达要合乎医学论文写作的规范标准。论文标题英译要在正确理解原文的基础上进行，必须忠实地传达原文的内容，保持原文的风格。具体可采取以下方法：
首先，格式要求规范。标题译文可采用首字母大写，其余的用小写(首字母缩略词全大写，专有名词的首字母大写);也可采用标题首字母大写，其余实词首字母大写，虚词小写(4个字母以上的介词或连词的首字母大写);排列时可根据具体学术期刊的规范分别采用居中排与左对齐的方式;书名应用斜体表示。
其次，选词应强调专业化。与其它学科的英语术语相比，医学英语术语特征相对明显，专业化是医学英语的一大特色。因此，熟知医学英语术语，选择专业词汇，避免使用通俗语是医学工作者治学严谨的表现。例如，“先天性皮肤并指畸形”应译为“syndactylyoffingers”而不是“congenitalskinwebbedfingers”;“大黄”“丹参”分别为“Rhubarb”和“Salviamiltiorrhiza”，而不是“DaHunag”和“DanShen”。另一方面，科技英语用词强调词义单一、准确，忌用多义词。根据科技英语的这一修辞特点，在英译时应用词义明确单一的词来代替词义较多的词，如用totransmit,toconvert,toobtain,toinsert,toconsume,toabsorb,application,sufficient,superior来替代常用的tosend,tochange,toget,toputin,touseup,totakein,use,enough,better。
此外，用词要准确。注意不使用非标准化的缩略语，应使用公认的缩略词语、代号、符号、公式等。国际上《核心医学期刊文摘》中，对缩写词的使用非常谨慎，对非公认的缩略词语，第一次出现必须先写全名，缩写附后加括号。如丙型肝炎病人：hepatitisCvirus(HCV)，维甲酸：all-transretinoicacid(ATRA)。
语言的习惯搭配也是医学论文英语标题写作特征的一种重要表现形式。在英语中，有相当数量的动词、名词、形容词都有其固定的介词搭配，在使用此类词语时一定要多加注意，以避免错误。医学英语标题多采用逻辑动宾关系的名词性组合形式，常见的搭配如：patientswith,casesof,operationon,curefor,responseto,effecton,researchin/into/on,approachto,observation(s)of/on/in,treatmentof等等。下面的标题译文很好地说明了正确使用介词搭配能有助于准确明了地反映论文的主题。
3、简明有效原则及修辞策略
好的标题应是高度概括、言简意赅、便于检索。在完整、准确地概括全文内容的基础上，用尽量少的文字恰当反映所研究的范围和深度，不可夸大其词，以偏概全，也不可缩小研究范围，以偏代全。做到简明有效主要从以下两个方面着手：
在信息处理上，遵循科技写作中语言运用的最小信息差原则以谋求语言运用的最大信息量的输出和最佳交际效果，即“作者应该写的都能写出来，读者对作者所表达的意思都能读明白”。
在选词用语上，文题力求语言精炼，中心词突出，一般在10个单词以内，通常不超过16个单词。标题起始处的冠词“A”“The”可以省略，但文题中间的“the”不能省。采用短语翻译题名，医学论文英语标题采取的主要短语结构有：名词+动词不定式;名词或名词短语+过去分词;现在分词短语;介词短语结构;名词或名词短语+介词短语;以动词形式开始的短语结构等。以短语形式来表达一个句子,结构言简意赅,内部组织严密,而且可以把更多的信息融于一体,使彼此的逻辑关系更明确,表达更细密,更有利于达到交际目的。
由于医学英语要求客观和精确，一些旨在加强语言感染力和宣传效果的修辞格不常见。但是，医学英语强调注重有效的.语法和词汇修辞，如英语讲求结构平行对称。论文标题中并列的内容，应注意到语法结构上的对称，即名词与名词并列，动名词与动名词并列，不要混杂使用。例如：TheRoleofArthroscopyinDiagnosingandtheTreatmentofJointDiseasesinChildren(关节镜在儿童关节疾病诊治中的作用)宜改为：TheRoleofArthroscopyintheDiagnosisandTreatmentofJointDiseasesinChildren。修改后两个动名词并列，既简化了文字，符合修辞原则，而且还更为醒目。平行结构的使用可以增强修辞效果，不仅使主题更加突出，而且还富有美感，引起读者兴趣。请看下面两个例子：
例1：“Clinical,physiological,andradiologicalstudyofanewpurpose-designedartificialbowelsphincter”
例2：“Socioeconomicstatus，standardofliving，andneuroticdisorder”
例1中3个形容词平行排列加强了语音的节奏感，也明确了与中心词的修饰关系，既美观又醒目;例2中的3个并列名词短语排列有序、结构工整、逻辑关系明确，读者能很快抓住论文的中心。
4、得体原则及修辞策略
一个修辞行为的有效性，还取决于它是否合乎语体的规范，是否符合言语交际环境的规定，是否符合社会交往的礼仪，是否符合文化的习俗，是否符合双方的审美倾向。[5]如用戏曲语体撰写科技论文是不得体的。科技论文的行文要符合科技文体的特点，保持文体的严肃性，是为得体。医学论文的英语题名写作与翻译要求标题与论文的内容协调一致，包括风格的一致，语言表达应符合英语习惯。因此，在医学论文标题英译时，要考虑其语法、修辞特点，尽可能体现出英语的固有风格，避免中式英语的弊病。下面介绍几种表达得体的主要修辞策略。
英文标题的写作可以不拘一格，但应突出主题，服从英语的表达习惯，避免使用中国式的英语表达形式。比如，汉语医学论文标题中常常出现“初探”、“探讨”、“经验”、“体会”等词以示谦逊，而在国外的医学刊物中使用带有“浅谈”“初探”这类句式的题名会被认为所论述的内容没有多大参考价值，缺乏严肃性。这是因为欧美人认为科技论文应立足于事实材料，不必谦虚客套。
汉语论文主标题与副标题之间一般用破折号，而英文的主标题与副标题之间通常用冒号表示。病例数在汉语中一般放在正标题中，在英语中大多放在副标题中，如：Posttransfusionhepatitis:Areportof60cases(输血后肝炎60例报告)。
由于受汉语语法的限制和语言习惯的影响，在中文标题中常含有“……的研究”和“……的观察”等词语，题名英译时应省略“Regarding…”、“Observation(s)of…”、“Investigationof…”、“Studieson…”、“Research(es)on…”、“Somethoughtson…”、“Introductionto…”等冗余套语，使之更简洁且符合英语的表达习惯。
名词化结构较多地使用抽象名词表达动作和状态，这也是英语表达和汉语表达上的主要差别之一。在汉语中用行为动词表达的意思在英语中多转换为名词。英汉语的用词顺序有很大的不同。在汉语中，定语置于中心词之前，而在英语中，“中心词+后置定语”的结构应用非常广泛。例如：葡萄糖在体外和体内对神经细胞瘤的疗效：EffectofGlucoseonNeuroblastomainVitroandinVivo;心脏病患者肌酐激酶同功酶的测定：DetectionofCreatineKinaseIsoenzymesInheartDisease;严重脑外伤患者大断面骨折接骨时间选择：TimingofOsteosynthesisofMajorFractureinPatientswithSevereBrainInjury。
总之，标题在论文中起着至关重要的作用。论文的标题应能准确地概括论文的内容，提纲挈领、点明主题、吸引读者、便于检索。要写好译好英文标题，作者不仅要有严谨的治学态度，还要掌握专业英语知识，熟悉医学英语文体的写作特点，熟记常用的句式结构及英语习惯表达方法，在正确理解论文主旨的基础上，力求重点突出，行文准确、规范、简洁、得体。
1、科学性。所谓科学性就是要求论文资料详实、内容先进。科学性是医学论文的生命。如果论文失去了科学性，不管文笔多么流畅，辞藻多么华丽，都毫无意义，只能是人力和时间的浪费。
2、创新性。创新是医学论文的灵魂。能否为促进医学发展作贡献是衡量论文水平的根本标准。医学论文非常重要的一点就是要有新创见、新观点。医学论文不同于教科书及综述讲座之类的文章，而是在于学术交流，报到新发现，发表新方法、新理论。因此在内容中必须突出新字，对于已为人知的观点不必复述，而应突出阐明自己新的观点。
3、理论性。医学论文不仅是医学科学研究的总结，而且是一个在创造的过程。它不同于一般的科研记录或实验报告，而应提炼出指导医学科研活动及临床实践的经验教训，发现规律，并上升为理论，反过来指导实践。
4、简洁性。医学论文要求简洁，这不同于一般的文学作品，需要各种修辞手段和华丽的词藻，它要求行文严谨，重点突出，文字语言规范、简明，能用一个字表达清楚的就不用两个字，不滥用同义词和罕见词。文章尽可能简短，材料方法部分应简明扼要，结果部分可用较少的图表说明较多的问题，讨论部分不赘述已公认的东西，不重复已有的讨论。总之，用最短的文字说明要阐述的问题，以减少阅读时间，使读者用较短的时间获得更多的信息。
5、逻辑性。论文的逻辑性是指论题、论点、论据、论证之间的联系一环扣一环，循序撰写，首尾呼应，顺理成章，并做到资料完整，设计合理，避免牵强附会，虎头蛇尾，空洞无物。
6、可读性。写论文的目的就是进行学术交流，最终是给人看的，因此，论文必须具有可读性，即文字通顺，结构清晰，所用词汇具有专业性，而且是最易懂，最有表达了的字眼。使读者用较少的脑力和时间理解所表达的观点和结论，并留下深刻的影响。
二.中间段落句1. 相反，有一些人赞成……，他们相信……，而且，他们认为……。On the contrary, there are some people in favor of the same time, they . ……对我们国家的发展和建设是必不可少的，(也是)非常重要的。首先，……。而且……，最重要的是……______is necessary and important to our country’s development and construction. First，_，What’s more, important of all,. 有几个可供我们采纳的方法。首先，我们可以……。There are several measures for us to adopt. First, we can______5. 面临……，我们应该采取一系列行之有效的方法来……。一方面……，另一方面，Confronted with______, we should take a series of effective measures to______. For one thing，______For another, ______6. 早就应该拿出行动了。比如说……，另外……。所有这些方法肯定会……。It is high time that something was done about it. For example. addition. measures will . 然而，正如任何事物都有好坏两个方面一样，……也有它的不利的一面，象……。However, just like everything has both its good and bad sides, ______also has its own disadvantages, such as . 尽管如此，我相信……更有利。Nonetheless, I believe that ______is more advantageous.
英语写作常用十大句型
英语写作都有哪些常见句型呢?下面就让我为大家讲解一下吧。
一、否定句
许多否定句不含not的否定结构。如果论文作者能正确使用他们，就会增加写作的闪光点，使文章显得生动活泼。
1、Instead of indulging in playing computer games, children should be taught how to benefit from useful information on the internet.应该教孩子们如何从互联网获取有益的信息，而不是沉溺于玩电脑游戏。
2、On no account (Under no circumstances)can we ignore the immense value of knowledge. 我们绝不能忽视知识的巨大价值。
3、College students take part-time jobs not formore money but fora better understanding of societies.大学生参加兼职工作不是为了赚更多钱，而是为了更好地了解社会。
4、One’s salary doesnot depend so much on his educational background ason his ability and contribution to the society.一个人的工资与其说取决于他的教育背景倒不如说取决于他的能力和对社会的贡献。
5、In terms of nutrition, fast foodis far from satisfactory.从营养角度来说，快餐远非令人满意。
6、Parentswould not expect their children to become useful persons withoutworking hard. 父母们不能指望孩子们不经过刻苦努力就可以成才。
二、非限制性定语从句
如果需要对前述的整个句子内容进行解释或说明，就可以用到非限制性定语从句。
1、Undoubtedly, practical courses can be used to the reality,whichis of vital importance to their developmentin the future. 毫无疑问，实用性课程可以用于实际中，这对于他们未来发展是非常重要的。
2、Children tend to imitate what they have seen and heard on mass media, which is sometimes dangerous and harmful.孩子们倾向于模仿大众媒体上的所见所闻，这在有时是危险和有害的。
3、The majority of students believe that part-time jobs will provide them with more opportunities to develop their interpersonal skills, which may put them in a favorable position in the future job markets.大部分学生相信业余工作会使他们有更多机会发展人际交往能力, 这对他们未来找工作是非常有好处的。
三、让步句
让步句是写论文最常用的句式之一，作者务必掌握以下4种用法，可以使英文句子起伏跌宕，富于变化。
1、This view is widely acknowledged;however，there is little evidence that smoking isbeneficial topeople’shealth.这个观点被广泛认可，然而，几乎没有证据表明吸烟对人们健康有利。
2、Although(Whilst)the computer has been widely used in class, it cannot replacethe role of teachers. 尽管计算机已经广泛用于课堂，但是它不能取代教师的作用。
3、Reasonable asthe opinion sounds, it cannot bear much analysis. 虽然这个观点听起来有道理，但是它经不住分析。
4、In spite of a lot of conveniences thatcars bring to people’s life, it can create a series ofserious problems.尽管汽车给人们的生活带来了许多便利，但是也产生了一系列严重的问题。
四、It引导的句子
It引导的句子是写作中使用频率最高的句式。作者应熟练掌握其用法，并能灵活运用到文章的开篇、主体段和结尾段中。
1、It is hard to imagine whatour life would look like without computers in modern society. 很难想象如果现代社会没有了计算机，我们的生活会变成什么样子。
2、It is conceivable thatbeing physically active does good to health. 可想而知，积极参加体育活动有利于身体健康。
3、It is a highly controversial issue whetherwomen should join the armed forces or not. 女性是否应该参军是一个非常有争议的问题。
4、It is universally acknowledged thatwater and air are indispensable to human beings.人们普遍认为，水和空气对人类不可缺少。
5、It is essential thatendangered species of animalsbeprotected against
being killed. 保护濒危的动物物种免遭残杀是必需的。
6、It is high time thatthe government took effective measures to solve these problems.该是政府采取有效措施来解决这些问题的时候了。
7、It has been made easier for modern peopleto communicate with each other by theinternet in a few seconds.现代人很容易通过互联网在几秒钟内就取得联系。
8、It is worth caring about the way a child behaves.关心孩子们的行为方式是值得的。
9、It is no use crying over the spilt milk.覆水难收。
10、It has been a few decades sincethe computer came into being.自从计算机问世以来已经有几十年的时间了。
五、假设句
假设句可分为真实假设句和非真实假设句两种。常用在主体段落表示正、反论证。
1、If we destroy old buildings, thenwewill ruin the traditionalculture andheritage.如果我们推倒老房子，就要破坏传统的文化和遗产。
2、Youwouldmiss the chance to interact with other studentsif you used internet at home. 假如你在家上网，你就会失去与其他同学交流的机会。
3、Once you change your present job, you will be faced with the danger of
being unemployed.一旦你变换了现在的工作，就面临着失业的危险。
六、倒装句
在写作中恰当和准确地使用倒装句，有助于句子表达形式的多样化，使语言更加生动有力。
1、Only in this way can the problem be tackled properly. 只有这样才能妥善地解决这个问题。
2、Only whenchildren take arduous efforts canthey become successful. 只有当孩子们付出艰苦的努力他们才能获得成功。
3、Not only does studying in school serve academic purpose, butstudents learn how to handle interpersonal relations. 在校学习不仅为了学术目的，而且还可以学会如何处理人际关系。
4、Under no circumstancesshould youngsters follow negative informationon mass mediablindly.青少年决不应当盲从大众媒体上的不良信息。
5、So valuable iswater that we cannot afford to waste it. 时间是如此珍贵，我们经不起浪费它。
6、Nowadays,most dangerous for youngsters isthe tendency to indulge in playing PC games.如今对青少年最为危险的事情是倾向于过多地玩电脑游戏。
七、强调句
写作时为了突出句子的某一成分，常常使用强调句。
1、It is for the benefit of maintaining the ecological balance that human beings ought to protect the endangered animal species.正是为了维持生态平衡，人类才应该保护地球上濒危的动物物种。
2、It is not untilpeople suffer from some fatal diseases such as SARS and AIDS thatthey are becoming aware of how significant it is for the government to invest more money in medical care.
直到人们患了像非典和爱滋病这样致命的疾病时，才意识到政府把更多的钱投入到医疗上的重要性。
3、Nothing in the world is more valuable than health.世界上没有比健康更重要的了。
八、比较句
正确地使用比较结构可以使文章的句式增加变化，有利于提高写作成绩。
1、Studies show that juvenile delinquency rates are twice as high foryoungsters from single-parent families as for those in traditional households.(同级比较)研究表明来自单亲家庭的青少年犯罪率是来自传统家庭的两倍。
2、Generally speaking, people in modern times enjoy less leisure time than they did previously.(比较级)一般说来，现代人比过去享有更少的休闲时间。
3、Compared with those with different abilities, children with intelligence do more well in their school work and intelligence tests. 与不同能力的孩子相比，聪明的孩子在学业和智力测验方面表现更加突出。
4、Contrary to pop stars, other professionals like doctors and teachers create the true value for theirsociety.与明星不同，其他专业人员如医生和教师为社会创造了真正的价值。
5、Airis to humanwhat (as)water is to fish.空气对人类就如同水对鱼一样。
九、插入语
插入语是对一句话做一些附加说明或解释。最常见的位置于句中,一般用逗号或破折号与句子隔开。用得恰当，不仅可以增加字数，而且使文章更显地道和精彩。
1、Computers,most important of all,create wide communication around the world. 最重要的是，计算机在世界范围内建立了广泛的交流。
2、Providing more parking areas,in the long run, has proved to be a practical way out in manylarge cities in the world.从长远的利益来看，提供更多的停车位证明是许多世界大城市切实可行的出路。
3、Observing local culture,consciously and unconsciously,can reduce the chance of offendingthe locals, or it will lead to the embarrassment and even conflict. 无论是否意识到，遵循当地的文化可以减少冒犯当地人的机会，否则，就会导致尴尬甚至冲突。
4、Space exploration, some people believe,will bring some unexpected discoveries. 有人相信空间探索将会带来意想不到的发现。
十、原因句
几乎所有的写作试题都要求写原因或者可以写原因。议论文的讲道理实际就是说明原因。因此，掌握好表达原因的结构是十分重要的。
1、Violent films can do harm to young people,because they contains numerous negative information.暴力影片对年轻人是有害的，因为其中包含大量负面信息。
2、Human beings are chiefly responsible for wild animal extinction.野生动物灭绝的主要责任在人类。
3、We should attribute(ascribe)medical advances tothe animals which do substantial contributions to the experiment.我们应该把医学的发展归因于动物对实验做出的巨大贡献。
4、Because of overpopulation, water shortage has become one of the most serious problems.由于人口过剩，水短缺已经成为一个最严重的问题。
5、Owing to the fiercecompetition in today’s world, a great many young people find themselves under great pressure.由于当今世界的激烈竞争，大量的'年轻人承受巨大的压力。
对于上述“十大句式”，具备以下显著特点：
1.“十大句式”具有普遍性。事实上，“十大句式”在阅读文章和写作范文中出现频率相当高，也是广大科研人员非常熟悉的句式。可以说，句句皆是万用的。一旦科研人员熟练地掌握了它们的用法，就能根据内容表达的需要，随时派上用场。用句夸张的话来说，就是“不怕写不到，就怕想不到”。
2.“十大句式”的提出基本符合最新科技论文写作评分标准中对句子结构的要求。“十大句式”中除了否定句、倒装句、插入语一般可以写成简单句以外，其它6到7句都属于复合句，占到总数的三分之二以上。换句话说，如果科研人员能运用十大句式正确地写出句子，那么不仅复杂句的数量就可以达到6到7分规定的要求，而且句式呈现多样化，复合句和简单句交错使用，以增强文章表达效果。
3. 增强科研人员句式的写作意识。“十大句式”对科研人员来讲，并不陌生，然而在写作考试中，由于时间紧迫，科研人员平时又缺乏运用已经掌握的句式的意识，因此多数科研人员以自己头脑中拼凑的中式英语取而代之，往往想不到运用这些句式。
4. 多数感觉句子写起来挥洒自如的科研人员，其中或多或少地在使用十大句式，在一定程度上说明他们头脑中已经培养起句式写作潜意识。
总之，句式变换直接影响到论文写作的成败。在此，衷心希望“十大句式”能为广大科技论文科研人员提供一条快速、高效的提高句式写作的途径，真正做到学以致用，“以不变应万变”
英文写作必背之35句型一、~~~ the + ~ est + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc) ~~~ the most + 形容词 + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc) 例句：Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen. 海伦是我所看过最美丽的女孩。Mr. Chang is the kindest teacher that I have ever had. 张老师是我曾经遇到最仁慈的教师。二、Nothing is + ~~~ er than to + V Nothing is + more + 形容词 + than to + V 例句：Nothing is more important than to receive education. 没有比接受教育更重要的事。 三、~~~ cannot emphasize the importance of ~~~ too much.（再怎么强调...的重要性也不为过。） 例句：We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much. 我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。四、There is no denying that + S + V ...（不可否认的...） 例句：There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse.不可否认的，我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。 五、It is universally acknowledged that + 句子~~ （全世界都知道...）例句：It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us. 全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。 六、There is no doubt that + 句子~~ （毫无疑问的...） 例句：There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired. 毫无疑问的我们的教育制度令人不满意。 七、An advantage of ~~~ is that + 句子 （...的优点是...） 例句：An advantage of using the solar energy is that it won't create (produce) any pollution. 使用太阳能的优点是它不会制造任何污染。 八、The reason why + 句子 ~~~ is that + 句子 （...的原因是...） 例句：The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide us with fresh air./ The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us. 我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。 九、So + 形容词 + be + 主词 + that + 句子 （如此...以致于...） 例句：So precious is time that we can't afford to waste it. 时间是如此珍贵，我们经不起浪费它。 十、Adj + as + Subject（主词）+ be, S + V~~~ （虽然...） 例句：Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory. {by no means = in no way = on no account 一点也不}虽然我们的国家富有，我们的生活品质绝对令人不满意。十一、The + ~er + S + V, ~~~ the + ~er + S + V ~~~ The + more + Adj + S + V, ~~~ the + more + Adj + S + V ~~~（愈...愈...） 例句：The harder you weww progress you make. 你愈努力，你愈进步。 The more books we read, the more learned we become. 我们书读愈多，我们愈有学问。 十二、By +Ving, ~~ can ~~ （借着...，..能够..） 例句：By taking exercise, we can always stay healthy. 借着做运动，我们能够始终保持健康。 十三、~~~ enable + Object（受词）+ to + V （..使..能够..） 例句：Listening to music enable us to feel relaxed. 听音乐使我们能够感觉轻松。 十四、On no account can we + V ~~~ （我们绝对不能...） 例句：On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge. 我们绝对不能忽略知识的价值。 十五、It is time + S + 过去式 （该是...的时候了） 例句：It is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the traffic problems. 该是有关当局采取适当的措施来解决交通问题的时候了。 十六、Those who ~~~ （...的人...） 例句：Those who violate traffic regulations should be punished. 违反交通规定的人应该受处罚。 十七、There is no one but ~~~ （没有人不...） 例句：There is no one but longs to go to college. 没有人不渴望上大学。 十八、be + forced/compelled/obliged + to + V （不得不...） 例句：Since the examination is around the corner, I am compelled to give up doing sports. 既然考试迫在眉睫，我不得不放弃做运动。 十九、It is conceivable that + 句子 （可想而知的） It is obvious that + 句子 （明显的） It is apparent that + 句子 （显然的） 例句：It is conceivable that knowledge plays an important role in our life. 可想而知，知识在我们的一生中扮演一个重要的角色。 二十、That is the reason why ~~~ （那就是...的原因） 例句：Summer is sultry. That is the reason why I don't like it. 夏天很燠热。那就是我不喜欢它的原因。 二十一、For the past + 时间，S + 现在完成式...（过去...年来，...一直...） 例句：For the past two years, I have been busy preparing for the examination. 过去两年来，我一直忙着准备考试。 二十二、Since + S + 过去式，S + 现在完成式。 例句：Since he went to senior high school, he has worked very hard. 自从他上高中，他一直很用功。二十三、It pays to + V ~~~ （...是值得的。） 例句：It pays to help others. 帮助别人是值得的。 二十四、be based on （以...为基础） 例句：The progress of thee society is based on harmony. 社会的进步是以和谐为基础的。 二十五、Spare no effort to + V （不遗余力的） 例句：We should spare no effort to beautify our environment. 我们应该不遗余力的美化我们的环境。 二十六、bring home to + 人 + 事 （让...明白...事） 例句：We should bring home to people the value of working hard. 我们应该让人们明白努力的价值。 二十七、be closely related to ~~ （与...息息相关） 例句：Taking exercise is closely related to health. 做运动与健康息息相关。 二十八、Get into the habit of + Ving = make it a rule to + V （养成...的习惯） We should get into the habit of keeping good hours. 我们应该养成早睡早起的习惯。 二十九、Due to/Owing to/Thanks to + N/Ving, ~~~ （因为...） 例句：Thanks to his encouragement, I finally realized my dream. 因为他的鼓励，我终于实现我的梦想。 三十、What a + Adj + N + S + V!= How + Adj + a + N + V!（多么...！） 例句：What an important thing it is to keep our promise! How important a thing it is to keep our promise! 遵守诺言是多么重要的事！ 三十一、Leave much to be desired （令人不满意） 例句：The condition of our traffic leaves much to be desired. 我们的交通状况令人不满意。 三十二、Have a great influence on ~~~ （对...有很大的影响） 例句：Smoking has a great influence on our health. 抽烟对我们的健康有很大的影响。 三十三、do good to （对...有益），do harm to （对...有害） 例句：Reading does good to our mind.读书对心灵有益。 Overwork does harm to health.工作过度对健康有害。 三十四、Pose a great threat to ~~ （对...造成一大威胁） 例句：Pollution poses a great threat to our existence. 污染对我们的生存造成一大威胁。 三十五、do one's utmost to + V = do one's best （尽全力去...） 例句：We should do our utmost to achieve our goal in life. 我们应尽全力去达成我们的人生目标。
一、用于驳性和比较性论文1. In general, I don’t agree with2. In my opinion, this point of view doesn’t hold . The chief reason why… is that… is no true that…5. It is not true that…6. It can be easily denied than…7. We have no reason to believe that…8. What is more serious is that…9. But it is pity that…10. Besides, we should not neglect that…11. But the problem is not so simple. Therefore…12. Others may find this to be true, but I believer that…13. Perhaps I was question why…14. There is a certain amount of truth in this, but we still have a problem with regard to…15. Though we are in basic agreement with…,but16. What seems to be the trouble is…17. Yet differences will be found, that’s why I feel that…18. It would be reasonable to take the view that …, but it would be foolish to claim that…19. There is in fact on reason for us so believe that…20. What these people fail to consider is that…21. It is one thing to insist that… , it is quite another to show that …22. Wonderful as A is , however, it has its own disadvantages . The advantages of B are much greater than . A’s advantage sounds ridiculous when B’s advantages are taken into consideration.二、用于描写图表和数据1. It has increased by three times as compared with that of . There is an increase of 20% in total this . It has been increased by a factor of 4since . It would be expected to increase 5 . The table shows a three times increase over that of last . It was decreased twice than that of the year . The total number was lowered by 10%.8. It rose from 10-15 percent of the total this . Compared with 1997, it fell from 15 to 10 . The number is 5 times as much as that of . It has decreased almost two and half times, compared with…三、用于解释性和阐述性论说文 knows that… can be easily proved that…3. It is true that…4. No one can deny that5. One thing which is equally important to the above mentioned is…6. The chief reason is that…7. We must recognize that…8. There is on doubt that…9. I am of the opinion that…10. This can be expressed as follows;11. To take …for an example…12. We have reason to believe that13. Now that we know that…14. Among the most convincing reasons given, one should be mentioned…15. The change in …largely results from the fact that16. There are several causes for this significant growth in…,first …,second …,finally…17. A number of factors could account for the development in…18. Perhaps the primary reason is…19. It is chiefly responsible of…20. The reasons for…are complicated, And probably they are found in the fact…21. Here are several possible reasons, excerpt that… believes/ argues/ holds/ insists/ thinks that…23. It is not simple to give the reason for this complicated phenomenon…24. Different people observes it in different ways.六、用于论证和说明1. As it is described that…2. It has been illustrated that…3. It provides a good example of…4. We may cite another instance of…5. History man provides us with the examples of…6. A number of further facts may be added…7. The situation is not unique, it is typical of dozens I have . A recent investigation indicate that…9. According to the statistics provided …10. According to a latest study, it can be predicted…11. There is no sufficient evidence to show that…12. All available evidence points to the fact that…13. Examples given leads me to conclude that…14. It reveals the unquestionable fact that…15. The idea may be proved by facts…16. All the facts suggest that…17. No one can deny the fact that…18. We may face the undeniable fact that…●表示比较和对照关系的句型：1) A is to B what/ as C is to D(A之于B犹如C之于D).2) Just as..., so...3) A and B have sth in ) A is similar to ) The same is true of，The same can be said of(……也是如此).6) The advantages of A are much greater than ) compared with B, A has many ) The advantages outweigh the disadvantages(利大于弊).9) Wonderful as A is, however, it has its own disadvantages ) Although A enjoys considerable advantage over..., it can not compete with B in...11) Contrary to widely accepted views, I believe that...12) What people fail to consider is that...13) It is one thing to insist that..., it is quite another to show that...14) Nothing can rival…(……是无与伦比的).15) …has drawbacks as well as ) A is superior(inferior) to ) ...varies from person to person(……是因人而异的)18) A is just the opposite (to B)19) A differs from B in that…(A不同于B在于……)20) …is not the same (as)●过渡性句型：1) this is true that...2) This is true, no doubt, but...3) ...also...4) It is one thing to...; it is another to...●描写图表和数据的句型1) ... rank first (both) in...2) ...in proportion to...3) A is by far the largest...4) As many as....5) The number is ...times as much as that of ...6) The figure has nearly doubled/tripled, as against that of last ) It accounts for 35% of...8) By comparison with ..., it decreased/increased/fell from...to...9) ...rise rapidly(slowly)10) ...remain level...11) ...reach ...12)There is a slight/slow/steady/rapid rise/increase demand./income./population./prices./production./decrease/decline/reduction/fall/drop in13)be on the increase/ decrease/ rise/ decline (……在不断的增加,减少,上升,下降)●图表作文中的过渡、概括句型：1) As can be indicated in the table, ...2) As we could find out later， ...3) As is revealed in the table，...4) As the survey results show，...5) This table provides several important points of comparison between...6) The two graphs depict the same thing in ...7) The key findings taken from the surveys are as follows:8) According to the figures given in the table, ...9) This chart shows that ...10) As is shown by the graph, ...11) It can be seen from the statistics that ...12) It is generally believed / accepted/ thought/ held ...四、用于文章的开头1. As the proverb says…2. It goes without saying that…3. Generally speaking…4. It is quite clear than because…5. It is often said that …6. Many people often ask such question:“…？”7. More and more people have come to realize…8. There is no doubt that…9. Some people believe that…10. These days we are often told that, but is this really the case?11. One great man said that…12. Recently the issue of… has been brought to public . In the past several years there has been…14. Now it is commonly held that… but I doubt whether…15. Currently there is a widespread concern that…16. Now people in growing number are coming to realize that…17. There is a general discussion today about the issue of …18. Faced with…, quite a few people argue that…, but other people conceive differently.五、用于文章的结尾1. from this point of view…2. in a word…3. in conclusion…4. on account of this we can find that…5. the result is dependent on…6. therefore, these findings reveal the following information:7. thus, this is the reason why we must…8. to sum up …9. as far as…be concerned, I believe that…10. It is obvious that…11. There is little doubt that…12. There is no immediate solution to the problem of …, but …might be helpful13. None of the solutions is quite satisfactory. The problem should be examined in a new . It is high time that we put considerable emphasis on…15. Ta说明原因的句型:1) There are some/two/many good reasons for.../to do...2) We have two good reasons for...3) The reason for ... is that + 从句4) Among the most convincing reasons given by people for..., one should be mentioned...5) One may think of the trend as a result of...6) The change in... largely results from the fact that...7) There are several causes for this significant growth in... 8) A number of factors could account for the ....9) It is no simple task to give the reason for ...10) The cause of /reason for higher prices was an increase in ) Because/As/Now that/Since the demand has increased, the prices are ) An increase in demand causes/results in/leads to/produces higher ) The demand has ) Therefore,/As a result,/For this reason,/Because of this,/Consequently, the prices are ) If there is an increase in demand, then prices rise./go up. /boost./are ) Different people look at...in different ways...●表示不同看法的句型:1) Different people have/ hold different opinions/ views on the question/ problem/ matter. Some believe that ...; Others argue that... Still others maintain that ...2) They are quite different from each other in their ) Some people hold the opinion that it is good to ....4) They think quite differently on this ) Opinions vary from individual to individual, from culture to culture.●表示必须,紧急,有困难做某事的句型:1) It is important (necessary , urgent , difficult , easy , convenient , comfortable , expensive , desirable , advisable) for sb. to do sth. king into account all these factors, we may safely reach the conclusion that…2) ...have trouble/difficulty/a hard time/a difficult time (in) doing sth. (有困难做某事)为写作增加亮点几种常见的开头法(1) 主题句法：The appeal of advertising to buying motives can have both negative and positive biggest safety threat facing airlines today may not be a terrorist with a gun, but the man with the portable computer in business it or not, optical illusion (错觉) can cut highway crashes.(2) 问题法：Do you know how many people die from traffic accidents every 23 minutes?Why does cream go bad faster than butter?(3) 对比法：Some pessimistic experts feel that the automobile is bound to fall into disuse. They see a day in the not-too-distant future when all autos will be abandoned and allowed to rust. Other authorities, however, think the auto is here to stay. They hold that the car will remain a leading means of urban travel in the foreseeable future.(4) 数据法：According to a recent survey, about of the college students wanted to further their study after their :根据最近的一项统计调查显示，大学生向老师请假的理由当中78%都是假的。Living off Campus:根据最近的一项统计调查显示，35%的学生不住宿舍，而是在学校外面租房子住。Youth:根据最近的一项统计调查显示，在某个大学，学生的课余时间的70%都是在休闲娱乐。The latest statistics show that …(5) 故事法：Six o’clock yesterday (June 20th, Friday) afternoon when I was walking along the riverbank of our school, an unbelievable scene caught my eyes.(6) 引语法：A proverb says, “You are only young once.”(适用于记住的名言)It goes without saying that we cannot be young forever.(自编名言)作文的亮点句型亮点句型The popularity of “A World without Thieves” and mounting concerns about its negative impact upon children, have rekindled the outcry for a rating construction has been enjoying a boom particularly since China became a member of the WTO and Beijing was named host of the 2008 Olympic has put forward a lot of very good suggestions and devoted a lot of her spare time to improving the living conditions of the thought I wanted to do more. I wanted to use everything I had been given. That is the reason you are on the earth—to be ears are open, my eyes are open. I am humble because I was wrong. China changes every day, for the dream is to see an Enrichment Officer in every zoo in China and to have annual meetings when people from all the zoos in the country gather together to exchange views on what types of enrichment are working best for the animals in and development remain the overriding themes of the will continue to give top priority to heritage would continue its efforts to destroy the terrorist infrastructure, arrest those behind terrorist activities and harshly punish those who perpetrate these murderous Liberal Party’s 11-year reign as Canada’s governing party was in State has rendered strong support to alleviate the heavy burden of these protectionism is a serious issue in China and threatens the establishment of a national market have to be flexible and pragmatic, and give necessary consideration to the concerns of other parties, including making compromises and concessions when the situation say the reform and consolidation of the Chinese airline industry is laying a solid foundation for the rationalization of airline networks.
你可以买本 考研英语的作文模板书
考研英语高分作文必背100句名言1. Time flies. 时光易逝。 2. Time is money. 一寸光阴一寸金。 3. Time and tide wait for no man. 岁月无情；岁月易逝；岁月不待人。 4. Time tries all. 时间检验一切。 5. Time tries truth. 时间检验真理。 6. Time past cannot be called back again. 光阴一去不复返。 7. All time is no time when it is past. 光阴一去不复返。 8. No one can call back yesterday; Yesterdaywill not be called again. 昨日不复来。 9. Tomorrow comes never. 切莫依赖明万学海文天。 today is worth two tomorrows. 一个今天胜似两个明天。 morning sun never lasts a day. 好景不常；朝阳不能光照全日。 comes but once a year. 圣诞一年只一度。 hours fly past. 快乐时光去如飞。 takes no account of time. 欢娱不惜时光逝。 tames the strongest grief. 时间能缓和极度的悲教育学考研辅导痛。 day is short but the work is much. 工作多，光阴迫。 deter till tomorrow that which youcan do today. 今日事须今日毕，切勿拖延到明天。 you somewhat to do tomorrow, do ittoday. 明天如有事，今天就去做。 him that does everything in its propertime, one day is worth three. 事事及时做，一日胜三日。 save time is to lengthen life. 节省时间就是延长生命。 has its time and that time mustbe watched. 万物皆有时，时来不可失。 time when time comes lest time stealaway. 时来必须要趁时，不然时去无声息。 an opportunity is neglected, it nevercomes back to you. 机不可失，时不再来。 hay while the sun shines. 晒草要趁太阳好。（抓紧时机） while the iron is hot. 趁热打铁。 today, for you know not how much youmay be hindered tomorrow. 今朝有事今朝做，明朝可能阻碍多。 is the soul of business. 守时为立业之要素。 is the thief of time. 因循拖延是时间的大敌；拖延就是浪费时间。 tide had its ebb. 潮涨必有潮落时。 is power. 知识就是力量。 is more to be envied than riches. 知识可羡，胜于财富。 is better than gold or silver. 知识胜过金银， in the mind is better than money inthe hand. 胸中有知识，胜于手中计算机考研有钱。 is a good purchase though we paydear for it. 为了求知识，代价虽高也值得。 is the key of knowledge. 怀疑是知识之钥。 you want knowledge, you must toil forit. 若要求知识，须从勤苦得。 little knowledge is a dangerous thing. 浅学误人。 handful of common sense is worth abushel of learning. 少量的常识，当得大量的学问。 advances by steps and not byleaps. 知识只能循序渐进，不能跃进。 wisdom by the follies of others. 从旁人的愚行中学到聪明。 is good to learn at another man’s cost. 前车可鉴。 is to the mind what health is tothe body. 知识之于精神，一如健康之于肉体。 is the best teacher. 经验是最好的教师。 is the father of wisdom andmemory the mother. 经验是知识之父，记忆是知识之母。 comes by experience. 熟练来自经验。 makes perfect. 熟能生巧。 keeps a dear school, but foolslearn in no other. 经验学校学费高，愚人旁处学不到。 48. Experience without learning is betterthan learning without experience. 有经验而无学问，胜于有学问而无经验。 once bought is worth twice taught. 由经验而得的智慧，胜于计算机考研学习而得的智慧；一次亲身的体会，胜过两次的教师教导。 is believing. 百闻不如一见。 is the salt of life. 事业是生命之盐。 before pleasure. 事业在先，享乐在后。 makes a man as well as tries him. 事业可以考验人，也可以造就人。 neglected is business lost. 忽视职业便是放弃职业。 think yourself above business. 勿自视过高；不要眼高手低；永远不要认为自己是大才小用。 may be troublesome, but idlenessis pernicious. 事业虽扰人，懒惰害更大。 that thinks his business below him willalways be above his business. 自命大才小用，往往眼高手低。 business, but be not a slave to it. 要做事，但不要做事务的奴隶。 ’s business is nobody’s business. 众人的事就是无人过问的事。 makes the workman. 勤工出巧匠。 master one than engage with ten. 会十事，不如精一事。 work ill done must be twice done. 首次做不好，必须重新搞。 who cannot do as they would, must doas they can. 不能如愿而行，也须尽力而为。 you would have a thing well done, do ityourself. 想把事情来做好，就得亲自动手搞。 that doth most at once doth least. 什么都想一次做完，结果一件也做不完；贪多嚼不烂。 as most men do and men will speak wellof thee. 照大多数人那样干，人们会把你称赞。 may be done at any time will be doneat no time. 在任何时候都可做的事情，总是在任何时候都不做的事情。 late than never. 迟做总比不做好。 is worth doing at all is worthdoing well. 凡是值得做的事，就值得做好。 shortest answer is doing the thing. 最简短的回答就是一个“干”字。 is the proper fruit of knowledge. 行动是知识之佳果。 labors are pleasant. 完成工作是一乐。 is lost labor to sow where there is nosoil. 没有土壤，播种也是徒劳。 is right to put everything in itsproper use. 凡事都应用得其所。 that are done by due degrees aresoon ended. 按部就班，事情很快就做完。 work and no play makes Jack a dullboy. 只工作，不玩耍，聪明小孩也变傻。 bears witness who does well. 工作能证明谁做的好。 not work that kills, but worry. 工作不会伤身，伤身乃是忧虑。 that will not work shall not eat. 不工作者不得食。 is business. 公事公办。 slowly, act promptly. 慢慢酌量，快快行动。 your shoulder to the wheel. 努力工作。 do things by halves. 做事不要半途而废。 for a penny, in for a pound. 做事一开头，就要做到底海文钻石卡；一不做，二不休。 hands make quick work. 人多干活快。 hands make light work. 众擎易举。 bad workman quarrels with his tools. 技术拙劣的工人抱怨自己的工具。 is the mother of success. 勤奋是成功之母。 is the root of all evil. 懒惰乃万恶之源。 and diligence bring luck. 谨慎和勤奋带来好运。 is the mother of good fortune. 勤勉是好运之母。 is fortune’s right hand, andfrugality her left. 勤勉是幸运的右手，节俭是幸运的左手。 is the key of beggary. 懒惰出乞丐。 root, no fruit. 无根就无果。 people (folks) have the most labor(take the most pains). 懒人做工作，越懒越费力。 is the key of poverty. 惰能致贫。 tarnish the edge of wit. 懒散能磨去才智的锋芒。 idle brain is the devil’s workshop. 懒汉的头脑是魔鬼的工厂。 secret of wealth lies in the lettersSAVE. 节俭是致富的秘诀。 100. An idle youth, a needy age. 少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。
1、on account of… 因为…，由于… 2、account for… 说明…的原因 3、on the basis of… 根据…，在…的基础上 4、in any case无论如何，总之 5、in case of… 假使…，万一… 6、in no case决不 7、make sense讲得通，有意义 8、a great/good deal of大量（修饰不可数名词） 9、influence on影响 10、reply to…回答…，答复… 11、once upon a time从前 12、once in a while偶尔，有时 13、refer to…参考…，查阅…，涉及…，提到… 14、depend on…取决于… 15、devote to… 奉献…，致力于… 16、insist on…坚持… 17、look forward to… 盼望…，期待… 18、have something to do with…和…有点关系 19、have nothing to do with…和…毫无关系 20、be fed up with…对…感到厌烦 21、in detail详细地说 22、be accustomed to习惯于 23、be aware of…意识到… 24、be characterized by…以…为特征 25、be composed of…由…组成 26、be concerned about…关心…，挂念… 27、be determined to do something决心做… 28、be equal to…等于… 29、be identified as…被认为是… 30、be satisfied with对……满意，满足于… 31、as far as somebody be concerned 就...而言 32、as to… 至于…,关于… 33、be beneficial to… 有利于…，有益于… 34、adapt oneself to…=adjust oneself to…使自己适应于… 35、attribute…to…把…归因于…，认为…是…的结果 36、concentrate on…集中注意力于… 37、on the contrary与之相反 38、in detail详细地 39、deprive somebody of something剥夺某人某物 40、in essence本质上 41、inform somebody of something通知某人某事 42、major in主修… 43、in favor of… 有利于…，赞成…，支持… 44、in consequence因此，结果 45、in conclusion最后，总之 早检测论文查重系统我祝大家顺利通过~~~
英语学术论文常用句型英语学术论文常用句型 Beginning 1. In this paper。。 2. This paper proceeds as follow. 3. The structure of the paper is as follows. 4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts 5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on the Introduction 1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined. 2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections. 3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered. Review 1. This review is followed by an introduction. 2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2. 3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given. 4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ... 5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx. 6. Section briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.
论文答辩用英语怎么说
五月到来，不少大四毕业生都面临着毕业前最后一道关卡——论文答辩。前期辛辛苦苦写了又改改了又写的论文，终于要到最后“判决”的阶段了。来看看毕业生们都关注的“论文答辩”英语该怎么说吧！
我们来看这句句子：
After all of the committee members have approved the thesis, the oral defense will be officially scheduled by the Graduate Office.
等到所有的委员会成员都通过了论文(审核)，研究生办公室将会安排正式的'答辩日期。
从上面的句子中我们可以看到，“论文答辩”就是“(thesis) oral defense”。有时候也会用“Viva-voce”来表示，但是多数情况下“Viva-voce”只针对博士生论文答辩。论文答辩委员会是“Thesis Defense Committee”。比如说“硕士论文答辩委员会”便是“Thesis Defense Committee for Master Degree”。
论文便是“thesis”，也有用“Dissertation”来表示论文的，但是一般来说，国外对于博士学位的论文才用“Dissertation”。其他学位学术论文都用“Thesis”。论文导师则是“Supervisor”。
good afternoon ,自我介绍一下, i would like to talk about my paper 内容 ..... thank you
Welcome questions
不是的，应该先问对方的情况，然后才来引如要说的事