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你好，开题，这类，。可以完成
我刚好有资料的，你可以用的上
你好，同学，你的开题报告老师让你往哪个方向写？开题报告有什么要求呢开题报告是需要多少字呢你可以告诉我具体的排版格式要求，希望可以帮到你，祝开题报告选题通过顺利。 1、研究背景研究背景即提出问题，阐述研究该课题的原因。研究背景包括理论背景和现实需要。还要综述国内外关于同类课题研究的现状：①人家在研究什么、研究到什么程度？②找出你想研究而别人还没有做的问题。③他人已做过，你认为做得不够（或有缺陷），提出完善的想法或措施。④别人已做过，你重做实验来验证。2、目的意义目的意义是指通过该课题研究将解决什么问题（或得到什么结论），而这一问题的解决（或结论的得出）有什么意义。有时将研究背景和目的意义合二为一。3、成员分工成员分工应是指课题组成员在研究过程中所担负的具体职责，要人人有事干、个个担责任。组长负责协调、组织。4、实施计划实施计划是课题方案的核心部分，它主要包括研究内容、研究方法和时间安排等。研究内容是指可操作的东西，一般包括几个层次：⑴研究方向。⑵子课题（数目和标题）。⑶与研究方案有关的内容，即要通过什么、达到什么等等。研究方法要写明是文献研究还是实验、调查研究？若是调查研究是普调还是抽查？如果是实验研究，要注明有无对照实验和重复实验。实施计划要详细写出每个阶段的时间安排、地点、任务和目标、由谁负责。若外出调查，要列出调查者、调查对象、调查内容、交通工具、调查工具等。如果是实验研究，要写出实验内容、实验地点、器材。实施计划越具体，则越容易操作。5、可行性论证可行性论证是指课题研究所需的条件，即研究所需的信息资料、实验器材、研究经费、学生的知识水平和技能及教师的指导能力。另外，还应提出该课题目前已做了哪些工作，还存在哪些困难和问题，在哪些方面需要得到学校和老师帮助等等。6、预期成果及其表现形式预期成果一般是论文或调查（实验）报告等形式。成果表达方式是通过文字、图片、实物和多媒体等形式来表现。
翻译学论文开题报告
开题报告是提高选题质量和水平的`重要环节。下面是我为大家整理的一篇以《目的论在英汉广告翻译上的应用》为例的语言学硕士论文开题报告，供参考阅读，希望对您有所帮助。
1、选题意义和背景
The progress of economic globalization has greatly hit the social life.
Advertising has become an important way of modern marketing and has attractedmerchants and the company. As people's consciousness worldwide enhances, manyproducts and services of advertising will be translated into other languages forpromotion to explore overseas markets. Advertising, as an effective way ofdisseminating brand information, has penetrated into many aspects of social life, andit plays a bridge role in connection and communication. Since China's accession tothe WTO, its connection with the world gets even closer. More and moreinternational enterprises and product brands come into China's huge market.
Translation of products and services for overseas consumers is not only the functionof promoting consumption, but also the effect of external publicity. In the globalmarket, advertising translation not only brings an opportunity for advertising, butalso has brings the huge challenge. Therefore, mastery of both Chinese and Englishadvertising translation is particularly important.
Skopos theory is the foundation and the core theory of functionalism. Skopostheory holds that the process of the whole translation behavior is determined to thepurpose of translation action, that is, the end justifies the means. The purpose of thetranslation behavior is the core element which determines the translation process.
Advertising translation has a strong purpose. What is more important toadvertising translation is whether translation can convey the purpose of source textand achieve the anticipated target of the source text, so as to attract the attention offoreign customers to induce their consumption desire, eventually to incur purchasebehavior.
2、论文综述/研究基础
1 Advertising Translation Studies in the West.
Advertising translation was mentioned in translation studies for the first time inHurbin's (1972) article “Peut-on traduire la langue de la publicé” (Can OneTranslate the Language of Advertising?)。 At that time, linguistics was the dominanthumanistic discipline, meanwhile, linguistics made translating a code-switchingoperation. Equivalence-based linguistic approaches mainly focus on the source text.
Hurhin argued that for one source text, there are several translations, and thetranslators chose which translation is the most appropriate one. Hurbin also pointedthat if glossaries of advertising language is compiled, this was made easier. So thetranslators will be easy to find the most appropriate equivalent expressions betweenthe source and the target text.
In Candace Seguinot's (1995) article “Translation and Advertising: GoingGlobal in Cultural Functions of Translation”. The main opinion of which is thatacross cultural boundaries, there is an understanding of culture and semioticsappearing in the marketing of goods and services. It goes well beyond both languageand design.
Another representative article “Advertising: a five-stage strategy for translationin Translation” as Intercultural Communication which is edited by C. Nord et al. Thearticle is published by Smith & Klein-Braley (1997)。 In this article, they conduct acontrastive analysis of English and German advertising. Then they developedtaxonomy of strategies for the analysis of advertising translation.
Up to now, the book which maybe the only one published exclusively onadvertisement translation is Translation Practices in International Advertisingwritten by Mathieu Guidere (2001)。 This book mainly talks about various aspects ofadvertising translation in international market and mainly concerns the globaladvertising of multinational companies, because they need to translate their productsinformation into other languages. The author analyzes some examples in advertisingtranslation and he shows readers some essential problems in current translation ideas.
This book introduced the strategies of translation which are implemented by the multinational firms to break into new markets.
2 Advertising Translation Studies in China.
Domestic advertising translation studies officially started in 1990s. In terms ofresearch contents, the initial studies mainly focused on the discussion about specificadvertising translation of idioms and the existing problems in Chinese-Englishadvertising translation. That was the primary stage. Years later, advertisingtranslation principle and criteria became the research themes. People hold the viewthat, advertising translation should give attention to in many aspects, such as text,language beauty, consumer psychology. Researchers illustrated their respectivepoints of view from different angles. Since the late 90s, although the discussion oftranslation principle and criteria were still mentioned, the researchers' attention weregradually focused on translation of difficult parts in advertising, such as therhetorical devices, emotional transmission, brand image and trademark reproduction ,etc. In terms of research methods, domestic advertising translation study mainly usesthe inductive method and the case study. Nevertheless, in recent years, researchersbegin to use the theory achievements of pragmatics and other related disciplines toanalyze different kinds of problems in advertising translation, and then put forwardsome translation strategies.
As early as xx, Li Fan proposed the development of the advertising languageposed a severe challenge to advertising translation. The artful advertisings require thetranslator to break hard the tradition of the original, boldly innovate, and improve thequality of translation. There are three reasons for flexible advertising translation: 1)the purpose of advertising is to induce consumer to purchase products. Text is justmeans, so translations do not have to stick to the text equivalent; 2) the feature ofadvertising language is vivid, which is the essence of advertising language. If thetranslation is not bold to change, there will be no magic translation; 3) formulaicexpressions are common use in advertising, if not alternative, it may be translatedinto foreign stereotyped writing (黎凡 xx:29-31)。 At the same time, researchersthought in terms of some specific advertisements, flexible translation seems to be theonly way, especially in the four kinds of advertising: 1) advertising used of witty and polished words; 2) advertising used of brand name; 3) advertising used of puns; 4)advertising with strong national culture color.
In order to achieve concise expression, attract more readers' attention, facilitatereaders recognize and remember, advertising writing should follow the KISSprinciple, namely, “keep it short and sweet” (郭可 1992:57-64)。 A great number ofstudies on advertising translation are associated with concise problem. Ding Shude isdedicated to his studies. He holds that: 1) Chinese advertising often uses modifiers toemphasis, product characteristics, while English advertising is simple words, mainlywith oral type. a lot of subject-predicative phrases in Chinese can be directlytranslated into adjectives English , such as 速度快、效率高、行动灵活 can betranslated into “fast, efficient and handy”; 2) There are a large number of the fourwords in Chinese advertising structure, which bring parallelism and overlapping tostrengthen language, but there is no such characteristic in English. InChinese-English translation should hold the center, around the center word leads toall aspects; 3) there are often loose sentences, which express a large amount ofinformation in Chinese advertising. Translation should be concise and compact,strengthen the logic; 4) Chinese advertising commonly uses formulaic expressions.
Translation should be fascinating, considering the overall rhetorical, but not stackrhetoric. Good English advertising language is not many words, but it is impressive(丁树德 xx: 42-43)。 Cao Shunfa also takes a large number of examples of bothEnglish-Chinese translation two aspects show that based on the principle of simple,the translation of advertising language should strive to use the most simple languageto express the most complex meaning, to make it easy to be remembered (曹顺发xx: 43-45)。
Equivalence theory is based on Nida's equivalence translation theory. On thisbasis, some researchers point out that commercial advertising translation is mainlyon the equivalence of semantic, social and cultural, and stylistic aspect. 1) Thesemantic equivalence. This is the most basic and important equivalence. From wordto chapter, in order to achieve the semantic equivalence, the first thing to thetranslator is that he must determine the meaning of the translation unit in context.
英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文
以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文，供大家参考!
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
翻译学论文开题报告
开题报告是提高选题质量和水平的`重要环节。下面是我为大家整理的一篇以《目的论在英汉广告翻译上的应用》为例的语言学硕士论文开题报告，供参考阅读，希望对您有所帮助。
1、选题意义和背景
The progress of economic globalization has greatly hit the social life.
Advertising has become an important way of modern marketing and has attractedmerchants and the company. As people's consciousness worldwide enhances, manyproducts and services of advertising will be translated into other languages forpromotion to explore overseas markets. Advertising, as an effective way ofdisseminating brand information, has penetrated into many aspects of social life, andit plays a bridge role in connection and communication. Since China's accession tothe WTO, its connection with the world gets even closer. More and moreinternational enterprises and product brands come into China's huge market.
Translation of products and services for overseas consumers is not only the functionof promoting consumption, but also the effect of external publicity. In the globalmarket, advertising translation not only brings an opportunity for advertising, butalso has brings the huge challenge. Therefore, mastery of both Chinese and Englishadvertising translation is particularly important.
Skopos theory is the foundation and the core theory of functionalism. Skopostheory holds that the process of the whole translation behavior is determined to thepurpose of translation action, that is, the end justifies the means. The purpose of thetranslation behavior is the core element which determines the translation process.
Advertising translation has a strong purpose. What is more important toadvertising translation is whether translation can convey the purpose of source textand achieve the anticipated target of the source text, so as to attract the attention offoreign customers to induce their consumption desire, eventually to incur purchasebehavior.
2、论文综述/研究基础
1 Advertising Translation Studies in the West.
Advertising translation was mentioned in translation studies for the first time inHurbin's (1972) article “Peut-on traduire la langue de la publicé” (Can OneTranslate the Language of Advertising?)。 At that time, linguistics was the dominanthumanistic discipline, meanwhile, linguistics made translating a code-switchingoperation. Equivalence-based linguistic approaches mainly focus on the source text.
Hurhin argued that for one source text, there are several translations, and thetranslators chose which translation is the most appropriate one. Hurbin also pointedthat if glossaries of advertising language is compiled, this was made easier. So thetranslators will be easy to find the most appropriate equivalent expressions betweenthe source and the target text.
In Candace Seguinot's (1995) article “Translation and Advertising: GoingGlobal in Cultural Functions of Translation”. The main opinion of which is thatacross cultural boundaries, there is an understanding of culture and semioticsappearing in the marketing of goods and services. It goes well beyond both languageand design.
Another representative article “Advertising: a five-stage strategy for translationin Translation” as Intercultural Communication which is edited by C. Nord et al. Thearticle is published by Smith & Klein-Braley (1997)。 In this article, they conduct acontrastive analysis of English and German advertising. Then they developedtaxonomy of strategies for the analysis of advertising translation.
Up to now, the book which maybe the only one published exclusively onadvertisement translation is Translation Practices in International Advertisingwritten by Mathieu Guidere (2001)。 This book mainly talks about various aspects ofadvertising translation in international market and mainly concerns the globaladvertising of multinational companies, because they need to translate their productsinformation into other languages. The author analyzes some examples in advertisingtranslation and he shows readers some essential problems in current translation ideas.
This book introduced the strategies of translation which are implemented by the multinational firms to break into new markets.
2 Advertising Translation Studies in China.
Domestic advertising translation studies officially started in 1990s. In terms ofresearch contents, the initial studies mainly focused on the discussion about specificadvertising translation of idioms and the existing problems in Chinese-Englishadvertising translation. That was the primary stage. Years later, advertisingtranslation principle and criteria became the research themes. People hold the viewthat, advertising translation should give attention to in many aspects, such as text,language beauty, consumer psychology. Researchers illustrated their respectivepoints of view from different angles. Since the late 90s, although the discussion oftranslation principle and criteria were still mentioned, the researchers' attention weregradually focused on translation of difficult parts in advertising, such as therhetorical devices, emotional transmission, brand image and trademark reproduction ,etc. In terms of research methods, domestic advertising translation study mainly usesthe inductive method and the case study. Nevertheless, in recent years, researchersbegin to use the theory achievements of pragmatics and other related disciplines toanalyze different kinds of problems in advertising translation, and then put forwardsome translation strategies.
As early as xx, Li Fan proposed the development of the advertising languageposed a severe challenge to advertising translation. The artful advertisings require thetranslator to break hard the tradition of the original, boldly innovate, and improve thequality of translation. There are three reasons for flexible advertising translation: 1)the purpose of advertising is to induce consumer to purchase products. Text is justmeans, so translations do not have to stick to the text equivalent; 2) the feature ofadvertising language is vivid, which is the essence of advertising language. If thetranslation is not bold to change, there will be no magic translation; 3) formulaicexpressions are common use in advertising, if not alternative, it may be translatedinto foreign stereotyped writing (黎凡 xx:29-31)。 At the same time, researchersthought in terms of some specific advertisements, flexible translation seems to be theonly way, especially in the four kinds of advertising: 1) advertising used of witty and polished words; 2) advertising used of brand name; 3) advertising used of puns; 4)advertising with strong national culture color.
In order to achieve concise expression, attract more readers' attention, facilitatereaders recognize and remember, advertising writing should follow the KISSprinciple, namely, “keep it short and sweet” (郭可 1992:57-64)。 A great number ofstudies on advertising translation are associated with concise problem. Ding Shude isdedicated to his studies. He holds that: 1) Chinese advertising often uses modifiers toemphasis, product characteristics, while English advertising is simple words, mainlywith oral type. a lot of subject-predicative phrases in Chinese can be directlytranslated into adjectives English , such as 速度快、效率高、行动灵活 can betranslated into “fast, efficient and handy”; 2) There are a large number of the fourwords in Chinese advertising structure, which bring parallelism and overlapping tostrengthen language, but there is no such characteristic in English. InChinese-English translation should hold the center, around the center word leads toall aspects; 3) there are often loose sentences, which express a large amount ofinformation in Chinese advertising. Translation should be concise and compact,strengthen the logic; 4) Chinese advertising commonly uses formulaic expressions.
Translation should be fascinating, considering the overall rhetorical, but not stackrhetoric. Good English advertising language is not many words, but it is impressive(丁树德 xx: 42-43)。 Cao Shunfa also takes a large number of examples of bothEnglish-Chinese translation two aspects show that based on the principle of simple,the translation of advertising language should strive to use the most simple languageto express the most complex meaning, to make it easy to be remembered (曹顺发xx: 43-45)。
Equivalence theory is based on Nida's equivalence translation theory. On thisbasis, some researchers point out that commercial advertising translation is mainlyon the equivalence of semantic, social and cultural, and stylistic aspect. 1) Thesemantic equivalence. This is the most basic and important equivalence. From wordto chapter, in order to achieve the semantic equivalence, the first thing to thetranslator is that he must determine the meaning of the translation unit in context.
下文是为大家精选的翻译在职硕士论文开题报告，希望对大家有帮助!
翻译在职硕士论文开题报告
论文题目：从顺应论的视角看企业外宣翻译中的语篇重构
1、选题意义和背景
随着中国加入世界贸易组织，中国企业的对外联系也日益增多。中国企业要想打入国际市场，提高在国际市场上的知名度，企业网站或宣传册上的企业简介扮演着十分重要的地位。通过阅读企业宣传资料，读者可以看出企业外宣材料既有关于企业的基本信息介绍，也有企业所做的文字上、句法上、结构上的这染来达到推广企业、大市场的目的。汉语企业外宣材料的翻译在英译过程中会涉及到与目的语不同的语言习惯、行文方式以及文化因素、社会政治因素、心理因素和审美因素等，这就需要译者对原文本做出适当调整，从内容和形式上对语篇进行重构，以此实现对交际意图的顺应。根据赖斯的文本类型说，本文有三种类型，分别是“信息型”、“表达型”和“诱导型”.笔者认为，企业外宣翻译属于“信息型”和“诱导型”文本兼而有之，而且更侧重于“诱导型”.因此，外宣翻译要更加注重文本的交际功能，要更多的考虑如何使译文所传递的信息更便于目的语读者理解和接受，并让读者产生共鸣，继而付诸行动，实现译文预期的功能。
比利时语用学家维索尔伦(Verschuem)提出了顺应论，将语言的使用过程看做语言为顺应不同的交际目的和交际对象进行动态选择的过程。因而可以从顺应论的视角研究语言使用。翻译作为一种特殊的交际方式，也可以从顺应论的视角对其进行研究。优秀的企业宣传材料不仅会提高企业的知名度，还会为企业带来不可估量的经济效益，因此任何一个想打入国际市场的企业务必在其外宣材料的翻译上做足功夫。由于中西方文化背景、历史渊源、生活环境的不同，译者在翻译企业外宣材料时为了获取目的语读者的认可并激发他们付诸行动，就要顺应目的语读者的阅读习惯、审美习惯以及心理因素、文化因素等对原文做出形式上和内容上的调整，而这一顺应的过程也是语篇重构的过程。本文突破性的将顺应论与语篇重构结合起来，并结合西麦克展览公司宣传材料和海天调味食品股份有限公司宣传材料及其翻译，试图从顺应论的视角分析企业外宣翻译中的语篇重构现象。
2、论文综述/研究基础
1987年维索尔伦(Verschueren)提出顺应论之后，在语用学界引起了很大反响，不久国内学者就将其引进到中国来。国内学者不仅从理论层面对顺应论进行研究和探索，而且将顺应论应用到翻译理论和实践、外语教学、二语习得、文化传播等领域。在这些领域中，成果最大的当属顺应论对翻译理论和其应用的研究。我国真正将顺应论引入翻译研究开始于21世纪初。
1 国外顺应论研究状况。
比利时语用学家维索尔伦(Verschueren)在《IprA工作文集》(IprA WorkingDocument 1) (1987, 45-48)中发表了一篇名为《作为顺应论的语用学》，标志着顺应论的提出。1995年，他较为详细并系统地在他主编出版的第一本《语用学手册》(handbook of Pragmatics)中对顺应论进行了进一步阐述。他认为，语言的使用过程就是语言为顺应不同的交际目的和交际对象进行动态地选择的过程。他将语用学描述为关于语言整体的、功能性综观，并将语用学定义为语言和交际在认知、社会与文化方面的研究。1998年，阿萨卡瑟(AsaKasher)主编的《语用学的关键概念》Pragmatics;: Critical Concepts)论文集中，维索尔伦发表了一篇名为《交际动态过程的语用模式》(v4 Pragmatic model for the dynamatics of communication )的文章，主要研究了顺应论中顺应的动态性。1999年，在他的专着《语用学新解》(Understaning Pragmatics)中，维索尔伦强调了语用学的地位和作用，这本书的出现标志着顺应论走向成熟。该书主张把语用学当作一种研究视角，突破了以往学者将语用学看作语言学的一个核心分支(语音学、音位学、形态学、句法学、语义学)的看法，而认为语用学是一种语言功能的视角或纵观，贯穿于语言学研究和使用的方方面面，可以照应到语言的各个层次。运用这一视角，可以研究不同的语言材料。这是一种研究方法上的革命，可以为语言的不同层面进行语用分析，也为语用学的学科性质进行了重新定位。
2 国内顺应论研究状况。
钱冠连是国内第一位将顺应论引入中国进行研究的学者。在他发表在《外语教学与研究》上的《语用学：语言适应理论----Verschueren语用学新论评述》(1991,62-66)的文章中，将维索尔伦对语言适应包括五个方面，即适应的对象、层次、阶段、领悟程度和适应策略进行了分析，并且就语言适应、选择和语言功能综观三者的关系进行了探讨，认真分析对比了维索尔伦的语用学新论和以往的语用学的区别。他还在《外语教学与研究》上发表了一篇《语用学：统一连贯的理论框架〈如何理解语用学〉述评》(2000,230-232)，该文章首先解释了语用学综观论的理论源头。维索尔伦从Morris的理论中得出了任何规则里都有语用成分，也能从不同的语言成分中审视到语用视角。其建设性意义体现在将语用学从语言学的并列学科出分割出来，使其不再属于语言资源的语言学，而是加入到语言使用的语言学去，作为是一种语言综观和视角来研究和使用，这不仅仅可以解决语用学问题，还为今后人们从语用学角度解释其他问题提供了一种新的视角。
国内除钱冠连外，2007年何自然主编的《语用三论：关联论顺应论模因论》一书也对维索尔伦的顺应论进行了详细介绍和评述。和以往语言学及语用学着作不同的是，该书紧紧把握住语用学研究与发展的方向，集语用学的三个前沿理论(关联论、顺应论、模因论)为一体来向国内读者进行西方翻译理论的介绍。
关于顺应论的部分，该书介绍了顺应论的理论来源、顺应论的三个核心概念、顺应论的视角观、顺应论的分析维度、顺应论的应用等。本书中理论与实例有效结合，为读者展现了顺应论的完整框架及其应用。该书指出，顺应论是宏观语用学的核心，顺应论为我们提供了一个研究和探讨语用学的全新视角。谭晓晨发表在《外语与外语教学》上的《语境的动态研究一--维索尔伦的语境适应论评介》(2000, 50-52)中介绍了维索尔伦的语境适应论，探讨了语言和语境互为构建的动态关系，指出动态生成的语境观是对传统语境研究及时而必要的补充。孙炬发表在《山东大学学报》上的《维索尔伦顺应论的语言哲学观》(2007,51-55)从语言哲学的立场阐释了维索尔伦的顺应论。语言的使用是哲学立场的反映，纵观维索尔伦的语用思想，折射出体现在意义观、心理认知观和语境观三个方面的语言哲学。此外，刘正光、吴志高从哲学、心理学以及语言学的角度论述了顺应论的理论基础，除了对语言顺应论做出肯定，他们还指出“将‘顺应’看成一把万能的朗匙，以解释所有的语言运用，有运用过度之嫌”(李元胜，2007:124)。
中国学者不仅专门对顺应论进行研究，还将其与其他理论结合或者将顺应论应用到不同的领域。在利用顺应论对其他问题进行研究的过程中，顺应论对翻译的研究占据多数。
从理论研究的角度来看，有的学者侧重于顺应论对翻译理论研究的启示，戈玲玲在发表在《外语学刊》上的《顺应论对翻译研究的启示----兼论语用翻译标准》(2000,7-11) -文中，为我们展现了语用翻译理论的发展历程，它超越了以往语言学研究的框架，将翻译看作是一种动态的信息交流活动。文章还指出，根据顺应论，语言和语境之间的顺应是一个相互的过程，两者可以相互影响，同样，翻译作为语言转换的过程，也会涉及到原语和目的语之间的相互顺应，这种顺应应该以满足交际双方的需要为目的，对交际语境、语言的选择和语言结构做出改变。
有的学者从顺应论的角度分析翻译策略和方法，王建国发表于《外语研究》上的《从语用顺应论的角度看翻译策略与方法》(2005,55-59) -文中，针对国内外翻译界对翻译方法和翻译策略的争论，他指出直译、意译、归化、异化只是翻译方法，而不是翻译策略，动态顺应才是翻译策略。同时，他还指出翻译的过程和结果是动态顺应的过程和结果。
顺应论在与翻译结合的过程中，学者们除了从翻译理论研究的角度分析和阐释顺应论对翻译研究的意义外，还将顺应论应用到具体的翻译实践中去，比如文学作品译作分析、应用文本译作分析，同时还有学者将顺应论与语用策略研究、外语教学研究、跨文化交际等方面联系起来。
叶苗在其着作《应用翻译语用观》COn Pragmatics Translation from theperspective of Pragmatics)中，首先对应用翻译进行了定位，然后从语用学的角度研究应用翻译。同时她主张以顺应论为基础来讨论和解释异化，并以《选美中国》为例，结合应用翻译中“异化”和“归化”之争，提出了在对具有中国文化特色的应用文本翻译时，译者可以采取异化策略，担负起传播中国文化的使命，扩大目的语读者的文化语境、认知语境，激发他们对中国文化和传统的兴趣和探索，增强我国软实力。
纵观国内顺应论的研究现状以及顺应论与翻译结合的研究现状，可以看出在顺应论对翻译的结合方面，研究者几乎都是从文学翻译、应用文翻译的角度进行研究，而且很多研究还是局限于维索尔伦顺应论的推介和重申，缺乏创新点，并且对理论的适用范围没有做出明确规定，导致了顺应论在很多领域的误用和滥用。
3、参考文献
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Verschueren, Jef. Understanding Pragmatics. Beijing: Foreign LanguageTeaching and Research Press. 2000.
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何自然，冉永平。《语用学概论》[M].长沙，湖南教育出版社。2002.
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蒋澄生，廖定中。《语用学需要“顺应”潮流--顺应论的几个关键概念述评》[J].广州，广东工业大学学报。2005 (1) : 68-71.
贾文波。《应用翻译功能论(第二版)》[M].北京，中国出版集团公司。2012.
李明。《商务英语翻译(汉译英)》[M]?北京，高等教育出版社。2007.
李元胜《顺应论在中国的研究综述》[J].成都，成都大学学报 2007⑶：123-126.
刘恩祥，刘颖，李哲。《论语言顺应的动态性一基于广告语言的分析》[J].佛山，佛山科学技术学院学报(社会科学版)》。2011 (1) :70-73.
卢立程《企业对外宣传材料翻译中的语篇重构》[J].肇庆，肇庆学院学报。2007⑶：53-56.
钱冠连。《语用学：统一连贯的理论框架--J. Verschueren〈如何理解语用学〉述评》[J].北京，外语教学与研究。2000(3) :230-232.
钱冠连。《语用学：语言适应理论一“Verschueren语用学新论评述》[J] ?北京，外语教学与研究。1991(1)：61-66.
孙炬。《维索尔伦顺应论的语言哲学观》[J].济南，山东大学学报(哲学社会科学版)。2007 (6) :51-55.
潭晓晨。《语境的动态研究-维索尔伦的语境适应论评介》[J].北京，外语与外语教学。2002 (6)：50-52.
王建国。《从语用顺应论的角度看翻译策略与方法》[J].南京，外语研究。2005(4) :55-59.
叶丽萍《顺应论在企业简介汉英翻译中的应用》。2012,叶苗。《应用翻译语用观研究》M.上海，上海交通大学出版社。2009.
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英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文
以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文，供大家参考!
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
论文的开题 报告 是指开题者对科研课题的一种文字说明材料，论文的开题报告的字体以及各式等方面都有一定的要求的。下面是我为大家整理的论文开题报告的字体格式要求的内容，希望能对大家有所帮助。
1.论文(含开题报告和文献翻译)用A4纸单面打印，页面设置：左边距、右边距、下边距均为厘米;上边距为厘米。页眉、页脚均为2厘米。论文(含任务书)及附件装订成一册，一式两份。
2.页眉从正文开始。页眉左端顶格为论文标题，论文标题用宋体五号字。若为开题报告或文献翻译则在标题后面加上“/开题报告或/文献翻译”。右端右对齐为页码，用五号阿拉伯数字。
3.正文(含开题报告和文献翻译)用宋体小四号，应当达到15000个字左右。非汉字均用Times New Roman体。字间距设置为“标准”，段落设置为“单倍行距”，所有段落开头均缩进2个字。数学公式用斜体，按章节编号，如第2章第3个公式为(2-3)，并与段落右边线对齐。
4.每一章另起一页，章节采用三级标题，用阿拉伯数字连续编号，(例：1，，)。章名为一级标题，位于一页的首行居中，用黑体小二号，段前距为0磅，与紧接其后的文字或二级标题间距为12磅。二级标题用宋体四号，左对齐，断前距12磅，段后距0磅。三级标题用黑体小四号，左对齐，段前距12磅，段后距0磅。
5.图表要有名称，表名位于表的正上方，用宋体小五号粗体。图名位于图的正下方，用宋体小五号粗体;图表按章节编号。例如：表为第2章第7个图表;图3-1为第3章第1个图。图表不要跨页。凡引用的图表，需在图表名后用相应的中括号〔 〕加以标注，(如：〔1〕)。这里的标注号应与参考文献的序号为同一个号。
6.封面及任务书等由学生到(校图书馆一楼)装订处购买，封面不得复印。并在装订处装订论文。
7.除封面外，第一页是任务书，任务书下达时间是：按申请写作时间。
第二页是中文摘要(至少150字)。“摘要” 两字为黑体小二号，居中，设置段前为102磅，段后为12磅。内容用宋体五号字。 “关键词”三个字用黑体小五号，缩进2个字，后面的内容用宋体五号，一般用3-5个词组即可，中间用逗号分隔，结束时不用标点符号。关键词与摘要相距12磅(即设置段前12磅)。中文摘要用罗马数字编制页码，位于页面下方居中。
第三页是Abstract(至少500印刷字符)，“Abstract” (用Times New Roman 粗体小二号)，内容用Times New Roman 五号。Keywords用Times New Roman 粗体小五号，后面的内容用Times New Roman五号，与英文摘要内容同样相距12磅。英文摘要顺延“中文摘要”页用罗马数字编制页码，位于页面下方居中。
第四页为目录。“目录” 居中，用黑体小二号，段前设置为0磅，段后设置为12磅。目录页顺延“Abstract”页用罗马数字编制页码，位于页面下方居中。
目录依次为：摘要、Abstract、正文(要求列出一、二级标题，一级标题用黑体四号，二级标题用黑体小四号)、参考文献、致谢、附件1：开题报告、附件2：文献翻译(中、英文)。页码数字用小四号。
说明：中英文摘要和目录并非正文，不要设置页眉!
8.参考文献位于正文后另起一页，与正文连续编页码。“参考文献”居中，用黑体小二号，段前设置为0磅，段后设置为12磅。参考文献主要格式如下：
书籍：[序号]作者名(用逗号分隔).书名.版本号(初版不写).出版社名，出版年，引用页码
提示：结束处不要加句号!
例：〔1〕胡玉明，高级管理会计，厦门大学出版社，2005年，第51页
期刊：[序号]作者名(用逗号分隔).题名.刊名，出版年，卷号：(期号)，起始页码～终止页码。
特别提示：凡论文中引用过的参考文献须按照顺序依次在正文引用处进行标注，标注 方法 ：位于引用处最后一句话的句号内，具 体操 作：在工具栏打开格式-字体-上标。(例：如〔1〕)。
9.致谢页位于参考文献之后，与正文连续编页码，“致谢”居中，用黑体小二号，段前设置为0磅，段后设置为12磅。内容为宋体小四号字。
10.附件1：开题报告(包括研究背景、文献综述、技术路线、进度安排和参考文献五部分，各部分之间不需另起一页)
开题报告的标题居中，用黑体小二号粗体，段前距和段后距均为0磅。标题下为：专业、(准考证号)、姓名，均为黑体四号并居中。
论文开题报告的字体格式要求说明 ：开题报告的标题应为论文题目，而不是开题报告四个字!
论文开题报告的字体格式要求： 开题报告中紧接着是摘要(只需中文)和关键词。“摘要”和“关键词”用黑体小四号，“摘要”内容用宋体小四号，“关键词”包含3至5个词组，中间用逗号分隔，结束时不用标点符号。这里摘要和关键词均不需要开头缩进。然后是正文，正文与关键词之间的距离为12磅。
论文开题报告的字体格式要求： 开题报告和文献翻译中，一级标题不需要另起页，一级标题设置段前、段后均为12磅，其余格式与正文同。
论文开题报告的字体格式应该注意 ：开题报告和文献翻译的页码要根据正文的页码进行连续编码。
11.附件2：文献翻译(中、英文)25000个字符左右，先中文(可比照论文格式)，标题应为所翻译 文章 的标题，用黑体小二号粗体，居中。这里文献翻译标题下面是原文作者的(英文)姓名，用小三号Times New Roman体加粗，居中。中文译稿结束后空两行注明外文资料来源，文字内容为“外文资料来源：书籍/期刊(按参考文献格式)”，资料来源结束处不要点句号!空2格写：某某译。字体用宋体小四号加粗(非汉字均用Times New Roman体加粗)右对齐。
摘要：音乐是舞蹈的灵魂，同时舞蹈和音乐又很好地统一在一起。优美的音乐可以激发舞蹈者的灵感和想象，同时跳动的音乐节奏又可以提示舞蹈者的动作。而在舞蹈中，舞蹈者的形象也是通过和谐一致的听觉和视觉才引起人们的欣赏美感的。如果没音乐，舞蹈也就失去了生命力。由古至今，音乐是舞蹈的声音，而舞蹈是音乐的表现形式，音乐和舞蹈是紧密相连的不同的艺术，都具有一定的美学价值，而音乐和舞蹈的完美配合，又可以带给人们一场盛大的听觉和视觉盛宴。
关键词：音乐 舞蹈 跳跃 和谐
音乐与舞蹈是紧密联系在一起的，舞蹈者优美的动作和音乐是分不开的。在不同音乐的刺激下，人的听觉通过中枢神经会做出相应的心理反应，从而引起联想。在编排舞蹈时是从音乐开始的，音乐和舞蹈结合在一起，是把舞蹈者的感情突破空间的穿透力而表现出来，让舞者身心交融进而会产生共鸣。因此，在二者的关系中，音乐是舞蹈里不可分割的一个重要部分，音乐以其多样的风格、鲜明轻快的节奏以及优美的旋律而赋予舞蹈更加丰富的艺术表现。舞蹈者在优美的音乐中展开优美的舞蹈动作，不仅可以享受美丽，而且还能够陶冶精神。同时，舞蹈者对伴奏音乐的理解也影响着舞蹈的艺术表现，所以在实际中就需要把舞蹈和音乐和谐的结合在一起，促进二者的共同发展。
一、音乐在舞蹈中的重要地位
(一)音乐可以帮助舞蹈者表达情绪，烘托气氛
音乐的加入可以很好的激发强化舞蹈的表达，如果离开了音乐，舞蹈就不能够充分的表达出感情。由于音乐的一个直接的特点就是渗入人心，因而人们在欣赏时就会经常把音乐中表现出来的感情作为自己的内心感情来体验，而舞蹈在跳舞之前就会先对音乐进行深刻的体验，所以当这种对音乐的理解与感受激发起舞蹈者内心的感情时，这种感情就会通过丰富的舞蹈动作表现出来。这样，音乐的介入，就会首先打动大众观众的感情，也让观众对舞蹈有了更深的理解。另外，音乐的丰富情感也给了舞蹈更加丰富的艺术表现，也拉近了观众和舞蹈的距离。
(二)音乐可以帮助舞蹈者组织动作
音乐和舞蹈具有相同的韵律、节奏以及情感内容，并且在展示时也是同步进行的，因此就要求二者必须做到高度的协调统一。在设计舞蹈动作之前是就必须有音乐的，而不是先有了舞蹈动作之后再配备的音乐。在舞蹈中运用的音乐主要有两种形式，首先可以是为既定的舞蹈情节与主题来创作相关的音乐，其次是可以利用现成的音乐。其中普遍采用的方法是按照音乐来编排舞蹈。例如古典芭蕾就是根据音乐的旋律灵魂来展开的动作技巧，这也称作是舞蹈音乐，主要是利用和谐匀称的音乐来展示舞蹈的动作，但是也要注意，舞蹈并不是仅仅服从于音乐的。这主要表现在，首先如果是为了专门构思的舞蹈来创作音乐，就需要根据舞蹈编导的要求来进行创作。其次舞蹈的配乐也要有选择，因为不是所有的音乐都适合于舞蹈。第三，舞蹈编导在具体编制可以根据舞蹈内容要求对音乐进行相应的修改。
(三)音乐有利于舞蹈的构思创作
由于音乐的丰富性作用，一听到音乐就很容易想起舞蹈，所以舞蹈构想也就产生了。在实际中却还面临着听到的音乐是否可以立即成为伴奏音乐。如果听见音乐就想跳舞，这是对听到的音乐触发的灵感，而这种灵感就推动去创作舞蹈动作。音乐是由时间、感情以及节奏组成的，所以就可以把音乐直接变成舞蹈来应用，所以音乐其实具有伴奏与创作的双重性特征。例如在实际中听到了贝多芬的《命运交响曲》，有人就想创作出和命运有关的舞蹈，于是就产生了《命运》舞蹈。在一定程度上，舞蹈是对音乐的形象化表现，二者是相互依存的，如果没有了音乐，舞蹈就是半成品。同时，所有的曲子都可以自由的跳，这就是根据现成的音乐对舞蹈进行的创作。
二、舞蹈对音乐的升华作用
(一)舞蹈需要音乐的节奏和旋律
音乐是一门单独的艺术形式，但是在舞蹈中的音乐，是舞蹈者对音乐的再创作，舞蹈者在听到音乐之后，根据自己的理解而进行的和音乐一致的肢体动作，就是舞蹈的音乐的诠释、表现。但是这种肢体展示并不是根据音乐中的每个音符用人体来表现出来，而是对音乐精神和情感的展现。另外，音乐与舞蹈的一个共同点就是相同的节奏，而节奏也是舞蹈与音乐相结合的重要基础。在实际中，舞蹈是需要通过音乐来加强动作的展示与情感的渲染的，在表演舞蹈时，也需要有一定的节奏伴奏。在舞蹈中肢体舞动的位移因素就是因为节奏的存在，而任何形式的肢体动作都是在经过节奏加工后才会形成比较优美的肢体动作，而这些是形成舞蹈动作的一个重要前提。音乐的变化比较快，音乐是一门时间艺术，而舞蹈却是空间与时间的艺术，舞蹈不是对音乐中每一个细微的变化做出的机械反映。舞蹈与音乐的另外一个共同点就是抒情。舞蹈与音乐都是对感情的直接表达，但是音乐的表达一般具有抽象性，因而不会对舞蹈具体的感情表达产生干扰或者是矛盾，而是可以和舞蹈有完美结合。由于人具有丰富的情感，任何一种对感情的表现都一个产生到逐渐变化的过程，尤其是把生活中的喜怒哀乐搬到舞台上，就更需要借助一定的表现形式才能把这些情感表达出来。舞蹈中产生的一切肢体动作，都需要围绕人的主体来进行，并根据自然界的规律，对肢体动作进行升华。舞蹈中的任何情绪都是编导者通过对舞蹈作品进行构思之后形成的，然后在进行一定的创编，由舞蹈演员来把握其中的感情，把要表达的情感在舞蹈中呈现、抒发出来。并在此基础上把舞蹈与音乐结合在一起，也把其中的情感结合在一起，因而在选择相应的舞蹈音乐时创作者也需要具备一定的审美能力。
(二)舞蹈中需要音乐的辅助作用
舞蹈艺术是利用肢体的运动形式来表现语言的方式，而对事物事件的发展过程也是通过肢体的移动来实现的，因而运用舞蹈语言也可以把整件事情来表达清楚，但是舞蹈艺术的表现形式却不能够把事件所处的时代背景与发生的环境表现出来。而这一点，却可以通过音乐来弥补。由于音乐具有一定的听觉特征，音乐的表现和创作形式也会留下鲜明的时代情感表现与音乐特征，同时这种时代感也会给欣赏者带来一定的时代感受，比如我们在听到《红星闪闪》、《黄河协奏曲》时就很容易联想到那一代的事情，因此音乐就很好的把舞蹈中表现的事件就做出了交代。在实际中舞蹈艺术是以音乐的节奏和比较夸张的气口来作为肢体动作切入点的。而舞蹈的韵味和感觉都是通过肢体语言来表现的，所以在舞蹈时舞蹈者就会完全释放自己的肢体，另外，舞蹈者还根据音乐的节奏来表现蕴含的情感，而根据明快的节奏舞蹈者在实际舞蹈时也会不停的变换肢体动作，利用强烈的情感张丽给观众一种舞台是空的、舞台上只存在一种情绪的感觉。同时，舞蹈又很好的结合了写意与写实，利用肢体的动态变换过程来传递信息，也通过一定的个性化肢体动作来体现情绪。
(三)舞蹈形象与音乐形象的统一
音乐形象主要是由情绪音乐的形象体育主体音乐的形象相互结合而形成的。在舞蹈的艺术中音乐其实与舞蹈的文学形象具有同样重要的地位，益音乐形象也是舞蹈的一项主心骨，如果舞蹈没有了音乐，舞蹈就会失去色彩和灵魂，所以在舞蹈中离不开音乐的衬托。舞蹈中的舞蹈形象，首先则是舞蹈的主体音乐形象。在一部舞蹈作品里主体音乐形象一般是贯穿始终的一个主要线索，而舞蹈表现的现象也是在以这个线索为中心根据相应的文学形象支配来进行拓展创作的，舞蹈中主体音乐形象是对文学形象的一个很好的诠释，因此舞蹈形象与音乐形象的统一集合就可以让观众通过看和听来欣赏舞蹈艺术，进而陶冶情操，形成美好的精神感受。另外，主体音乐形象与舞蹈音乐形象结合在一起，又可以使舞蹈的形象更加具有个性化与典型化，形成完美统一的舞蹈艺术效果。
三、结语
综上所述，舞蹈动作和音乐是紧密联系在一起的，音乐不仅可以对舞蹈的动作做出提示，还可以给舞蹈者一定的灵感启发。舞蹈中利用听觉与视觉的结合来引起艺术美感的，如果没有了音乐的配合，舞蹈表现也就失去了生命力。因而成功的舞蹈是需要音乐的配合的，有了音乐优美和谐的伴奏，就很容易点燃跳舞者的激情，把舞蹈的内涵完美的呈现出来。
参考文献：
[1]汤晓宁.舞蹈艺术与实践[M].武汉：武汉理工大学出版社，2009.
[2]宋小璐.音乐是舞蹈的灵魂——试论音乐在舞蹈中的重要性[J]. 文化 月刊，2009，(07).
[3]慕羽.当代舞蹈编导类群的价值定位——兼谈舞蹈编导的社会责任问题[J].北京蹈学院学报，2005，(04).
[4]陈佩玲.视觉艺术与听觉艺术-论舞蹈钢琴伴奏教学的特点[J].舞蹈，2009，(04).
[5]张娟.乐者舞之魂一舞蹈钢琴伴奏艺术探微[J].西安音乐学院学报，2010，(04).
1. 论文开题报告字体格式要求
2. 毕业论文开题报告格式字体的要求
3. 毕业论文开题报告格式字体
4. 毕业论文开题报告格式要求格式
5. 论文开题报告的打印格式要求
英语毕业论文开题报告本科一般一000-二000字吧，研究生多点。字数不是关键，主要是内容，当时我写了几次都没过，还是学长给介绍的莫文中国，高手就是不一般，一次性就通过了 经贸英语语篇翻译策略探析 旅游景点英语翻译中的跨文化意识探析 跨文化交际中的新闻英语翻译实践探讨 从功能角度研究商务英语翻译的原则和策略 大学英语翻译教学存在的问题及对策 浅谈科技英语翻译中的常见错误及应对技巧 论国际商务英语翻译的多元化标准 英语翻译中笔译要点分析 优先出版 大学英语翻译教学的问题与对策研究 文化视角下的旅游英语翻译 科技英语翻译的省译 商务英语翻译教学的探索与思考 国际科技交流中科技英语翻译存在的问题及技巧探析 语义翻译和交际翻译观下科技英语翻译研究 影响法律英语翻译的因素 商务英语翻译的文化适应性问题探析 国际商务英语翻译中的文化信息等值研究 构建任务型商务英语翻译课程教学的研究 旅游英语翻译与本土文化对接的思考 项目依托式EAP教学实践研究——以《科技英语翻译》教学为例 高中阶段英语翻译教学现状的调查研究 国际贸易中商务英语翻译的文化差异及应对策略 框架语义学视角下的英汉科技翻译研究 基于功能翻译理论的高职院校土木工程专业英语翻译与教学研究 中国职业男子篮球俱乐部体育英语翻译现状调查和改善对策研究 康巴藏区旅游英语翻译现状调查研究 商务英语翻译中文化意象的传递 高职英语专业英语翻译课教改初探 探讨中西文化差异对英语翻译的影响 论文化转向对商务英语翻译的启示 非英语专业硕士研究生科技英语翻译能力分析 航海英语翻译若干问题 商务英语翻译教材建构模式探微 国内英语翻译现状分析及产业化思考 从建构主义观点谈商务英语翻译教
翻译学论文开题报告
开题报告是提高选题质量和水平的`重要环节。下面是我为大家整理的一篇以《目的论在英汉广告翻译上的应用》为例的语言学硕士论文开题报告，供参考阅读，希望对您有所帮助。
1、选题意义和背景
The progress of economic globalization has greatly hit the social life.
Advertising has become an important way of modern marketing and has attractedmerchants and the company. As people's consciousness worldwide enhances, manyproducts and services of advertising will be translated into other languages forpromotion to explore overseas markets. Advertising, as an effective way ofdisseminating brand information, has penetrated into many aspects of social life, andit plays a bridge role in connection and communication. Since China's accession tothe WTO, its connection with the world gets even closer. More and moreinternational enterprises and product brands come into China's huge market.
Translation of products and services for overseas consumers is not only the functionof promoting consumption, but also the effect of external publicity. In the globalmarket, advertising translation not only brings an opportunity for advertising, butalso has brings the huge challenge. Therefore, mastery of both Chinese and Englishadvertising translation is particularly important.
Skopos theory is the foundation and the core theory of functionalism. Skopostheory holds that the process of the whole translation behavior is determined to thepurpose of translation action, that is, the end justifies the means. The purpose of thetranslation behavior is the core element which determines the translation process.
Advertising translation has a strong purpose. What is more important toadvertising translation is whether translation can convey the purpose of source textand achieve the anticipated target of the source text, so as to attract the attention offoreign customers to induce their consumption desire, eventually to incur purchasebehavior.
2、论文综述/研究基础
1 Advertising Translation Studies in the West.
Advertising translation was mentioned in translation studies for the first time inHurbin's (1972) article “Peut-on traduire la langue de la publicé” (Can OneTranslate the Language of Advertising?)。 At that time, linguistics was the dominanthumanistic discipline, meanwhile, linguistics made translating a code-switchingoperation. Equivalence-based linguistic approaches mainly focus on the source text.
Hurhin argued that for one source text, there are several translations, and thetranslators chose which translation is the most appropriate one. Hurbin also pointedthat if glossaries of advertising language is compiled, this was made easier. So thetranslators will be easy to find the most appropriate equivalent expressions betweenthe source and the target text.
In Candace Seguinot's (1995) article “Translation and Advertising: GoingGlobal in Cultural Functions of Translation”. The main opinion of which is thatacross cultural boundaries, there is an understanding of culture and semioticsappearing in the marketing of goods and services. It goes well beyond both languageand design.
Another representative article “Advertising: a five-stage strategy for translationin Translation” as Intercultural Communication which is edited by C. Nord et al. Thearticle is published by Smith & Klein-Braley (1997)。 In this article, they conduct acontrastive analysis of English and German advertising. Then they developedtaxonomy of strategies for the analysis of advertising translation.
Up to now, the book which maybe the only one published exclusively onadvertisement translation is Translation Practices in International Advertisingwritten by Mathieu Guidere (2001)。 This book mainly talks about various aspects ofadvertising translation in international market and mainly concerns the globaladvertising of multinational companies, because they need to translate their productsinformation into other languages. The author analyzes some examples in advertisingtranslation and he shows readers some essential problems in current translation ideas.
This book introduced the strategies of translation which are implemented by the multinational firms to break into new markets.
2 Advertising Translation Studies in China.
Domestic advertising translation studies officially started in 1990s. In terms ofresearch contents, the initial studies mainly focused on the discussion about specificadvertising translation of idioms and the existing problems in Chinese-Englishadvertising translation. That was the primary stage. Years later, advertisingtranslation principle and criteria became the research themes. People hold the viewthat, advertising translation should give attention to in many aspects, such as text,language beauty, consumer psychology. Researchers illustrated their respectivepoints of view from different angles. Since the late 90s, although the discussion oftranslation principle and criteria were still mentioned, the researchers' attention weregradually focused on translation of difficult parts in advertising, such as therhetorical devices, emotional transmission, brand image and trademark reproduction ,etc. In terms of research methods, domestic advertising translation study mainly usesthe inductive method and the case study. Nevertheless, in recent years, researchersbegin to use the theory achievements of pragmatics and other related disciplines toanalyze different kinds of problems in advertising translation, and then put forwardsome translation strategies.
As early as xx, Li Fan proposed the development of the advertising languageposed a severe challenge to advertising translation. The artful advertisings require thetranslator to break hard the tradition of the original, boldly innovate, and improve thequality of translation. There are three reasons for flexible advertising translation: 1)the purpose of advertising is to induce consumer to purchase products. Text is justmeans, so translations do not have to stick to the text equivalent; 2) the feature ofadvertising language is vivid, which is the essence of advertising language. If thetranslation is not bold to change, there will be no magic translation; 3) formulaicexpressions are common use in advertising, if not alternative, it may be translatedinto foreign stereotyped writing (黎凡 xx:29-31)。 At the same time, researchersthought in terms of some specific advertisements, flexible translation seems to be theonly way, especially in the four kinds of advertising: 1) advertising used of witty and polished words; 2) advertising used of brand name; 3) advertising used of puns; 4)advertising with strong national culture color.
In order to achieve concise expression, attract more readers' attention, facilitatereaders recognize and remember, advertising writing should follow the KISSprinciple, namely, “keep it short and sweet” (郭可 1992:57-64)。 A great number ofstudies on advertising translation are associated with concise problem. Ding Shude isdedicated to his studies. He holds that: 1) Chinese advertising often uses modifiers toemphasis, product characteristics, while English advertising is simple words, mainlywith oral type. a lot of subject-predicative phrases in Chinese can be directlytranslated into adjectives English , such as 速度快、效率高、行动灵活 can betranslated into “fast, efficient and handy”; 2) There are a large number of the fourwords in Chinese advertising structure, which bring parallelism and overlapping tostrengthen language, but there is no such characteristic in English. InChinese-English translation should hold the center, around the center word leads toall aspects; 3) there are often loose sentences, which express a large amount ofinformation in Chinese advertising. Translation should be concise and compact,strengthen the logic; 4) Chinese advertising commonly uses formulaic expressions.
Translation should be fascinating, considering the overall rhetorical, but not stackrhetoric. Good English advertising language is not many words, but it is impressive(丁树德 xx: 42-43)。 Cao Shunfa also takes a large number of examples of bothEnglish-Chinese translation two aspects show that based on the principle of simple,the translation of advertising language should strive to use the most simple languageto express the most complex meaning, to make it easy to be remembered (曹顺发xx: 43-45)。
Equivalence theory is based on Nida's equivalence translation theory. On thisbasis, some researchers point out that commercial advertising translation is mainlyon the equivalence of semantic, social and cultural, and stylistic aspect. 1) Thesemantic equivalence. This is the most basic and important equivalence. From wordto chapter, in order to achieve the semantic equivalence, the first thing to thetranslator is that he must determine the meaning of the translation unit in context.
发展我国第三方物流配送的对策思考摘要：分析了第三方物流配送的实质及其快速发展的动因, 指出第三方物流配送在中国的市场前景及存在的主要问题。从物流配送新概念、现代物流特征和发展方向、整合社会存量资源和物流供应链资源、审视物流配送战略等方面对完善我国第三方物流配送手段进行了探讨。关键词：中国，第三方物流，物流配送加人后, 中国物流市场的竞争明显加剧, 在快递、零售领域一下出现了诸如, 沃尔玛、家乐福等国际巨头。年月, 政府高层主管官员宣布, 中国允许外商有条件地控股商业企业, 并将逐步取消对外方控股的限制外资可以进驻中国各直辖市、省会城市和计划单列市。世界第三大零售商德国的麦德龙也宣布将在中国新设家分店。而巨头的物流配送无论从方式上、战略上, 还是在物流设施和配送技术上都是一流水平。研究第三方物流配送在物流业中的发展有意于我国企业提升物流整体作业水平, 更好地应对海外企业对我国物流市场的冲击。一、第三方物流配送何缘在物流领域盛行进人世纪年代以后, 物流系统环境发生了明显变化, 越来越多的企业开始逐渐认识到物流在战略管理中的重要地位。环境变化使企业的经营格局发生了改变, 从而使脱离现代物流管理的生产、销售活动无法真正在市场上取得竞争优势, 同时又使物流企业本身在急剧的环境变化中提高了管理能力, 并产生了对生产、销售的能动作用。1、消费者行为的变化进人世纪, 中国人的生活意识已从原来追求温饱型或数量型转向追求小康和生活的质量。这种生活意识的变化, 在随着经济社会向国际化、信息化以及人口结构高龄化急剧转变的基础上, 推动了消费者价值的多元化以及生活类型的多样化,其结果是消费开始向个性化和多样化方向发展,强化了物流管理在企业战略中的地位。2、多品种、少数量生产的转变和零售形式的多样化随着消费个性化、多样化的发展, 流行商品的生命周期也越来越短, 使得厂家要完全预测特定商品的流行程度十分困难。正因为如此, 很多厂商都在积极开展多品牌战略, 即将原来的产品加以改良, 附加各种机能, 形成产品间微妙的差异。实施多品牌生产和销售战略意味着企业的经营从原来厂商生产主导战略转向消费主导的商品生产战略。这种转换改变了原来专职单品大量输送、储存的物流管理活动, 要求物流既讲求效率, 又能促进生产、销售战略的灵活调整和转换。为适应消费个性重点化、多样化要求, 一方面零售业中以家庭用品为进货品种广泛的连锁店、购物中心等业态的销售额急剧扩大另一方面, 由于生活类型的多样性, 零售业中通宵营业的小时店便民店或以利用汽车购物为前提的郊外仓储式商店等新型业态也相继诞生, 并实现了快速成长, 这些都改变了原来的流通格局, 同时也推动了物流服务的差异化和系统化管理的发展。3、无在库经营的倾向零售业中与消费个性化、多样化以及厂商多品种生产相对应, 无论在百货店、超市, 还是小时店等新型业态中, 经营的商品品种数越来越多。与此同时, 由于政策、环境、房地产价格等原因, 店铺的规模和仓库规模不可能无限扩大。特别是在大都市中, 由于人口密度大、地价高昂、消费更新快、环境规制严格等原因, 更加限制了仓储点和仓储空间的扩大。因此, 在这种情况下, 只有提高店内管理效率, 通过加快商品周转来抵消仓储空间不足等问题。如今国际上大型零售业的经营方针均已从原来通过新店开设寻求外延型发展, 转向充实内部管理和投资, 积极进行内涵型发展。除此之外, 另一个推动无在库经营的原因是, 由于消费行为多样化、个性化的发展, 企业商品多品种、少数量生产,难以预测其实际需求量, 在这种状况下, 库存越大,零售企业承担的风险也越大, 为了降低风险, 零售企业必须尽可能地压缩库存, 实现即时销售。4、信息技术的革新“ 无在库经营” 能成为现实, 首先是因为世纪年代后期开始的信息技术革新, 具体反映在系统和系统的导人。和系统自开发以后, 在商业领域迅速得到推广和普及, 并大大改变了流通绩效, 推动了物流管理的现代化。从带来的直接利益看, 系统的导人提高了现金流通作业的速度和正确性, 节省了人力成本, 实现了流通效率化。与此同时, 在软件利益方面, 通过对所蓄积的电子信息进行加工、分析, 可以作为经营战略决策的依据和信息来源。具体表现为, 可以据此及早把握“ 畅销品” 、“ 滞销品” 的状况, 提高商品周转率。此外, 将这种信息与顾客信息相连接, 可以推动开发符合顾客需求的新产品, 进一步与系统相连接, 削弱在库水准, 使补充订货自动化成为可能。5、进人世纪年代后, 流通领域提出3C概念, 即顾客消费水平的提高、企业之间的竞争加剧、社会经济与政治环境发生巨大的变化, 使得整个社会需求的不确定性加大。是用户需求多样性与市场变化不确定性的主要根源。企业面对一个快速变化且无法预测的买方市场, 为提高竞争力, 采取了许多先进制造技术和管理方法。无疑, 物流配送要求更加及时迅速、方便快捷。二、第三方物流配送在我国的市场前景第三方物流管理思想直到世纪年代才引起我国物流界重视。作为物流业的新兴领域, 第三方物流在我国刚刚起步, 存在着较大的发展空间。1、物流集成商具有特殊功能第三方物流有着物流集成商的特殊功能, 它提供的是一个计算机接口、一个接触点、一份合同, 买卖双方把所有与物流有关的业务交给这一个公司全权代理, 不管它是自己运作, 还是再去转包给别人。而第三方是与货主联系的惟一接触点。2、第三方物流的利润空间很大第三方物流除了给第一方、第二方带来利润以外, 自己也能获取利润, 如果利用更加严格的内部成本控制和更好地使用信息技术, 提供一些增值服务, 其赚取利润的空间会更大。随着经济全球化,第期张卫星发展我国第三方物流配送的对策思考越来越多的厂商在到国外办厂的同时往往也将第三方带去, 这样随着厂商市场的不断扩大, 第三方的市场也跟着扩大。3、客户对第三方物流的依赖性由于第三方有现成的、比客户自己做要好得多的物流解决方案, 所以, 客户都非常愿意把物流外包出去, 从而, 第三方物流和客户之间就构成一种不可分割的供应链关系。据中国仓储协会年对全国家大中型工业企业进行的一项调查显示, 的企业将在未来一年内选择新的物流商, 其中的企业将选择新型的物流企业, 而不是原来的仓储运输企业由此可以看出, 我国第三方物流的市场需求相当可观。4、优秀的公司寻求为其产品或服务增加价值的渠道, 第三方物流迎合了这种需要第三方服务的最大用户群通常是那些在杂货店销售的日常洗涤用品、纸制品、化妆品和食品等产品的制造商。市场领先的公司有一个重要趋向,就是把物流作为一个增值过程来管理, 反映了为赢得并保持顾客满意而采取的有力行动, 并在灵活性上做了额外的投人, 特别是适应特殊的或非常规的需求。这些公司存在着以下共同点这些组织力图通过物流的力量获得并保持竞争优势优秀的公司寻求为其产品或服务增加价值, 并通过运作一个有效的物流体系来支持此目标公司通过与服务供应者结成战略联盟来改善他们的资产。这些联盟使公司与其重要客户的关系更为密切。那些首先考虑到通过顾客满意来开发其市场机遇的公司, 努力与专业人员或第三方供应者一起确保在满足顾客需求方面的根本能力。这样, 可简化流程管理, 而且通过将有限的资源集中于某些业务, 使规模经济得以实现。本质上说, 物流联盟就是通过双赢, 力图使之作为整体的系统产生更高的效率。
样的广告中，根据化妆品行业对国际知名品牌的化妆品进行的调查数据显示, 广告中有一半是化妆品广告，,消费量仅次于食品。在这种环境下, 外国的化妆品牌不断的进入我国市场, 而我国的化妆品正在尝试着走出世界。生产商想得到他们在原有市场获得的效果, 这样便出现了一个问题——如何更好的做好广告的翻译? 对此，许多学者做出了以下探究：张超在化妆品广告的翻译中指出：决定翻译过程的主要原则是翻译的目的，它决定了翻译的方法和策略。以汉斯·弗米尔（Hans Vermeer）为代表的德国功能派将翻译从“源文本”的束缚中解放出来，翻译行动中的目的与委托提出翻译行为都有目的，为翻译提供一个新的视角。化妆品广告作为一种实用文体，有很强的目的性和功能性。化妆品广告的最终目的是使消费者购买商品，为企业创造利润。目的论观照下的化妆品广告英译一文中也提到，将目的论的主要观点应用于广告文本中，能够恰当地突出广告文本的目的性，并有效地指导译者怎样使广告译文产生“预期功能”。因此，采用目的论作为化妆品广告翻译的指导理论，确实能够使其有章可循，防止出现“乱译”现象
这样的问题也到处问让大家觉得世风日下
论文开题报告基本要素
各部分撰写内容
论文标题应该简洁，且能让读者对论文所研究的主题一目了然。
摘要是对论文提纲的总结，通常不超过1或2页，摘要包含以下内容：
目录应该列出所有带有页码的标题和副标题， 副标题应缩进。
这部分应该从宏观的角度来解释研究背景，缩小研究问题的范围，适当列出相关的参考文献。
这一部分不只是你已经阅读过的相关文献的总结摘要，而是必须对其进行批判性评论，并能够将这些文献与你提出的研究联系起来。
这部分应该告诉读者你想在研究中发现什么。在这部分明确地陈述你的研究问题和假设。在大多数情况下，主要研究问题应该足够广泛，而次要研究问题和假设则更具体，每个问题都应该侧重于研究的某个方面。